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Municipal Solid Waste Landfills and Their Impact on Rural Areas

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Municipal Solid Waste Landfills and Their Impact on Rural Areas Accepted Manuscript Waste management in Ukraine: Municipal solid waste landfills and their impact on rural areas Nataliia Makarenko, Oleg Budak PII: S1512-1887(17)30020-9 DOI: 10.1016/j.aasci.2017.02.009 Reference: AASCI 87 To appear in: Annals of Agrarian Sciences Received Date: 10 June 2016 Accepted Date: 7 September 2016 Please cite this article as: N. Makarenko, O. Budak, Waste management in Ukraine: Municipal solid waste landfills and their impact on rural areas, Annals of Agrarian Sciences (2017), doi: 10.1016/ j.aasci.2017.02.009. This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT Annals of Agrarian Science vol. 15, no.1, 2017 Waste management in Ukraine: municipal solid waste landfills and their impact on rural areas Nataliia Makarenko*, Oleg Budak National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine 16, potehina Str., Kiev, 03041, Ukraine Received: 10 June 2016; Accepted: 07 September 2016 Corresponding author: Natalia Makarenko [email protected] A B S T R A C T The article presents the results of a study of the influence of Myronivka municipal solid waste landfill in the surrounding rural areas. It is established that environmentally hazardous situation has generated in the locations of the landfills causes dissatisfaction among the local population. It is shown that incorrect use may be the cause of the deterioration of quality of drinking water, atmospheric air, sanitary and hygienic condition of agricultural soils. It is established that the effect of the landfill extends beyond the sanitary protection zone, therefore there is a need to improve its monitoring system with obligatory consideration of impacts on adjacent rural areas. The size of the normative sanitary-protective zone was specified under the actual level of air pollution and natural factors. It is shown that such a scientific and methodical approach can provide a more objective establishment of the sanitary protection zone. In turn, this will provide an opportunity to take appropriate organizational and managerial decisions on the placement of different objects and prevent the negative impactMANUSCRIPT of landfills on rural areas. Keywords: municipal solid waste landfills, rural areas, sanitary protection area, hazardous substances, phytotoxicity of soil, environmental monitoring. Corresponding author: Makarenko Natalia, E-mail address: [email protected] --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Introduction In the resolution of the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) "The Future we want" of June 27, 2012 a weighty place is given to the struggle against waste [1]. In Ukraine the problem of waste management is extremely urgent. According to official data [2] Ukraine produces about 45 million m3 of waste annually, which is buried on 6.7 thousand dumps and landfills with a total area of more than 10 hectares. Footprint of municipal solid waste landfills is up to over 1000 ha in some regions of Ukraine (Fig. 1). ACCEPTED ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT Fig. 1. Ukraine: the footprint of municipal solid waste landfills [2] It is known that the impact of municipal solid waste landfills can cause pollution of all environmental components. The study of the impact of municipal solid waste landfills on the environment dedicated to the scientific works of many scientists. Thus, in particular, it has been studied the question using of epiphytic lichens as indicator of environmental pollution around municipal solid waste landfills [3] developed the basic methodological principles of an optimal collection of biogas, with the aim of reducingMANUSCRIPT the environmental load on the atmosphere [4]. Ghanbari, F. et al., has been proposed a new method of environmental assessment of municipal solid waste landfills [5]. An adjacent ecosystems and ecosystems at large distances from a municipal solid waste landfill due to the migration of harmful substances from natural waters and air masses are fall under the contamination as evidenced by studies [6-8]. The study of the adverse effects of municipal solid waste landfills on public health is devoted to scholarly works Mattiello, A. [9] N. Gouveia and R. R. do Prado [10]. K. I., Kovalova, A. S. Yakovlev and others [11] have developed the basic principles of organization of monitoring of municipal solid waste landfills; A. A. Zaitsev, S. V. Isaev and Y. V. Panin [12] created a database of the results of the monitoring of municipal solid waste landfills using GIS-technologies. Ukrainian municipal solid waste landfills are mainly bordering with rural areas and it can be the cause of the deterioration eco-toxicological state of soil, natural waters and agricultural products. Municipal solid waste landfills are objects of high environmental hazard for which the monitoring is a mandatory requirement of the Regulation of Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine dated 28.08.13 No. 808 "On the approval of list of activities and objects of high environmental hazard" [13] and it shall be done in accordance with the order of the Ministry of housing and communal services of Ukraine from 02.10.10 № 295 "On approval of methodological recommendationsACCEPTED on introduction of monitoring system in the sphere of solid household waste management" [14]. A measure of the spread of harmful substances from municipal solid waste landfills is the establishment of a sanitary protection zone (SPZ), which has the shape of a radius of 500 metres [15]. Now SPZ is installed without regard to the topography, climatic conditions, peculiarities of water use in human settlements and peculiarities of agricultural activities. We can assume that SPZ will not always guarantee the absence of negative impact of a municipal solid waste landfill on human health and the environment. Therefore, one of the solutions to the ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT problems of safe waste management in Ukraine is improvement of system of monitoring of municipal solid waste landfills with subsequent adjustment of the protective sanitary zone. Materials and methods The study had been carried out in Myronivka district, Kyiv oblast, Ukraine for 2013-2016. The municipal solid waste landfill in Myronivka which has been operated from 1958 was researched and it is the representative object for the conditions of Ukraine [16]. The landfill is located in the North-Eastern part of Myronivka city. The land area under the landfill is 4.7 hectares, the total amount of buried waste is 100 thousand tons [17]. Myronivka territory of the municipal solid waste landfill is bordered by agricultural fields of enterprises LTD named after Buznytskyi, what are cultivated crops (Fig.2). The distance to the nearest residential development to the South-West is 800 m, distance to Rosavka river is 1400 m. The territory which has fallen under the influence of the landfill has a general South-East slope. Hydrogeological conditions of region are characterized by an unconfined aquifer. The level of groundwater in the upper part of the landfill is 10 m and it is 3.6 m at the bottom [18]. The movement of groundwater coincides with an overall reduction of absolute marks of the earth in the direction of Rosavka river. The power of an aquifer occurs by infiltration of precipitation. The nearest water intake is located for 700 m from the site (Pionerska street, Myronivka city). To account for the impacts of the landfill on the surrounding agricultural areas, samples were taken of soil, plants, water, atmospheric air at the places marked in the diagram (Fig. 3). MANUSCRIPT Fig. 2. Myronivka municipal solid waste landfill: 1 - landfill, 2 – agricultural fields (the photo of ACCEPTEDGoogle Earth, 2014) ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT Fig. 3. Myronivka municipal solid waste landfill: I – landfill, II – agricultural fields; the sampling sites of soil – 1, the sampling sites of groundwater – 2, the sampling sites of atmospheric air – 3 (the photo of Google Earth, 2014) The soil sampling conducted at the landfill site and within the sanitary protection zone and at a distance of 1500 m from the landfill. In the samples was determined by microbiological and chemical properties: the phyto-toxicity accordingMANUSCRIPT to the method of A. M. Grodzynskyi and 0.0. Berestetskyi (Biotest - Hordeum sativum), the content of total microbial biomass was determined re-gyration method, the intensity of the “breathing” of the soil by absorption method Shtatnov. Titer of group intestinal sticks (coliforms) bacteria and the presence of pathogens by the titrating method and the titer of Cl. Perfringens by the method of the filter in the Petri dishes. Groundwater samples which were taken from monitored bores and landfill wells located in the surrounding areas. The sanitary - hygienic and hydro-chemical indicators were determined in the samples: total iron content by atomic absorption, ammonium by potentiometric method, nitrate by molecular spectrometry, chloride by absorption method liquid chromatography. Total microbial count (TMC) and enterococci were determined by the method of deep sowing water in a nutrient medium with subsequent inoculation to dense elective environment and identification of colonies. Determination of total coliforms and e.coli was performed using test kits COLILERT-18. Sampling of atmospheric air was carried out at the landfill site (waste storage sites), at a distance of 50, 200 and 500 m from it (in the direction of the most frequency of wind in the warm season), and outside the sanitary protection zone (within residential development) on the leeward side. Specific contaminants that characterize the waste decomposition have been identified in the samples: contentACCEPTED of carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, toluene, xylene and dust by photo-colorimetry method and using of gas analyzer [19,20].
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