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Language Rich Europe Project Is Delivered by a Consortium of Over 30 Partners Published by The Language Rich Europe project is delivered by a consortium of over 30 partners LANGUAGE RICH EUROPE TRENDS IN POLICIES AND PRACTICES LANGUAGE RICH EUROPE FOR MULTILINGUALISM IN EUROPE EDITORS: Guus Extra and Kutlay Yağmur DET DANSKE KULTURINSTITUT INSTITUTE CULTUREL DANOIS DEENS CULTUREEL INSTITUUT GuusExtra Ya and Kutlay Sponsored by ğ mur www.language-rich.eu With the support of: © British Council 2012 Brand and Design / C001 Published by The British Council creates international opportunities for the people This project has been funded with support from the European Commission. of the UK and other countries and builds trust between them worldwide. This publication reflects the views only of the authors, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the A registered charity: 209131 (England and Wales) SC037733 (Scotland). information contained therein. LANGUAGE RICH EUROPE TRENDS IN POLICIES AND PRACTICES FOR MULTILINGUALISM IN EUROPE EDITORS: Guus Extra and Kutlay Yağmur With the support of: This project has been funded with support from the European Commission. This publication reflects the views only of the authors, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein. Published by Cambridge University Press, on behalf of the British Council. November 2012. © Language Rich Europe, British Council. You can copy, download (www.language-rich.eu) or print content of Language Rich Europe for your own use and you can include excerpts from Language Rich Europe in your own documents, presentation, blogs, website and teaching materials, provided that suitable acknowledgements of the Langauge Rich Europe publication as source and copyright owner British Council are given. All requests for public or commercial use and translation rights should be submitted to [email protected]. The responsibility for ideas or opinions expressed in this publication lies with the authors. The European Commission is not responsible for those ideas or opinions nor for any use that may be made of them. Printed and bound in Italy by Rotolito Lombarda SpA LANGUAGE RICH EUROPE CONTENts ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 2 PART 3: NATIONAL AND REGIONAL PROFILES Introduction Guus Extra, Martin Hope & Kutlay Yağmur ............................75 InTRODUCTION 1. Austria Tanja Nagel, Anke Schad, Barbara Semmler and Martin Hope �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 6 Michael Wimmer ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 83 KEY FINDIngS anD DISCUSSION 2. Bosnia and Herzegovina Jasmin Džindo and Selma Žeri´c .........91 ....................................................................................................... Guus Extra and Kutlay Yağmur ............................................................................................................8 3. Bulgaria Gueorgui Jetchev 97 4. Denmark Sabine Kirchmeier-Andersen ............................................................. 104 PART 1: TOwaRDS EUROpean InDIcaTORS OF LangUage 5. Estonia Kersti Sõstar ......................................................................................................................111 POLICIES anD PRacTIceS 6. France Louis-Jean Calvet ........................................................................................................119 Guus Extra and Kutlay Yağmur ........................................................................................................13 7. Germany Ingrid Gogolin, Joana Duarte, Patrick Grommes........126 1.1 European actors in promoting 8. Greece Sara Hannam and Evagelia Papathanasiou ........................131 multilingualism and plurilingualism ................................................................................14 9. Hungary Csilla Bartha..................................................................................................................138 1.2 The trilingual formula and plurilingualism ...........................................................19 10. Italy Monica Barni ..............................................................................................................................146 1.3 Language varieties explored in the project................................................... 20 11. Lithuania Irena Smetoniene˙ and Julija Moskvina ..................................154 1.4 Language domains addressed in the survey ............................................... 22 12. Netherlands Saskia Benedictus-van den Berg ........................................162 1.5 Data collection and the three-cities approach ......................................... 23 12.1 Netherlands at large ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������162 1.6 Research methodology ................................................................................................................ 25 12.2 Friesland ..........................................................................................................................................169 PART 2: CROSS-NATIONAL ANALYSIS OF THE LangUage 13. Poland Liliana Szczuka-Dorna ..........................................................................................173 RICH EUROpe RESULTS 14. Portugal J. Lachlan Mackenzie ...................................................................................... 180 Kutlay Yağmur, Guus Extra and Marlies Swinkels .................................................. 28 15. Romania Alexandru Cernat, Anca Nedelcu, 2.1 Languages in official documents and databases .................................. 29 Stefan Colibaba, C˘alin Rus, Ruxandra Popovici ......................................187 2.2 Languages in pre-primary education ..................................................................... 34 16. Spain .....................................................................................................................................................................194 2.3 Languages in primary education................................................................................... 38 16.1 Madrid, Valencia, Sevilla Marta Genís ..................................................194 2.4 Languages in secondary education ......................................................................... 46 16.2 Catalonia F. Xavier Vila i Moreno ������������������������������������������������������������������201 2.5 Cross-sectional perspectives on (pre-)primary 16.3 Basque Country Iván Igartua, Xabier Zabaltza ....................208 and secondary education ........................................................................................................ 54 17. Switzerland Raphael Berthele, Bernhard Lindt-Bangerter, 2.6 Languages in further and higher education ������������������������������������������������� 56 Susanne Obermayer ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������215 2.7 Languages in audiovisual media and press ................................................... 60 18. Ukraine Lyubov Naydonova ...............................................................................................225 2.8 Languages in public services and spaces ...................................................... 63 19. United Kingdom ..................................................................................................................................232 2.9 Languages in business .................................................................................................................. 66 19.1 England Teresa Tinsley and Philip Harding-Esch ................232 2.10 Cross-sectional perspectives on multilingual 19.2 Wales Hywel Jones ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 240 profiles beyond education ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������70 19.3 Scotland Teresa Tinsley and Philip Harding-Esch ...............247 References in Parts I and 2 .................................................................................................................71 19.4 Northern Ireland Teresa Tinsley and Glossary ........................................................................................................................................................................... 73 Philip Harding-Esch.................................................................................................. 254 1 LANGUAGE RICH EUROPE ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The British Council wishes to thank the following persons Partner consortium: and institutions for their contributions to the publication. This first edition of Language Rich Europe – Trends in policies Language Rich Europe co-ordination team: and practices for multilingualism in Europe has been produced thanks to the extensive, long-term collaboration of our consortium Karin Berkhout, Secretary of Babylon, Tilburg University of trusted partners, to whom we are extremely grateful for their Professor Guus Extra, Chair of Language and Minorities, energy and commitment: Tilburg University Austria: EDUCULT – Institute
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