Biodiversity in Aotearoa

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Biodiversity in Aotearoa Biodiversity in Aotearoa an overview of state, trends and pressures 2020 Front cover: Homer grasshopper (Sigaus homerensis) occurs in a few small, isolated gullies in Northern Fiordland which are prone to avalanche and rock fall. Predation and the effects of climate change pose the most significant threats for this species. It has a conservation status of ‘Threatened – Nationally Critical’. Photo: Simon Morris Published by: Department of Conservation, PO Box 10420, Wellington 6143 Editing and design: DOC Creative Services August 2020 This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license unless otherwise stated. In essence, you are free to copy, distribute and adapt the work, as long as you attribute the work to the Crown and abide by the other licence terms. To view a copy of this licence, www.creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0. Please note that no departmental or governmental emblem, logo or Coat of Arms may be used in any way that infringes any provision of the Flags, Emblems, and Names Protection Act 1981. Use the wording ‘Department of Conservation’ in your attribution, not the Department of Conservation logo. Biodiversity in Aotearoa Contents Executive summary | Whakarāpopoto matua ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������5 Foreword | Kupu whakataki ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������7 Introduction | Kupu arataki �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������8 The global biodiversity crisis | Te mōrearea rerenga rauropi ā-ao ���������������������������������������������������13 Why is biodiversity important? | He aha i hira ai te rerenga rauropi? ������������������������������������������������������14 State and trends of global biodiversity | Te āhuatanga me ngā ia o te rerenga rauropi ā-ao ��������������16 What are the pressures causing these losses? | He aha ngā pēhanga hei pūtake o ēnei ngarotanga? �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������17 Global response | Te urupare ā-ao����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������19 The importance of Aotearoa New Zealand’s biodiversity | Te hiranga o te rerenga rauropi o Aotearoa �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������21 A diverse and complex environment | He taiao kanorau, matatini hoki ��������������������������������������������������23 Understanding and measuring Aotearoa New Zealand’s biodiversity | Te mārama me te ine i te rerenga rauropi o Aotearoa ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������24 Pressures and their impacts on biodiversity | Ngā pēhanga me ō rātou pānga ki te rerenga rauropi �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������37 Introduced invasive species | Ngā momo rāwaho urutomo ��������������������������������������������������������������������� 38 Changes in land and sea use | Ngā panoni ki ngā whakamahinga whenua me te moana ��������������������46 Direct exploitation and harvesting | Te whakapau tōtika me te aruaru, te hao, te kato ������������������������49 Climate change | Te panoni āhuarangi ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������51 Pollution | Te parahanga ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������52 New Zealand’s land, freshwater and marine environments | Ngā taiao whenua, wai māori, moana hoki o Aotearoa ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������54 Land domain | Te whaitua whenua �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������55 Overview | Tirohanga whānui ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 55 Ecosystems | Ngā pūnaha hauropi ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������57 Naturally uncommon ecosystems | Ngā pūnaha hauropi mokorea noa ��������������������������������������������������62 Land birds (including freshwater and coastal birds) | Ngā manu ki uta (kei roto nei ngā manu wai māori, manu matāwhanga anō hoki) ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 66 Bats | Ngā pekapeka ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������69 Herpetofauna | Ngā moko me ngā ika oneone ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������71 Flora | Ngāi tipu �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������73 Invertebrates | Ngā tuaiwi-kore ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 76 Biodiversity in Aotearoa Freshwater domain | Te whaitua wai Māori ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������79 Overview | Tirohanga whānui ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������79 Rivers and streams | Ngā awa me ngā pūkaki ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������81 Wetlands | Ngā rohe kōreporepo ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 86 Groundwaters | Ngā wainuku ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 89 Freshwater fish | Ngā ika wai māori ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 90 Freshwater invertebrates | Ngā tuaiwi-kore wai māori ������������������������������������������������������������������������������92 Aquatic plants | Ngā tipu wai �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������94 Marine domain | Te Whaitua Moana ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������96 Overview | Tirohanga whānui ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������96 Ecosystems | Ngā pūnaha hauropi ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������98 Estuaries | Ngā wahapū ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������100 Marine birds | Ngā manu moana �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������103 Marine mammals | Ngā whāngote moana �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������105 Marine reptiles | Ngā moko moana �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������108 Marine fishes | Ngā ika moana ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������109 Marine invertebrates | Ngā tuaiwi-kore moana ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������112 Seaweeds | Ngā rimu ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������115 Conclusion | Kupu whakatepe ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������118 References | Ngā Tohutoro �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������120 Glossary | Kuputaka �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������151 Appendix 1 – Number of indigenous resident data deficient and threatened species by life form ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������163 Appendix 2 – Comprehensiveness of assessments of most groups of species in the NZTCS �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������164 Biodiversity in Aotearoa Executive summary | Whakarāpopoto matua Oral and written accounts of mātauranga Māori Kei ngaro ngā taonga o te ao tūroa, are included in some sections of this report, pērā i te ngaro o te moa. noting that the recognition and integration of Lest the treasures of the natural world mātauranga Māori by mainstream conservation be lost as the moa was lost. management is still limited, not only in this report, but in conservation work more widely. Acknowledging the interconnection between Biodiversity in Aotearoa – an overview of state, the three domains is fundamental from a
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