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Durham Research Online Durham Research Online Deposited in DRO: 10 October 2012 Version of attached le: Published Version Peer-review status of attached le: Unknown Citation for published item: Daly, M.W. (2012) 'Sir William Luce in the Middle East.', Working Paper. University of Durham, Institute for Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies, Durham. Further information on publisher's website: https://www.dur.ac.uk/sgia/imeis/lucefund/visiting/ Publisher's copyright statement: Additional information: Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in DRO • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full DRO policy for further details. Durham University Library, Stockton Road, Durham DH1 3LY, United Kingdom Tel : +44 (0)191 334 3042 | Fax : +44 (0)191 334 2971 https://dro.dur.ac.uk The Sir William Luce Memorial Lecture 21 June 2012 Sir William Luce in the Middle East by M. W. Daly Luce‟s “Class” of 1930 in the Sudan Political Service was not one of those famous for its scholars or athletes. Of the fifteen recruited that year, only one had a first-class degree, four had thirds, and one had a fourth. Of those who reached retirement age in the Sudan, one became Director of Economics and Trade, and five retired after achieving the rank of Governor. Incidentally the member with the fourth-class degree had played football and squash for Oxford and retired as the Senior Judge in the Sudan. There was nothing unusual about Luce‟s early career in the Sudan. After the normal short training course in Khartoum he was posted to al-Damer in Berber Province, downriver from Khartoum, in September 1930 as an Assistant District Commissioner; then, from July 1932, to Berber town; and finally in April 1933 to Shendi. Berber Province was picture-postcard Northern Sudan, with old, historic towns, irrigated agriculture along the Nile, and famous nomadic tribes in the hinterland. In 1934, after leave, Luce was transferred to the westernmost part of the country, Darfur, as Assistant DC at Nyala, the principal town of the huge and sparsely-populated southern district. Although there is no reason to doubt that Luce gained valuable practical experience there – not least in the nuts and bolts of tribal administration – there was nothing remarkable about his tenure. His official correspondence shows neither exceptional achievement nor, frankly, much interest in the place; we find no tribal histories over his name, no study of onomastics or interest in archaeology: private letters home confirm an impression of restlessness and boredom. Wilfred Thesiger was among his colleagues in Darfur, but their paths diverged. The first of several turning points in Luce‟s career came with his transfer, in December 1936, to Hasaheisa in the Blue Nile Province. This followed closely upon Luce‟s marriage; I think he might have left the Sudan altogether if he had expected a longer stay in Darfur. In any case, at Hasaheisa he was able to combine routine administrative work with a much livelier social life in the Sudan‟s most important province. Even during this period of retrenchment there were fourteen DCs and ADCs there. The nearby town of Wad Medani had a heterogeneous and vibrant community of expatriates. Whatever future Luce may have foreseen, in Blue Nile a much wider world came more clearly into view. In the normal course of business he now found himself in regular contact with the senior echelons of the Sudan Government and the many official and private visitors who passed through. He and his wife established their first real Sudanese home there; and through that imponderable and subjective mixture of experience, talent, and personality by which the up-and- coming are identified, he began to make a mark. Luce shared with many members of the Political Service extreme discomfort during the Second World War, for reasons both obvious and private. The crisis of August-September 1939 found him on leave in England, and he made the urgent return journey aboard the “Montcalm”, an old Canadian-Pacific liner, with 350 other employees of the Sudan Government. The period of the “Twilight War” was one during which, in the Sudan as well, boredom alternated with suspense. But the British there found themselves facing 200,000 soldiers of Fascist Italy in neighboring Libya, Eritrea and Ethiopia. The pessimism of the Governor-General, Stewart Symes, was reflected in inaction indistinguishable from defeatism, and jokes were made about the country‟s meager defenses. Luce and his colleagues faced a quandary. In Europe their brothers were in arms, while in the Sudan they only stood and waited. Nothing happened. A decision had been made that no one over the age of 32 would be released to the war, but Luce was 32 plus two months. In his diary he wrote: It is absolutely maddening for people like myself who are only just over the age; as far as I am concerned, everything now depends on whether my transfer to … [the Civil Secretary‟s department in] Khartoum goes through at the beginning of the year;… if it is postponed … or cancelled, and they give me nothing equally good, then I can see nothing for it but to resign. In an airmail letter I had from M[argaret] [his wife] yesterday – the first [such letter] – she clearly feels the same. Quite apart from one‟s natural instinct to go and fight, I do feel very strongly that the great mission and opportunity of my generation will come at the end of this war, when a new basis for the future life of the world has to be built; I hate the idea of being excluded from that work…. In the meantime … I feel I am completely wasting my time. There we catch a glimpse of Luce otherwise found only in private correspondence. Here is another, from a week later. When his Governor told him that “the individual must eliminate his private inclinations and do exactly what he is told by „authority‟ … [because] only the „authority‟ can know how best the individual can be employed in winning the war”, Luce reacted strongly: …there is far too much talk about the need for totalitarian organization [he wrote in his diary]. … what is this fount of infallible wisdom which knows exactly the capabilities of each individual … ? In England it consists of a body of men, many, if not all, of whom, at one time or another … have proved their judgment, and sometimes their moral values, to be false and unreliable…. Some of Luce‟s colleagues resigned. Workloads increased for those who remained, and separation from family in Britain was prolonged; he and his wife were apart for over five years. By the time the Italian threat was removed – in a spectacular and largely forgotten campaign – the British in the Sudan had settled into a prolonged supporting role. A second turning point occurred in 1941 when, at the age of 34, Luce was appointed Private Secretary to the new Governor-General, Hubert Huddleston. It is worth mentioning how this appointment came about: Luce asked for it. In the autumn of 1940 he told the head of the Service that he could not face a sixth year in Hasaheisa, and when asked where he‟d like to go, Luce said “into Khartoum”. When nothing happened he brought it up again, and was appointed Private Secretary. That position was misnamed; several holders of the post had risen to high office in and after the Sudan. Luce ran the Governor-General‟s office, accompanied him everywhere, drafted his confidential papers, participated in most of his important meetings and, during the war, met all the distinguished visitors who passed through the Sudan while the Mediterranean was closed. It was not an executive position but, for the right sort of man, it was excellent training for executive office. The departure of Huddleston as Governor-General heralded a change for Luce, too. In January 1947 he was seconded for a course at the Imperial Defence College. During that unusual extended period in England he was active behind the scenes. The Foreign Office was trying to negotiate a new treaty with Egypt to preserve British control in both the Canal Zone and the Sudan. Luce kept secret documents to bring back with him, and when Harold MacMichael was due to speak to the class, Luce spent an hour with him privately, beforehand, telling him what to say. Returning to the Sudan, Luce began arguing boldly that preparing the Sudanese for self- government should not obscure what he called the “even more important mandate – the establishing of British influence in the future Sudan when we are no longer in control”. This was to be a theme of Luce‟s entire subsequent career. Luce‟s appointment as Deputy Governor of Equatoria Province in June 1950 was I am sure intended to give him experience of the Southern Sudan before higher office in Khartoum. Likewise his appointment in August 1951 as Governor of Blue Nile facilitated his return to the central government with appropriate rank. In 1952 the Egyptian revolution brought to power a regime unencumbered by its predecessors‟ insistence on the King of Egypt‟s sovereign rights in the Sudan. The new revolutionary regime agreed to recognize a Sudanese right to self-determination.
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