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Ko'olau Mountains Watershed Partnership Management Plan

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Ko'olau Mountains Watershed Partnership Management Plan KO‘OLAU MOUNTAINS WATERSHED PARTNERSHIP MANAGEMENT PLAN Prepared by Jason Sumiye for The Ko‘olau Mountains Watershed Partnership Bishop Museum Dole Food Company, Inc. City and County of Honolulu Board of Water Supply Kamehameha Schools Manana Valley Farm, LLC Queen Emma Foundation State of Hawai‘i Agribusiness Development Corporation State of Hawai‘i Department of Hawaiian Home Lands State of Hawai‘i Department of Land and Natural Resources Tiana Partners, et al. U.S. Army U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Associate Partners: State of Hawai‘i Department of Health The Nature Conservancy of Hawai‘i U.S. Environmental Protection Agency U.S. Forest Service U.S. Natural Resources Conservation Service U.S. Geological Survey Produced with the generous support of: Hawai‘i Community Foundation State of Hawai‘i Agribusiness Development Corporation State of Hawai‘i Department of Land and Natural Resources Kamehameha Schools The Nature Conservancy of Hawai‘i Copyright 2002 Cover photo taken by the U.S. Army Natural Resources Program: a view from the lower Pe‘ahināi‘a trail. Ko‘olau Mountains Watershed Partnership Management Plan EXECUTIVE SUMMARY I. INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................ 1 II. DESCRIPTION AND CURRENT CONDITION OF THE KO‘OLAU MOUNTAINS WATERSHED............................................................................................4 A. BIOPHYSICAL RESOURCES................................................................................................. 4 1. Project Area, Location, Topography, Climate, Geology and Soil Types .................... 4 2. Hydrology and Water Resources ................................................................................. 5 3. Species and Ecosystems ............................................................................................10 B. SOCIOCULTURAL RESOURCES .........................................................................................13 1. Land Ownership, Land Use Zones, and Land Management ..................................... 14 2. Population and Local Communities...........................................................................19 3. Cultural Resources and Traditional Practices............................................................19 4. Recreational/Educational Opportunities.................................................................... 21 5. Infrastructure and Facilities....................................................................................... 25 III. THREATS TO THE KO‘OLAU MOUNTAINS WATERSHED .................................26 A. INVASIVE NON-NATIVE PLANT SPECIES.......................................................................... 26 B. FERAL UNGULATES ........................................................................................................ 27 C. OTHER NON-NATIVE ANIMALS....................................................................................... 28 D. HUMAN ACTIVITIES ........................................................................................................ 29 E. AQUATIC POLLUTANTS ................................................................................................... 30 F. WILDFIRE ........................................................................................................................ 32 G. URBANIZATION AND DEVELOPMENT............................................................................... 33 IV. OVERVIEW OF EXISTING AND CURRENT MANAGEMENT PROGRAMS.......................................................................................................................34 V. MANAGEMENT ACTIVITIES AND PLANNING NEEDS......................................... 43 A. THREAT MANAGEMENT .................................................................................................. 44 1. Invasive Non-Native Plant Species ........................................................................... 44 2. Feral Ungulates.......................................................................................................... 47 3. Other Non-Native Animals........................................................................................ 49 4. Human Activities....................................................................................................... 50 5. Aquatic Pollutants...................................................................................................... 51 6. Wildfire...................................................................................................................... 53 B. WATER RESOURCES AND WATERSHED MANAGEMENT ................................................... 54 C. BIODIVERSITY PROTECTION ............................................................................................ 55 D. CULTURAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT .......................................................................... 56 E. EDUCATION, AWARENESS AND PUBLIC OUTREACH ........................................................ 57 1. Media and Public Education...................................................................................... 57 2. Community Outreach and Education......................................................................... 58 3. Volunteer Opportunities ............................................................................................ 58 ii 4. Community Partnerships............................................................................................59 F. ADMINISTRATIVE COORDINATION AND COMMUNICATION ..............................................59 VI. MONITORING AND INDICATORS ..............................................................................61 A. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FOREST HEALTH AND WATER QUALITY AND QUANTITY ........61 B. MANAGEMENT PROGRAM INDICATORS ...........................................................................62 C. ADMINISTRATIVE COORDINATION AND COMMUNICATION INDICATORS..........................64 VII. 2002-2003 ACTION PLAN AND ESTIMATED COSTS...............................................65 VIII. SUMMARY OF MANAGEMENT PLAN .......................................................................70 IX. REFERENCES....................................................................................................................71 APPENDICES A. MAPS AND OVERLAYS B. RARE SPECIES AND NATURAL COMMUNITIES C. INVASIVE WEED SPECIES D. PROSPECTIVE FUNDING SOURCES E. CURRENT PROJECT MANAGEMENT AND COMMUNITY EFFORTS F. KMWP MEMORANDUM OF UNDERSTANDING G. SELECTED HAWAI‘I REVISED STATUTES AND ADMINISTRATIVE RULES iii Executive Summary Early Polynesian settlers recognized the intimate relationship between Hawaii’s forested watersheds and its dependable supply of clean water. This relationship is still relevant today, as these forested watersheds efficiently recharge Hawaii’s vital underground aquifers, while also providing a good habitat for flora and fauna and recreational opportunities for island residents and visitors alike. Our island’s forested watersheds temper the erosive effects of rain, prevent soil from washing into the ocean, increase infiltration rates into the soil, and condense moisture from the clouds. The Ko‘olau Mountains Watershed Partnership (“KMWP”) has always recognized the importance of developing a management plan. It has been one of its primary objectives since its inception in August 1999. Work toward this objective was initiated with the preparation of a KMWP Preliminary Assessment Plan in June 2000. The plan is modeled on the foundations of its state predecessors – the East and West Maui Mountains Watershed Management Plans. The development of the KMWP management plan however, has been a pioneering endeavor, as the Ko‘olau Mountains’ biophysical and sociocultural context is unique unto itself. Just as native forested watersheds exist in a delicate ecological balance, the use of balance has been an important strategy through the writing process of this plan. Since this management plan encompasses a massive land area of almost 100,000 acres and spans the entire eastern side of the O‘ahu, detailed plans of all areas were impractical. Lack of any specificity though, would reduce the utility of the plan. Therefore there has been a conscious effort to strike a balance between the landscape and community perspectives, at times overviewing resources across the entire watershed area, and at other moments highlighting specific areas for management activities. This plan is an attempt to balance the varied interests represented by each of KMWP’s unique members. Under the overarching umbrella of watershed management, each member brings special interests and technical niches. While this plan was written in rather general terms to incorporate a wide range of potential activities, care was also taken to ensure that this plan maintained focus and direction. Many watershed plans simply become amalgamations of potential actions rather than a strategy for actions. In an effort to avoid becoming a diluted management wish list, this management plan concludes with a 2002-2003 action plan, maintaining KMWP’s founding goals and objectives as the guiding beacon to delineate clear priorities and projects for the partnership’s nascent stages. The management plan sought to balance perspectives of the plan as a “process” versus a “product”. This management plan, like the watershed that it describes, is an organic product that will evolve and change, as there are still significant data
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