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New Wine in Old Wineskins: Social Structure and the Making of 19Th Century American Calvinism

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New Wine in Old Wineskins: Social Structure and the Making of 19Th Century American Calvinism NEW WINE IN OLD WINESKINS: SOCIAL STRUCTURE AND THE MAKING OF 19TH CENTURY AMERICAN CALVINISM By Justin Rowe A DISSERTATION Submitted to Michigan State University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of History—Doctor of Philosophy 2015 ABSTRACT NEW WINE IN OLD WINESKINS: SOCIAL STRUCTURE AND THE MAKING OF 19TH CENTURY AMERICAN CALVINISM By Justin Rowe The following analyzes the social structure and intellectual change of an American antebellum community. Essentially, this dissertation focuses on the Presbyterian Church in the early 19th century and suggests that by historically examining its structural dynamics historians and social scientists alike can better understand not only American intellectual history but also the sociology of ideological change. Using the Presbyterian Church as a case study, the project hypothesizes how the social organization of early American Presbyterianism influenced not only the Old and New School schism of 1837, but the transformation of American Calvinism in general. It theorizes that the reason Hopkinsian modifications to Westminster Calvinism successfully diffused across the Presbyterian Church was because the construction of the Erie Canal better connected many of the more progressive, innovative, presbyteries initially isolated on the frontier—thus increasing their capacity to influence the denomination as a whole. In essence, when the canal facilitated an enormous amount of material development in western New York during the 1820s, those presbyteries most affected were also the recipients of numerous Congregational immigrants who had adopted many of the Rev. Samuel Hopkins’ modifications to Calvinism. Thus, while these presbyteries were transforming economically and intellectually, they were also changing structurally as the canal elevated their standing within the church from “peripheral” status to a more influential and connected “semiperipheral” position which ultimately accelerated the diffusion of Hopkinsian theology and the creation of New School Calvinism. ii Copyright by JUSTIN ROWE 2015 iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS According to the Psalms, the LORD of Heaven and Earth is our helper and guide, a fountain of inspiration and strength.1 As such, I would like to begin by giving any glory and honor associated with this manuscript to the One who sustained me through the project’s development process. If this dissertation is meritorious or praiseworthy in any way, it probably has more to do with the LORD’s agency and guidance than anything else. Yet He works just as much through human agents as He does directly and of this class there are many deserving of credit and recognition. Thanks then must go first and foremost to my wife and partner, Amanda, who has patiently walked alongside me through the many years of undergraduate and graduate school, listening to all my ideas and helping me see what I need to see, be where I need to be. She has truly been an enduring and unwavering ally through the various stages of my academic and professional maturity and it is she who has made the journey sweeter and brighter. Secondly, I would like to thank my family and close friends for their prayers and support over the years. As a constant source of encouragement, they have been there in every situation, in times of scarcity and plenty, in breakthrough and disappointment. There are many who have contributed to the creation of this manuscript intellectually as well. To them I am extremely grateful. Above all I would like to thank and honor my advisor Dr. David Bailey. As perhaps the most original and out‐of‐the‐box scholar teaching today, he has been a tremendous example and resource over the years—pushing me to ask deeper questions and 1 Psalms 118:2,7; 31:3, 48:14; 73:24; 27:1; 28:7. iv consider alternative interpretations. I would also like to express gratitude to Dr. Thomas Summerhill not only for allowing some doe‐eyed undergraduate to take his graduate seminar back in 2007, but likewise for actually collaborating with an untrained doctorial candidate on a major research and publishing project. Because of this I have received invaluable professional advancement and have been exposed to fields of study that otherwise would have remained inaccessible to me. Similarly I am indebted to Drs. Peter Alegi and Leslie Moch. Even though each has achieved great success as an international scholar, it is their passion as teachers and educators that has most impacted my life. In this vein I must also express gratitude to Dr. Peter Knupfer for the friendship, support, and feedback he has given me over the years. He has a very rare talent for creative teaching and pedagogy. I would die a happy man to know that I have served my students as skillfully as he. I am also very grateful for the feedback I have received over the years on this project—Drs. Michael Stamm, Malcolm Magee, Zachary Neal, Peter Wallace, and of course the unnamed reviewers for the Michigan Academician and Journal of Historical Sociology. Their comments and insights have certainly made this a better, tighter, study from what it initially was. Additionally, thanks must go out to the American Historical Association for the grant they awarded me (the Michael Kraus Grant in American Colonial History) which made some of the travel for researching this topic possible. Furthermore, I would like to thank the Michigan State University History Department, College of Social Science, Graduate School, and Council of Graduate Students for their very generous support over the years; not only as a graduate and research assistant, but also for funding the conferences I participated in. v Finally, I would like to express my gratitude to the archival staffs of the Presbyterian Historical Society, Union Theological Seminary’s Burke Library, Bentley Historical Library at the University of Michigan, and Princeton Theological Seminary Library. Their dedication to the sources makes studies like these possible. I must say that the irreplaceable artifacts of the past are in good hands at these institutions. Lastly, I would like to thank the faculty at Great Lakes Christian College, particularly Drs. John Nugent, Lloyd Knowles, Dan Cameron, and George Brown. Without them I never would have become a doctor of storytelling. Thank you. —Justin vi TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES................................................................................................................................x LIST OF FIGURES................................................................................................................................xi Introduction The Intellectual Crisis of Albert Barnes and the Diffusion of New School Calvinism.......................1 Project Overview: The Presbytery of Philadelphia as Denominational Microcosm................................12 Theory and Hypothesis............................................................................................................18 Methodology.........................................................................................................................25 Historiography.......................................................................................................................29 The Fate of Albert Barnes and the Beginning of the Story...............................................................40 Aftermath and Project Outline..................................................................................................49 Chapter 1 The Crisis of American Calvinism and the 1801 Plan of Union.........................................……........56 Introduction………………………………………………………………………………………………………….............56 Jonathan Edwards, Samuel Hopkins, and the Softening of American Calvinism....................................64 The Rise of Millennial Ecumenism..............................................................................................68 Courting Union.......................................................................................................................72 A Proposal from the Forest.......................................................................................................77 The 1801 Plan of Union and Frontier Accommodation....................................................................86 Implicating the Plan of Union....................................................................................................93 Fleeing Egypt for Sinai—The Migration of Yankee Christianity..........................................................98 Crossing the Jordan—The Foundation of Auburn, New York..........................................................104 From Chaos to Order—The Genesis of Union Calvinism in Canal County..........................................109 Conclusion..........................................................................................................................123 Chapter 2 The Erie Canal—Prosperity Comes to the West..........................................…………...…………….....127 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………………………………...........127 The Erie Canal—A Vision of Union............................................................................................131 The Erie Canal—Prosperity Comes to Upstate New York...............................................................146 Conclusion..........................................................................................................................156 Chapter 3 The Quantitative Analysis of Presbyterian Ecclesiastical Structure.............................................159
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