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Life Science Journal 2014;11(4s) http://www.lifesciencesite.com

The role of historic-linguistic factor in development of Turkic civilization in meddle ages

Yermekova Tynyshtyk Nurdauletovna1, Odanova Sagira Amangeldiyevna1, Issabekova Uldar Keldibekovna2, Abdirassilova Gulmira Kalybaevna1,3

1Kazakh State Women’s Teacher Training University, 050000, 99, str. Aiteke Bi, , 2Turkic academy, 010000 Kazakhstan, Astana str. Tauelsizdik ,57 3The Republic of University Niyde, 050000 99, str. Aiteke Bi, Almaty, 050000, Kazakhstan

Abstract. The process of world globalization requires Turkic-speaking nations of common root to unite in social- economy, cultural-spiritual points. Unification of intellectual values of the Turkic world will roll general Turkic mind and being, consolidate spiritual balance and historical integrity between Turkic nations, raise social-cultural potential of modern Turkic nations, strengthen historical roots, and justify special place of the Turkic civilization among human civilization. Additionally, if we don’t hold historical root of Kazakh nationin the situation of encountering of international civilizations there is a risk of spiritual-cultural development’s going wrong way. There are nations who couldn’t follow caravan of time and step into new era with the rest of the world. This worldwide process which can have good or bad influence on the future of our independent country requires us to be exceptionally responsible for every action related to our nation. The independence of our country gives us opportunity to restudy common cultural heritage of Turkic nations, as well as to know its true , use them for the benefit of nation, reconsider and analyzespiritual values based on those relics. which had been provoking researchers’ interest at all times inculding ’s establishment, specific path of development, active role in formation of national world view requires deep investigation of historical root of national cognition and entity together with special research methods of modern time. [Yermekova T. N., Odanova S.A., Issabekova U. K., Abdirassilova G.K..The role of historic-linguistic factor in development of Turkic civilization in meddle ages Life Sci J 2014;11(4s):320-330] (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 57

Keywords: , , Turkic civilization, ancient Turkic writing, alphabet, Turkic nations

Introduction [1]. And independence which is considered to be the Despite wonderful heritage proving writing most valuable of all precious longings for any nation culture of which is considered to be a gave an opportunity to consider such important precondition of advanced civilization, Soviet system values in a new way. Since recently, Turkic-speaking allowed to investigate it only as language data. countries often hold meetings together with Scholar J. Tuymebayev wrote about condition of congresses and conferencies at government level turkology at this time: «As well as social- directed on research of mutual written monuments, humanitarian subjects developed under Soviet history and ethnography. What such gatherings give Union’s political-ideological principles turkology’s is suggestion of complex research corresponding to restrictions were in not spreading wings of its modern society’s demand on the basis of that intersubjective complex property. If this matter is historical kinship. open, there will be a necessity to note special place of Any time the advantage of science is to base Turkic nations in world history. However,Turkic on exact facts rather than on nations, race or . history that was on main track during antiquity and The works of European scientists such as V. Middle Ages did not respond to imperious voice of Tomsen, V.V. Radlov, P.M. Melioranski, A.N. Soviet ideology. That is why history of , Samoylovich, S.E. Malov, M. Nasilov, K.K. , , and even Göktürks wasn’t considered in Yudahin, etc. who contributed to research one line, in one correlation with Turkic nations. ofmonuments of ancient Turkic writing and writing Political standing of society used to limit heritage are still important to this day. These methodological and procedural orientation of turkological researches were supplemented by later turkological science. During this period scientific tide of works of scientists. During last century group results of turkology were not entered into curriculum of scientists by both blood and soul entered of subjects like language, history, art and philosophy. turkology which was allotment of mostly European In fact, they existed only in memories of turkological scientists. Turkology achieved great heights last scientists. Besides, strongly formulated fundamental century. Altaic and -altaic theories were formed, theoretical investigations of turkology used to emerge many monuments of ancient and medieval Turks mostly in researches related to European scientists» were found and processed scientifically. Along with

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world-known turkologists Kazakh scientists greatly Karakalpak, Nogai, Kyrgyz, Kazakh languagesamong contributed in attaining such achievements. The Turkic languages? What is the value of Middle Ages works of academics A. Qaydar, R. Syzdyq, M. that was the reason of uniting, dividing and reuniting Zholdasbekov, professors G.Aydarov, A.Ibatov, of Turkic peoples? Answers to other similar A.Quryshjanuly, A.Amanzholov, B.Saghyndyquly, questions are the main goals of our research. etc. are especially notable among them. Basing their researches on research of language heritage Kazakh Material and methods turkologists indicate that language is an important Part 1. Hard periods in Turkic history of factor showing history and everyday life, custom and Middle Ages. Method of research – historical- culture of native nation, and writing is an indicator of comparative method. nation’s civilization. According to historians, there were ethnic If language dies nation’s entity will die as changes in during 1st millennium. These well. There is no big, small or petty matter in the changes are characterized by domination of Turkic- matter of nation and language. That is why we can speaking in . The name "Turk" was first strengthen our language’s step into the future by mentioned in Chinese chronicles and belonged to 542 researching each historical period of Kazakh year. Chinese called Turks the Xiong-nu Huns. Early language, deeply analyzing written monuments, Turkic state – theTurkic Khaganate was founded in investigating duration and connection between 552. Its founder was Bumin Qaghan who died in 553. ancient and modern times in the course of His successor Issik Qaghan died after reigning less development of language. than a year. During the reign of Muqan Qaghan (553- In general, society’s past and future, 572) the Turkic Khaganate reached political formation and development of historical identity, dominance in Central . They conquered Khitans perception of the world are eternal matters of entire in , Yenisei Kirghiz; North paid humanity. The matter of language which has always them taxes-and-duties. In 563-567 they conquered the been a tool of interrelations among humanity is the Hephthalite . So , after that their lands heart at any time. We can see our how our nation’s extendedfrom to North and East spiritual development significantly matures through . language units of vocabulary which are clear facts of After conquering Turks every period of language development, some piece of capturedthe Road reaching the Mediterranean certain historical conjuncture saved in scrolls, or Sea. Waging their journeys they allied with the research of complex of written monuments showing against Persia; in 571 Turkic safe characters of each era. That is why exploring Istemi conquered the North and language from every small part to developed set reached the Strait of (the Cimmerian phrases, texts and written monuments in historical- Bosporus). His son Turksanf conquered Kerch and cultural-cognitive-linguistic will expand the crossed into the in 576. However, after scope of other scientists as well aslanguage study, Istemi’s death in 582-593 internecine started. and deepen language historyand significance of Internecine wars and social conflicts greatly turkology. weakened khaganate. Persia that grew strong won a officially emerged in history as an victory over Turks in 588 near . The Byzantine independent state in XV century. New state system Empire won the Cimmerian Bosporus back in 590. unique in history emerged. Autonomous Kazakh Internecine , social contradictions weakened nation was part of Turkic world of that time. khaganate and led to its dividing into Eastern and Establishment of Kazakh state was natural Turkic Khaganate in 603. The Khaganate continuation of social-political changes and owns the lands from the to Amu historical-ethnical processes happening in Eurasia in Darya and from Region to the Middle Ages. National spirit woke up, character [2]. emerged, life style formed. As for the that are considered to be All researches related to history of nation a branch of Turks, there are a lot of historical data and language can’t go on without looking into about them. The name "" is named in ancient medieval history. What is the benefit of Middle Ages Turk in 760. This name is mentioned in the list in Turkic culture and world civilization? Who are the of Turkic tribes by Arab geographer Kipchaks who became an impulse in building modern (9th c.). Turkic-speaking nations of modern Central Asia In the beginning of the first century, after the occupying space from to Black breakup of the Kimek and political Sea? Why turkologists singled Kipchak group out of leadership over the region of the Kimeks, Kipchaks modern , Bashkir, Karachay, Kumyk, and passed into the hands of the Kipchak

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khans. They forced out the Oguz tribes from middle in Eurasia. The Great of Eurasia laying and lower sides of , and near Aral between the Hwang Ho River of China and the and Caspian Sea. Now, “Steppe of the Oghuz” River in the center of is not only a (Mafazat Al-guz) was called “Desht-i Qipchaq” large bridge connecting West and East throughout all (Steppe of the Kipchaks). In the the history of mankind, but a great cradle of Turkic Kipchaks moved along the Volga towards the West. peoples. According to Persian data, the Great Steppe The historical-geographical territory of the became world-known as “Desht-i Qipchaq” at the that ranged from the River to the beginning of Middle Ages (XI c.). This name proves River can be conditionally divided by Volga into two the Kipchaks’ historical activity among nomadic large ethnic-territorial units: tribes. Moreover, Kipchaks played significant role in The West Kipchak union led by Toqsoba historical events in bounds from the to tribal dynasty and the East Kipchak khaganate China, and India, Russian and in XI- headed byEl-borili ’s dynasty. XV c. and the Byzantine Empire called The process of establishment of the Kipchak them the Cumans, while called them ethnicity on Kazakh land was quite long and divided Polovets and Turkic speakers called them the into three periods: Kipchaks. This nation became well-known in 1.VII-VIII c. The Kipchaks in the Kimek medieval history of human civilization and left a Khaganate; significant mark in culture and ethnogenesis of all 2.VIII-IX c. The Kipchaks who settled and interrelated nations from the center of Eurasia due to dominated in region from to Volga their historical activities. Moreover, they laid down River; the foundations of modern Turkic-speaking nations 3.XI-XIII c. The valiant Kipchaks of the such as , , Kyrgyzs, , South East peoples. Altai, etc. [3]. From the second part of XI c. The Kipchak Many European countries, Russian knyazs, ethnicity consisted of some main tribes such as and even aristocrats of Kaf Mountains wished to live Kimeks, Bayandurs, Bayauds, Qanly, and Urans. in friendly relationships with the Kipchaks who According to Abu Al-Ghaziz, Qanly tribes from turned into a true symbol of heroism, courage and shores of Issyk Kul and also was part of them. valour on stage of history of that time. Trying to According to recordings of Rashid al-Din, achieve this opportunity, rulers of various countries Uran tribe had significant authority in Kipchak exerted to politically and militarily ally with the society. The reason was that the mother of Kipchaks, and marrying daughters and sons in order Khwarezm- Muhammad II, Turkan to develop in-law relationships. It is also known that came from the Uran tribe. On the threshold of they tricked in order to save themselves from the Mongol invasion the relationship between the Kipchak invasion and used the opportunity to rely on Kipchaks and Khwarezm-Shah seemed to be good. their army power and military skills, and to resolve Besides, most of Kipchak military leaders were from own internal and external political problems if the Uran tribe. necessary. The Kipchaks dominated not only in The neighbouring Turkic-speaking tribes politics, but also established great spiritual-cultural also joined the Kipchaks. As a result of the Kipchaks’ seats to spread their traditions and mentality, from day to day growing political influence, tribes and language. These cultural seats intensely and ethnic groups consciously adopted the Kipchak developedethnic mentality and ideology, ethnic name feeling that they belonged to one ethnicity. language and mind, ethnic morals and manners, In the mid of XI c. The Kipchaks spread and literature and art of the Kipchaks. The Kipchaks’ freely settled on wide territory from Altai and Irtysh cultural space especially expanded during the rule of in the east of modern Kazakhstan to Lake Balkhashin the [4]. the south and forest steppes of South-West Siberia in Despite of great variety of methods in the north. research of history of the Kipchaks it is difficult and Expanding the borders of their state, complicated thing. Today many peoples wait for the Kipchak khans reached environs of South and decision on true history of the Kipchaks, because the built Qanzhek Sengir fortification bordering with the key to a secret of formation of many languages and Karakhanids. ethnicities is tightly connected with Kipchak history. The Kipchak state politically strengthened Besides, Kipchak history that forms a significant part and significantly raised in history in the mid of XI of Turkic civilization was known by emergence of century. such large states like Sultanate of Egypt and The Middle Ages are known to be the period in Middle Ages. Moreover, of difficult historical changes for peoples inhabiting there are views that after Mongol invasion the

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Kipchaksassociated with local land-owning nations Most of information about Turkic people is and laid the foundations of establishing the Uzbek found in Greek, Persian, Arab and Chinese people [5].Basing on andPersian historical manuscripts. We knoe from Greek chronicles that chronicles, researchers consider that of Turks came to in VI c., and the Kimeks who formed a state in Middle Ages also conquered Byzantine city of Bosphorus and Strait of consisted of the Kipchaks [6].Archaeological Kerch. According to Persian data, Turks conquered excavations and written monuments prove that south south-east coast of Caspian Sea from the . of West Siberia were main in Kipchak The were the westernmost Turkic nation. ethnogenesis. This indicates Kipchak influence on They first inhabited east of Volga, then in IX c. they formation and development of people in this region. migrated to South . S.G.Klyashtornyi and T.I.Sultanov describe Western scientists conjecture that Turks are the role of these tribes in I millennium: «The kindred to the or part of that tribe. Curtius dominance of the Kimeks and the Kipchaksat first in (History of ) mentioned Altai, Irtysh region and East Kazakhstan, and later in Cartasis,the brother ofScythian king who lived on Ural region and Central Kazakhstan during 8-10 other side of Jaxartes. Chinese considered the Turks c.became a determining factor in such large steppe were descendants of The Hsiung-nu (the Huns). region» [7]. In Qian Han shu,a story about ally between The historical truth about the Kipchaks is Chinese Emperor and ruler of the Huns in 47 B.C is also very important for Kazakhstan, one of the largest mentioned where the word “hun” is said meaning countries of Central Asia. Being one of the Turkic “magnificent of the Huns” (in , Kazakh language was part of Kipchak transcript “jing-lu”, earlier “jing-luq”). The word group, and this makes us to consider our language “kingirak” (double sword), according to Radlov history in association with the Kipchak people. , is close to Teleut and East Turkestan word Furthermore, it is known how greatly the Kipchaks “kingirak – big sword”. like other large Turkic-speaking tribes influenced on As eastern neighbours of the Huns, Chinese the formation of Kazakh nation. Moreover, the role monuments mention the who dislodged the of Middle Ages during Kipchaks’ developing and Huns from in the end of I century AD. ruling periods is special in the formation of Kazakh Some time later the Xianbei alike the Huns founded language and Kazakh worldview which is considered severaldynasties in China; among the Xianbei to be part and parcel ofTurkic civilization. This dynasties NorthernWei dynasty (386-534) was period in general was decently investigated by particularly noticed. The Xianbei are usually Kazakh historian, archeologist, linguist and considered as the Tungus people. But well-known ethnographer. French explorer declared in his lecture in Complicated investigations of Soviet autumn 1925 in Leningrad that there was “Xianbei scientists such as “Ancient Khwarezm” (1948) by dictionary” saved in Chinese literature Tolstov, “Ancient Turks” (1967), “Searching for an whichindicated that the Xianbei were Turkic- Imaginary Kingdom” (1970) and “The Hsiung-nu in speaking people. There is nothing found in press China” (1974)by L.Gumilevreveal the secrets of about that dictionary; if such manuscriptwere found it development specifics of Turkic tribes throughout would resolve the matter of people’s origin and centuries, their periods of ethnic formation and state. emergence. The Xianbei people were first The work “The Hsiung-nu in China ” by L.Gumilev mentionedin Byzantine dictonary and Armenian describes the relation of Huns, the main tribe that in monuments in 463, last mentioned in 558. However, antiquity inhabited on lands of Kazakhstan, Altai and there is no information about the Xianbei’s migration Central Asia to the Turkic Khaganate [8].The work of to west. S.Vasilyev devoted to research of Chinese Though there is no documentary information civilization (Problems of Genesis ofthe Chinese about emergence of Turks, the Hunnic Empire is State. M., 1983.) also contains valuable information considered to be the earliest Turkic state. about the relation of northern tyu-kyu, the Turks to Accoding to Russian scholar N.A.Aristov, the formation of this civilization, while the work of Huns used to speak Turk in III century B.C. Among Kazakh scientist A.K.Narymbayev « – the Huns’ contemporaries there are Kangoys, cradle of civilizations», conclusion of the works and Saka (Sak in Chinese) forced out of . The named «» says: «Proto-Turks, Turks who Yenisei Kirghizof that time mention Huns’ era (201 gave the mankind innovations and brought weighty B.C) in Chinese manuscrips. In ancient Chinese contribution to world civilization are within their transcription the word “Kirghiz” is Tszyan-kun. rights to take a decent place in world history!». This is not a groundless statement.

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To mention the Kyrgyzs of VII century was established Karluk languages prospered and Chinese transcription used “Xiajiasi”;one of Turkic developed, developed during the origin nations was later called Khakas. Golden Horde, while Chagatai languages during According to Chinese, besides Turkic Turan and Seljuq languages during Ottoman Khaganate in the east there was one more Turkic Empire. Later, when spread they were replaced Khaganate in the north, in our opinionTurgesh by Arabic language, and then by Khaganate in the west. Nevaket city is mentioned. It during recent colonization. Historians indicate that was located on the shore of River, according to signifacntly prosperous era passed by influence of the Chinese monuments. Its people were called by Tabgachs in China, the Seljuqs in , the number of clans “ten bullets”. The third Turkic in Egypt and the Mughals in India. Khaganate was Yenisei KirghizKhaganate. Orkhon Most of Turks are by religion, manuscripts write that khan himself gave the title of particularly Sunni (except Azeris and Iranians who to Kyrgyz knyaz. are Shia). As for the Turks in north-east whom faith The who are undoubtedly of Turkic of Islam didn’t reach, they kept ancient shamanic origin lived to the east of western Turks, between beliefs. Partially, some Lama () and Altai and upstream Irtysh. In 766 they took followers (Karaims and Bukharans). The Chuvash, possession of lands inhabited by western Turks; their , Gagauz, Altai and other peoples were recently knyaz alike knyaz of the Oghuzsin Syr Darya owned baptized and converted to . the title of similar to title of king in Orkhon Resuming, the Turks who directly writings. influenced such historical majors like of Eviction of Turks-Oghuz from Mongolia, Sumer, Babylon, Akkad, Hunnis Empire in Europe and later eviction of resulted in growth of and in Egypt, Golden Horde, Turkic elements in East Turkestan. Great Mughal and Desht-i Qipchaq should have Most of infomation about later Turkscan be significant placeamong wolrd civilizations. Runic found in Muslim manuscripts. Western manuscripts manuscripts and Sakan of the Great Steppe, supplemented early writings about Turks and Chinese remains of Sakan and Sarmatian warriors – three chronicles. We know from Byzantine written “Golden Men” (in 1970 in Issyk , in 1999 in monuments that in 576 Turks conquered Tavrian , in 2002 in Eastern Kazakhstan) each of Bosphorus. In 581they reached , but whom was found in Kazakh land informing about their rule in Tavrian peninsula didn’t last for long, in high culture of own time proved by respectable 590 the Byzantine reign rehabilitated. Aforesaid is historcial relics and archaeological excavations; the little information about history of Turk peoples, Turkic civilization that built hundreds of cities along though there were researches in the world about with Egyptian Pyramids and Indian Taj Mahal Turks many things are still unknown for today’s shouldn’t stay in the background of Eurocentric generation. A well-known historian R.Rahmanaliyev opinion. says about it: Turks connected their destiny with the Part 2. Turkic language and writing – destiny of all nations of the Ancient World. civilization indicator Although, history of mankind is not explored evenly Method of research–method of analysis and there are many gaps in history of Eurasian Can language and writing be an indicator of steppe, the fact that Turkic history is rich for civilization? We think yes. Because most of valuable exceptional events that radically changed the world heritage made by mankind reached us due to view can be noted with confident: and the language and writing.History, culture, struggles and Huns, the Tabgach Empire in the North China, spiritual renovations of centuries reached generation building Samarra, the Abbasids, peaceful coexistence by generation with the help of language. Each of all major in the Uyghur Central Asia, the civilization has main language specific to it. Seljuqs of Iran, and Turk-Mongol Wonderful vital values of ancestors reached us hegemony, the Mamluks of Egypt, the Golden Horde, through writing. Writing is not only a collection of Rusen slaved for two centuries, Emir , Timurid conditional symbols; it is first of all a great renaissance in and, Herat, and achievement of human mind, civilization indicator establishment of Great Moghuls, the showing general level of cultural development. - leading world power of XVIc., Ataturk and national During Turkic era (VI –XII c).It is proved revolution in Turkey[9]. by turkology that clans and tribes that lived on the Major historical events and establishment of territory of Kazakhstan used to speak Turkic. state consolidations were direct reasons for Archaeological investigations showed more than 200 strengthening and spreading of various Turkic writing facts in ancient Turkic language among languages. For instance, when first Turkis Khaganate monuments on lands of Turkic-speaking tribes.

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Among them writings of “golden stone book” from development of medieval Turkic tribes. Nowadays and on sides of Orkhon and there are many monuments known in turkology Yenisei rivers, and writings found in Kazakh land of considered to be specific to Middle Ages. Namely, in Terensai on Talas River. traditional literature works: "Qissas-ul-Anbiyyah"by Turkic peoples of the Middle Ages left much Rabguzi,"Qusirau wa Shirin" by Qutb, spiritual heritage behind. Great part of this heritage is "Muhabbatnama" by Rawandi, "Nahj-al-Faradis" by writingsrecorded in various alphabets (runes, Ali, " bit-turki" by Saif ,"Tashuqnama" Orkhon-Yenisei, Goth, Armenian, Manikhei, by Sidi Ahmed, "Translation of Shahnama" by Sogdian, Arab, etc.) and reached our days. Khwarizmi, "The gift of truth" by Ahmed Yugeneki, Writings in Turkic language are called runes "Oghuznama" by Abilghazi; and works by unknown in . In Scandinavian peoples’ language it authors "The book of Qorqyt Ata", "Siraj al-Qulub", means “secret”. Professor V.Tomson, a well-known "Rahat al-Qulub", "Mihrajnama", "-i-Jumjuma Scandinavian linguist from Danish University was », "Miftah-ul-Adil", "Tafsir", etc. As for local first who could read these writings. Then turkologist monuments in Kazakh language –"Diwani hikmet" V. Radlov translated Orkhon writings into Russian by Akhmet Yassawi, "Hikmet" by Suleyman language. So, in the end of XIX c. discovering runes Baqirghani, etc. The writings of Kipchaks’ showed that ancient Turkic-speaking peoples also conversational speech: "Diwani lughat-it-turk", had own specific writings. " Cumanicus", "Kitab al-Idrak li-Lisan al- From XI century the authority in the region Atrak" (Abu Hayyan), "Kitab Bulghat al-mushtak fi- passes to the Kipchaks. And from now lands between lughat at-turk" (Jamal al-Din at-Turki), «At-tukhfat Volga River (Itil) and Altai will be called Desht-i -Zakiah fi-l-Lughat-at-Turkiyah", "Al-Qawanin al- Qipchaq (Steppe of the Kipchaks)in Persian-Arab Kulliyah li-dabt al-lughati-t-Turkiyah", "Kitab ad- literature. Kipchak era started and Durra al-Mudiyyah fi-l-Lughat at-Turkiyah wal- spread. Later, the Kipchaks will migrate to other side Kamal", "Ashudur ad-dhahabiyah wal-qita al- of Volga, up to coasts of . That is why, ahmadiyah filosofia-lughatt-at-Turkiyah" (Mullah ibn modern science relate Kazakhstan territory to East Saleh), "Khulasa", " al-ghuzat", "Kitab Muqad- Desht-i Qipchaq. In XIII century, on the threshold of dima" (As-Samarqandi), "Kitab ad- Mongol invasion (both Mongol and Turk tribes took Daghwa»,etc.Treatises, , historical part in it) Kipchak language consolidated,turned into writings, etc. in Armeno-Kipchak language also language of conquerors and spread more despite of belong to this group. There are about 10 works breakup of Kipchak state. inMamluk Kipchak language. Many Kipchak written During their era Kipchaks held lands from monuments were written in Kipchak language Eastern Europe and Danube to Central Asia, coast of influenced by Oghuz language (Mamluk, Central Sea of , Crimea, North Caucasus, Egypt, and Asian heritage), and very few were written in Oghuz even Great Wall of China in east; they truly were the language influenced by Kipchak (Khwarezm most powerful Turkic state that contributed to world sampes)» [11].These medieval documents need history, civilization and culture that shook the world. modern complex research. Our opinion is specified by a well-known historian in Written monuments dated from V to XV Turkic world engaged in turkology and Kipchaks’ centuries, i.e. before modern nations started matter Murad Adji: «To the end of V century, the establishing are considered to be common heritage Kipchaks occupied half of Europe and entire Central for all Turkic nations. Asia. Turkicspeech drowned any other on Eurasian Well-known epic poems of Turkic era . The Turks were the most powerful and inscribed on stones such as “Kul Tigin” and “Bilge numerous nation on Earth … The cultures of East and Qaghan” that left are translated into Turkic languages West meton Idel (Volga). Due to efforts of Kipchaks today. People welcomed these poems as their own. ancient world united in one single area that was The main reason of it is samples of customs and called Eurasia» [10]. rituals, traditions, religious beliefs, proverbs and The Middle Ages were full of important sayings, heroic epos written in them; it all is so social for Turkic peoples. Each of them started similar to our nation’s lifestyle. forming individual nations, took their shares. The main During their development Turkic peoples feature of this era is that Turkic language common for used several scripts. With spreading faith of Islam on all started separating and forming independent Kazakh land in X century was adopted languages. The reason for that is people’s level of by Turks. social development, geographic location, language Famous scientists, poets and writers from independence, religious beliefs and other motive among Turks such as al-Farabi, Yusuf Balasaguni, powers. Such factors had a great influence on Mahmud Kashgari and Akhmet Yassawiwrote their

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works in Turkic language in Arabic script. And from Horde, in writings of Arab scientists and Egyptian XII c. Turkic script slowly vanished. Many works of , in historical-linguistic and law works of our world-known compatriot Al-Farabi were written Armeno-Kipchaks conquered and inhabited in in Arabic [12]. and lands, in monuments of Indian According to a well-known turkologist sultansof that time. A.Quryshjanuly, during Middle Ages Kipchak Medieval written monuments were relatively language served as a “golden bridge” interconnecting explored. These researches were headed by Western and Eastern peoples, and Asia J.H.Klaproth, V.V.Radlov, P.M.Melioranskiy, Minor, Mongolia and Chinese inhabitants, nations of A.N.Samoilovich while during Soviet period later Caucasus and Crimean steppes[13]. All peoples from researches were made by E.N.Najip, A.K.Borovkov, these named lands having trade and economic E.Fazylov, A.M.Scherbak, and other scientists. There relations were passing through Kipchak state. For are also Kazakh scientists who make researches in example, it was flooded by ambassadors (Plano this field such as A.Quryshjanov, B.Saghyndyquly, Carpini – 1246, William of Rubruck – 1254, Marco A.Ibatov, E.Kerimov, A.N. Garkovets, etc.These – 1264),travelers, traders, caravanners, scientists are supplemented by by later researchers messengers, etc.going to the heart of Genghis Khan’s working in mentioned field such as S. Qudasov, M. empire Karakorum. Kipchaks served them as guides, Sabyr, S. Dyisenov, R. Dosjan and others. translators, assistants, conductors, or guards. How Written monuments of Middle Ages are the important was in XVIII c. to travel only linguistic materials that saved information about to Europe, so important was to build languages spoken by ethnic groups of that time. relations with Eastern countries. [14]. G.G.Kun There are many opinions about the language of wrote: «... if Italian merchants of that time wanted to written monuments of that time. Analysis of these trade in vast «Pontic-Caspian» region (Caspian Sea written monuments shows that before Oghuz and area), they had to know Cuman language» [15]. As Kipchak languages were classified they were in V.V.Kun says, Franciscan monk «Fra Pascal de common Turkic description, i.e. Kipchak-Oghuz and Victoris went to ancient city Sarai on river Volga for Oghuz-Kipchak. The separation of Kipchak learning Turkic language in 1337, and stayed there languages by independent quality in medieval for whole year studying language diligently. So, we Oghuz-Kipchak mixed language system didn’t see that Cuman language hadn’t vanished that time happen in one century period, early times of yet; moreover, one of western had to development of Turkic languages shows that Oghuz learn Turkic conversational speech from Cumans» or Kipchak symbols were in use. As researches show [15]. among modern Kipchak languages Kipchak tint is In A.Zayonchkovskiy’s opinion, «Arab dominant in Kazakh, Nogai, Karakalpak languages philologists showed great interest in Turkic language and Tatar dialects. The fact that languages of since Middle Ages, which is explained by that large Kipchak-speaking ethnicities have elements of value that it had in that state.Besides, ethnic and Oghuz, Karluk, Bulgar languagesindicates that tribal origin of Turkic-speaking Mamluks was establishment of languages of Turkic peoples was dissimilar. Kipchaks probably were the main ethnic complicated and contradicting linguo-ethnic and element in the Mamluk Sultanate, since a lot of them linguo-evolutional development process. came from the Kipchak steppes (Desht-i Qipchaq)» However, there is a tendency of ascribing [16]. medieval written monumentsas a heritage to some It is known that in this very period of history modern individual nation. Anyway, it is doubtless range of using Kipchak language and its social that history of the Kipchaks who occupied the Great importance increased. From XI century until Mongol Steppe for long period of times, caused historical invasion and during Golden Horde founded by development of many nomadic people, made powerful descendants of Genghis Khan Kipchak neighbouring countries to conduct policy convenient language stayed as a strong widespread language of to them, formed economic and cultural relationships international level mentioned in writings of European in East, built large Central Asian cities brought orientalists and travelers, and Arab scientists. specific contribution to writing culture of its time. Moreover, Mongol conquerors themselves That is why we need to look at medieval written assimilated to local Kipchaks and spoke their monuments in terms of Kipchak language and language, and Egypt, , India and Caucasus culture, and through it we can consolidate the stem of peoples learnt this language, which is directly related Kazakh nation that was founded as an individual state to political dominance of Kipchaks that time. later in the history of Middle Ages. A notable Kipchak language was used in writing orders and turkologist E.N.Najip considers that common rulings, various letters by Khans of the Golden historical heritage, all modern Turkic languages, their

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dialects and accents should be comprehensively dialects mixed with Crimean Tatar and kindred compared, and every nation should take active part in Kipchak-Polovets, Kipchak-Nogai, Kipchak-Bulgar, it. Otherwise, researches will not give desired result. » [21]. It is known that In order to realize these goals we should try to P.M.Melioranskiy considered the language of thoroughly compare and analyze monuments of medieval dictionary monument «Kitab bi mejmu-u Kazakh language. It is important to stop at each tarjuman turki wa ajemi wa mogholi wa farsi» language category and make thorough study. The (Turkic-Arab dictionary) as a heritage of Kipchak Middle Ages give an opportunity to comprehend the language close to the language of «Codex language of literature monuments in detail in the Cumanicus». Exploring the language of «Turkic- scope of Kipchaks, to clarify and distinguish the level Arab dictionary» written in Mamluk country in 1245, of relation of those monuments to modern Kazakh A.Quryshjanov says that it doesn’t particularly differ language. from general Turkic lexis [22]. Written monuments of the Middle Ages are The texts of written monuments give much the only linguistic materials that saved information information about Turkic entity and tradition. For about languages spoken by ethnic groups of that time. instance, «Quttu bilik» poem written during That is why by investigating them closely we can get prosperous period of medieval KarakhanidEmpire clear information about history of Turkic languages gives a lot of information about medieval social- including Kazakh language. There are many opinions political life, history, science, literature and creed and about the language of written monuments of that beliefs of Turkic peoples. Political, public, social, time. For example, the work of notable Turk linguist educational problems were narrated by a scholar in of XI century Mahmud Kashgari «Diwani lughat it- the scope of that time. Yusuf Balasaguni who lived in turk» was written in language of Oghuz tribe, XI century and earned the title of «Khass » due besides, it was contains Kipchak, Pecheneg, Kimek, to his well-known didactic work «» Bulgar dialects along with elements of Turkic was a prominent erudite scientist who mastered many literature language. Concerning the language of scientific fields. Ancient Turks understood that true monument «Diwani Hikmet» written by Akhmet wealth was in knowledge, that happiness, intellectual Yassawi, R.Syzdyq supported the opinion that it was development and life delight were in knowledge, and in «Kipchak-Oghuz»; moreover, he came to the this understanding was tightly connected with conclusion that «Yassawi’s hikmets... are pertained to religion. solely Kipchak or Oghuz or Karluk group, there are The Turks’ understanding of matters of different Turkic written monuments, all their samples humanity and ethics in society, fugacious nature of (units, elements) existed, but Yassawi’s language life, meaning and purpose of life, secret of existence origin is Kipchak» [17]. E.N.Najip considers that is values that give experienced and complete Yusuf Balasaguni’sepos «Kutadgu Bilig» (1069) was edification to human of any time. During the Middle written in Karluk- while explorers Ages these values developed to a new high level. One write in their works that the language of epos of XIV of those values is art of word. Since language is century «Yusuf-Zuleyha» by Durbekis close to special biological sign that differs mankind from Akhmet Yassawi’s «Diwani Hikmet», and «Qissas- other life forms, every great civilization starting from ul-Anbiyyah» by Rabguziis similar to language of ancient paid a specific attention to art of «Tafsir». As for the language of Kipchak heritage of word. Nomadism also understood the virtue of word the end of XIII and beginning of XIV «Codex and paid special meaning to art of word. This value Cumanicus», then V.V.Radlov relates it to Tatar- was kept for centuries from generation to generation, Mishar language while A.N.Samoilovich considers and medieval Turkic writings assumed greater linguistic affinity between Kumyk and Karachay- importance and reached our time. Almost every of Balkar languages [18]. Among later explorers written heritage is art of word. For example, in N.A.Baskakov supposes Kipchak language as main dictionary «Diwan lughat it-turk» there are «Head of language of «Cuman dictionary» and relates its education is language», «What is done by tongue language in one group along with modern Karaim, cannot be resolved by teeth», «Good deed starts from Karachay-Balkar, Kumyk languages, word», «Art starts with language», «Until human and Mamluk Kipchakslanguages[19]. T.I.Grunin child speaks child neighs», etc.; in «Quttu notes the affinity between language of this monument bilik» it says «Decide hundred word by one word», and Armeno-Cuman language [20]. A.N.Garkovets «Good comes from tongue», «When talking much supported this opinion and considered the language happiness leaves», «Tongue is sharper than sword», of «» and language of written «Word shows thought», «Life passes quick, word monuments of Armeno-Kipchaks as compound stays forever», «A word can make human great or language forming a complex of Kipchak-Oghuz disgraceful», «Knowledge inflames good word»,etc.,

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in monument «The gift of truth» there are «Mindful poems. For instance, the main purpose of word wins, mindless word kills», «Base of ethic is «Quttubilik» is giving happy life to people, building watching your words», «Foolish tongue is enemy of happy and fair society. A blessed society starts from head, causing bloodshed and many deaths, who talks building right family and every step of development much will regret in the end, don’t bristle up and keep made by this family leads to development of country; in check», «What comes from tonguage comes to that is why Yusuf Balasaguni, who described that head, and either good or bad name falls onhead», living, every relation in life should be realized «Tongue can heal some, and can kill some»,etc., in regularly, mindfully and patiently, inscribed his name written monument «Khosrow-Shirin» there are and the name of Karakhanid state that wished happy «Speak good if speaking», «A good word is whole life into history of mankind, science and turkology point, speak it at suitable place», in «Gulistan bit- forever by writing his wise and sincere thoughts in turki» monument «Heart can be hurt by one word of «Quttubilik» monument. punishment», «Wise will speak and wait for answer», The epos considers that just person is full of «It is better to stand quietly than speak and regret», in humanity, and justice is the way to reach prosperity chronicles «Tarihi-Rashidi» it says «Serious word and happiness. Balasaguni himself considered the doesn’t come back, unserious word doesn’t come world as mercy and sincerity, and being merciful and back», in ruba’i of Nawai «The lock of soul’ treasure sincere is the sign of high humanity.Balasaguni is tongue, the lock of mind’s treasure is word (know connected all good characters and qualities in human, it!)», «Who cannot control his tongue will have no his high morals and ethics with family and society respect», «Do not speak useless words, do not stop education. The poet who regarded family education useful words», «True word is example, true word is as the first step to forming high morals in human short»,etc., in«Qissas-ul-Anbiyyah» written supposed that parents’ example can greatly influence monument «prophet said «Silence is consent»,etc.The on generation; if parents had high morals, high winged words about art of word found in written standards, taught their childrengood traditions, then monuments can go on and on. Word that was main that child would be useful to society; if society base of this Turkic cognition continued through members knew ethics and good manners, and their winged words in proverbs and sayings, medieval words, deeds were modest and true, then people scripts, and later oratorical reflections, and reached would spiritually enjoy such society. The poet noted modern era showingcontinuation of entity and that child should learn good manners since his birth, culture. All Turkic peoples, Turkic civilization that parents should be example of morals and ethics contributed spiritual benefit to humankind which is in and out, should teach their child good traditional art of word. That is why Turkic art of word should be lessons, to respect elders, to honour society’s customs cultivated in minds of young generation as one of the and traditions, to relate with different people, to main values and form base of modern education. understand and respect the past; and wrote: Entry of Islam into Turkic entity that was «Teach your children customs, forming for centuries and consolidated in Middle And they will be happy in both words». Ages, its mixing, binding and seamless uniting of Understanding that education starts from the Turkic entity and Islamic rulings can be clearly seen cradle, the poet paid attention of young generation to in monuments of Renaissance period.Wise thoughts the importance of knowledge: about rules of people’s relationships, behavior, «Pass your knowledge to your child educating posterity, marriage, manner of eating, Give them your sun on chest manner of language interconnected with Turkic Then your child will not abandon humanity perception and religion. They will be on straight path and will be One of the significant values in world’s happy». civilization is good behavior, humanity, human’s We can see our how our nation’s spiritual precious qualities, and good character. Features like development significantly matures through language knowledge, dignity, generousity, and avidity, units of vocabulary which are clear facts of every impatience, selfishness and insatiability alien to period of language development, some piece of humanity can be found in any medieval text. For certain historical conjuncture saved in scrolls, or example, we notice that Islamic idea laid behind research of complex of written monuments showing these words of A.Yugeneki «Allah multiplies good safe characters of each era. That is why exploring for modest, and takes bliss from arrogant», «Malice language from every small part to developed set should be suppressed, people should be forgiven», phrases, texts and written monuments in historical- «Allah loves who does good»,etc. cultural-cognitive-linguistic unity will expand the Happy and just society which is eternal scope of other scientists as well aslanguage study, problem of humankind is also glorified in medieval

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and deepen language historyand significance of Turkic civilization deserves a special place among turkology. world civilizations. Medieval written monuments are precious There is no doubt that Turkic civilization values letting us know about people’s life, history and which has history full of contradictions and culture, literature and language, morals; they wonderful monuments and archaeological heritage arelegitimate part of great Turkic civilization. justifying it has a strong inner immune system.When it is a matter of present and future of one or another Conclusion specific civilization, particularly Turkic, then we Ancient times history show that any nation should constantly keep both internal and external once had great civilization of its time. Some of them prerequisites of its full functioning and renaissancein attract attention of explorers while others wait for our field of vision. As for internal prerequisites of deeper analysis. There always were different opinions Turkic civilization, then we can certainly say that about civilization concept. Some main points of them they are favorable in general. Firstly, during their can be collected and classified as below: centuries-old history Turkic peoples outlived infinite 1. Culture and civilization are one, they are number of social drama, cataclysms, and not only synonyms (J.Herder, E. Taylor). kept, but even strengthened their civilized identity. It 2. Civilization is the end of culture, its old became their genetic code. Therefore, its resistance to age and antipode of spirituality (J.J.Rousseau, external negative influence is very strong [24]. C.Fourier, O.Spengler). A.Toynbee who explored world civilization 3. Civilization is a set of methodsand ways links civilization to natural environment, and calls of life of people, expressed in the material life, Chinese and Indian civilizations continental. If we intellectual life, moral life, political and social consider Eurasian civilization in this regard, then it organization of the group. (A. Nichiforo) becomes clear that Turks are owners of of steppe 4. Civilization is culture’s progress, civilization in Great Kipchak Steppe as M.Adji aspiration for future, reasonable level of society supposed: «And no matter how this culture was (F.Voltaire, J.Bell). called – Polovets, Pecheneg, Bulgar or some other, 5. Civilization is a historical and cultural the root is one, because one nation lived in steppes – level after wildness and barbarism (L.Morgan). the Kipchaks speaking one language – Turkic. They 6. Civilization is an isolated kind of culture lived in one cultural traditions – Turkic and professed typical to ethnicities and countries(A.Toynbee, one intellectual values – Turkic»[25]. N.Y.Danilevskiy, etc.). Own world outlook and writing, original 7. Every civilization is a set of ideas and calendar and military system, marvellous architecture political institutes, material and cultural living and oral literature, steppe democracy and morals – it conditions, production power and social relations, all are specific signs of Turkic civilization. religious, intellectual and artistic actions (M.Kruze). Linguistic heritage should also be named As can be seen,defining civilization concept among factors justifying general civilization. First is not limited by measures. Social and political Turkic Khaganate interconnected with China, Iran factors along with spiritual values, especially and Byzantine civilizations primarily used Sogdian dominant language and written monuments in that language while runic writings spread in are important factors determining Turkic Khaganate. Over 200 stone monuments civilization of that society. Because writing is not just written in ancient Turkic alphabet of VII-VIII c. left an artwork heritage, but important factor in in Mongolia and Altai, and , East determining condition and social, cultural, political Turkestan and Zhetysu. Scientists proved that 13 out relations in state and nation. In this regard, researches of 17 letters in Issyk writing of V c. B.C belonged to about Turkic civilization and its essential part – ancient Turkic runic alphabet. It follows therefrom medieval Kipchaks will enrich its content. As a well- that human’s alphabet writing proves its viability known explorer S.Klyashtornyi said «A factor of even after long time. History without written facts is imperial tradition in history of establishment of dark. That’s why Turkic peoples who had own ancient Turkic civilization still waits for exploratory alphabet sourcing from antique times of ancient attention. Meanwhile, everything that we can history and great literary heritage written in that distinguish as signs of civilization (first of all, well- language should take their deserved place among developed writing and historical memory imprinted world civilizations. in this writing) was direct consequence of Professor A.Quryshjanuly said: «It is known establishment of Turkic ale. This is how Turks that our ancestors made writings called runes or themselves called their state which we call Turkic engraving during ancient Turkic era along with using Khaganate or Turkic Empire» [23], - it is clear that various scripts such as Sogdian, Uyghur, Brahmi,

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Manikhei and Tibetan, and finally came to Arabic 9. Rakhmanaliyev, R., 2009. Imperiya of Turkic alphabet. Many Turkic written monuments made on peoples. Great civilization. : Ripol, pp: the basis of these scripts clearly show most of their 576. history. And these documents are written heritage of 10. Adzhi Murad, 2001. Kipchaki. Oguza. Medieval their life image full of numerous breathtaking events, history of Turkic peoples and Great Steppe. i.e. they can prove their complex spiritual history, Moscow: JSC Novosti Printing House, pp: 215. decent standard of cultural examples showing 11. Kuryshzhanov, A., 2007. Classic kipchaksky individual high civilized level specific to them».This language. Alma-Ata, pp: 316. statement definespriority of our historical entity, and 12. Kipchak king (XI - 1219). Kipchak and imposes a responsibility to have Turkic mark in settlement of olardyns. Date Views 20.12.2013 modern era of globalization as a generation inheriting www.1referat.kz/tarix/qypshaq-xandygy-xi-g- that culture. basy-1219-zh-qypshaq-zhane-olardyn- qonystanuy.html Corresponding Author: 13. Kuryshzhanov, A., 2011. Research about Dr. Yermekova T. N. Kazakh State Women’s Teacher language stories. Alma-Ata, pp:200. Training University 050000, 99, str. Aiteke Bi, 14. Moshkov, V.A., 1900. Gagauz of the Bendery Almaty, Kazakhstan district. Ethnographic review. Moscow, V. XLIY (44), pp:1206. References 15. Kun, G.G., 1880. The code Kumanov from 1. Tyurkology and Kazakhstan. Date Views library at Saint Mark Venetsiansky's temple was 12.12.2013 for the first time published completely and www.edu.gov.kz/fileadmin/user_upload/images/ supplied prolegomens and numerous glossaries. files/Turkologiya_zhane_Kazakstan.doc Budapest: Prod. Hungarian AN. 2. Consenting turks. Kipchak epoch. Date Views 16. Zayonchkovsky, A., 1961. Arab-kypchaksky 20.12.2013 dictionary of an era of the state mamluks. Sb. www.shuak.kz/kaz/index.php?option=com_cont Messages of the Polish orientalists. Moscow: ent&view=article&id=49:2009-11-26-09-09- Publishing House of Eastern literature, pp: 396. 28&catid=35:2009-11-26-09-05-25&Itemid=58 17. Syzdyk, R., 2002. Kipchak-oguzs basis of 3. Akhinzhanov, M.M., 1995. Kipchaks in the language of Yassaui. Turkology, 2: 101-110. history of medieval Kazakhstan. Alma-Ata: 18. Samoylovich, A.N., 2005. Turkic linguistics. Gylym, pp: 296. Philology. Runika. Moscow, pp: 1053. 4. Kurkebaev, K., 2012. What origin of the 19. Baskakov, N.A., 1969. Introduction in studying Kazakh language: not from old kipchak of Turkic languages. Moscow, pp: 384. language? «Аnа tili» newspaper. April, 3. 20. Grunin, T.I., 1967. Documents in the polovetsky 5. Shaniyazov, K.Sh., 1974. To ethnic history of language of XVI century. Moscow, pp: 356. the Uzbek people (Historical and ethnographic 21. Garkovets, A.N., 2002. Kipchak’s written research on materials of a kipchak component). heritage. Alma-Ata, pp: 1084. : FANG UZBSSR, pp: 342. 22. Kuryshzhanov, A.K., 1970. Research on lexicon 6. Kumekov, B.E., 1987. The Arab and Persian is old a kipchak written monument of the XIII sources on stories of kipchaks VІІІ – XIV century. "The Turkic-Arab dictionary". Alma- centuries. Alma-Ata: Science, pp: 268. Ata, pp: 232. 7. Klyashtorny, S.G. and T.I. Sultanov, 2004. 23. Klyashtorny, S., 2003. Evraziya: first empire of States and peoples of the : Turkic peoples and their civilization. Turkish Antiquity and Middle Ages. SPb.: Petersburg house, 19. Date Views 24.12.2013 , pp: 368. www.tatworld.ru/article.shtml?article=431§ 8. Gumilev, L.N., 2004. Hunna in China: Three ion=0&heading=45 eyelids of war of China with the steppe people. 24. Bariyev, R.H., 2005. Volga . History Moscow: Ayres press, pp: 624. and culture. St. Petersburg, Аgat, pp: 304. 25. Adzhiev, M., 1994. Polyn of a polovetsky field. Moscow, pp: 352.

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