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Empowering Mātauranga Māori to Transform Our Understandings of Freshwater Management

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Empowering Mātauranga Māori to Transform Our Understandings of Freshwater Management Copyright is owned by the Author of the thesis. Permission is given for a copy to be downloaded by an individual for the purpose of research and private study only. The thesis may not be reproduced elsewhere without the permission of the Author. Empowering Mātauranga Māori to transform our understandings of freshwater management A thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master’s of Science in Ecology at Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand. Natalia Hélène Ramari Areta Rangiwananga 2020 i Abstract Mātauranga Māori is a rich, complex knowledge system that informs kaitiaki and positions tangata whenua within the living system that is our whenua and wai. However, the underlying assumptions of colonial frameworks conflict with Te Ao Māori because they privilege economic growth, situate people as separate from land, and understand land as an ownable resource. I draw upon the concept of incommensurability to portray how globally dominant frameworks privilege western understandings throughout all societal structures of Aotearoa, continuing to marginalise indigenous peoples and their knowledge. I identify how these systemic effects impact mana whenua ability to carry out kaitiakitanga of waterways, and how these effects work to keep us disconnected from our whenua which is an integral aspect to our identity and realisation of cultural kawa and tikanga. The Macroinvertebrate Community Index is a method scientists use to assess the health of waterways; this and other western tools are useful mechanisms to monitor the states of our waterways and generate knowledge. There are overlaps in conclusions drawn from MCI results and the Wai Ora Wai Māori tool in assessments of the Turitea and Mahuraunui streams, such as a positive relationship between native riparian forest and stream health. However, policies and scientific monitoring privilege western frameworks, which creates inadequate representation of Māori values in freshwater management. I suggest that our understandings of waterways as ‘resources to be managed’ needs to change so that we can draw from multiple baskets of knowledge; so communities can direct kaitiakitanga of their local wai and whenua; and so economic development can be viewed as an extra benefit to increasing the hauora of people and whenua, rather than being the driver of our behaviour. Decolonisation at the structural level is critical to the future health of our whenua and society. Mātauranga-led collaborations at the local scale can create social movement to contribute to decolonisation of social structures at national and global scales. Transformations in Ecology can also enable researchers to recognise how community values influence their research so they may become culturally, politically, and ethically motivated in their work. i Acknowledgements Firstly, thank you to my family, without you this thesis would not exist. Thank you (I think) to my mum for making me enrol in post-graduate study, for being right next door for me to rant to, for the wood I used to escape to the couch by the fire, and definitely thank you for giving me feedback that I didn’t want, but needed. This thesis would not look like what it does without you and I would not be as proud of it as I am if you hadn’t helped me find some good words to use and raise me the way you did. To my dad, Rob, thank you for loving me like you do, for always going out of your way to do things for us, for all the pick-ups and drop-offs, for the laughs and being nosey over the fence. To my sister, you can be an annoying smart-arse, but you’re already interested in what I do and I hope one day you’ll want to know more. For now, thank you for being happy just to hang out with me and for being my little Bug. To Kane, thank you for cooking me dinner, taking the dog for walks, missing trainings, and cleaning the house etc. just to make sure I finished. Thank you for being there to wipe up all my tears, telling me to hurry up and get it done because you want me to work so you can be a stay-at-home- dad while I make all the money (it’s not happening). Thank you to all of my grandparents, without your support I wouldn’t be where I am. Also to the in-laws, thank you for helping us when we needed it always making sure to offer support just in case. I love you all and I am so grateful for everything you do and have done for me. To my supervisors, Doug Armstrong, Simon Hills, and Hone Morris. I kind of found all of you by accident but I’m glad it happened. Doug, you cared about my future before I was even thinking about it and were kind enough to stick by me when it all turned to crap, even though you didn’t 100% know what direction this research would take. You have replied to every e-mail, text, call, and door-knock, and always tried to encourage me while keeping me grounded. I hope these last couple of years haven’t taken you for too much of a ride (lol) and that this thesis is something you can be proud of (and hopefully won’t mind defending). Simon and Hone, thanks for the hook ups, organising our trips to Dannevirke, and for your feedback. Thank you to my survey participants, Johnny, Jo, Arapera, and Hine. It was a long day but I thoroughly enjoyed your company, stories, and the dodgy car ride. Thank you for your time and for being so supportive and welcoming. i To Sarsha and Margie, thank you guys for being so supportive of me being a student and being flexible with work hours. Thanks also to everyone who covered shifts for me so I could do school work. To Birgitta and David, and Will and Ed, thank you for letting us on your property and offering your support. To the people who have provided scholarships and funding: Beca – Ngāi Tahu, Russell Death, Ngā Pae o te Māramatanga Master’s completion scholarship, Massey University’s Pūrehuroa Māori Postgraduate award, IAE summer scholarship, and Julie Alley bursary, and He Tātai Whenua. Thank you for making this research possible. Kia ora, tātou. ii Table of Contents Abstract……………………………………………………………………………….....…….. ii Acknowledgements…………………………………………………………………....…..… iii Chapter 1: An introduction ...……………………………………………………...……… 1 1.1 Mātauranga Māori: A whakapapa of wai…………………………………..…….... 1 1.2 Mātauranga Māori: Relationships with whenua and wai…………………..…….. 5 1.3 The impacts of colonisation in Aotearoa……………………..……………...…... 11 1.4 Eurocentric frameworks continue to inhibit impactful collaborative management in environmental spaces................................................................................... 16 1.5 Impacts of the dominating framework............................................................... 19 1.6 Toward equal management.............................................................................. 23 1.7 Contextualisation of Mātauranga and Te Reo Māori........................................ 29 Chapter 2: Stream health assessments using the Macroinvertebrate Community Index............................................................................................................................ 32 2.1 Methods…...…………………........………………………………………..………. 38 2.2 Results….......................................................................................................... 43 2.3 Discussion…..................................................................................................... 45 Chapter 3: Our language influences and is influenced by how we perceive the world…………………………………………………….……………………………........... 50 3.1 The background of the colonial framework that directs New Zealand’s education systems and recent policies requiring the consideration of the principles of the Treaty................................................................................................................ 54 3.2 Commodifying Mātauranga............................................................................... 58 3.3 Westernised policies and social structures continue to dismiss Māori communities and their Mātauranga.................................................................. 66 3.4 Co-management in ecological spaces.............................................................. 68 3.5 Te Reo Māori and Te Ao Māori rejuvenation relies on contextual understandings of local mātauranga and whakapapa, and supporting mana hapū/mana whenua.......................................................................................... 75 i 3.6 Colonial understandings of can language create tension between Māori and non-Māori speakers.......................................................................................... 83 Chapter 4: Kaupapa Māori stream surveys to briefly compare and contrast with MCI surveys................................................................................................................ 89 4.1 Information from tikanga and pūrākau is contextualised in local Mātauranga.. 90 4.2 Physical application of Mātauranga.................................................................. 93 4.3 Whakapapa of sites.......................................................................................... 99 4.4 Results............................................................................................................ 103 4.5 Discussion...................................................................................................... 103 Chapter 5: A conclusion and mihi to the future.................................................... 113 References................................................................................................................
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