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Etnozoología Del Pueblo Mayo-Yoreme En El Norte De Sinaloa: Uso De Vertebrados Silvestres

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Etnozoología Del Pueblo Mayo-Yoreme En El Norte De Sinaloa: Uso De Vertebrados Silvestres ETNOZOOLOGÍA DEL PUEBLO MAYO-YOREME EN EL NORTE DE SINALOA: USO DE VERTEBRADOS SILVESTRES ETHNOZOOLOGY OF THE MAYO-YOREME PEOPLE IN NORTHERN SINALOA : USE OF WILD VERTEBRATES Isabel Cortés-Gregorio1, Erika Pascual-Ramos2, Salvador M. Medina-Torres1*, Eduardo A. Sandoval-Forero1, Estuardo Lara-Ponce1, Hugo Humberto Piña-Ruíz2, Rosa Martínez-Ruíz1, Gustavo E. Rojo-Martínez1 1Ingeniería en Desarrollo Sustentable. Universidad Autónoma Indígena de México (UAIM) ([email protected]). 2Ingeniería Forestal. UAIM. RESUMEN ABSTRACT Se realizó un estudio etnozoológico en 11 comunidades in- An ethnozoological study was performed in 11 indigenous dígenas del municipio de El Fuerte, Sinaloa, México, para communities of the municipality of El Fuerte, Sinaloa, describir el aprovechamiento de vertebrados silvestres. El México, to describe the use of wild vertebrates. Of the 53 % de los que hicieron uso de este recurso pertenecieron people who used this resource, 53 % belonged to the Mayo- al pueblo Mayo-Yoreme, pero solo una tercera parte aún ha- Yoreme people, but only one third still speaks their native bla su lengua materna. La caza es realizada solo por hombres, tongue. Hunting is carried out only by men, primarily day repartidos en 21 familias y 12 órdenes, principalmente jorna- laborers, who took advantage of 34 wild species, distributed leros, quienes aprovecharon 34 especies silvestres, siendo los in 21 families and 12 orders, with mammals being the most mamíferos los más aprovechado. La caza se realiza la mayor widely used. Hunting is carried out during most of the year, parte del año durante los fines de semana y en las primeras on weekends and during the first hours of the morning, horas de la mañana, aunque también durante la noche; tanto although also during the night, both on foot and with the a pie como con apoyo de un vehículo. Los principales usos help of a vehicle. The main uses were for food, handcrafts fueron el alimentario, artesanal y medicinal. La caza se rea- and medicinal. The hunt was done primarily in shrubs and lizó principalmente en matorrales y áreas agrícolas. La re- agricultural areas. The most frequently used hunting means sortera (horquilla con mango a cuyos extremos se unen los were sling-shot (fork with a handle with a rubber tied to its de una goma para estirarla y disparar piedras pequeñas) y el ends, to be stretched out and used to shoot small stones), and rifle calibre 022 fueron los medios de caza más utilizados. El rifle caliber 022. Of the people, 43.2 % considered the species 43.2 % consideró las especies como regularmente abundantes, as regularly abundant, while 18.7 % perceived them as scarce mientras que 18.7 % las percibió escasas como consecuencia as the result from furtive hunting, deforestation and people’s de la caza furtiva, la deforestación y las necesidades de las needs. More than 90 % recognized as actions necessary personas. Más de 90 % reconoció como acciones necesarias for conservation the following: vigilance, not hunting in para la conservación, la vigilancia, no cazar en abundancia, abundance and respecting the closed season. y respeto a la veda. Key words: El Fuerte, wild fauna, indigenous people, México, Palabras clave: El Fuerte, fauna silvestre, indígenas, México, uti- utilization. lización. INTRODUCTION INTRODUCCIÓN éxico is the second country of greatest éxico es el segundo país de mayor impor- biocultural importance in the world, tancia biocultural en el mundo, gracias a thanks to its fifth place in biodiversity (it su quinto lugar en biodiversidad (alberga Mhouses 10 % of the world’s biological diversity), to M its agro-diversity (because Mesoamerica is one of the * Autor responsable v Author for correspondence. Recibido: junio, 2013. Aprobado: agosto, 2013. main centers for domestication in the world), and Publicado como ARTÍCULO en ASyD 10: 335-358. 2013. because it has the fourth place in ethno-diversity 335 AGRICULTURA, SOCIEDAD Y DESARROLLO, JULIO - SEPTIEMBRE 2013 10 % de la diversidad biológica mundial), a su agro- (with 68 linguistic groups and 364 variants). The sum diversidad (al ser Mesoamérica uno de los principales of these three strengths has derived in the utilization centros de domesticación a nivel mundial) y al tener of biodiversity through practices, understandings el cuarto lugar en etno-diversidad (con 68 agrupacio- and knowledge in agriculture (Hernández X., 1985; nes lingüísticas y 364 variantes). La suma de estas tres Barrera-Bassols and Zinck, 2000; Lara et al., 2002) fortalezas ha derivado en la utilización de la biodiver- and natural resources (Toledo et al., 2001; Toledo, sidad mediante prácticas, saberes y conocimientos en 2010; Boege, 2008), perfected during a period of la agricultura (Hernández X.,1985; Barrera-Bassols y approximately nine thousand years and, in the case Zinck, 2000; Lara et al., 2002) y los recursos natura- of knowledge and use of wild fauna in Mesoamerica, les (Toledo et al., 2001; Toledo, 2010; Boege, 2008), dating back to pre-Columbian times (González, perfeccionados durante un período aproximado de 2001). In a period that covered between 11 thousand nueve mil años, y en el caso del conocimiento y uti- and seven thousand years before the present, the lización de la fauna silvestre en Mesoamérica, ésta se pressure from hunting and environmental changes remonta a épocas precolombinas (González, 2001). influenced the disappearance of the mega-fauna En un período que comprendió entre 11 mil y siete from those times, which without a doubt constitutes mil años antes del presente, la presión de caza y los the first record of the disappearance of species and cambios ambientales influyeron en la desaparición populations as a result of human action (Retana- de la megafauna de aquel tiempo, lo que sin duda Guiascon, 2006). constituye el primer registro de la desaparición de es- The use of wild fauna has played a transcendental pecies y poblaciones por la acción humana (Retana- role in the social and economic development of Guiascon, 2006). diverse human populations (Retana-Guiascon, 2006). El aprovechamiento de la fauna silvestre ha desem- In addition to its importance as a component of peñado un papel trascendental en el desarrollo social y biodiversity, it represents ethical, cultural, economic, económico en diversas poblaciones humanas (Retana- political, ecologic, recreational, educational and Guiascon, 2006). Además de la importancia como scientific values, which have existed hand in hand componente de la biodiversidad, representa valores with the development of humanity and history on éticos, culturales, económicos, políticos, ecológicos, Earth (Zamorano de Haro, 2009). Today it cannot recreacionales, educativos y científicos, que han ido de be denied that the existence of the human species la mano con el desarrollo de la humanidad y la historia is due to the knowledge acquired by our hunter- de la tierra (Zamorano de Haro, 2009). Hoy no puede gatherer ancestors, who managed to prosper thanks negarse que la existencia de la especie humana se debe to the use they did of the vast wild life they shared al conocimiento adquirido por nuestros ancestros ca- the world with. zadores y recolectores, quienes lograron prosperar gra- Before the arrival of the Spanish, without a doubt cias al aprovechamiento que hicieron de la vasta vida there was already an integral conservationist culture salvaje con lo cual compartieron el mundo. of the environment, part of which still survives in Antes de la llegada de los españoles, sin duda various forms, frequently associated to syncretism ya existía una cultura conservacionista integral del that combines aspects of the Christian faith, under medio, parte de la cual aún subsiste en diversas for- the form of uses and customs, rites and traditions of mas , con frecuencia asociadas a un sincretismo que indigenous peoples of our times. Unfortunately, all combina aspectos de la fe Cristiana, bajo la forma de of it is associated to extreme levels of poverty, lack of usos y costumbres, ritos y tradiciones de los pueblos opportunities and loss of the natural capital, product indígenas de nuestro tiempo. Desafortunadamente, of the ecological and cultural degradation that afflicts todo ello está asociado a niveles de pobreza extrema, México’s countryside, which has been generated by falta de oportunidades y pérdida del capital natural, the capitalist patterns of development (Santos-Fitá et producto de la degradación ecológica y cultural que al., 2009), even when it is accompanied by the term aqueja al campo de México, y que ha sido generada sustainable. por los patrones capitalistas de desarrollo (Santos-Fi- Today, after more than a decade since the tá et al., 2009), a pesar de que éste vaya acompañado promulgation of the General Wild Life Law (DOF, del término sustentable. 2000), and although it recognizes the cultural value 336 VOLUMEN 10, NÚMERO 3 ETNOZOOLOGÍA DEL PUEBLO MAYO-YOREME EN EL NORTE DE SINALOA: USO DE VERTEBRADOS SILVESTRES Hoy día, a más de una década de la promulgación of wild fauna use by indigenous communities in the de la Ley General de Vida Silvestre (DOF, 2000), y a country, it is a fact that the arrival of the environmental pesar de que en ella se reconoce el valor cultural del policy has been ambivalent, because the conflicts of aprovechamiento de la fauna silvestre por las comu- interests between original peoples and the mestizo nidades indígenas del país, es un hecho que la llegada society seem not to have a possible solution, whether de la política ambiental ha resultado ambivalente, it is competition with the interests of hunting tourism porque los conflictos de intereses entre los pueblos or even from government decisions that prohibit the originarios y la sociedad mestiza parecen no tener appropriation of species of cultural importance and una solución posible, ya se trate de competencia con for subsistence. Examples like the Comca’ac and los intereses del turismo cinegético, o incluso por Cucapá in Sonora, or the Wirrárika (Huichol) people disposiciones gubernamentales que prohíben la apro- in Jalisco and Nayarit, show us that in this matter we piación de especies de importancia cultural y de sub- have not advanced much (Agraz and Gómez, 2007; sistencia.
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