DOCSLIB.ORG

THE POLITICS of TWO SUDANS the South and the North 182 1- 1969 by Deng D

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
THE POLITICS of TWO SUDANS the South and the North 182 1- 1969 by Deng D THE POLITICS OF TWO SUDANS The South and the North 182 1- 1969 by Deng D. Akol Ruay Nordiska Afrikainstitutet, Uppsala 1994 (The Scandinavian Institute of African Studies) Indexing terms History Colonialism Independence Government Civil war Islamic law Sudan Copyediting: Paul T.W. Baxter Cover: Adriaan Honcoop Maps: Ola Bergkvist Typesetting: Hi-Tech Typesetters, Nairobi, Kenya @ Deng D. Akol Ruay and Nordiska Afrikainstitutet, 1994 Printed in Sweden by Motala Grafiska AB, Motala 1994 ISBN 91-7106-344-7 To my cousin, Colonel Bona Ayom Wek Ateny, one of the brilliant and able commanders of Anya-Nya l, who was assassinated in 1970. Contents PREFACE 9 1. LAND AND PEOPLE 11 Land 11 Peoples 13 Northerners 13 Southerners 16 2. EARLY EXTERNAL CONTACTS 19 Southern Society before Foreign Influence 19 The Slave-Trade 21 Christian Missionaries (1846-188 1) 25 3. COLONIAL RULE IN SOUTHERN SUDAN 30 The Race for the Nile 30 Conditions in the Sudan upon its Conquest 33 The Establishment of Condominium Rule in the North and its Policies 34 The Establishment of Condominium Rule in the South and its Policies (1900-1947) 36 Consolidation of Condominium Administration (1899 -1947) 36 Separation of the South from the North (1900-1949) 38 Tribalism and Tribal Administration (1899 -1930) 40 Christian Missionaries and their Education (l899 -1930) 43 Education 44 Reversal of 1930 Southern Policy 47 British Administrators 47 Northern Politicians 48 Juba Administrative Conference 1947 5 1 4. THE PROCESS OF INDEPENDENCE 54 Self-Government 54 The Rift Between Great Britain and Egypt over the Sovereignty of the Sudan 59 Sudanization 67 The Elections 67 Distribution of Jobs 70 The 1955-Southern Disturbances 72 Prelude to the Clash 72 The Clash 78 5. SOUTHERN SUDAN AFTER INDEPENDENCE 86 The First Years of Independence 86 Military Rule 93 The Coup 93 Nationalization of Mission Schools and the Expulsion of Missionaries from the South 97 The Development of the Southern Political Movement in Exile and the Birth of Anya-Nya 103 The Fall of the Military Regime 107 The Care-Taker Government 110 Formation of Government 110 The Round Table Conference 112 The Twelve-man Committee 120 The Partisan Governments 125 The General Elections 125 Mahjoub's Southern Policy 126 Sadig's Premiership 149 The Fall of Sadig and the Return of Mahjoub as Prime Minister 15 1 6. THE FUTURE OF ISLAMIC RULE IN SUDAN 156 The Advent of Islam 156 Sunni Islam 157 Islamic Theocracies 158 The Mahdiya (1881-1898) 158 Post Independence Islamic Fundamentalist Revival 162 Presence of Sizeable Minorities 165 Unpreparedness of Muslims to be Ruled by Islamic Theocracy 167 Decadence of Sharia Law 169 7. CONCLUSION 173 REFERENCES 182 Map l. The Sudan Map 2. The Sudan, provincial boundaries in the 1960s Map 3. The Sudan, location of peoples referred to in the text Preface This book is mainly intended for the freedom fighters in the Sudan. They are entitled to know in unequivocal terms why they are fighting, who they are fighting and for what they are fighting. This is why the book is written in a straightforward manner and style. Those freedom fighters are the only hope in healing the ulcer on the body-politic of the two Su- dan~through their blood, injuries and sufferings. With determination and perseverance the victory will soon be right in their court. The ideas expressed in this book are my own and do not in anyway im- plicate any associations, political or social, of which I am a member or af- filiated; and in particular, they do not reflect the views of the SPLMI SPLA. As the book has been prepared under difficult conditions in exile, I apologize for any errors, shortcomings or omissions that it may carry. The book covers in detail the period between 182 1 and 1969 when President Nimeiri took the reins of power in the country. This is accord- ing to plan as the book is intended to convey a lucid account of historical events in South-North relations not from the point of view of a foreign scholar, or a "sophisticated" Northern Arab but specifically from that of an African Southerner, of which very little has been in print. Indeed, the Southern view-point has been unduly overshadowed by that of the North which widely constitutes the official or accepted version of the history of the Sudan. For this reason and for the purpose of emphasis, the period from 1969 until now has been put aside to make another book of its own which will, hopefully, come out in the near future. A major part of this book was prepared several years back. For the sake of authenticity I have decided to leave the text as it was, rather than to in- corporate more recent published materials: this decision does not mate- rially affect my insights gained as a participant in the events, nor my nar- rative, nor the force of my conclusions. I would like to express my sincere thanks and gratitude to Ms. Helen Verney who edited and typed the early part. Her contributions and en- couragement have been highly appreciated. Special thanks and gratitude are deserved by Rev. Joseph and Mrs. Karin Ayok for their contribution in the preparation, typing and processing, without which the book would not have seen the light of the day. I am also grateful to Mr. David Oduho who helped in the collection of some of the references. The first chapters of this book were seen and vetted by Professor Robert Collins whose constructive advice greatly helped the formation of the book. I am grateful to all the friends who, in one way or the other, have helped in the production of the book. 10 Deng D. Akol Ruay Finally, special thanks and feelings are deserved by my wife, Mrs. Nyibol Kuac Wol who, for a long time, kept the original drafts of this book intact under a very difficult, mobile and uncertain refugee life in Kenya whilst I was at the war front in the Southern Sudan. 1. Land and People LAND The Republic of the Sudan derives its name from the Arabic expression, "Bilad es-Sudan", meaning the land of the Blacks, which the medieval Arab adventurers used to describe the great Negro belt stretching across Africa from the Red Sea to the Atlantic Ocean. Its inhabitants who were predominantly of black race and origin were the first people to be con- fronted by the Arab intruders in their trek from the North towards the interior of the African continent. Bilad es-Sudan was bounded in the North by the Sahara Desert and in the South by the papyrus swampland lying close to the tenth parallel of latitude. Ostensibly it did not include the Land presently known as the Southern Sudan which by the accident of colonial history has become an integral part of the Republic of the Sudan. Southern Sudan, therefore, has no historical claim to being a part of Bilad es-Sudan since it never belonged to it. Its swampiness and the un- tamedness of its environment effectively rendered the Southern Sudan inaccessible and unknown to medieval Arab travellers. Its climatic condi- tions were extremely unfavourable especially to foreigners. Even as late as in the 19th century, many of the foreigners entering Southern Sudan lost their lives due to inhospitable climatic conditions. They swatted mos- quitoes by night and by day they suffered from the intense humidity. The Republic of the Sudan lies immediately south of Egypt and ex- tends over a distance of approximately 1,400 miles from north to south and 1,200 miles from east to west. With a total area of 967,500 square miles, it is the largest country in Africa. Indeed, on the map, the Sudan looks rather beautifully shaped like a human thigh, stretching from latitude 4 to latitude 22 degrees north of the equator. It is bordered by eight countries: Libya and Egypt in the north, Ethiopia, Kenya and Uganda in the east, Zaire in the south and Central Africa and Chad in the west. Its climatic conditions vary considerably. They range from arid de- sert in the north, through a semi-desert scrubland in the centre and west to rich tropical savannah in the south. Whereas the Northern Region of the Sudan suffers from a poor vegetation the Southern Region is con- spicuously a swampy plain surrounded on all sides by higher ground and canopied with tall grass and evergreen forests. The South is a land di- vided by numerous rivers and streams. The White Nile rises from the East African Highlands and courses its way northwards through South- ern Sudan. About 213 of the summer water supply comes from the White 12 Deng D. Akol Ruay Nile but a great proportion of the actual volume of water is lost in the swamp region. This big loss of water in the sudd (swamp) has prompted Egypt, whose total existence depends on Nile waters, to retrieve the lost volume of water by digging the Jonglei Canal-a project which has been halted completely by the ongoing civil war in the Sudan. In the political context, the Republic of the Sudan is made up of two distinct parts: the North which is Arabized and Islamicized and the South which is African and largely traditionalist. For this reason, the Sudan has been epitomized as the 'bridge' or cross roads between Arabs and Afri- cans and as such a microcosm of Afro-Arab relations. It is the nature of these Afro-Arab relations in the Sudan that constitutes the subject-mat- ter of this book.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Past, Present, and Future FIFTY YEARS of ANTHROPOLOGY in SUDAN
    Past, present, and future FIFTY YEARS OF ANTHROPOLOGY IN SUDAN Munzoul A. M. Assal Musa Adam Abdul-Jalil Past, present, and future FIFTY YEARS OF ANTHROPOLOGY IN SUDAN Munzoul A. M. Assal Musa Adam Abdul-Jalil FIFTY YEARS OF ANTHROPOLOGY IN SUDAN: PAST, PRESENT, AND FUTURE Copyright © Chr. Michelsen Institute 2015. P.O. Box 6033 N-5892 Bergen Norway [email protected] Printed at Kai Hansen Trykkeri Kristiansand AS, Norway Cover photo: Liv Tønnessen Layout and design: Geir Årdal ISBN 978-82-8062-521-2 Contents Table of contents .............................................................................iii Notes on contributors ....................................................................vii Acknowledgements ...................................................................... xiii Preface ............................................................................................xv Chapter 1: Introduction Munzoul A. M. Assal and Musa Adam Abdul-Jalil ......................... 1 Chapter 2: The state of anthropology in the Sudan Abdel Ghaffar M. Ahmed .................................................................21 Chapter 3: Rethinking ethnicity: from Darfur to China and back—small events, big contexts Gunnar Haaland ........................................................................... 37 Chapter 4: Strategic movement: a key theme in Sudan anthropology Wendy James ................................................................................ 55 Chapter 5: Urbanisation and social change in the Sudan Fahima Zahir El-Sadaty ................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Final Draft of the Co-Chairman's Statement
    FINAL DRAFT OF THE CO-CHAIRMAN’S STATEMENT Your Excellencies, Honorable Delegates, Distinguished Guests, Ladies and Gentlemen, On behalf of my Co-Chairman, Moulana Abel Alier, my colleagues in the Steering Committee, and on my own behalf, I would like to extend a warm welcome to all of you to this Conference, which marks the final phase of the National Dialogue. This is a historic occasion for us in the National Dialogue and we believe for our country. When His Excellency, President Salva Kiir Mayardit, initiated the National Dialogue more than three years ago, we cannot say with confidence that we, or anyone else for that matter, had a clear idea how long it would take, where it would lead, and what the end result would be. It was initially thought that the Dialogue process would take several months. Many saw it as a ploy by the President to polish his political image. The National Dialogue has now lasted for over three years. And far from being a ploy by the President, it has proved to be a sincere national soul searching about the crises facing our country. 1 What we soon learned as we undertook our assignment, was that our President wanted the process to be absolutely free, inclusive, transparent and credible. He repeatedly reaffirmed that National Dialogue was not a trap or a net for catching his political opponents, and that people should speak freely without fear, harassment or any form of intimidation. And, indeed, through the nationwide grassroots consultations and regional conferences, our people spoke their minds without fear or constraint.
    [Show full text]
  • The Addis Ababa Agreement on the Problem of South Sudan
    THE ADDIS ABABA AGREEMENT ON THE PROBLEM OF SOUTH SUDAN Draft Organic Law to organize Regional Self-Government in the Southern provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Sudan In accordance with the provisions of the Constitution of the Democratic Republic of the Sudan and in realization of the memorable May Revolution Declaration of June 9, 1969, granting the Southern Provinces of the Sudan Regional Self-Government within a united socialist Sudan, and in accordance with the principle of the May Revolution that the Sudanese people participate actively in and supervise the decentralized system of the government of their country, it is hereunder enacted: Article 1. This law shall be called the law for Regional Self-Government in the Southern Provinces. It shall come into force and a date within a period not exceeding thirty days from the date of Addis Ababa Agreement. Article 2. This law shall be issued as an organic law which cannot be amended except by a three- quarters majority of the People’s National Assembly and confirmed by a two-thirds majority in a referendum held in the three Southern Provinces of the Sudan. CHAPTER I: DEFINITIONS Article 3. a) ‘Constitution’ refers to the Republican Order No. 5 or any other basic law replacing or amending it. b) ‘President’ means the president of the Democratic Republic of the Sudan. c) ‘Southern Provinces of the Sudan’ means the Provinces of Bahr El Ghazal, Equatoria and Upper Nile in accordance with their boundaries as they stood January 1, 1956, and other areas that were culturally and geographically a part of the Southern Complex as may be decided by a referendum.
    [Show full text]
  • No More Hills Ahead?
    No More Hills Ahead? The Sudan’s Tortuous Ascent to Heights of Peace Emeric Rogier August 2005 NETHERLANDS INSTITUTE OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS CLINGENDAEL CIP-Data Koninklijke bibliotheek, The Hague Rogier, Emeric No More Hills Ahead? The Sudan’s Tortuous Ascent to Heights of Peace / E. Rogier – The Hague, Netherlands Institute of International Relations Clingendael. Clingendael Security Paper No. 1 ISBN 90-5031-102-4 Language-editing by Rebecca Solheim Desk top publishing by Birgit Leiteritz Netherlands Institute of International Relations Clingendael Clingendael Security and Conflict Programme Clingendael 7 2597 VH The Hague Phonenumber +31(0)70 - 3245384 Telefax +31(0)70 - 3282002 P.O. Box 93080 2509 AB The Hague E-mail: [email protected] Website: http://www.clingendael.nl The Netherlands Institute of International Relations Clingendael is an independent institute for research, training and public information on international affairs. It publishes the results of its own research projects and the monthly ‘Internationale Spectator’ and offers a broad range of courses and conferences covering a wide variety of international issues. It also maintains a library and documentation centre. © Netherlands Institute of International Relations Clingendael. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the copyrightholders. Clingendael Institute, P.O. Box 93080, 2509 AB The Hague, The Netherlands. Contents Foreword i Glossary of Abbreviations iii Executive Summary v Map of Sudan viii Introduction 1 Chapter 1 The Sudan: A State of War 5 I.
    [Show full text]
  • SPLA Transformation in 2006–10 and Beyond
    23 In Need of Review: SPLA Transformation in 2006–10 and Beyond By Richard Rands Copyright Published in Switzerland by the Small Arms Survey © Small Arms Survey, Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva 2010 First published in November 2010 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without prior permission in writing of the Small Arms Survey, or as expressly permitted by law, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organi- zation. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Publications Manager, Small Arms Survey, at the address below. Small Arms Survey Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies 47 Avenue Blanc, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland Edited by Emile LeBrun and Tania Inowlocki Copy-edited by Tania Inowlocki Proofread by Donald Strachan Cartography by Jillian Luff, MAPgrafix Typeset in Optima and Palatino by Richard Jones ([email protected]) Printed by nbmedia in Geneva, Switzerland ISBN 978-2-940415-42-7 2 Small Arms Survey HSBA Working Paper 23 Rands In Need of Review 3 Contents List of abbreviations .................................................................................................................................................................................... 4 I. Introduction and key findings ............................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • ANNEX8 ICC-02/05-171-Anx8 15-01-2009 2/11 CB PT
    ICC-02/05-171-Anx8 15-01-2009 1/11 CB PT ANNEX8 ICC-02/05-171-Anx8 15-01-2009 2/11 CB PT Report of Peter K Bechtold I, Peter K. Bechtold, PhD., am responding to a request from representatives of the Federation of Sudanese Trade Unions to offer an expert opinion about the consequences for peace in Sudan, and especially in the Western region ofDarfur, if the International Criminal Court (ICC) proceeds with an indictment of Sudan's current President, LTG Omar Hassan Ahmed al-Bashir (frequently referred to as "Bashir") as currently proposed by an initial submission from the court's prosecutor, Luis Moreno-Ocampo, in July 2008. I have seen only summaries of Mr. Ocampo's allegations, reported in the media as containing 10 separate charges, such as, most startlingly perhaps, the "deliberate efforts to erase the Fur, Masalit and Zaghawa communities", which would constitute "genocide", inter al. I propose to provide some context for understanding the conflict in Darfur by describing the overall geographic, demographic, historical, economic and political factors which have contributed to the Darfur crisis, and to political turmoil in Sudan in general in recent times, before I address the more specific issue ofT CC action and its consequences. My qualifications for offering my commentaries include the fact that I have been a student of Sudan during my entire professional life. A summary CV may be obtained from my website www.drbechtold.com. My interest in Sudan began in 1961, when I met in graduate school a then Senior Inspector and later Director of the Sudan Gezira Board.
    [Show full text]
  • By Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Of
    FROM DIWAN TO PALACE: JORDANIAN TRIBAL POLITICS AND ELECTIONS by LAURA C. WEIR Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements For the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Dissertation Adviser: Dr. Pete Moore Department of Political Science CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY January, 2013 CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES We hereby approve the thesis/dissertation of Laura Weir candidate for the Doctor of Philosophy degree *. Pete Moore, Ph.D (chair of the committee) Vincent E. McHale, Ph.D. Kelly McMann, Ph.D. Neda Zawahri, Ph.D. (date) October 19, 2012 *We also certify that written approval has been obtained for any proprietary material contained therein. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Tables v List of Maps and Illustrations viii List of Abbreviations x CHAPTERS 1. RESEARCH PUZZLE AND QUESTIONS Introduction 1 Literature Review 6 Tribal Politics and Elections 11 Case Study 21 Potential Challenges of the Study 30 Conclusion 35 2. THE HISTORY OF THE JORDANIAN ―STATE IN SOCIETY‖ Introduction 38 The First Wave: Early Development, pre-1921 40 The Second Wave: The Arab Revolt and the British, 1921-1946 46 The Third Wave: Ideological and Regional Threats, 1946-1967 56 The Fourth Wave: The 1967 War and Black September, 1967-1970 61 Conclusion 66 3. SCARCE RESOURCES: THE STATE, TRIBAL POLITICS, AND OPPOSITION GROUPS Introduction 68 How Tribal Politics Work 71 State Institutions 81 iii Good Governance Challenges 92 Guests in Our Country: The Palestinian Jordanians 101 4. THREATS AND OPPORTUNITIES: FAILURE OF POLITICAL PARTIES AND THE RISE OF TRIBAL POLITICS Introduction 118 Political Threats and Opportunities, 1921-1970 125 The Political Significance of Black September 139 Tribes and Parties, 1989-2007 141 The Muslim Brotherhood 146 Conclusion 152 5.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction
    Notes INTRODUCTION 1. The distinction between cultivators and nomads is not in fact clearcut. Many people straddle the dividing line between the two occupations. This obviously complicates a description of the socio-economic structure, in so far as the dividing line between social groups based on these different occupations itself becomes blurred. 2. The distinction between the modern and traditional sectors ofthe Sudan­ ese economy is, with respect to agriculture, embodied in law. The use of tractors and other modern machines is forbidden outside of areas desig­ nated for the purpose by the government. The object of this much­ broken regulation is to conserve the environment. 3. All land in Sudan which is not registered as private property legally belongs to the state. This has been true ever since the Land Ordinance of 1905. The state, however, recognises customary rights of use to the land, and the communities which enjoy these rights naturally consider them­ selves the real owners of the land. See Saeed Mohamed Ahmed El Mahdi, A Guide to Land Settlement and Registration (Khartoum Univer­ sity Press, 1971) Ch. 2. CHAPTER 1 1. The account given here of economic developments in the Sudan between the 16th and 18th centuries relies heavily on the able historical work of R. S. O'Fahey and J. L. Spaulding. Their principal writings on this period are: R. S. O'Fahey and J. L. Spaulding, Kingdoms of the Sudan (Methuen, London, 1974); J. L. Spaulding, 'Kings of Sun and Shadow: A History of the 'Abdullab Provinces of the Northern Sinnar Sultanate, 1500-1800', unpublished PhD thesis, Columbia University, 1971; R.
    [Show full text]
  • Conflict and Crisis in South Sudan's Equatoria
    SPECIAL REPORT NO. 493 | APRIL 2021 UNITED STATES INSTITUTE OF PEACE www.usip.org Conflict and Crisis in South Sudan’s Equatoria By Alan Boswell Contents Introduction ...................................3 Descent into War ..........................4 Key Actors and Interests ............ 9 Conclusion and Recommendations ...................... 16 Thomas Cirillo, leader of the Equatoria-based National Salvation Front militia, addresses the media in Rome on November 2, 2019. (Photo by Andrew Medichini/AP) Summary • In 2016, South Sudan’s war expand- Equatorians—a collection of diverse South Sudan’s transitional period. ed explosively into the country’s minority ethnic groups—are fighting • On a national level, conflict resolu- southern region, Equatoria, trig- for more autonomy, local or regional, tion should pursue shared sover- gering a major refugee crisis. Even and a remedy to what is perceived eignty among South Sudan’s con- after the 2018 peace deal, parts of as (primarily) Dinka hegemony. stituencies and regions, beyond Equatoria continue to be active hot • Equatorian elites lack the external power sharing among elites. To spots for national conflict. support to viably pursue their ob- resolve underlying grievances, the • The war in Equatoria does not fit jectives through violence. The gov- political process should be expand- neatly into the simplified narratives ernment in Juba, meanwhile, lacks ed to include consultations with of South Sudan’s war as a power the capacity and local legitimacy to local community leaders. The con- struggle for the center; nor will it be definitively stamp out the rebellion. stitutional reform process of South addressed by peacebuilding strate- Both sides should pursue a nego- Sudan’s current transitional period gies built off those precepts.
    [Show full text]
  • Map of South Sudan
    UNITED NATIONS SOUTH SUDAN Geospatial 25°E 30°E 35°E Nyala Ed Renk Damazin Al-Fula Ed Da'ein Kadugli SUDAN Umm Barbit Kaka Paloich Ba 10°N h Junguls r Kodok Āsosa 10°N a Radom l-A Riangnom UPPER NILEBoing rab Abyei Fagwir Malakal Mayom Bentiu Abwong ^! War-Awar Daga Post Malek Kan S Wang ob Wun Rog Fangak at o Gossinga NORTHERN Aweil Kai Kigille Gogrial Nasser Raga BAHR-EL-GHAZAL WARRAP Gumbiel f a r a Waat Leer Z Kuacjok Akop Fathai z e Gambēla Adok r Madeir h UNITY a B Duk Fadiat Deim Zubeir Bisellia Bir Di Akobo WESTERN Wau ETHIOPIA Tonj Atum W JONGLEI BAHR-EL-GHAZAL Wakela h i te LAKES N Kongor CENTRAL Rafili ile Peper Bo River Post Jonglei Pibor Akelo Rumbek mo Akot Yirol Ukwaa O AFRICAN P i Lol b o Bor r Towot REPUBLIC Khogali Pap Boli Malek Mvolo Lowelli Jerbar ^! National capital Obo Tambura Amadi WESTERN Terakeka Administrative capital Li Yubu Lanya EASTERN Town, village EQUATORIAMadreggi o Airport Ezo EQUATORIA 5°N Maridi International boundary ^! Juba Lafon Kapoeta 5°N Undetermined boundary Yambio CENTRAL State (wilayah) boundary EQUATORIA Torit Abyei region Nagishot DEMOCRATIC Roue L. Turkana Main road (L. Rudolf) Railway REPUBLIC OF THE Kajo Yei Opari Lofusa 0 100 200km Keji KENYA o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o 0 50 100mi CONGO o e The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations.
    [Show full text]
  • The Dispersion of Egyptian Jewry Page 1 of 182
    The Dispersion of Egyptian Jewry Page 1 of 182 Preferred Citation: Beinin, Joel. The Dispersion of Egyptian Jewry: Culture, Politics, and the Formation of a Modern Diaspora. Berkeley: University of California Press, c1998 1998. http://ark.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/ft2290045n/ The Dispersion of Egyptian Jewry Culture, Politics. and the Formation of Modern Diaspora Joel Beinin UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS Berkeley · Los Angeles · London © 1998 The Regents of the University of California To Miriam, my life partner Preferred Citation: Beinin, Joel. The Dispersion of Egyptian Jewry: Culture, Politics, and the Formation of a Modern Diaspora. Berkeley: University of California Press, c1998 1998. http://ark.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/ft2290045n/ To Miriam, my life partner Acknowledgments I am deeply indebted to the many Egyptian Jews in Egypt, Israel, Paris, and San Francisco who shared their memories, papers, and hearts with me in the course of my research for this book. Without their assistance, this book would have been an entirely different and inferior product. Their names are listed in the Bibliography. Many Egyptian Jews as well as other friends and colleagues saved clippings from the Israeli and Egyptian press for me, allowed me to copy personal papers, or gave me books, magazines, and other materials that were invaluable sources for this book. Among them were Raymond Aghion, Ada Aharoni, Shlomo Barad, Esther and Gilbert Bar-On, Henriette Busnach, Yusuf Darwish, Marcelle Fisher, Karim al-Gawhary, Yitzhaq Gormezano-Goren, David Harel, Anda Harel-Dagan, Jacques Hassoun, Reuven Kaminer, Mourad El-Kodsi, Yoram Meital, Doris and Henry Mourad, Remy and Joe Pessah, Sami Shemtov, Ted Swedenburg, and Robert Vitalis.
    [Show full text]
  • IOM South Sudan Humanitarian Update
    IOM SOUTH SUDAN REPORTING PERIOD 1-15 October HUMANITARIAN UPDATE #40 Heavy rains in Bentiu have resulted in further flooding in the PoC. IOM continues to work with key partners to respond. HIGHLIGHTS Since conflict broke out in December 2013, 1.8 million have fled their homes. Many have crossed into IOM is operating 5 high powered pumps to evacuate neighboring countries (estimated 463,000 people have water from Bentiu PoC and over 180,000 sandbags fled to neighboring countries of Kenya , Uganda, have been deployed to mitigate flooding Ethiopia and Sudan individuals). 1.4 million individuals remain internally displaced and most are seeking As of 9 October, Crisis Response Plan (CRP) partners shelter in remote rural areas across the country. have served 152,487 households with non-food Displacement patterns remain fluid, driven by violence, items (NFI) and 53,242 households with shelter. access to emergency assistance and floods. There are currently 100,437 internally displaced persons (IDPs) sheltering in UN bases across South Sudan. 7,300 people have been displaced in Renk due to recent fighting. Most urgent needs identified by an The current security climate in South Sudan is initial assessment are: shelter, NFIs, food, education, continuously monitored. There is ongoing tension in protection and health. Lakes State which remains calm, yet unpredictable. Roads to Rumbek remain insecure from North to West. The humanitarian community and UNMISS have Sporadic armed actions in Renk and in Doleib hill in agreed on an expansion area for the existing PoC. Upper Nile State were also reported this period. UNMISS will be responsible for liaising with the Government to secure the land and for building the Heavy rains in Unity State have further deteriorated berms.
    [Show full text]