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Het Nederlandse D.Rijk 75 HET NEDERLANDSE DIERENRIJK Alle in Nederland vastgestelde diergroepen worden & Ryland (1990*). Brakwater: Barnes (1994*). Zoet hieronder kort besproken met de volgende standaard- water: Fitter & Manuel (1986), Macan (1959), Koop- indeling: mans (1991*). Parasieten en commensalen van mens en WETENSCHAPPELIJKE NAAM - NEDERLANDSE NAAM huisdier: Walker (1994*), Lane & Crosskey (1993*), Korte karakterisering van de diergroep. Weidner (1982*). Insekten en geleedpotigen algemeen: NL Het aantal in Nederland vastgestelde soorten, de Chinery (1988*), Joosse et al. (1972*), Naumann hoeveelheid daarvan die niet echt inheems is, en even- (1994*), Bellmann (1991*), Kühlmann et al. (1993), tueel het aantal alleen uit ons land bekende soorten en Van Frankenhuyzen (1992*, plagen in fruitteelt). het aantal (nog) te verwachten soorten (d.w.z.: waar- verspreiding Opgave van literatuur met gegevens schijnlijk in Nederland aanwezig, maar nog niet ont- over de verspreiding in Nederland. dekt), met bronnen. Eventueel zijn de bij ons soorten- rijkste deelgroepen (meestal families) vermeld of is een PORIFERA - SPONZEN overzicht van de groep in tabelvorm toegevoegd. Eenvoudig gebouwde dieren zonder organen. Ze be- veranderingen Informatie over toe- of afname van staan uit twee lagen cellen met daartussen een gelati- het aantal soorten en de (mogelijke) oorzaken daarvan. neuze laag. Hierin bevinden zich naaldjes van kalk of Melding van in Nederland uitgestorven soorten (indien kiezel (spiculae), of hoornige vezels (badspons!). De bekend), maar ook voor- of achteruitgang van andere cellen zijn gerangschikt rond één of meer centrale hol- soorten, met opgave van bronnen. ten met in- en uitstroomopeningen. Trilhaarcellen diversiteit Opgave van de gebieden in Nederland (choanocyten) zorgen voor watertransport. Sponzen waarbinnen het grootste soortenaantal (de grootste di- zijn sessiele bodemdieren, waarvan de vorm in hoge versiteit) optreedt. mate variabel is, afhankelijk van substraat, stroming e.d. milieu Korte omschrijving van de milieutypen waarin NL 21 Soorten vastgesteld (Van Soest 1976, eigen data- de groep in Nederland voorkomt, waarbij zee, zoet en base), waarvan 2 uitsluitend uit Nederland bekend zijn brak water, terrestrisch en parasitair als hoofdtypen en 5 niet inheems (éénmalige vondsten of aangespoeld). gelden. Misschien enkele meer te vinden, op grond van Ackers dichtheden Indien bekend opgave van maximaal et al. (1985). veranderingen Sedert 1986 zijn 4 soorten vastgestelde soortenaantallen en individuenaantallen verdwenen (20%) (R.W.M. van Soest pers. med.), per oppervlakte- of volume-eenheid, bij voorkeur geba- vooral door veranderingen in Zuidwest-Nederland, seerd op Nederlandse bronnen, soms op buitenlandse. met name de Oosterschelde. Daarnaast komen er nieu- wereld Opgave van een recente telling of schatting we exotische soorten mee met geïmporteerd oester- van het totaal aantal beschreven soorten met referentie. broed. diversiteit Deltagebied, Waddengebied en determinatie Per diergroep wordt een selectie gege- Noordzee (Van Soest 1976, 1977). milieu Marien; 3 ven van de meer toegankelijke determinatieliteratuur. soorten in zoet water (Van Soest 1976, 1977). dichthe- Tijdschriftartikelen zijn slechts in beperkte mate opge- den Maximaal 5 soorten per m2 (De Kluijver 1989), nomen. Bekende series met veel goede determinatie- maximaal 20 individuen per m2 (De Kluijver 1989). werken zijn de wetenschappelijke mededelingen van de Dichtheden worden meestal in bedekkingspercentage KNNV, Synopses of the British Fauna (alleen ongewer- gegeven. wereld 10.000 (Van Soest 1993). determinatie velden, geen insekten), Tierwelt Deutschlands, en Van Soest (1976, 1983, 1989), Ackers et al. (1985). Tierwelt der Nord- und Ostsee. Speciaal voor insekten verwijzingen zijn er de Handbooks for the Identification of British Ackers, R.G., Moss, D., Picton, B.E. & Stone, S.M.K. 1985. Insects en Fauna Entomologica Scandinavica. Uitge- Sponges of the British isles (‘Sponge IV’). A colour guide and breidere overzichten van determinatieliteratuur per working document. – Marine Conservation Society, Ross-on- diergroep geven Sims (1980a en b*), Hollis (1980*), Wye. Sims et al. (1988*) en Tolkamp (1984*). Naar de alge- Kluyver, M.J. de 1989. Sublittoral hardsubstrate communi- mene verwijzingen hierboven wordt verwezen met een ties of the Southern Delta area, South West Netherlands. – asterisk*. De overige verwijzingen worden per dier- Bijdragen tot de Dierkunde, 59: 141-158. groep gegeven. Soest, R.W.M. van 1976. De Nederlandse mariene en zoet- Inleidende determinatietabellen: Stresemann et al. watersponzen. – Wetenschappelijke Mededeling KNNV, 115: (1983-1992*), Schaefer (1992*). Zeefauna: Campbell 1-36. (1994*), De Ruijter & Schoenmaker (1989*), Hayward Soest, R.W.M. van 1977. Marine and freshwater sponges 76 BIODIVERSITEIT IN NEDERLAND (Porifera) of the Netherlands. – Zoölogische Mededelingen, worden 7 extra soorten verwacht. Dominante onderor- Leiden, 50: 261-273. den: Athecata/Anthomedusae, met 15 genera en 27 Soest, R.W.M. van 1983. Sponzenonderzoek in Nederland. – soorten, Thecata/Leptomedusae met 35 genera en 65 Zeepaard, 43: 28-33. soorten. Omdat niet altijd bekend is welke poliepen en Soest, R.W.M. van 1989. Sponzen. - In: Ruiter, E. de (red.), medusen bij elkaar horen, bestaat voor beide groepen Zeeboek. – Veldgids KNNV, 2: 49-54. een aparte systematiek (vandaar dat de hiervoor ge- Soest, R.W.M. van 1993. Demosponge distribution patterns. noemde onderorden dubbele namen hebben). Dit – In: Soest, R.W.M. van et al. (red.), Sponges in time and heeft mogelijk tot te hoge soortenaantallen geleid. ver- space. Biology, chemistry, paleontology. – Proceedings 4th In- anderingen Tenminste één soort is verdwenen door ver- ternational Porifera Congress, Amsterdam 1993. Balkema, dwijnen van zeegrasvelden (Oosterbaan 1985). diversi- Rotterdam: 213-223. teit Noordzee en getijdengebied (W. Vervoort pers. med.). milieu Zee, enkele soorten in zoet of brak water. CNIDARIA (COELENTERATA) - wereld 2700 (Dunn in Parker 1982*) (Boero in Minelli HOLTEDIEREN, NETELDIEREN 1993* geeft echter 5000). determinatie Cornelius et al. Eenvoudig gebouwde, in principe cirkelvormige die- (1990), Kirkpatrick & Pugh (1984), Oosterbaan (1985), ren, die in het bezit zijn van netelcellen (nematocysten) Russell (1953, 1970), Vervoort (1946). voor verdediging en verlammen van prooi. Ze bestaan uit een binnenste en een buitenste cellaag (ento- resp. ectoderm) met daartussen een gelatineuze laag (meso- gloea) die eveneens uit cellen kan bestaan. Het lichaam bevat één (darm-)holte met één opening die zowel mond als anus is. De levenscyclus kent in principe afwisselend een vrijlevend, kwalachtig stadium (medu- se) en een sessiele poliepvorm. Holtedieren worden ver- deeld in de klassen Scyphozoa (kwallen), Hydrozoa (hydroïdpoliepen), Anthozoa (zeeanemonen en kora- len) en Cubozoa (zeewespen: niet in Nederland). SCYPHOZOA - KWALLEN Holtedieren met groot en opvallend medusestadium figuur 12 Slibanemoon (Sagartia elegans), een aan de kust (de kwallen) en een klein en onopvallend poliepstadi- algemeen voorkomend holtedier. Foto R. Ates. um dat jonge kwalletjes afsnoert. Netelcellen zijn zowel in ecto- als in entoderm aanwezig. Sommige soorten ANTHOZOA - BLOEMDIEREN kunnen daarmee bij mensen gevaarlijke wonden ver- (ZEEANEMONEN EN KORALEN) oorzaken. Solitaire of kolonievormende holtedieren waarbij het NL 7 Soorten vastgesteld (J.C. den Hartog pers. med.). meduse-stadium ontbreekt. Netelcellen zijn zowel in diversiteit Noordzee. milieu Marien, met pelagisch me- het ento- als het ectoderm aanwezig. De darmholte dusestadium. wereld 200 (Dunn in Parker 1982*). de- wordt door septen in compartimenten verdeeld. Een terminatie Cornelius et al. (1990), Dekker & Dekker in- en/of uitwendig skelet van kalk of chitineuze of (1981), Russell (1970). hoornachtige stoffen kan aanwezig zijn. Tot de Antho- zoa horen de zeeanemonen en de koralen, inclusief zee- HYDROZOA - HYDROÏDPOLIEPEN veren en doomansduimen. Holtedieren met in principe afwisselend een poliep- en NL 11 Soorten vastgesteld (J.C. den Hartog pers. med.). medusestadium. Poliepen zijn vaak omgeven door een Soortenrijkste groep: suborde Actiniaria (zeeanemonen: chitineus uitwendig skelet. Dergelijke soorten vormen figuur 12) met 7 genera en 9 soorten. diversiteit Noord- meestal vastzittende, vertakte kolonies. Andere soorten zee en getijdengebied (J.C. den Hartog pers. med.). mi- vormen drijvende kolonies die op een kwal lijken. En- lieu Marien. wereld 5000 (J.C. den Hartog pers. med.), kele soorten zijn solitair, bijv. Hydra (zoetwaterpoliep). vooral soortenrijk in tropische zeeën (koralen). determi- Netelcellen zijn alleen in het ectoderm aanwezig. natie Cornelius et al. (1990), Manuel (1988). NL 115 Soorten vastgesteld, waarvan 1 uitsluitend uit verwijzingen cnidaria Nederland bekend is (W. Vervoort pers. med.) en 15 Cornelius, P.F.S., Manuel, R.L. & Ryland, J.S. 1990. Cnida- niet inheems zijn (betreffen vooral op het strand aange- ria. – In: Hayward, P.J. & Ryland J.S. (red.), The marine fau- spoelde soorten). Op grond van Cornelius et al. (1990) na of the British Isles and North-West Europe. Vol. I. Intro- 77 ZOÖLOGISCHE DIVERSITEIT IN NEDERLAND / HET NEDERLANDSE DIERENRIJK duction and Protozoans to Arthropods: 101-200. – Oxford TURBELLARIA - TRILHAARWORMEN University Press, Oxford. Vrij levende platwormen, waarvan de huid is voorzien Dekker, R. & Dekker, W. 1981. Kwallentabel (Scyphomedu- van trilharen die voor de voortbeweging worden ge- sen). – Zeepaard,
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