He Wahi Mo'olelo No Kaluanui Ma Ko'olauloa, Mokupuni 'O O'ahu a Collection of Traditions, Historical Accounts

KPA No. OaKalu77(c)-022504 HE WAHI MO‘OLELO NO KALUANUI MA KO‘OLAULOA, MOKUPUNI ‘O O‘AHU A COLLECTION OF TRADITIONS, HISTORICAL ACCOUNTS AND KAMA‘$INA RECOLLECTIONS OF KALUANUI AND VICINITY, KO‘OLAULOA, ISLAND OF O‘AHU Kaliuwa‘a ma Kaluanui, Koolauloa (KPA Photo S-1330) Kumu Pono Associates Historical & Archival Documentary Research · Oral History Interview Studies Researching and Preparing Studies from Hawaiian Language Documents · M+hele ‘,ina, Boundary Commission, & Land History Records · Integrated Cultural Resources Management Planning · Preservation & Interpretive Program Development KPA No. OaKalu77(c)-022504 HE WAHI MO‘OLELO NO KALUANUI MA KO‘OLAULOA, MOKUPUNI ‘O O‘AHU A COLLECTION OF TRADITIONS, HISTORICAL ACCOUNTS AND KAMA‘$INA RECOLLECTIONS OF KALUANUI AND VICINITY, KO‘OLAULOA, ISLAND OF O‘AHU PREPARED BY Kep+ Maly • Cultural Historian - Resource Specialist & Onaona Maly • Researcher PREPARED FOR Oceanit Jeffrey Merz, Senior Planner 1001 Bishop Street, Pacific Tower, Suite 2970 Honolulu, Hawai‘i 96813 SEPTEMBER 1, 2003 2003 Kumu Pono Associates Kumu Pono Associates Historical & Archival Documentary Research · Oral History Interview Studies Researching and Preparing Studies from Hawaiian Language Documents · M+hele ‘,ina, Boundary Commission, & Land History Records · Integrated Cultural Resources Management Planning · Preservation & Interpretive Program Development 554 Keonaona St. · Hilo, Hawai‘i 96720 · (ph/fax) 808.981.0196 · (e-mail) [email protected] EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The following collection of archival and oral historical records was compiled by Kumu Pono Associates LLC, at the request of Mr. Jeffrey Merz, of Oceanit, on behalf of the Department of Land and Natural Resources, Division of State Parks (DLNR-DSP). The present research focused on two primary sources of information—historical literature, and the results of a limited oral historical interview program with kBpuna and several kama‘+ina, known to be familiar with the history of the lands in the Kaluanui vicinity of Ko‘olauloa, O‘ahu. The research brings a wide range of historical references into one manuscript (though not exhaustive), with written accounts dating from the 1820s and oral historical accounts dating from ca. 1920. This compilation of narratives is meant to be of assistance in the development of management, educational-interpretive, and preservation programs of the DLNR- DSP and the Ko‘olauloa Community. The cultural and natural landscape of Kaluanui, which includes Kaliuwa‘a, is home to many wahi pana (storied and sacred places) associated with the traditions and lore of the Hawaiian demi-god, Kamapua‘a. Because of the relationship of Kamapua‘a with this land, there are many localities that have been, and continue to be considered sacred in Kaluanui. Native families of the Kaluanui- Ko‘olauloa vicinity all believe that there are certain responsibilities and requirements associated with travel to Kaliuwa‘a. It is their belief that prior to visitation, anyone who travels to Kaliuwa‘a must be informed of the traditional and customary practices associated with the land—and that they must behave in a certain way out of respect for the traditions of the people and the land. There is also expressed by kama‘+ina families, concern about travel to Kaliuwa‘a, by both kama‘+ina and by visitors. The native families feel that their being denied access to Kaliuwa‘a, is hurting their families—detaching their offspring from the personal relationship that they share with Kaluanui and Kaliuwa‘a. In the case of the malihini (visitors), denying them access is not as big a deal for the kama‘+ina, though should access be allowed once again, it is believed that all people who travel to Kaliuwa‘a should be informed about the nature of the land, and the traditional attitudes and practices associated with travel to Kaliuwa‘a. No one should travel to Kaliuwa‘a without being aware of the history of the land, and its sacred nature. In the historical record, we find that visitation to Kaliuwa‘a and other storied places on the landscape, is a practice that has time depth. As early as 1861, native Hawaiian writers, and contributors to the Hawaiian language newspapers, documented that Kaliuwa‘a was a place frequented by chiefs and commoners, and after western contact, also by other visitors as well. By 1880, Kaliuwa‘a was sometimes being referred to as the “Sacred Ravine” (Bowser 1880). By the 1890s, the valley and falls were referred to as “Sacred Valley” (Whitney 1890). Indeed, by the 1890s, we find in the records of the native association of lease-hold tenants at Kaluanui, that some kind of fee was associated with taking visitors to Kaliuwa‘a. By the 1950s, the name “Sacred Falls,” came into common usage (Bowser 1958). These various names and references to Kaliuwa‘a all share a common focus — (1) that the area was considered, and remains “sacred” to the people of the land; and (2) the descriptions of Kaliuwa‘a and vicinity were being written to invite visitors to the valley and falls. Elder kama‘+ina interviewed as a part of this study, always referred to the valley and falls by its Hawaiian name Kaliuwa‘a, while younger participants, those born after 1940, usually used the name “Sacred Falls,” as it was what they most often heard. This said, all participants in the interview- consultation program, expressed their opinion that “Kaliuwa‘a” is the proper name of the falls; and Kaluanui is the proper name of the ahupua‘a; and that the name of the State Park should reflect the traditional name of the land and Kaliuwa‘a falls. They suggest that the name “Sacred Falls” be removed from signage and general usage by the Division of State Parks. The voices of our kBpuna are among the most precious resources handed down to us from our past. While the historical and archival records help us understand how we came to be where we are today, the voices of the elders give life to the stories, and demonstrate how practice and history is handed He Wahi Mo‘olelo no Kaluanui ma Ko‘olauloa Kumu Pono Associates A Collection of Traditions and Historical Recollections of Kaluanui & Kaliuwa‘a OaKalu77(c)-022504:ii down and made. To each of the kBpuna and kama‘+ina who shared their recollections and history in this study, we extend our sincerest appreciation and aloha— (in alphabetical order) Joseph Walter Keaunui A‘alona; Clarence Nuhi Au & Mae Parker-Au; Raymond Au’ Adella Au-Johnson; Dannette “Sista” Kaimuokalani Beirne-Leota-Pascual (and daughters, Pola and Timo); Cy Manu Bridges; John Keli‘ika‘apunihonua Kaina; Moses “Moke” Kapuhelani Kalili and Pea Nihipali-Kalili; Kekela Kuhia-Miller; Cathy and Creighton Mattoon’ John Cypriano Kana‘iaupuni Pascual; Florentina Haleaha Pascual-Momtes; and participants in the Kaluanui Advisory Group meetings. A‘ohe hana nui ke alu ‘ia! M+ua no me ke aloha kau palena ‘ole — KepD a me Onaona Maly. O ka mea maika‘i m8lama, o ka mea maika‘i ‘ole, k8pae ‘ia (Keep the good, set the bad aside) He Wahi Mo‘olelo no Kaluanui ma Ko‘olauloa Kumu Pono Associates A Collection of Traditions and Historical Recollections of Kaluanui & Kaliuwa‘a OaKalu77(c)-022504:iii CONTENTS INTRODUCTION • 1 Background • 1 Approach to Conducting the Study • 1 Historical Documentary Resources • 3 Oral History Interviews • 3 A HISTORICAL OVERVIEW OF KALUANUI AND NEIGHBORING LANDS OF KO‘OLAULOA • 4 Kaluanui ma Ko‘olauloa • 4 Residency and Land Use in Kaluanui and Vicinity • 4 Hana Pono a me ka Maopopo ‘,ina–Protocols and Knowing the Land: Kama‘+ina Families Continue Travel and Attachment to Kaliuwa‘a • 7 N$ MO‘OLELO NATIVE TRADITIONS AND HISTORICAL NARRATIVES OF KALUANUI AND VICINITY • 9 Section I. Mo‘olelo Maoli (Native Traditions and History) • 9 “He Moolelo no Kamapuaa” – A Tradition of Kamapuaa (1861) • 9 “Na Wahi Pana o Kaliuwaa” – Storied Places of Kaliuwaa (1861) • 18 He Kanikau–Kaluanui Referenced in a Chant of Lamentation (1862) • 21 Kamapua‘a, the Lono Class of Priests, and Lands Associated with Them (1868-1870) • 22 “Kumumanao” – A Subject of Thought (1874) • 23 He Mo‘olelo Ka‘ao o Kamapua‘a – Legendary Tradition of Kamapua‘a” (1891) • 25 “Na Anoai o Oahu Nei” – The News of Oahu (1930) • 26 Section II. Traditions and Historical Descriptions of the Land Recorded by Foreign Residents and Visitors • 27 The Tradition of Kaliuwa‘a and Kamapua‘a (1839) • 27 “History of the Hawaiian Islands” (J. Jarves, 1874) • 30 “The Hawaiian Kingdom Statistical and Commercial Directory and Tourists Guide” (G. Bowser, 1880) • 31 The Tourist’s Guide Through the Hawaiian Islands (H.M. Whitney, 1890) • 33 “Kaliuwaa: Scene of the Demigod Kamapuaa’s Escape from Olopana” (1912) • 34 Abraham Fornander’s Tradition of Kamapua‘a (1919) • 37 Sites of Oahu (1978) • 40 “Sacred Falls” – A Visitor Attraction in the 1950s • 41 He Wahi Mo‘olelo no Kaluanui ma Ko‘olauloa Kumu Pono Associates A Collection of Traditions and Historical Recollections of Kaluanui & Kaliuwa‘a OaKalu77(c)-022504:iv M$HELE ‘$INA–LAND TENURE DEFINED IN THE LAND DIVISION • 42 Kaluanui in the Mahele Book of 1848, and Disposition of the Land • 43 Hoa‘+ina Claims at Kaluanui: M+hele ‘,ina Registration, Testimonies, and Surveys of Claims • 44 Additional Awards Adjoining Kaluanui • 100 “HUI HOOLIMALIMA AINA O KALUANUI” (LEASE-HOLD LAND ASSOCIATION OF KALUANUI) • 101 BOUNDARY COMMISSION PROCEEDINGS (1886): KALUANUI AND VICINITY – TESTIMONY AND DESCRIPTIONS OF BOUNDARIES AND FEATURES • 105 Kaluanui Ahupuaa, District of Koolauloa, Island of Oahu • 105 Punaluu Ahupuaa, District of Koolauloa, Island of Oahu • 108 A CHRONOLOGICAL

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