THE NAUTILUS QL Volume 131, Number 1 March 28, 2017 HOI ISSN 0028-1344 N3M A quarterly devoted £2 to malacology. EDITOR-IN-CHIEF Steffen Kiel Angel Valdes Jose H. Leal Department of Paleobiology Department of Malacology The Bailey-Matthews National Swedish Museum of Natural History Natural History Museum Shell Museum Box 50007 of Los Angeles County 3075 Sanibel-Captiva Road 104 05 Stockholm, SWEDEN 900 Exposition Boulevard Sanibel, FL 33957 USA Los Angeles, CA 90007 USA Harry G. Lee 4132 Ortega Forest Drive Geerat |. Vermeij EDITOR EMERITUS Jacksonville, FL 32210 USA Department of Geology University of California at Davis M. G. Harasewyeh Davis, CA 95616 USA Department of Invertebrate Zoology Charles Lydeard Biodiversity and Systematics National Museum of G. Thomas Watters Department of Biological Sciences Natural History Aquatic Ecology Laboratory University of Alabama Smithsonian Institution 1314 Kinnear Road Tuscaloosa, AL 35487 USA Washington, DC 20560 USA Columbus, OH 43212-1194 USA Bruce A. Marshall CONSULTING EDITORS Museum of New Zealand SUBSCRIPTION INFORMATION Riidiger Bieler Te Papa Tongarewa Department of Invertebrates P.O. Box 467 The subscription rate for volume Field Museum of Wellington, NEW ZEALAND 131 (2017) is US $65.00 for Natural History individuals, US $102.00 for Chicago, IL 60605 USA Paula M. Mikkelsen institutions. Postage outside the Paleontological Research United States is an additional US Institution $10.00 for regular mail and US Arthur E. Bogan 1259 Trumansburg Road $28.00 for air deliver)'. All orders North Carolina State Museum of Ithaca, NY 14850 USA should be accompanied by payment Natural Sciences and sent to: THE NAUTILUS, P.O. 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Gainesville, FL 32611-2035 USA THE NAUTILUS (ISSN 0028-13-44) Robert IT Cowie is published quarterly by The Bailey- Gary Rosenberg Center for Conservation Research Matthews National Shell Museum, Department of Mollusks and Training 3075 Sanibel-Captiva Road, Sanibel, The Academy of Natural Sciences University of Hawaii FL 33957. 3050 Maile Way, Gilmore 409 1900 Benjamin Franklin Parkway Honolulu, HI 96822 USA Philadelphia, PA 19103 USA Periodicals postage paid at Sanibel, FL, and additional mailing offices. Elizabeth Shea Kenneth A. Hayes Mollusk Department POSTMASTER: Send address Department of Biology Delaware Museum of changes to: THE NAUTILUS Howard University Natural History P.O. Box 1580 Washington, DC 20001 USA Wilmington, DE 19807 USA Sanibel, FL 33957 THE^NAUTILUS Volume 131, Number 1 March 28, 2017 ISSN 0028-1344 CONTENTS Mollusks in Peril 2016 Forum Section Robert H. Cowie Measuring the Sixth Extinction: What do mollusks tell us? .3 Claire Regnier Renoit Fontaine Philippe Bouehet Julia D. Sigwart Is mining the seabed bad lor mollusks? .43 Chong Chen Leigh Marsh Regular Articles Yusuke Miyajima Taxonomic reexamination of three vesicomyid species (Bivalvia) from the Takami Nobuhara middle Miocene Bessho Formation in Nagano Prefecture, central Japan, Hakuiehi Koike with notes on vesicomyid diversity .51 Kathryn E. Perez A new species of South Texas scrubsnail, Praticolella (von Martens, 1892) Eli Ruiz (Gastropoda: Polygyridae).67 Mareo Martinez Cruz Russell L. Minton Shuqian Zhang A new genus and species of Neomphalidae from a hydrothermal vent ol the Suping Zhang Manus Back-Arc Basin, western Pacific (Gastropoda: Neomphalina) .76 Laura Regina Alvarez-Cerrillo A remarkable infestation of epibionts and endobionts of an edible chiton Paul Valentich-Scott (Polyplacophora: Chitonidae) from the Mexican tropical Pacific .87 William A. Newman Angel Valdes A new species of Parvaplustrum Powell, 1951 (Gastropoda: Heterobranchia: Terrence M. Gosliner Aplustridae) from the northeastern Pacific .97 Anders Waren Book Review . 101 Notices . 103 f m 0 4 2017 J mollusks in peril 2016 forum presented by ^ BAILEY-MATTHEWS ^ NATIONAL SHELL MUSEUM The first two articles in this issue derive from the presentations given at the Mollusks in Peril 2016 Forum. The Forum took place at the Bailey-Matthews National Shell Museum on May 22-24, 2016, and encompassed hour-long presentations by eleven specialists in conservation, systematics, and ecology of mollusks. The subjects spanned a broad range of subjects that included Pacific island land snail conservation, threats to pelagic mollusks, freshwater mollusks in peril, and ocean acidification impacts on larval growth. The two papers presented here cover an update to recent global estimates of extinct and endangered mollusks (Cowie, Regnier, Fontaine, and Bouchet) and an assessment of the impacts of mining on deep-sea mollusks (Sigwart, Chen, and Marsh). I want to thank Shell Museum Executive Director and Forum co-organizer Dorrie Hipschman and major sponsors Smoky and Stephanie Payson for their enthusiasm and hard work. Mollusks in Peril will continue with a special session to be held at the upcoming meeting of the American Malacological Society (July 16-21,2017), at the University of Delaware (http://www.delmnh.org/ams2017). Jose H. Leal, Ph.D. Science Director and Curator Bailey-Matthews National Shell Museum Editor, The Nautilus THE NAUTILUS 131(1):3-41, 2017 Page 3 Measuring the Sixth Extinction: what do mollusks tell us? Robert H. Cowie Claire Regnier Pacific Biosciences Research Center Renoit Fontaine University ol Hawaii Philippe Bouchet Honolulu, HI 96822 USA Museum national d’Histoire naturelle [email protected] Paris 75005, FRANCE ABSTRACT extinction rate globally; 5) extinction due to increased military activity, tourism, commerce, urbanization and the concomittant The Internationa] Union for Conservation ol Nature (IUCN) is rapidly increasing introduction of invasive species after the the premier global biodiversity conservation organization. Its Second World War. Extrapolating from our assessments of Red List is a rigorous vehicle for assessing the conservation mollusks, we estimate that approximately 7.5-13% of all spe¬ status of plant and animal species. However, although all ani¬ cies have gone extinct since around year 1500. This is orders of mal and bird species recognized by IUCN have been evalu¬ magnitude greater than the 860 (0.04% of 2 million) listed as ated, only a tiny fraction of invertebrates have been evaluated. extinct by IUCN (2016). The biodiversity crisis is real. As a measure of the numbers of extinct species (since around the year 1500) the Red List is probably quite accurate for birds Additional Keywords Amastridae, biodiversity crisis, bivalves, and mammals, but severely underestimates the numbers for Euglandina, Gambier Islands, Hawaii, IUCN, Melanopsis, invertebrates. Nonetheless, molluscs stand out as the major Mollusca, non-marine, Powelliphanta, Rhachistia aldabrae. group most severely impacted by extinction, with 297 of the Red List, snails 744 animal species listed as extinct in the third issue of the 2016 Red List. Here we review efforts to obtain a more realis¬ tic, albeit less rigorous, assessment of the numbers of extinct mollusk species. Our approach has been based on biblio¬ graphic research and consultation with experts, rather than INTRODUCTION following die highly detailed but restrictive IUCN Categories Over a decade ago, Lydeard et al. (2004) published a key and Criteria. In 2009, this led to an assessment that 533 mol¬ lusk species were extinct, far more than the number on the paper outlining the decline of non-marine mollusks, the Red List. In the present study we revisited this approach and threats they face, and the high level of extinction com¬ here list 638 species as extinct, 380 as possibly extinct, and pared with other major animal groups that had been 14 as extinct in the wild, a total of 1,032 species in these documented as of 2002 by the International Union for combined categories, and more than twice as many as listed by Conservation of Nature on its Red List. The Red List IUCN in these categories. However, this approach only con¬ program was initiated in 1964 and mollusks were first siders species for which information is available; it is therefore included in it in 1983, when 28 species were listed as biased. In a study published in 2015 we developed an alterna¬ extinct (Wells et al., 1983). The Red List only considers tive approach, based on a random global sample of land snails, extinctions in modern historical times, from around the and estimated that 3,000-5,100 mollusk species have gone year 1500. Following the realization that an ill-conceived extinct. We review the main reasons for these extinctions: hab¬ itat destruction, impacts of introduced species, exploitation and biological control program had caused the extinction in collecting, and, potentially, climate change, and discuss rele¬ the wild of the entire fauna of partulid tree snails on the vant case studies. Oceanic island land snails, especially those of island of Moorea in French Polynesia (Murray et al., Pacific islands, have suffered the greatest proportion of the 1988), more effort was put into