GGLOBAL LLIVESTOCK CRSPCRSP AANNUAL RREPORT 20032003 EDITED BY JENNI STRAND COVER PHOTO BY MONTAGUE W. DEMMENT DESIGNED BY SUSAN L. JOHNSON Published by the Global Livestock CRSP, Management Entity, University of California, Davis, 258 Hunt Hall, Davis, California 95616. Telephone: (530) 752-1721. Fax: (530) 752-7523. Email: [email protected]. Web Site: http://glcrsp.ucdavis.edu. The rich bird life of the alkaline Rift Valley lakes of East Africa is an important component of the region's biodiversity that attract thousands of tourists. These lakes are closed hydrological systems into which waterflows are critical to their maintenance and survival. In such systems, the nature of the quality and quantity of water inputs is an extremely critical component of their survival as an ecosystem. Our SUMAWA project addresses the contribution of the Njoro River to Lake Nakuru, one of the region's most visited lake-based national parks. The ability to understand and influence the impacts of land use, development, and population demands are vital to the future of these Rift Valley lakes and their biodiversity and are the objectives of the SUMAWA project. This publication was made possible through support provided in part by US Universities, host country institutions and the Office of Agriculture and Food Security, Global Bureau, United States Agency for International Development, under Grant No. PCE-G-00-98-00036-00. The opinions expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the U.S. Agency for International Development. PRINTED ON RECYCLED PAPER TTABLE OF CCONTENTS FOREWORD i OVERVIEW iv PROJECTS EAST AFRICA Early Warning System for Monitoring Livestock Nutrition and Health for Food Security of Humans in East Africa ............................................................. 1 Improving Pastoral Risk Management on East African Rangelands ................................ 36 Sustainable Management of Watersheds: The River Njoro, Kenya ................................. 81 Integrated Assessment of Pastoral - Wildlife Interactions in East Africa ........................ 102 Livestock Marketing in Kenya and Ethiopia ................................................................ 118 Managing National Parks in the Context of Changing Human Populations and Economics: Strengthening Collaboration Between Researchers and Managers Working In and Around Serengeti and Yellowstone National Parks ................................................ 124 LATIN AMERICA Community Planning for Sustainable Livestock-Based Forested Ecosystems in Latin America................................................................... 129 CENTRAL ASIA Livestock Development and Rangeland Conservation Tools for Central Asia................. 179 CENTRAL ASIA SMALL GRANTS Linking Sheep Producers and Markets......................................................................... 198 Feasibility of Market Development and Support Services for Livestock Products in Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan .................................................................................................... 204 Improving Wool Production and Marketing Through Wool Pools in Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan .......................................................................................................... 224 Co-Benefits of Grassland Regeneration of Abandoned Wheat Areas for Carbon Sequestration, Livestock Productivity, Biological Conservation, and Socio-Economic Development ... 237 APPENDIX Project Expenditures ................................................................................................... 253 Glossary ..................................................................................................................... 259 PPREFACE Each year, the Global Livestock Collaborative Research Support Program publishes an annual report in compliance with grant requirements. The 2003 Annual Report documents work completed during the fiscal year, October 2002 - September 2003. The principal investigators for each project submit reports on research conducted with GL-CRSP funding. Each report is the expression of the principal investigator with minor editing by the Management Entity. All individual reports give the name, address, telephone, fax number and email address of the principal investigator for that project. Inquiries are welcome. Jenni Strand Annual Report Coordinator S Annual Report 2003 FOREWORD: TIME AND DEVELOPMENT By Dr. Montague W. Demment Director, Global Livestock CRSP e have a national obsession with Confederation (1775) to a ratified Constitution time. Technology has connected (1789) was years, while the Afghans have W us to each other, to information, to debated and delivered in months. pleasure and tragedy so instantaneously that The aftermath of the Iraqi war is also as we click the remote through our daily lives, illustrative. Many expected that a war won we demand instantaneous satisfactions, would quickly translate into a nation, responses, and results. I am not sure this brings productive and peaceful, that would set an us a better life, but it certainly affects how we example for the Middle East. The aftermath view development. of the war, the seemingly slow progress to The pace of this style of life has both a national development (both in Iraq and positive and negative impact on those of us Afghanistan) strikes many Americans as a working in international development. There failure and a frustration. is no question that the demand for results from Unlike our ability at home to get what we our international assistance is both reasonable want pretty much when we want it, the pace and required, but the timeframe for our of national development is slow. The expectations is often inappropriate and development of constitutions, institutions, and counterproductive. The “results now” attitude human capital takes decades not months. that has evolved in international affairs can Bringing new order to a society whose be a dangerous and unproductive approach and framework has been destroyed or is totally often results, strangely enough, from a lack of unadapted to the modern environment is a perspective on our part to our own history and lifelong challenge. development as a nation. In a recent review The problem facing international of his experience in international development, development is that the time dimension is not Carl Eicher concludes: “fifty years of donor well appreciated by those controlling the flow experience in Africa has shown that successful of funding, and by the general public. We institution building is an accretionary and expect that with the infusion of relatively small almost invisible process that requires a multi- amounts of funds over short periods of time generational time span and learning from that nations will develop in measurable ways. experience.” The recent frustration expressed How long has it taken for us to develop? I in the media and reflected in political circles expect that many of those controlling the purse with the delays in agreeing on an Afghan strings for national development here would constitution is an interesting example. We may have given up on the early stages of our forget that the time it took to see our own development process in the 1800s. Fortunately Constitution evolve from the Articles of for us, we had a remarkable combination of i Global Livestock CRSP people, natural resources, and a relatively project that conducted a large and complex clean historical slate that allowed our intervention project to determine directly the accelerated pace of development. But that impact of ASF on the development of Kenyan said, this process took decades (if not a children. The results are a testimony to the century) that included our worst war and impressive impact of small amounts of ASF secession. on children’s capacity that will impact all Development takes time. In this year, we aspects of their productive lives. Hopefully, have at the GL-CRSP brought to fruition an the wide dissemination of these results will idea, an important concept, that has taken 15 have a major influence on how we plan years to nurture: the recent publication of a development interventions in nutrition and volume of the Journal of Nutrition devoted to agriculture. It took time and long-term our work on the link between human nutrition, commitments to develop this concept. human capacity, and national development. The message here, whether it be rebuilding The initial seeds for the concept were planted a nation or understanding how to develop a in the 1980s. USAID funded the Nutrition productive person, is that these processes take CRSP, which did a remarkable study to time. By succumbing to the pace we have identify factors that affected the development defined for ourselves, we are losing our of children. The work was done in three perspective on the pace of development for developing countries on two continents and others and we are apt to make bad development indicated the importance of animal source investments and poor program design. The foods on the cognitive development of recent hints that USAID will devote more children. The research was correlative but the resources to human capacity building are relationship strong, indicating that animal encouraging. Both research and human source foods (ASF) were the only dietary capacity building are sustainable interventions factor that predicted cognitive performance. that have long-term impacts. In the early 1990s, a group here at UC Most all of us in