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Sudan, Country Information
Sudan, Country Information SUDAN ASSESSMENT April 2003 Country Information and Policy Unit I SCOPE OF DOCUMENT II GEOGRAPHY III HISTORY IV STATE STRUCTURES V HUMAN RIGHTS HUMAN RIGHTS ISSUES HUMAN RIGHTS - SPECIFIC GROUPS ANNEX A - CHRONOLOGY ANNEX B - LIST OF MAIN POLITICAL PARTIES ANNEX C - GLOSSARY ANNEX D - THE POPULAR DEFENCE FORCES ACT 1989 ANNEX E - THE NATIONAL SERVICE ACT 1992 ANNEX F - LIST OF THE MAIN ETHNIC GROUPS OF SUDAN ANNEX G - REFERENCES TO SOURCE DOCUMENTS 1. SCOPE OF DOCUMENT 1.1 This assessment has been produced by the Country Information and Policy Unit, Immigration and Nationality Directorate, Home Office, from information obtained from a wide variety of recognised sources. The document does not contain any Home Office opinion or policy. 1.2 The assessment has been prepared for background purposes for those involved in the asylum/human rights determination process. The information it contains is not exhaustive. It concentrates on the issues most commonly raised in asylum/human rights claims made in the United Kingdom. 1.3 The assessment is sourced throughout. It is intended to be used by caseworkers as a signpost to the source material, which has been made available to them. The vast majority of the source material is readily available in the public domain. These sources have been checked for accuracy, and as far as can be ascertained, remained relevant and up-to-date at the time the document was issued. 1.4 It is intended to revise the assessment on a six-monthly basis while the country remains within the top 35 asylum-seeker producing countries in the United Kingdom. -
Sudan Assessment
SUDAN ASSESSMENT April 2000 Country Information and Policy Unit CONTENTS I INTRODUCTION 1.1 - 1.5 II GEOGRAPHY 2.1 III HISTORY 3.1 - 3.7 The Economy 3.8 - 3.10 IV INSTRUMENTS OF THE STATE Political System 4.1 - 4.12 The Judiciary 4.13 - 4.21 The Security Forces 4.22 - 4.24 V HUMAN RIGHTS A Introduction A.1 - A.4 B General Assessment B.1 - B.5 Prison Conditions B.6 Use of Excessive Force and Violations of Humanitarian Law in B.7 - B.9 Internal Conflicts C Specific Groups Opposition Members C.1 - C.4 Religious Groups C.5 Christians C.6 - C.8 Islamic Sects C.9 - C.13 Ethnicity C.14 - C.18 Women C.19 - C.22 Children C.23 - C.26 Students C.27 - C.30 Conscripts C.31 - C.35 1 D Other Issues Civil War D.1 - D.17 Ceasefire/Peace Negotiations D.18 - D.24 Freedom of Political Association D.25 - D.31 Freedom of Assembly D.32 - D.35 Freedom of Speech and of the Press D.36 - D.45 Freedom of Religion D.46 - D.51 Freedom to Travel/Internal Flight D.52 - D.57 National Service and Popular Defence Forces D.58 - D.62 VI GENERAL ISSUES Foreign Relations 5.1 - 5.16 Attacks on US embassies and US Retaliation 5.17 - 5.23 Bombings 5.24 - 5.26 Assassination Attempts 5.27 Health 5.28 - 5.33 Slavery 5.34 - 5.35 Punishments 5.36 - 5.41 Elections 5.42 - 5.46 Miscellaneous 5.47 - 5.58 VII ANNEXES A MAJOR POLITICAL ORGANISATIONS Pages 45 - 47 B SPLA FACTIONS Pages 48 - 49 C PROMINENT PEOPLE PAST AND PRESENT Pages 50 - 51 D CHRONOLOGY Pages 52 - 67 E BIBLIOGRAPHY Pages 68 - 75 I. -
The Case of the Sudan's Power Relations
American University in Cairo AUC Knowledge Fountain Theses and Dissertations 6-1-2015 A Prince and a Fractured Kingdom: The Case of the Sudan’s Power Relations Jihad Salih Mashamoun Follow this and additional works at: https://fount.aucegypt.edu/etds Recommended Citation APA Citation Salih Mashamoun, J. (2015).A Prince and a Fractured Kingdom: The Case of the Sudan’s Power Relations [Master’s thesis, the American University in Cairo]. AUC Knowledge Fountain. https://fount.aucegypt.edu/etds/63 MLA Citation Salih Mashamoun, Jihad. A Prince and a Fractured Kingdom: The Case of the Sudan’s Power Relations. 2015. American University in Cairo, Master's thesis. AUC Knowledge Fountain. https://fount.aucegypt.edu/etds/63 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by AUC Knowledge Fountain. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of AUC Knowledge Fountain. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The American University in Cairo School of Humanities and Social Sciences A Prince and a Fractured Kingdom: The Case of the Sudan’s Power Relations A Thesis Submitted to The Political Science Department In partial fulfillment of the requirements for A Master of Arts Degree By Jihad Salih Mashamoun Under the supervision of Dr. Nadia Farah April 30,2015 Table of Contents Dedication……………………………………………………………………………v Acknowledgments…………………………………………………………………...vi Acronyms………………………………………………………………………………………….. vii Abstract……………………………………………………………………………...xi Introduction…………………………………………………………………………...1 -
Ghana and Mali, the Army - Together with the Police
RUTH FIRST I -1 The Barrel of a Gun Political Power in Africa and the Coup d'Etat Part V: The Soldiers Invade: Coup Casebooks First published by Allen Lane The Penguin Press in 1970 Republished in 2012 by the Ruth First Papers Project www.ruthfirstpapers.org.uk Part V The Soldiers Invade: Coup Casebooks A Coup Inventory How should one differentiate between coups ? Coups in Africa, no less than elsewhere, do not fall into ideal types. Seeing that it is the first intervention in politics that tends to set up a coup trajectory, by breaking the previously accepted convention that government is for politicians and parties, it is useful to examine coups by the trigger at the start. But the typing of the coup d'etat has limited efficacy; they are often born in a muddle of motives, and they displace their own motives midway as they switch from one type to another and back again in the course of the action. The simplest and occasionally the initial stage of the coup d'etat cycle is the army strike, or the pay mutiny. Pay strikes are classic instances of class action by the poorest-paid in the army; armies, when they act as trade unions, have the power to hold the state, their paymaster, to ransom. In 1964 in Tanganyika (now Tanzania) and the neighbouring East African states of Kenya and Uganda, the regulars of all the three armies were chafing at service conditions and the slow pace in Africanization of the officer corps. At the time that Tanganyika achieved independence, there were only three African commissioned officers in the army. -
THE POLITICS of TWO SUDANS the South and the North 182 1- 1969 by Deng D
THE POLITICS OF TWO SUDANS The South and the North 182 1- 1969 by Deng D. Akol Ruay Nordiska Afrikainstitutet, Uppsala 1994 (The Scandinavian Institute of African Studies) Indexing terms History Colonialism Independence Government Civil war Islamic law Sudan Copyediting: Paul T.W. Baxter Cover: Adriaan Honcoop Maps: Ola Bergkvist Typesetting: Hi-Tech Typesetters, Nairobi, Kenya @ Deng D. Akol Ruay and Nordiska Afrikainstitutet, 1994 Printed in Sweden by Motala Grafiska AB, Motala 1994 ISBN 91-7106-344-7 To my cousin, Colonel Bona Ayom Wek Ateny, one of the brilliant and able commanders of Anya-Nya l, who was assassinated in 1970. Contents PREFACE 9 1. LAND AND PEOPLE 11 Land 11 Peoples 13 Northerners 13 Southerners 16 2. EARLY EXTERNAL CONTACTS 19 Southern Society before Foreign Influence 19 The Slave-Trade 21 Christian Missionaries (1846-188 1) 25 3. COLONIAL RULE IN SOUTHERN SUDAN 30 The Race for the Nile 30 Conditions in the Sudan upon its Conquest 33 The Establishment of Condominium Rule in the North and its Policies 34 The Establishment of Condominium Rule in the South and its Policies (1900-1947) 36 Consolidation of Condominium Administration (1899 -1947) 36 Separation of the South from the North (1900-1949) 38 Tribalism and Tribal Administration (1899 -1930) 40 Christian Missionaries and their Education (l899 -1930) 43 Education 44 Reversal of 1930 Southern Policy 47 British Administrators 47 Northern Politicians 48 Juba Administrative Conference 1947 5 1 4. THE PROCESS OF INDEPENDENCE 54 Self-Government 54 The Rift Between Great Britain and Egypt over the Sovereignty of the Sudan 59 Sudanization 67 The Elections 67 Distribution of Jobs 70 The 1955-Southern Disturbances 72 Prelude to the Clash 72 The Clash 78 5. -
Sudan Assessment
SUDAN ASSESSMENT April 2001 Country Information and Policy Unit CONTENTS I Scope of Document 1.1 - 1.5 II GEOGRAPHY 2.1 - 2.4 III HISTORY 3.1 - 3.16 IV INSTRUMENTS OF THE STATE The Political System 4.1 - 4.4 The Judiciary 4.5 - 4.12 The Security Forces 4.13 V HUMAN RIGHTS IN SUDAN A General Assessment 5.1 - 5.4 B Human Rights: Specific Groups Islamic Sects 5.5 Christians 5.6 Ethnicity 5.7 - 5.11 Women 5.12 - 5.15 Children 5.16 - 5.20 Human Rights Groups 5.21 - 5.22 C Human Rights: Specific Issues Prison Conditions 5.23 - 5.25 Freedom of Political Association and Assembly 5.26 - 5.32 Freedom of Speech and the Media 5.33 - 5.37 Freedom of Religion 5.38 - 5.44 Freedom of Travel 5.45 - 5.52 Arbitrary Arrest and Detention 5.53 - 5.59 Use of Torture and other Cruel or Degrading Punishment 5.60 - 5.63 Interference with Privacy 5.64 Military Service and the Popular Defence Force 5.65 - 5.71 Treatment of Refugees 5.72 Slavery 5.73 - 5.74 1 Medical Care and Health Facilities 5.75 - 5.77 Humanitarian Aid for Internally Displaced Persons 5.78 - 5.79 Trade Union Activity and Worker Rights 5.80 VI INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS 6.1 - 6.8 VII ANNEXES A GLOSSARY Pages 28 - 31 B SPLA FACTIONS Pages 32 - 33 C PROMINENT PEOPLE PAST AND PRESENT Pages 34 - 35 D CHRONOLOGY Pages 36 - 52 E BIBLIOGRAPHY Pages 53 - 54 I SCOPE OF DOCUMENT 1.1 This assessment has been produced by the Country Information and Policy Unit, Immigration and Nationality Directorate, Home Office, from information obtained from a variety of sources. -
Sudan Assessment - April 2003
SUDAN COUNTRY ASSESSMENT APRIL 2003 COUNTRY INFORMATION AND POLICY UNIT IMMIGRATION AND NATIONALITY DIRECTORATE HOME OFFICE UNITED KINGDOM Sudan Assessment - April 2003 CONTENTS I SCOPE OF DOCUMENT 1.1 - 1.4 II GEOGRAPHY 2.1 - 2.6 III HISTORY From Colonial Rule to Independence 3.1 - 3.2 From Coalition Governments to the Nimeri Regime 3.3 - 3.4 The Nimeri Regime 3.5 - 3.7 The Al-Bashir Regime 3.8 - 3.18 IV STATE STRUCTURES The Constitution 4.1 The Political System 4.2 - 4.6 The Judiciary 4.7 - 4.13 Military Service and the Popular Defence Force 4.14 - 4.26 Internal Security 4.27 Legal Rights/Detention 4.28 - 4.32 Prisons and Prison Conditions 4.33 Medical Services 4.34 - 4.39 The Education System 4.40 - 4.41 Sudanese Nationality Laws 4.42 - 4.45 V.A HUMAN RIGHTS ISSUES Overview 5.1 - 5.6 Freedom of Speech and the Media 5.7 - 5.13 Freedom of Religion 5.14 - 5.22 Freedom of Assembly and Political Association 5.23 - 5.24 Employment Rights 5.25 - 5.32 People Trafficking 5.33 - 5.35 Freedom of Movement 5.36 - 5.44 Arbitrary Interference with Privacy 5.45 Female Genital Mutilation 5.46 - 5.56 V.B HUMAN RIGHTS: SPECIFIC GROUPS Women 5.57 - 5.59 Children 5.60 - 5.62 Ethnic Groups 5.63 - 5.71 Treatment of Homosexuals 5.72 Human Rights Groups 5.73 Opposition Political Parties 5.74 The Democratic Unionist Party 5.75 - 5.76 The Umma Party 5.77 - 5.80 The Sudanese Communist Party 5.81 - 5.82 The Baa’th Party 5.83 The Popular National Congress Party 5.84 - 5.85 The National Democratic Alliance 5.86 - 5.90 The Sudan’s People Liberation Movement/Army 5.91 - 5.92 VI ANNEXES A CHRONOLOGY B LIST OF THE MAIN POLITICAL PARTIES C GLOSSARY D THE POPULAR DEFENCE FORCES ACT 1989 E THE NATIONAL SERVICE ACT 1992 F LIST OF THE MAIN ETHNIC GROUPS OF SUDAN G REFERENCES TO SOURCE DOCUMENTS Sudan Assessment - April 2003 I SCOPE OF DOCUMENT 1.1 This assessment has been produced by the Country Information and Policy Unit, Immigration and Nationality Directorate, Home Office, from information obtained from a wide variety of recognised sources. -
History and Demands (Part 1): Elfadil Ahmed & Tag Elkhazin
NokokoPod Institute of African Studies Carleton University (Ottawa, Canada) 2019 (5): 1-24 Protests in Sudan - History and Demands (Part 1): Elfadil Ahmed & Tag Elkhazin Logan Cochrane,1,2 Elfadil Ahmed3 and Tag Elkhazin2,3 1 Hawassa University, Ethiopia 2 Carleton University, Canada 3 Consultant, Ottawa, Canada1 The Nokoko journal is committed to a world where people are free from all forms of oppression and exploitation, where respect for individuals’ varied differences is maintained, and where everyone can realise their full potentials. NokokoPod is a companion to the journal, covering current African issues. It aims to bring forth new perspectives that broaden, trouble, complicate and enrich current discourses. Edited and annotated versions of the conversations will be made available on the journal website. This issue of NokokoPod discusses the history of protest in Sudan and the demands of the current protest movement. The podcast for this discussion is available on the Nokoko journal website. This conversation took place on May 5th, with Logan Cochrane, Elfadil Ahmed and Tag Elkhazin in Ottawa. This version of the PDF has been reviewed by Logan Cochrane, Elfadil Ahmed and Tag Elkhazin. In addition to the conversation, a set of annotations have been added as footnotes so as to strengthen the value of these publications and enable them to act as a resource for listeners and readers who want to have additional context and/or find additional resources on the topics discussed. Sudan / Ahmed & Elkhazin 2 Logan: This week we are joined by two guests: (1) Elfadil Ah- med, a former diplomat at the Sudanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs who worked in China, Romania, USA, Morocco and Canada, cur- rently a Consultant, a free-lance writer and an activist based in Ot- tawa and, (2) Tag ElKhazin, an adjunct professor at Carleton Univer- sity and consultant. -
Country of Origin Information Report: Sudan October 2003
Sudan, Country Information Page 1 of 79 SUDAN COUNTRY REPORT OCTOBER 2003 COUNTRY INFORMATION & POLICY UNIT I SCOPE OF DOCUMENT II GEOGRAPHY lll ECONOMY lV HISTORY V STATE STRUCTURES VlA HUMAN RIGHTS ISSUES VlB HUMAN RIGHTS - SPECIFIC GROUPS VlC HUMAN RIGHTS - OTHER ISSUES ANNEX A - CHRONOLOGY ANNEX B - LIST OF MAIN POLITICAL PARTIES ANNEX C -THE POPULAR DEFENCE FORCES ACT 1989 ANNEX D - THE NATIONAL SERVICE ACT 1992 ANNEX E - LIST OF THE MAIN ETHNIC GROUPS OF SUDAN ANNEX F - LANGUAGES OF SUDAN ANNEX G - PROMINENT PEOPLE ANNEX H - REFERENCES TO SOURCE DOCUMENTS 3 ECONOMY 3.1 Sudan's primary resources are agricultural but oil production and export have taken on greater importance since October 2000. As a result of oil export earnings of around US$500 million in 2000-1, Sudan's current account entered surplus for the first time since independence. Although the country is trying to diversify its cash crops, cotton and gum Arabic remain its major agricultural exports and exports other than oil are largely stagnant. Sudan remains a net importer of food [3d]. 3.2 The transport system is underdeveloped and is a serious constraint on economic growth. The country's vast area and the availability of only one major outlet to the sea, Port Sudan, place a heavy burden on limited facilities, especially on the government-owned Sudan Railways and on the road network. The government-owned Sudan Airways airline operates domestic and international services from Sudan's main airport at Khartoum. There are several smaller airports; the most important of which http://www.ind.homeoffice.gov.uk/ppage.asp?section=195&title=Sudan%2C%20Country%20Information 11/18/2003 Sudan, Country Information Page 2 of 79 are those at Al-Ubayyid and Port Sudan [6]. -
Israeli Interference in Sudan
(Doha Institute) www.dohainstitute.org Research Paper Israeli Interference in Sudan Dr. Mahmoud Muhareb Arab Center for Research & Policy Studies Research Papers Doha, September - 2011 Series (Research Papers) Copyrights reserved for Arab Center for Research & Policy Studies © 2011 Contents ISRAELI INTERFERENCE IN SUDAN.................................................................. INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................... 1 THE BEGINNINGS OF THE UMMA PARTY’S COMMUNICATION WITH ISRAEL ................... 1 FINANCIAL NEGOTIATIONS BETWEEN THE UMMA PARTY AND ISRAEL ........................... 2 A SENIOR SUDANESE OFFICIAL IN ISRAEL ................................................................... 3 SPYING ON ABDEL NASSER FOR ISRAEL ON THE EVE OF THE TRIPARTITE AGGRESSION . 6 ISRAELI INTERFERENCE IN SOUTH SUDAN ................................................................... 7 ISRAEL, JAAFAR NUMAYRI AND ADNAN KHASHOGGI .................................................... 9 NUMAYRI’S MEETING WITH YIGAL YADIN ..................................................................10 NUMAYRI’S MEETING WITH SHARON .........................................................................10 NUMAYRI AND THE MIGRATION OF FALASHA JEWS TO ISRAEL ....................................11 “OPERATION MOSHE” ............................................................................................11 CONCLUSION ...........................................................................................................12 -
South Sudan Road to Independence: Broken Promises and Lost Opportunities Salman M
Global Business & Development Law Journal Volume 26 | Issue 2 Article 1 1-1-2013 South Sudan Road to Independence: Broken Promises and Lost Opportunities Salman M. A. Salman International Water Resources Association Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/globe Part of the International Law Commons Recommended Citation Salman M. Salman, South Sudan Road to Independence: Broken Promises and Lost Opportunities, 26 Pac. McGeorge Global Bus. & Dev. L.J. 343 (2013). Available at: https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/globe/vol26/iss2/1 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals and Law Reviews at Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Global Business & Development Law Journal by an authorized editor of Scholarly Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. [1] SALMAN.DOC (DO NOT DELETE) 7/22/2013 4:13 PM Articles South Sudan Road to Independence: Broken Promises and Lost Opportunities Salman M. A. Salman* TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................ 344 II. POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY OF SOUTH SUDAN .......................... 345 III. THE PROBLEM OF SOUTHERN SUDAN DURING THE DIFFERENT POLITICAL ERAS .......................................................................................... 348 A. The Rise of Nationalist Movements in North and South Sudan ............. 348 B. The First Civilian Era 1954–1958: Outbreak of the Civil War ............ 351 C. The First Military Rule 1958–1964: Intensification of the Civil War ... 355 D. The Second Civilian Era 1964–1969: The Roundtable Conference ...... 357 E. The Second Military Rule 1969–1985: The Addis Ababa Agreement ... 363 F. The Third Civilian Era 1985–1989: The Sudanese Peace Initiative ..... 372 G. The Third Military Rule: 1989–Present: The Comprehensive Peace Agreement ............................................................................................. -
Reflecting on the Root Causes of South Sudan Secession 135
134 Clayton Hazvinei REFLECTING ON THE ROOT Vhumbunu CAUSES OF SOUTH SUDAN Post-Doctoral Research Fellow in International SECESSION: WHAT CAN OTHER Relations, School of Social Sciences, University of AFRICAN LEADERS LEARN? KwaZulu-Natal (UKZN), Durban, South Africa . Email: cvhumbunu@gmail. Abstract com ; Vhumbunuc@ukzn. The secession of South Sudan from Sudan in 2011 remains ac.za a significant development on Africa’s political landscape. It will continue to shape and influence the direction DOI: https://dx.doi. of secessionist conflict management and resolution org/10.18820/24150509/ dynamics on the continent. This is not because it was JCH43.v2.8 the first secession case in Africa given the fact that, previously, Eritrea had seceded from Ethiopia in 1993. ISSN 0258-2422 (Print) Rather, unlike the Eritrea-Ethiopian case, the South Sudan ISSN 2415-0509 (Online) secession case has a unique and edifying pre- and post- Journal for Contemporary colonial historical narrative whose instructive value to History post-colonial governments and governance processes 2018 43(2):134-159 in Africa remains remotely studied and utilized. Despite numerous research on pre-secession Sudan, there has © Creative Commons With been limited constructively aligned research that unravels Attribution (CC-BY) the root causes of South Sudan secession, and sift lessons that can be progressively applied to either avoid and prevent secession in Africa, or constructively manage secessionist pressures in a way that retains peace, stability and national development. Using secondary data analysis, this paper explores the root causes of South Sudan secession with a view to discern and deduce adaptable and appropriate lessons that can be learnt by African governments at a time when secessionist conflicts are on the rise.