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©2016 Ryan C. Bixby ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ©2016 Ryan C. Bixby ALL RIGHTS RESERVED “REFUSING TO JOIN THEIR WATERS AND MINGLE INTO ONE GRAND KINDRED STREAM”: THE TRANSFORMATION OF JEFFERSON COUNTY, WEST VIRGINIA IN THE CIVIL WAR ERA A Dissertation Presented to The Graduate Faculty of The University of Akron In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy Ryan C. Bixby August, 2016 “REFUSING TO JOIN THEIR WATERS AND MINGLE INTO ONE GRAND KINDRED STREAM”: THE TRANSFORMATION OF JEFFERSON COUNTY, WEST VIRGINIA IN THE CIVIL WAR ERA Ryan C. Bixby Dissertation Approved: Accepted: _________________________________ _________________________________ Advisor Department Chair Dr. Lesley J. Gordon Dr. Martin Wainwright _________________________________ _________________________________ Committee Member Interim Dean of the College Dr. Gregory Wilson Dr. John C. Green _________________________________ _________________________________ Committee Member Dean of the Graduate School Dr. Walter Hixson Dr. Chand Midha _________________________________ _________________________________ Committee Member Date Dr. Leonne Hudson _________________________________ Committee Member Dr. Ira D. Sasowsky ii ABSTRACT Encamped near Harper’s Ferry, Virginia, on September 15, 1861, Col. John White Geary of the 28th Pennsylvania Infantry wrote to his wife, Mary Church Henderson Geary. Geary described the majestic scene before him as the Potomac and Shenandoah Rivers converged at a point before traveling toward the Chesapeake Bay. Sitting at the confluence of these two important waterways, Geary depicted the Potomac River as being “a clear beautiful stream, it’s [sic] resistless tide rushing headlong over the rocky surface of its channel and roaring with the voice of many waters.” Conversely, Geary perceived the Shenandoah River as being “very muddy at present, and rolls its waters along with equal haste, into the same channel with the Potomac, but the waters seem to refuse to commingle and become one.” Geary juxtaposed his description of these two bodies of water “refusing to join their waters and mingle into one grand kindred stream” against the United States’ inability to overcome its own political, economic, and social differences and reunite as one country. Geary’s metaphor also can be applied to the contested borderland of Jefferson County, West Virginia. Four years of continual encampments, foraging, marching, and skirmishing during the American Civil War significantly transformed Jefferson County’s social, economic, and political institutions. This borderland county served as a contested and negotiated landscape as both Union and Confederate armies sought to gain control of the region’s valuable industries and transportation networks. By relying upon iii agricultural resources to subsidize their provisions, soldiers also temporarily altered local cultivators’ farming practices. The Union and Confederate armies also utilized the natural and man-made landscape for military purposes. The contestation of public and private space compelled residents to engage in negotiated relationships with soldiers. Furthermore, whereas Jefferson County inhabitants began the conflict within the political borders of Virginia, by the conclusion of the war, residents found themselves part of the newly formed state of West Virginia. This dissertation seeks to understand how four years of continual encampments, foraging, marching, and skirmishing during the Civil War significantly transformed the natural landscape and socio-economic structures of Jefferson County. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS While researching and writing this dissertation, I have encountered a number of people who I cannot thank enough for helping see this project to completion. First, I am forever indebted to my doctoral advisor, Lesley J. Gordon, for the guidance, patience, and support that she provided throughout the process. From the beginning, she believed in this project even when I got sidetracked with my infatuation with John Brown. My dissertation committee, which included Gregory Wilson, Walter Hixson, Leonne Hudson, and Ira Sasowsky, provided me with invaluable suggestions and comments that not only applied to the dissertation, but to future projects as well. I would also like to thank graduate advisor Martha Santos for guiding me through the process, answering any questions that I had about the graduate program. Prior to coming to the University of Akron, Rich Martin, John Craig, Thomas Pearcy, and the late David Dean Dixon pushed me to be a better student and historian. I came to the history discipline circuitously, initially majoring in political science at Slippery Rock University. Rich Martin’s class, “The Historical and Political Legacies of the Vietnam Era,” demonstrated how I could incorporate my passion for politics with history. I will forever be grateful for the time that I spent with David Dean Dixon. Through History Club trips and Old Stone House events, he taught me the importance of captivating your audience through historical storytelling. v This project never would have been possible without the generous financial support provided by the History Department at the University of Akron. The department provided me with a research and writing fellowship that permitted me to travel to multiple archives. An Andrew W. Mellon Research Fellowship at the Virginia Historical Society allowed me to spend a week at their archives working with their outstanding staff and collections. I also spent one invaluable summer in Jefferson County through the George M. Nethken Graduate Fellowship at the George Tyler Moore Center for the Study of the Civil War. I am grateful to the archival and library staff at a number of institutions. Don Appleby at the University of Akron’s Bierce Library helped me to obtain research materials, renew my books when I forgot, and hold my large book request until I could make my pilgrimage from Pennsylvania to Akron. The librarians and staff at all the archives I visited provided me with assistance and suggestions that helped shape this work. Particularly, I am appreciative to the archival staffs at the David M. Rubenstein Rare Book and Manuscript Library at Duke University, West Virginia State Archives, and the West Virginia & Regional History Collection at West Virginia University. The archivists at each of these collections laboriously retrieved my numerous requests and painstakingly copied mountains of information. I would also like to thank my friends and family for all of their support, kind words, and love that they have shown throughout this process. Always a call or email away, John Henris, Dann J. Broyld, Elizabeth Mancke, and Chris Howard, provided sage vi advice, support, and an open mind when I had questions about the project. Paul Douglas Newman and Tom Kiffmeyer, continually encouraged me to “just write.” Although my fraternity brothers of Alpha Sigma Phi did not always understand the path I chose, they supported me through this adventure. I want to thank my extended family, in-laws, immediate family for their unconditional love and support, especially my parents, Laurie and Lanty Phillips, and my sister Ruth Ann. Finally, to my wife, Davina, and our “fur children,” Skipper and Rosie, I cannot thank you enough for supporting me through the ups and downs. Davina, this project would have never come to fruition without your willingness to endure my multiple trips to Jefferson County, reading numerous versions of the rough draft, and serving as my sounding board. Thank you from the bottom of my heart. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ABBREVIATIONS………………………………………………………………………x CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………………….1 II. “THIS SCENE IS WORTH A VOYAGE ACROSS THE ALTANTIC”: THE SETTLEMENT OF THE LOWER SHENANDOAH VALLEY………..…….…….19 III. GUNS, CEMENT, AND TRANSPORTATION: THE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF JEFFERSON COUNTY IN THE EARLY NINETEENTH CENTURY………………………………………...…………………………………58 IV. “THE MOST FERTILE COUNTY”: AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION IN JEFFERSON COUNTY…………………………………………..……......………111 V. “WAR AT HARPERS FERRY”: POLITICAL CONFLICTS IN VIRGINIA AND JOHN BROWN’S INSURRECTION AT HARPER’S FERRY…………….……..162 VI. “WAR HAS DONE FEARFUL WORK HERE”: THE ECONOMIC CHANGES WROGHT BY THE CIVIL WAR………………………………………...………211 VII. “ALL DESOLATED WITH WAR”: CHANGES TO THE ENVIROMENT AND AGRICULTURAL LANDSCAPES WROUGHT BY THE CIVIL WAR………..272 VIII. “THE CONDITION OF OUR BORDER IS BECOMING MORE ALARMING EVERY DAY”: THE SOCIAL CHANGES WROUGHT BY THE CIVIL WAR……………………………………………………………………………...328 IX. “THE COUNTRY ALL AROUND US LAY UTTERLY DESOLATED, WITHOUT ENCLOSURES, AND WITHOUT CULTIVATION”: THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL EFFECTS OF THE CIVIL WAR……………………...………390 viii X. CONCLUSION: CONTESTED MEMORIES OF THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR AND JOHN BROWN………………………………………………………………441 BIBLOGRAPHY……………………………………………………………….………446 ix ABBREVIATIONS AAS American Antiquarian Society, Worcester, Massachusetts BECHS Buffalo and Erie County Historical Society, Buffalo, New York DMR David M. Rubenstein Rare Books and Manuscripts Library, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina FHS Filson Historical Society, Louisville, Kentucky HRL Stewart Bell Jr. Archives Room, Handley Regional Library, Winchester, Virginia HSP Historical Society of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania IHS Indiana Historical Society, Indianapolis, Indiana JCHS Jefferson County Historical Society, Charlestown, West Virginia JMUSC Carrier Library, James Madison University, Special Collections, Harrisonburg, Virginia LV The Library of Virginia, Richmond, Virginia
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