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Golden Palaung Asia-Pacific Linguistics Open Access Monographs ____________________________________________________ SEAsian Mainland Languages E-Series (SEAMLES) College of Asia and the Pacific The Australian National University Golden Palaung A grammatical description Pandora Mak A-PL 003 / SEAMLES 002 This is a grammar of Golden Palaung (Saam-Loong) according to data elicited, collected, and analyzed between July 2010 to May 2012. It is an Austroasiatic (Mon- Khmer) language spoken in the Namhsan area, Northern Shan State, Myanmar. The grammar is written primarily for the language community, using common terminology and local orthography as well as phonetic notation. It is supplemented with a lexicon of Golden Palaung occurring in the textual examples. URL: http://hdl.handle.net/1885/9558 Asia-Pacific Linguistics Open Access Monographs ____________________________________________ SEAsian Mainland Languages E-Series (SEAMLES) SEAMLES EDITORIAL BOARD : Paul Sidwell (Australian National University) Managing Editor Mathias Jenny (University of Zurich) Stephen Morey (La Trobe University) Pittayawat (Joe) Pittayaporn (Chulalongkorn University) Mark Alves (Montgomery College) Gwendolyn Hyslop (Australian National University) Published by Asia-Pacific Linguistics (SEAMLES) College of Asia and the Pacific The Australian National University Canberra ACT 2600 Australia Copyright in this edition is vested with the author(s) Released under Creative Commons License (Attribution) First published: 2012 National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication entry: Author: Mak, Pandora. Title: Golden Palaung [electronic resource] : a grammatical description / Pandora Mak. ISBN: 9781922185020 (ebook) Notes: Includes bibliographical references. Subjects: Austroasiatic languages--Grammar. Palaung language--Grammar. Burma--Languages--Grammar. Other Authors/ Australian National University. Contributors: Asia-Pacific Linguistics Open Access. Dewey Number: 495.8 Acknowledgements This grammar is done in the midst of limitations and challenges, from July 2010 to May 2012. Its completion owes to many friends, especially Dr. Hermann Janzen. In various ways he encouraged the work since December 2009. The author appreciates very much some educated and respectable native Golden Palaung (Saam-Loong) speakers, including ဦးေမာင်ေကျာ် (U Maung Kyaw) in Namhsan for providing quality data to start with, တာဆဲင်လီ ဦးေအာင်ခင် (U Aung Khin) in Namhsan for his patient answering my numerous questions and for his openness to discussion, and ဦးထွန်းဝ (U Htun Wa) in Yangon for his explanation on nuance of some difficult words in different usages. The author is grateful to the Golden Palaung (Saam-Loong) community, especially the extended family of တာဆဲင်လီ ဦးေအာင်ခင် (U Aung Khin), for their warm hospitality and friendship. It is really a bonus. Also, the author would like to honour Mrs. M. L. Milne who made great effort in Golden Palaung study some a hundred years ago. It is really a privilege to carry forward Milne’s work. Lastly, this grammar is written in memory of the late Dr. Paulette Hopple, from whom the author first learned about Palaungic language cluster and through whom she felt compelled to work for this people group. She is thankful to be involved in the work for Golden Palaung, which is one of Dr. Hopple’s unfulfilled last wishes. Publication of this write-up owes much to personnel of Asia-Pacific Linguistics for valuable advice and help in review and format editing. Though this grammar is not perfect yet, may it be a blessing to Golden Palaung people, and may the people who helped in the process, no matter mentioned here or not, share the joy and satisfaction. Pandora Mak Yangon, Myanmar May 2012 Contents Abbreviations vii 1. Introduction 1 2. Orthography 4 3. Phonological Notes 5 3.1. Syllable Structure 5 3.2. Consonants and Vowels 5 3.3. Some Simple Allophoney Rules 7 4. Clause Structure 8 4.1. SUBJECT -PREDICATE Clause Structure 8 4.2. Non-SUBJECT -PREDICATE Clause Structure 9 5. Clause Constituents 11 5.1. SUBJECT 12 5.2. PREDICATE 15 5.2.1. Transitive PREDICATE 15 5.2.2. Intransitive PREDICATE 17 5.2.3. Attributive PREDICATE 19 5.2.4. Linking PREDICATE 20 5.3. COMPLEMENT 21 5.4. ATTRIBUTIVE 22 5.5. PRE -CENTRAL MODIFIER 26 5.6. POST -CENTRAL MODIFIER 28 5.7. CLAUSE MODIFIER 29 5.8. RECAP 33 5.9. PARENTHESIS 35 5.10. ADDRESS 36 5.11. INTERJECTION 36 6. Clause Types 38 6.1. Indicative Clause 38 6.2. Interrogative Clause 39 6.2.1. Content Interrogative Clause 39 6.2.2. Option Interrogative Clause 41 6.2.3. Yes-or-no Interrogative Clause 42 6.2.4. Rhetorical Interrogative Clause 43 6.3. Imperative Clause 44 6.4. Subjunctive Clause 46 6.5. Exclamation Clause 47 7. Extension of Clause 48 7.1. Compact Clause (CpCl) 48 7.2. Sentence (Sent) 50 7.2.1. Coordinative (COOR) Sentence 50 7.2.2. Selective (SELECT) Sentence 51 iv Golden Palaung v 7.2.3. Chronolgoical (CHRON) Sentence 52 7.2.3.1. General Chronologial Sentence 52 7.2.3.2. Reversal Chronologial Sentence 53 7.2.3.3. Concurrent Chronologial Sentence 53 7.2.4. Contrastive (CONTR) Sentence 54 7.2.5. Concessive (CONCS) Sentence 55 7.2.5.1. Factual Concessive Sentence 55 7.2.5.2. Hypothetical Concessive Sentence 56 7.2.5.3. Imperative Concessive Sentence 57 7.2.6 Causative (CAUSE) Sentence 57 7.2.6.1. Explanatory Causative Sentence 57 7.2.6.2. Deductive Causative Sentence 60 7.2.7 Conditional (COND) Sentence 61 7.2.7.1. Hypothetical Conditional Sentence 61 7.2.7.2. Unconditional Sentence 62 7.2.7.3. Rhetorical Conditional Sentence 63 7.2.8 Generalizative (GEN) Sentence 63 7.2.9 Progressive (PROG) Sentence 64 7.2.9.1. Scope Progressive Sentence 64 7.2.9.2. Degree Progressive Sentence 66 7.2.10. Analogic (ANALOG) Sentence 67 7.2.11. Multi-layer Sentence 68 8. Word Structure 70 8.1. Simple Word 71 8.2. Derivative 71 8.3. Compound 74 8.3.1. Coordination (COOR) Compound 75 8.3.2. Head-Modifier (HM) Compound 76 8.3.3. Supplement-Main (SM) Compound 77 8.3.4. Verb-Object (VO) Compound 77 8.3.5. Subject-Predicate (SP) Compound 77 8.3.6. Numeral Compound 78 9. Word Class 79 9.1. Content Word 79 9.1.1. Noun (n) 79 9.1.2. Referential Noun (n-ref) 80 9.1.3. Verb (v) 81 9.1.4. Adjective (adj) 82 9.1.5. Auxiliary Verb (aux) 84 9.1.6. Adverb (adv) 85 9.1.7. Quantifier (quan) 85 9.1.8. Measure (meas) 86 9.1.9. Demonstrative (dem) 87 9.1.10. Proform 88 9.1.10.1. Personal Pronoun (prn-per) 88 9.1.10.2. Reflexive Personal Pronoun (prn-refl) 89 9.1.10.3. Demonstrative pronoun (prn-dem) 94 9.1.10.4. Indefinite Pronoun (prn-indef) 95 9.1.10.5. Embedded Pronoun (prn-emb) 95 9.1.10.6. Interrogative (interrog) 96 9.2. Function Word 98 9.2.1. Connective (conn) 98 9.2.2. Particle (prt) 100 9.2.2.1. Structural Particle (prt-struc) 100 9.2.2.2. Nominal Particle (prt-n) 100 vi Contents 9.2.2.3. Verbal Particle (prt-v) 100 9.2.2.4. Mood Particle (prt-mood) 102 9.2.2.5. Question Particle (prt-q) 103 9.2.3. Interjection (interj) 103 9.2.4. Onomatopoeic Word (onom) 104 9.3. Multiple Word Class 104 10. Extension of Word 108 10.1. Nominal Phrase 108 10.1.1. Noun Phrase (NP) 108 10.1.1.1. Coordination (COOR) Noun Phrase 110 10.1.1.2. Head-Modifier (HM) Noun Phrase 111 10.1.1.3. Supplement-Main (SM) Noun Phrase 113 10.1.2. Referential Noun Phrase (RNP) 114 10.1.3. Apposition (APP) 117 10.1.4. Quantifier Phrase (QP) 117 10.2. Verbal Phrase 127 10.2.1. Subject-Predicate (SP) Verbal Phrase 122 10.2.2. Verb-Object (VO) Verbal Phrase 122 10.2.3. Head-Modifier (HM) Verbal Phrase 123 10.2.4. Supplement-Main (SM) Verbal Phrase 124 10.2.5. Coordination (COOR) Verbal Phrase 125 10.2.6. Verb Chain (VV) 127 10.2.7. Complex Verbal Phrase 128 10.3. Contrast between Word and Phrase 131 11. Embedding 132 11.1. Clause-in-Phrase Embedding 132 11.1.1. Embedded Clause (EmCl) 132 11.1.2. Temporal Embedded Clause (EmCl-temp) 136 11.2. Phrase-in-Phrase Embedding 140 11.3. Clause-in-Clause Embedding 142 11.4. Sentence-in-Sentence Embedding 144 12. Omitting Clause Constituent 145 13. Fronting Clause Constituent 146 14. Reduplication 149 References 152 Appendix: Golden Palaung Lexicon 154 Abbreviations Example Reference 2M The story ‘ အာကႈဂါရ်အာအံပ်’ – 1132 words Ab The story ‘ အဘူတ်’ – 545 words AbR The story ‘ အဘူတ်’ (ed.) – 546 words Couple The text ‘ တေယာဂါရ်ယာယာႇ ’ – 1291 words Dict Palaung-Burmese Dictionary 2003 Est The story ‘ ယာခန်ေဟာခံမ် အဲဆထံရ်’ – 4268 words GF The story ‘ နာင်ကာခီရ်’ – 1649 words M Palaung Magazine 1999 MG Examples from Milne’s grammar Pock The text ‘ အဘိင်ကာမ်လ ’ – 3351 words WL 1655-word list WS The story ‘ ေဟာည်ေဘာႇ ’ (transcribed from Milne’s original) – 2726 words WSR The story ‘ အပမ် ေဟာည်ေဘာႇ ’ (first rewrite) – 1850 words WSR2 The story ‘ အပမ် ေဟာည်ေဘာႇ ’ (second rewrite) – 4630 words Word Class adj adjective n-ref referential noun adj-qual qualitative adjective n-spat spatial noun adj-quan quantitative adjective n-temp temporal noun adj-stat stative adjective nclass noun classifer adv adverb neg negator adv-cl clause adverb num numeral adv-deg degree adverb num.card cardinal adv-mann manner adverb num.ord ordinal adv-mood mood adverb onom onomatopoeic word adv-scope scope adverb plmk dual/plural marker aux-asp aspect auxiliary verb prn pronoun aux-cap capability auxiliary verb prn-dem demonstrative pronoun aux-intent intention auxiliary verb prn-emb embedded pronoun card-coeff cardinal coefficient prn-indef indefinite pronoun card-place cardinal place prn-per personal pronoun conn-cl clause connective prn-refl reflexive personal pronoun conn-ph phrase connective prt-mood mood particle dem demonstrative prt-n nominal particle interj interjection
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