FREEDOM TO THRIVE REIMAGINING SAFETY & SECURITY IN OUR COMMUNITIES

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

About the Authors The Center for Popular Democracy (CPD) is a national network of 48 grassroots organizations in 32 states, Washington, D.C., and Puerto Rico. CPD works to create equity, opportunity, and a dynamic democracy in partnership with high-impact base-building organizations, organizing alliances, and progressive unions. CPD strengthens our collective capacity to envision and win an innovative pro-worker, pro-immigrant, racial and economic justice agenda. CPD’s Racial Justice Campaign works in collaboration and solidarity with our partners and allies across the country for an end to discriminatory and oppressive policies which marginalize Black people and other communities of color.

Law for Black Lives is a network of over 3,000 radical lawyers, law students, and legal workers committed to helping build the power of Black communities and organizers. Formed out of the uprisings in Ferguson and Baltimore, Law for Black Lives works with individuals and organizations across the country to embolden, defend and protect the ongoing movement for Black liberation.

Black Youth Project 100 (BYP100) is an activist member- based organization of Black 18–35 year old abolitionist freedom fighters moving toward liberation using a Black Queer Feminist lens. BYP100 is building a network focused on transformative leadership development; grassroots, direct action, and digital organizing; policy advocacy; and political education. BYP100 envisions a world where all Black people have economic, social, political, and educational freedom.

This report was written by Kate Hamaji and Kumar Rao of the Center for Popular Democracy, Marbre Stahly-Butts of Law for Black Lives, and Janaé Bonsu, Charlene Carruthers, Roselyn Berry, and Denzel McCampbell of BYP100, in collaboration with 27 local organizations around the country.

Special thanks to Maggie Corser, Michele Kilpatrick, and Patrick Stegemoeller for research support, and Jennifer Epps-Addison, Andrew Friedman, and Tracey Corder for their invaluable edits. The report was designed by John Emerson and SooYoung VanDeMark.

i Finally, we would also like to thank and acknowledge the significant input and critical work of the following organizations:

Action Now (Illinois) Mijente actionnow.org mijente.net

Alliance of Californians for Community Empowerment Missourians Organizing for Reform and Empowerment acceaction.org organizemo.org

ArchCity Defenders (Missouri) Neighborhoods Organizing for Change (Minnesota) archcitydefenders.org mnnoc.org

#ATLisReady (Georgia) New Florida Majority atlisready.black newfloridamajority.org/wp

Black Alliance for Just Immigration (New York) New Georgia Project blackalliance.org newgeorgiaproject.org

BYP100 New York Communities for Change byp100.org nycommunities.org

Californians for Safety and Justice Organize Florida safeandjust.org orgfl.org

CASA (Maryland) Organized Communities Against Deportations (Illinois) wearecasa.org organizedcommunities.org

Community United for Police Reform (New York) Prison & Family Justice Project (Michigan) changethenypd.org law.umich.edu/centersandprograms/pcl/Pages/pfjp.aspx

Dignity & Power Now (California) SNaP Coalition (Georgia) dignityandpowernow.org rjactioncenter.org/snap

Ella Baker Center (California) Take Action Minnesota ellabakercenter.org takeactionminnesota.org

Good Jobs Detroit (Michigan) VOCAL-NY goodjobsnow.org vocal-ny.org

Make the Road New York Youth Justice Coalition (California) maketheroadny.org youth4justice.org

Maryland Communities United communitiesunite.org

ii Freedom to Thrive: Reimagining Safety & Security in Our Communities CONTENTS

Acknowledgements i Executive Summary 1 Introduction 3 Budget Analysis 101 5 Budget Profiles 7 Atlanta 8 Baltimore 13 Chicago 19 Contra Costa County 25 Detroit 31 Houston 37 Los Angeles 43 Minneapolis 49 New York City 55 Oakland 61 Orlando 67 St. Louis County 71

A Call to Action from the People: 79 Participatory Budgeting: A Model for Community Control over Money Conclusion 81 Citations 82 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Over the last 30 years, at both the national and from police and prisons towards communities local levels, governments have dramatically and their development. We call this the invest/ increased their spending on criminalization, divest framework. We also offer a “Budget 101” policing, and mass incarceration while to help readers understand some of the terms drastically cutting investments in basic reflected in this report, and provide a general infrastructure and slowing investment in framework of budget analysis and advocacy. social safety net programs.1 At the end of the report we highlight the The choice to resource punitive systems instead potential impact of participatory budgeting, a of stabilizing and nourishing ones does not popular financial governance strategy which make communities safer. Instead, study can assist advocates and communities in after study shows that a living wage, access advancing the invest/divest framework. to holistic health services and treatment, educational opportunity, and stable housing Key Findings are far more successful in reducing crime than police or prisons.2 • Among the jurisdictions profiled, police spending vastly outpaces expenditures in This report examines racial disparities, vital community resources and services, policing landscapes, and budgets in twelve with the highest percentage being 41.2 jurisdictions across the country, comparing percent of general fund expenditures in the city and county spending priorities with Oakland. those of community organizations and their members. While many community members, • Among cities profiled, per capita police supported by research and established best spending ranges from $381 to as high as practices, assert that increased spending on $772. police do not make them safer, cities and counties continue to rely overwhelmingly on • Consistent community safety priorities policing and incarceration spending while emerged across jurisdictions. Most notable under-resourcing less damaging, more fair, among them are demands for mental and more effective safety initiatives. Each health services, youth programming, and profile also highlights current or prospective infrastructure such as transit access and campaigns that seek to divest resources away housing.

1 Freedom to Thrive: Reimagining Safety & Security in Our Communities Total Police Spending Per Capita Police Spending (Total % of General Fund Expenditures City (Total Budget) Budget) on Police Department

Atlanta $218,300,000 $486 29.7%

Baltimore $480,700,000 $772 25.6%

Chicago $1,460,000,000 $537 38.6%

Detroit $310,200,000 $450 30.0%

Houston $850,400,000 $383 35.0%

Los Angeles $1,485,600,000 $381 25.7%

Minneapolis $163,200,000 $408 35.8%

New York City $4,891,900,000 $581 8.2%

Oakland $242,500,000 $594 41.2%

Orlando $153,800,000 $599 32.3%

Total Police/Sheriff & Per Capita Police/Sheriff & % of General Fund Expenditures on County Corrections Spending Corrections Spending Police/Sheriff and Corrections (Total Budget) (Total Budget)

Contra Costa* 301,000,000 $275 20.0%

St. Louis County $132,900,000 $133 31.8%

*General Funds only, since total departmental funds are not provided.

2 INTRODUCTION

Budgets are essentially financial documents that reflect the Local Spending spending priorities and types of investments an institution These trends in government spending are also prevalent deems to be sensible, practical, and effective. at the local level. The vast majority of municipalities are spending huge portions of their budgets on policing, For government, budgets are also moral documents. They while comparatively little goes to maintaining the are an articulation of what—and whom—our cities, counties, services, resources and infrastructures needed to keep states, and country deem worthy of investment. communities healthy and safe. In Oakland, California, for example, over 40 percent of the city’s general funds Over the last 30 years, the US has dramatically increased its go to policing. Human services, which include violence investment in policing and incarceration, while drastically prevention programs, services for youth, housing and cutting investments in basic infrastructure and slowing income support, and Head Start, receive less than 30 investment in social safety net programs.3 Elected officials cents to every dollar allocated in the overall budget for have stripped funds from mental health services, housing policing. Ultimately, due to shrinking state and local subsidies, youth programs, and food benefits programs, government budgets,11 more spending on policing and while pouring money into police forces, military grade incarceration means fewer resources for initiatives and weapons, high-tech surveillance, jails, and prisons. These institutions proven to benefit communities, whether investment choices have devastated Black and brown they be in education, health, environment, or basic low-income communities who are most affected by both infrastructure.12 criminalization and systemic social divestment.4

Impact of Criminalization & Moreover, the choice to invest in punitive systems instead Community Divestment of stabilizing and nourishing ones does not make our communities safer. Study after study shows that a living The massive divestment from communities of color13 wage, access to holistic health services and treatment, historically coincided with the US government’s “War educational opportunity, and stable housing are more on Drugs” and “tough on crime” policies, which are successful in reducing crime than more police or prisons.5 themselves some of the newest linchpins in the nation’s long history of social control and criminalization of Despite this reality, the US collectively spends $100 marginalized people. A number of federal laws passed billion annually on policing6 and another $80 billion in the 1980s and 1990s increased penalties for criminal on incarceration7 across all levels of government. State offenses and funneled trillions of dollars to police and expenditures on corrections increased each year between prisons without creating any mechanisms to ensure 1982 and 2001, outpacing overall budget growth.8 On accountability.14 Local and state governments also average, state spending for corrections increased by 141 criminalized Black and Latinx communities through percent between 1986 and 2013, while the average spending an onslaught of new criminal statutes.15 States and on higher education rose less than six percent.9 Meanwhile, municipalities passed new laws criminalizing formerly states across the country continue to make fatal cuts to the noncriminal behavior, empowering police to arrest people kinds of programs and institutions that actually stabilize and for the most minor infractions, from violations of park strengthen communities.10 rules to “excessive noise.”16

3 Freedom to Thrive: Reimagining Safety & Security in Our Communities Cities and counties hired armies of police to enforce these A variety of studies have echoed what the authors of this new laws. With this legislative mandate came broadened report learned from organizers across the country, that officer discretion and increased targeting of low-income investments in drug treatment, mental health support, Black and Latinx communities. The racial impact of this educational completion programs, and supportive targeting has been devastating. According to a study by interventions for families in crisis are more effective, less the New York Civil Liberties Union, for example, up to expensive, and more humane “crime fighting” strategies 85 percent of those summoned in New York for low-level than increased incarceration and policing.27 Everything offenses from 2002 to 2013 were Black or Latinx.17 Similar from preschool programs,28 to summer jobs for youth,29 racial discrepancies exist in other parts of the country.18 For to improved access to healthcare30 are more clearly linked drug offenses nationwide, Black people are approximately to reduced crime rates and community development than 3.5–4 times more likely than white people to be arrested,19 police, jails, and prisons. even though Black people use drugs at roughly the same rate as whites.20 Despite these alarming racial disparities About this Report and documented instances of systemic corruption, including This report examines the budgets in 12 jurisdictions those in Los Angeles and Atlanta discussed in this report, and compares city and county spending priorities with police departments and correctional agencies continue those of community organizations and their members. to receive increased funding with limited oversight and The difference in priorities is stark. While the over 25 restrictions. community organizations interviewed are calling for more money for infrastructure, job training and placement, As a result of systemic divestment and redlining, affordable housing, drug rehabilitation, educational support, neighborhoods targeted by discriminatory policing also youth programs and jobs, healthcare, and mental health have high levels of poverty, unemployment, and racial services, cities continue to prioritize funding for militarized segregation.21 In many urban neighborhoods, where police forces—many with histories of brutality, corruption, millions of dollars are spent to lock up residents, the and discrimination. While research supports community education infrastructure and larger social safety net are members’ assertion that increased spending on police completely crippled by inadequate resources. Neighborhoods does not make them safer, cities remain steadfast in police with high rates of incarceration also have some of the investment and continue to spend significant portions of lowest performing and lowest funded schools.22 In 2010, their budgets on policing. the Los Angeles Unified School District faced a deficit of $640 million, while more than a billion dollars was spent to This report also highlights campaigns which seek to shift incarcerate people from neighborhoods that are home to less power and resources away from police and prisons and than 20 percent of the city’s adult population.23 toward community priorities. These invest/divest campaigns, which advocate for investments in supportive services and For all the costs, both financial and human, investments divestment from punitive institutions, challenge the very in policing and incarceration have had little to no proven roots of mass criminalization and inequity. They demand benefits. Instead they have perpetuated cyclical poverty elected officials and decision makers acknowledge that and the destabilization of present and future generations.24 the lack of investment in communities of color and the There have been no conclusive findings that either increased over-investment in their criminalization is emblematic of policing or incarceration have a meaningful impact in crime- governmental disregard for Black and brown life. They, reduction efforts.25 In fact, studies show that the impact along with dozens of other groups across the country, are of incarceration on crime may be marginal compared to fighting not only to make their communities safer, but various non-punitive forms of intervention.26 stronger and more equitable. n

4 BUDGET ANALYSIS 101

The Budget Cycle City and County Revenue and Expenditures The budget process varies from city to city and county to Local budgets cover the costs of running cities and counties county, but generally follows a similar arc. First, municipal including, for instance, costs of sanitation, electricity, and departments announce their personnel and non-personnel road maintenance. Local budgets also fund departmental needs for the upcoming year. At the city level, the mayor operations and services. Typical examples include public proposes a budget that reflects his or her priorities and safety, health, recreation, balances proposed expenditures with available revenue. city planning, economic This is typically followed by a process to solicit public development, housing input through committee meetings and public. The mayor development, transportation negotiates the proposed budget with the city council, which planning, and workforce then adopts the final budget.31 At the county level, a similar services. Many budgets have process is negotiated between the county administrator separate plans for operating or county executive and the and capital expenditures, which board of supervisors, the are typically non-recurring county council, or some infrastructure investments.35 equivalent body.32 The budget should specify the amount Often, cities fund police departments while counties fund $ and sources of city or county the sheriff’s department and corrections department. This revenue, and the amounts is not a rule of thumb, however, as some counties also have allocated for salaries, goods police departments and other cities also fund probation and and services, infrastructure, corrections. and equipment.33 Cities and counties raise revenue through property taxes, The budget cycle for cities and counties usually spans charges for services, and user fees.36 Some states allow one year and is often aligned with the fiscal year, though local government to charge income and/or sales taxes, may follow an alternate timeline. In some cases, budget though property taxes typically comprise a larger share of appropriations are made for multiple years at a time. For revenue than income or sales taxes.37 Local governments example, Oakland’s city budget is determined every two also receive transfers and grants from the state and federal years, and includes two one-year spending plans.34 government.38

5 Freedom to Thrive: Reimagining Safety & Security in Our Communities Restricted versus Discretionary Funds Every city and county has multiple individual funds Finally, the analysis assesses general fund expenditures within its budget, each of which generates revenue from on police and corrections, since these expenditures reflect specific sources and most of which have restrictions on use. discretionary and uncommitted funds within the city Individual funds are created by laws, grant requirements, budget (i.e. “General Fund”). Some departments are funded or decisions made by the governing body. A restricted fund primarily by the general fund (as is often the case with is often limited for specific uses and must be reported police departments), while others may be only funded separately to demonstrate compliance.39 All funds that are through a combination of the general fund and other funds. not restricted are accounted for in the “general fund.” The Some departments do not receive any funding through the general fund is primarily funded by property taxes, and is general fund.40 the most flexible, discretionary fund. Whether restricted by legislation or allocated through the discretion of city council, When assessing local budgets, each fund reflects city priorities and commitments. advocates often target the general fund because it This Report’s Invest/Divest Budget Methodology is typically subject to an This analysis looks at total expenditures (which include city, annual process and contains state, and federal resources funneled through local budgets) uncommitted resources that on police and corrections as a proportion of the total budget, can be used for broad city 41 as compared to expenditures on the resources and services functions and services. that truly keep communities safe—health and mental health, Budget allocations in restricted education, youth development, workforce development, and funds can also be challenged public transportation (i.e. “Selected Budget Expenditures”). and altered through legislative Each budget profile looks at either the “total budget” or “total and administrative advocacy. operating budget” depending on the terminology presented in the budget document. If both are listed, the analysis uses It should be noted that this analysis looks exclusively at city the “total operating budget.” * and county expenditures that are reflected in local budgets, which do not capture all local, state or federal spending in As a way of visualizing spending, the analysis compares a particular jurisdiction. For example, in many cities, the the amount in cents invested in community resources and budget for public education is established through a separate services to each dollar spent on the police (i.e. “Cents to the budget process under the Board of Education. In other cities, Dollar”). This comparison assesses community expenditures a housing authority provides affordable housing but this as a percentage of police expenditures. spending is not captured in the local budget. n

* It should be noted that budgets treat capital funds in different ways. In some cases, capital expenditure programs are captured in the total budget, and in other cases they are listed discretely.

6 BUDGET PROFILES

7 Freedom to Thrive: Reimagining Safety & Security in Our Communities Photo: Racial Justice Action Center ATLANTA

Photo: Racial Justice Action Center

Racial Disparities Atlanta, a city where more than 50 percent of residents are Olympics.49 Often to facilitate corporate and commercial Black,42 was ranked the second most unequal city in the US agendas, Atlanta has continued to give sweetheart deals in 2016.43 Eighty percent of Black children in Atlanta live to developers.50 Meanwhile, there has been insufficient in communities with concentrated poverty, compared to six investments in transportation, health, and education percent of white children.44 The Black unemployment rate is infrastructures to support those who have been forced out.51 22 percent, which is nearly double the citywide rate.45 White residents earn over three times more than Black residents Policing Issues and about twice as much as Latinx residents.46 Graduation Communities of color are routinely confronted with rates for Black and Latinx students in Atlanta Public Schools discriminatory policing, law enforcement corruption, police are 57 and 53 percent respectively, compared to 94 percent violence, and over-criminalization.52 One particularly for white students.47 high profile incident occurred in 2007, when the police fatally shot an elderly Black woman named Kathryn In addition to stark racial inequalities, the dismantling of the Johnston during a drug raid.53 It was later discovered social safety net has left many Atlanta residents displaced, that the drugs found on the scene had been planted by without access to transportation, adequate healthcare, or the police.54 Johnston’s case was not an isolated event. In employment opportunities.48 The city, a pioneer of public court documents, prosecutors showed that Atlanta police housing in the 1930s, systematically demolished over 14,000 officers often lied to obtain search warrants and fabricated public housing units in the lead-up to the 1996 Summer documentation of drug purchases.55 However, despite a

8 ATLANTA

long history of corruption and misconduct, the Atlanta January 2017 saw the retirement of George Turner, the police budget continues to grow apace, with little effective Police Chief of six years who oversaw the expansion of accountability or oversight.56 Atlanta’s police force. The new Police Chief, Erika Shields, has made a number of statements supporting reforms in In 2007, the City of Atlanta created the Atlanta Citizen the department and the pre-arrest diversion program.65 Yet Review Board (ACRB) to provide civilian oversight of the despite calls for systemic reform and divestment, the police Atlanta Police Department. The Board was granted direct budget in Atlanta has continued to grow. In August 2016, for subpoena power in 201057 and the City Council passed example, the Atlanta City Council approved a $5.6 million legislation in 2016 that expanded the board’s authority purchase of 1,200 cameras and video storage equipment.66 over a broader range of complaint categories.58 However, organizers have criticized the ACRB for its low promotion Organizing Efforts of complaints, its lack of transparency, and its “Don’t Run” In the spring of 2016 the Solutions Not Punishment campaign, which placed the onus on individuals to avoid Collaborative (SNaP Co) released a report titled “The Most 59 violence at the hands of the police. Moreover, the existence Dangerous Thing Out Here is the Police: Trans Voices of the ACRB has not had an impact on the use of police on Police Abuse and Profiling in Atlanta.”67 The report force. The Atlanta Police Department’s use of force incidents powerfully illustrates the discrimination faced by Trans increased from 2011 to 2014 (from 487 to 711 incidents, people in Atlanta and demonstrates the prevalence of police 60 including use of force against property). The recent and state violence. The report reflects the reality that police 61 62 killings of Alexia Christian, Deravis Caine Rogers, and are more often perpetrators than protectors in the Trans 63 DeAundre Philips make clear that Black people are still communities. The report, and the organizing it reflects, routinely targeted and killed by police violence, often with was a precursor to the mass street protests that occurred 64 impunity. in the summer and fall of 2016. For five consecutive days,

People’s Priorities

Organizers in Atlanta have identified Organizers have identified the need services, and other supports.82 a number of priority investment areas for job training and placement that would increase public safety and programs as well as pre-arrest Because of widespread displacement reduce community destabilization. diversion services to mitigate the and gentrification, housing is a key ATLisReady, a Black-led social impact harmful impacts of overcriminalization community priority.83 Organizations network, conducted a survey of 650 and economic instability.81 are fighting for affordable housing low-income community members. as well as an end to discriminatory Those interviewed identified access In light of discriminatory practices practices against Black, brown, trans to housing, transportation, and that make it difficult for Trans and formerly incarcerated community affordable energy as priority investment people to obtain employment or members.84 Marilynn Winn, with areas. Community members also secure housing, SNaP Co and other Women on the Rise, points out voiced enthusiasm for widespread organizations across the city are that the average $1,800 spent to criminal justice reform, the repeal prioritizing the creation of a holistic keep one person in the city jail for a of “quality of life ordinances,” Trans Community Center. The Center month would be more humanely and and support and protections for will offer a variety of services including effectively spent to provide stable Trans and queer residents.80 job training and placement, housing housing and other needed services.85

9 Freedom to Thrive: Reimagining Safety & Security in Our Communities Atlanta: Selected Budget Expenditures, FY17

Total Operating % of Total Department/Program Description Expenditure Operating Budget

Department of Police Services Total Police Department spending $218,300,000 10.9%

Department of Corrections Corrections Department $33,400,000 1.7%

Department of Planning and Includes funding for transportation $24,200,000 1.2% Community Development planning and affordable housing

Department of Parks and Includes funding for youth development/ $35,700,000 1.8% Recreation afterschool programs

Source: City of Atlanta Fiscal Year 2017 Adopted Budget

hundreds joined together in marches and rallies to protest poverty and Blackness.74 The repeal was part of a “Criminal police brutality and the inhumane legal system in Atlanta Justice Reform Package” first drafted in 2016 during the and beyond.68 In the summer of 2016, a number of groups mass street protests, but which did not pass until January submitted a list of demands to Atlanta Mayor Kasim 2017 after organizations from SNaP Co, Black Lives Matter, Reed,69 which included the following: an overhaul of the Malcolm X Grassroots, and others “took City Hall by Atlanta Police Department’s (APD) training institutions storm” in the wake of the killing of DeAundre Phillips.75 and the adoption of a de-escalation model rather than the Building on this victory, organizers are currently fighting to militarized tactics they currently use; an end to collaboration decriminalize marijuana violations and 30 other low-level between law enforcement and Immigration and Customs offenses. Enforcement (ICE); the termination of all practices of racial profiling that target communities of color; and Activist groups also continue to fight to prevent the closing expanded accountability measures to deter police violence, of the city’s largest, and only “no turn away,” homeless including increased oversight of the APD that includes shelter. Despite community outcry the City Council voted to community participation.70 The list of demands also called close the shelter in order to make space for the Atlanta Police for investments in affordable housing, equitable health and Station’s SWAT headquarters.76 Today the shelter remains environmental resources, and equal access to quality public open yet inadequately funded.77 education.71 These demands were a result of ongoing and longstanding organizing efforts. FY17 Atlanta City Budget 78

Organizers in Atlanta have looked beyond policing and Total Operating Budget successfully pushed back against mass criminalization. In Fiscal Year 2017 (FY17) Atlanta had a total operating A coalition of groups including SNAP Co, Women on budget of $2 billion, out of which $218.3 million, or 10.9 the Rise, Trans(forming), LaGender, Inc., Racial Justice percent of the total operating budget, was dedicated to the Action Center, and others, successfully advocated for the Department of Police Services. This is equivalent to $486 development72 and implementation of a pre-arrest diversion per capita.79 program that diverts people from the criminal legal system into community based services and supports.73 Additionally, Spending on policing dwarfs expenditures on critical groups across Atlanta worked to repeal 40 “quality of life” community resources. For instance, funding for the ordinances, which had been used for decades to criminalize Department of Community Development, which includes

10 ATLANTA

FY17 Selected General Fund Expenditures

40 % 29.7 %

20 % 5.6 % 0.9 % 0% of Police Services Recreation Planning & Community Department Department of Parks and of Parks Development Department of

Source: City of Atlanta Fiscal Year 2017 Adopted Budget

Cents to the Dollar: Investments in Policing to Selected Investments in Communities

Photo: Racial Justice Action Center .  . funding for transportation planning and affordable housing, receives only 1.2 percent of total expenditures. The  . Department of Parks and Recreation receives less than two percent of total expenditures.

 . For every dollar spent on the Atlanta Police Department (including city, state, and federal funds), the Department of Planning and Community Development, which funds transportation planning and affordable housing  . development, receives 11 cents. For every dollar spent on policing, the Department of Parks and Recreation, which  . includes funds for youth development and afterschool  .  . programming, receives 16 cents.

General Fund  In FY17, Atlanta allocated nearly 30 percent of its $607.4 million general fund expenditures to the Police Department, which vastly outpaces spending on the numerous investments being called for by communities. General Department of Department of Police Services fund expenditures for the Department of Planning and Parks & Recreation Parks Community Development and the Department of Parks and Community Development Department of Planning & of Planning Department Recreation, for example, received less than one percent and Source: City of Atlanta Fiscal Year 2017 Adopted Budget 5.6 percent of general fund expenditures respectively. n

11 Freedom to Thrive: Reimagining Safety & Security in Our Communities Photo: Racial Justice Action Center

Campaign Highlight 86 A coalition of organizations in at the state level, and working closely and identify gaps in service. In its Atlanta has been working to close with immigrant justice groups to end implementation the program will the local Atlanta City jail. The jail, collaboration with ICE and reduce the remain accountable to communities which disproportionately houses targeting of immigrant communities through a policy advisory board low-income Black people who have by law enforcement. The pre-arrest charged with engaging communities been not been convicted of crimes, diversion program was a several and ensuring the program continues and are often only accused of low- years long campaign that centered to meet their needs and interests.90 level offenses, is a manifestation of impacted communities. While the the over policing, criminalization, design of pre-arrest diversion is In addition to reducing investment and misplaced investment choices often a law enforcement-led process, and reliance on the criminal justice that plague the city.87 Organizers are in Atlanta the program has been system, organizers are working to engaging in a long-term multi-pronged uniquely community driven. The develop community support networks strategy to render the jail obsolete and program was designed by a 60-person and infrastructure. This includes the to build community-based support design team that included judges, creation of a community based case and infrastructure that will better community members, formerly management system that embodies protect and serve all communities. incarcerated people, trans leaders, the values of de-incarceration, law enforcement, prosecutors, harm reduction and community- This strategy has included the defense attorneys, and business centered justice. Organizers are also development and implementation stakeholders. The design team seeking funding for the creation of of a pre-arrest diversion program,88 worked extensively with communities a holistic Trans community center advocacy to repeal low-level offenses and service providers to assess that will provide employment, at the city level89 and traffic offenses needs, map out existing services, housing, and health support.91

12 BALTIMORE

Racial Disparities Following the killing of Freddie Gray in 2015 at the hands of at the hands of police were Black.99 From 2011 to 2014 the its Police Department, Baltimore began to receive national city paid out $5.7 million to settle over 100 police brutality attention for not only its policing practices, but for its stark suits, in addition to $5.8 million in legal fees to defend racial divisions—particularly in terms of poverty, inequality, the police.100 The Baltimore Sun reported that for years and access to resources. In 2015, 28 percent of Black the city did not track the number of lawsuits filed against residents lived below the poverty line, nearly double the rate individual officers, leaving city officials unaware that some of white poverty.92 In Freddie Gray’s neighborhood, which officers were involved in multiple lawsuits.101 While the city was almost 97 percent Black, unemployment was at 24 has spent millions defending police, there remains little percent with a median income of less than $25,000.93 While accountability. There are also serious restrictions on civilian 60 percent of white households in Baltimore own their input, including a line in the city’s contract which prevents homes, only about 42 percent of Black households own their civilians from sitting on police trial boards.102 homes.94 Fifty-one percent of white adults have a bachelor’s degree or higher, compared to 13 percent of Black adults.95 In 2010, the city publicly stated that it would no longer use There is a staggering 20 year gap in life expectancy between “zero-tolerance policing,” a policing approach characterized Baltimore’s richest and poorest neighborhoods.96 by mass arrests and aggressive enforcement of minor infractions. Popularized between 1999 and 2007 by then- Policing Issues Mayor Martin O’Malley, the official abandonment of zero- For years, the Baltimore Police Department has been under tolerance policing was prompted by a 2006 lawsuit brought scrutiny for misconduct, corruption, and brutality, resulting by the ACLU of Maryland, which alleged that the Baltimore in significant erosion of community trust between police police were improperly arresting thousands of people every and communities of color.97 In the two decades leading up to year in a response to the department’s pressure to increase 2012, the Baltimore Police killed 127 people, a significantly arrests.103 However, as made evident by the continued higher number than police killings in other cities of similar killings and police brutality suits, this change did not size.98 A 2014 investigation by the Baltimore Sun showed succeed in shifting the culture of aggressive, often violent, that the majority of victims of both beatings and killings policing in Baltimore.

13 Freedom to Thrive: Reimagining Safety & Security in Our Communities The 2014 death of Freddie Gray sparked an uprising that Baltimore had the highest increase in homicides in the garnered national media attention. Freddie Gray’s death nation in 2016,110 while rates of death due to overdose are and subsequent protests led to a DOJ investigation and a even higher.111 Despite these trends, the city continues to damning report that confirmed what Black residents have embrace the prosecution of dealers over investments in known to be true for decades.104 The 2016 report describes addressing root causes of crime.112 The city is now treating the magnitude of discrimination against Black residents, every overdose as a potential homicide, which has had a including wildly disproportionate rates of stops, searches, chilling effect on calls for help during emergencies.113 and arrests, as well as excessive use of force. For example, between January 2010 and May 2015, police made 300,000 And still justice has not been served for Freddie Gray. A total pedestrian stops; 44 percent of stops were made in two of six officers were charged in his death, three of which were predominantly Black districts containing 11 percent of the acquitted and three of which had their charges dropped.114 city’s population.105 Seven black men were stopped more than 30 times each.106 Black people were also 37 percent Organizing Efforts more likely to be searched during pedestrian stops and 23 In the face of such blatant injustice, advocates and percent more likely to be searched during vehicle stops, even organizers continue their work. In the summer of 2015, the though officers found contraband on white residents 50 Campaign for Justice, Safety & Jobs (CJSJ) formed to drive percent more often during pedestrian stops.107 local police reform work in Baltimore, including much of the work that continues currently around the consent decree.115 In March of 2016, 500 police officers began wearing body CJSJ serves as the Baltimore table of the Maryland Coalition cameras as the first of five stages in an $11.6 million for Justice and Police Accountability (MCJPA)116 —which program. The full police force will be equipped with includes the ACLU of Maryland, CASA, and the Maryland cameras by 2018.108 NAACP chapter117—and worked on parallel reforms at the city level.118 In January 2017, the City of Baltimore and the DOJ agreed on a consent decree to institute reform in the Baltimore In 2016, MCJPA proposed a number of police reform Police Department. The decree calls for an independent measures which included cutting in half the time officers federal monitor and community oversight task force as can wait before speaking to investigators, extending the well as, among other requirements, mandates that all vans timeframe for filing complaints alleging police violence, which transport people in custody must have video cameras and opening police trial boards to the public.119 In the 2016 recording constantly when a passenger is in the vehicle.109 legislative session, MCJPA won the first major change to the

People’s Priorities

Across the city, organizers are in community schools.127 CASA, to city contract opportunities advocating for investments in which works to expand opportunities for small businesses and students and youth over jails and for Latinx and immigrant people in cooperatives. By prioritizing police. Maryland Communities United Maryland,128 also identifies youth small business owners and is a membership-based grassroots programs and community schools alternative business models, organization which organizes as top investment priorities.129 In the city could be supporting communities to win transformative addition, CASA and its coalition local livelihoods and improving change for social, economic, and partners seek investment in and quality of life, particularly 126 environmental justice. One of prioritization of small businesses in the communities which their primary demands is increased and worker cooperatives, particularly are currently being targeted investments in youth, and specifically when it comes to broadening access and killed by the police.130

14 BALTIMORE

Selected Budget Expenditures, FY17

Total Operating % of Total Department/Program Description Expenditure Operating Budget

Police Department Total Police Department spending $480,700,000 18.2%

Sheriff Total Sheriff Department spending $20,200,000 0.8%

Office of Criminal Justice Criminal Justice (administers local law enforcement $8,700,000 0.3% grants like the Justice Assistance Grant program)

Health Includes substance abuse and mental health $137,000,000 5.2% programs and youth violence prevention program

Substance Abuse and Mental Health $2,300,000 0.1%

Youth Violence Prevention $3,800,000 0.1%

Health and Welfare Provides grants to health and welfare organizations $1,214,000 0.05% Grants to aid disadvantaged citizens and citizens with various special needs

Housing and Community Includes affordable housing programs $58,500,000 2.2% Development

Baltimore City Public Funding for public schools $265,400,000 10.0% Schools

Educational Grants Supports community college, supplements public $7,200,000 0.3% education, out of school time programs

Office of Employment Includes funding for workforce services, workforce $25,000,000 0.9% Development services for youth, employment programs for ex- offenders

Office of Human Services Includes funding for services for the homeless and $65,300,000 2.5% low and moderate income families

Homeless Services & Housing $45,300,000 1.7%

Head Start $8,600,000 0.3%

Community Action Centers $6,300,000 0.2%

Transportation Transportation construction and maintenance $200,200,000 7.6%

Source: Fiscal 2017 City of Baltimore Adopted Budget

15 Freedom to Thrive: Reimagining Safety & Security in Our Communities law enforcement officers bill of rights in over 30 years.120 percent of the total budget) was dedicated to the Police MCJPA advocacy resulted in changes to hiring, training, and Department. Spending on the Baltimore Police is disciplinary processes; enabled residents to make complaints equivalent to $772 per capita.124 against police anonymously; and, through the Law Enforce- ment Officer’s Bill of Rights, extended the time residents can Key community resources receive far less funding. For file complaints from 90 days to a year and a day.121 instance, Homeless and Housing Services received less than two percent of operating budget expenditures. Currently, CJSJ is pushing for civilian influence in the Expenditures on Baltimore City Schools received consent decree process, including requirements to contract only 10 percent of budget expenditures. The Office of with community-based groups to solicit structured feedback Employment Development, which includes employment 122 and transparent selection of an independent monitor. and workforce programs for youth and adults, received less than one percent of budgeted expenditures. FY2017 Baltimore City Budget 123 Between FY2013 and FY2017, total operating Total Operating Budget expenditures on the Police Department increased by 23 In FY17, Baltimore had a total operating budget of $2.6 percent while the total operating budget only increased billion, out of which $480.7 million (or approximately 18.2 by 15 percent.125

Cents to the Dollar: Investments in Policing to Selected Investments in Communities

.  .

 .

 .  .

 .  .

 .  .  .  .   .   . 

 Police Human Services Office of Prevention Community Employment Housing and Development Development Transportation Youth Violence Youth Baltimore City Baltimore Public Schools Public Substance Abuse and Mental Health

Source: Fiscal 2017 City of Baltimore Adopted Budget

16 BALTIMORE

For every dollar spent on the Baltimore Police Department General Fund (including city, state, and federal funds), Baltimore City In FY17, Baltimore allocated 25.8 percent of $1.7 billion Public Schools receives 55 cents. The Office of Employment general operating fund expenditures to the Police Development, which funds jobs programs, receives five cents. Department. The Health Department and health grants, by The Substance Abuse, Mental Health, and Youth Violence contrast, comprised less than two percent of general fund Prevention programs, which are housed within the Human expenditures. Human Services, which include homeless Services Department, each receive just one cent of every services, housing, and Head Start, received just over one half dollar allocated to policing. of one percent of general fund expenditures. n

FY17 Selected General Fund Expenditures

40 %

25.8 %

20 % 15.2 % 6.0 % 2.0 % 1.7 % 0.6 % 0.4 % 0.4 % 0% Police Grants Human Office of Health & Services Housing & Community Educational Employment Development Development Health Grants Baltimore City Baltimore Public Schools Public Transportation

Source: Fiscal 2017 City of Baltimore Adopted Budget

Campaign Highlight

Securing Funding schools above and beyond the school city council in recent years, as the city for Community Schools budget. Specifically, they won an addi- council only has the power to cut from Maryland Communities United has tional $4 million (for a total of $10 mil- the mayor’s budget, but cannot redirect long been fighting for increased lion) in funding from the mayor’s bud- funds to new purposes. Organizers funding for community schools as an get for community schools coordinators have since won the reinstatement of 132 investment in real public safety. By and out-of-school time. However, the $2.4 million in education funding. employing restorative justice approach- fight to maintain this funding has been es and engaging in conscious work ongoing. The following year, the same One of the key messages that the around trauma, community schools are mayor turned around and cut $2.4 mil- campaign has used to advance its actively making communities safer.131 lion from community schools and out- agenda is that the city invests dispro- of-school time--after the Baltimore City portionately in the police and severely At the city level, there have been both Council voted 15 to 0 to make cuts to under-invests in youth. In addition, important successes and persistent the mayor’s budget to press her to free many community members have been challenges. In 2015, in the wake of up additional funding for schools, com- incarcerated and treated harshly by Freddie Gray’s murder, advocates won munity schools, and out-of-school time. the police, compounding the collec- expansion of funding for community This action was unprecedented for the tive trauma in the community and

17 Freedom to Thrive: Reimagining Safety & Security in Our Communities undermining public safety. Organiz- increased the police budget substan- the DOJ, Baltimore must raise $1.2 mil- ers are calling for an honest assess- tially to meet demands of the consent lion to pay an independent monitor and ment of whether the prioritization of decree it recently signed with DOJ.133 to conform with the various other provi- policing is truly an effective approach sions of the decree. CASA is pushing to to public safety, particularly when Baltimore’s City Council president ensure transparency, public input, and other community investments are so recently moved legislation mandating community participation in the process under-resourced. For example, the that three percent of city’s budget be to understand where this money is go- proposed investment in community set aside for youth-related programs. ing and exactly how it is being used.135 schools is equivalent to less than one While some people believe this will Specifically, CASA believes that the city percent of the police budget. The city help to deal with the community should not invest any additional money spends nearly half a million dollars per school gap in the short term, oth- in police overtime. Instead, the city year on its police force. This spend- ers are skeptical about where that should dedicate a significant portion 134 ing has grown steadily over the last money will be ultimately directed. of the $1.2 million for contracts with several decades, even though the city’s community groups that are organizing Baltimore’s Consent Decree population is only 60 percent of what around issues which impact Black and it was 50 years ago. The mayor just Under its current consent decree with brown communities in Baltimore.136

18 CHICAGO

Sarah-Ji, Love and Struggle Photos

Racial Disparities Chicago is one of the most segregated cities in the country. Income inequality among Blacks, Latinxs, and whites is The city’s largest racial and ethnic groups—Blacks, Latinxs, worse in Chicago than in the nation overall: over 30 percent and whites—each make up roughly one-third of the city’s of Black families and around 25 percent of Latinx families population in mostly distinct geographic communities.137 A live below the poverty line while the poverty rate is less recent report by the Institute for Research on Race & Public than 10 percent for white families.139 Moreover, one-third of Policy found that racial and ethnic inequities in Chicago Chicago’s Black and Latinx households possess either zero “remain pervasive, persistent, and consequential” in the areas or negative net worth, compared to only 15 percent of white of housing, health, economics, education, and justice. households.140

Chicago has a deep historical legacy of housing In May 2013, the Chicago Board of Education voted to close discrimination, economic restructuring, and uneven urban 47 underutilized elementary schools, the largest school development which has left many families unable to afford closure in US history at the time.141 Today, Chicago’s Public housing in the city. In patterns that mirror Chicago’s Schools’ (CPS) resources remain unevenly distributed along housing segregation, healthcare providers, pharmacies, and lines of race and ethnicity. Of the $650 million put toward grocery stores are concentrated in white neighborhoods new schools or school additions by CPS during the past while “food deserts” cluster in almost exclusively Black six years, about 75 percent has gone toward schools where census tracts.138 white students are overrepresented by at least twice their

19 Freedom to Thrive: Reimagining Safety & Security in Our Communities representation in the district overall.142

Policing Issues With 12,500 sworn officers, the city of Chicago has the second largest police force in the nation.143 The Chicago Police Department has a decades-long and infamous history of police misconduct. As outlined in a recent report by Chicago’s Police Accountability Task Force, the department’s track record includes, among many others, the murder of Black Panther Party Illinois chapter Chairman Fred Hampton in the 1960s;144 the Metcalfe hearings that exposed the widespread misuses of police authority in the 1970s;145 widespread disorderly conduct arrests in the 1980s;146 the torture of over 100 Black men on Chicago’s south Side committed under former Lt. Jon Burge from the 1970s to the early 1990s;147 the unconstitutional gang loitering ordinance in the 1990s;148 and the common use discriminatory stop-and-frisk in the 2000s.149

In recent years, the Chicago Police Department has been ethnic and other disparities in use of force, and its systems subject to a renewed legitimacy crisis. The delayed release of accountability.”152 of footage of 17-year-old Laquan McDonald’s murder by 16 shots from officer Jason Van Dyke’s gun was a tipping While the DOJ began its investigation, Mayor Emanuel 150 point. Amid protests and campaigns to unseat then convened a Police Accountability Task Force to develop State’s Attorney Anita Alvarez, police Superintendent Garry recommendations for reforming the Chicago Police 151 McCarthy, and Mayor Rahm Emanuel, the Department of Department.153 The Task Force issued a scathing yet Justice launched a federal investigation in 2015 to assess the unsurprising report that highlighted many of the Chicago Police Department’s use of force, “including racial, discriminatory practices that Chicago’s communities of color

People’s Priorities

Organizers in Chicago have identified Chicago has also taken money from immigrant communities has had several priority investment areas that their city budget to fund programs a significant impact. Cities and would increase community safety and providing legal representation for other funding entities seeking well-being. BYP100 Chicago demands immigrants in immigration courts. to support protections for a participatory city budget in which However, these funds are extremely immigrants need to think beyond the public has the power to defund limited, generally restricting a legal paradigm and invest in the Chicago Police Department and representation to either children or community organizations with a reinvest those resources in Black immigrants eligible for relief under history of building power against futures by setting a living wage and by current immigration law. Organizations harmful immigration enforcement fully funding healthcare, social services, like Mijente and Organized tactics, or those which are public schools, and sustainable Communities Against Deportations learning from and developing that economic development projects. show that grassroots organizing from work.170

20 CHICAGO

Selected Budget Expenditures, FY17

Total Operating % of Total Department/Program Description Expenditure Operating Budget

Department of Police Total Police Department spending $1,460,000,000 17.6%

Department of Planning and Includes affordable housing development $176,100,000 2.1% Development

Department of Public Health Includes mental health services $32,000,000 0.4%

Department of Family and Includes youth programs, violence reduction $76,400,000 0.9% Support Services programs, homeless services, after school programs, and homeless services

Youth Mentoring $6,000,000 0.07%

Early Childhood Education $15,100,000 0.2%

Violence Reduction $2,600,000 0.03%

Summer Programs $16,700,000 0.2%

After School Programs $17,800,000 0.2%

Homeless Services $10,200,000 0.1%

Department of Transportation Funding for designing, planning, $165,900,000 2.0% and constructing infrastructure

Source: FY 2017 City of Chicago Budget Ordinance

experience daily. For instance, police shoot Black residents involved shootings in the nation, and as Chicago taxpayers at much higher rates—between 2008 and 2015, 74 percent continue to absorb the massive cost of misconduct payouts of those hit or killed by police officers were Black and 14 over the past ten years.159 In fact, an extensive database from percent were Latinx.154 Between 2012 and 2015, 76 percent The Chicago Reporter revealed that hundreds of Chicago of those tasered were Black and 13 percent were Latinx.155 Police Department misconduct lawsuit settlements between In the summer of 2014, Chicago police made more than 2011 and 2016 have cost Chicago taxpayers $280 million.160 250,000 stops that did not lead to arrest, and of those 72 percent were Black and 17 percent were Latinx.156 A survey Due to increased scrutiny, the Chicago Police Department of 1,200 Chicago residents ages 16 or older found that nearly has been under pressure to demonstrate efforts to reform. In 70 percent of young Black men were stopped by police in the 2015, The ACLU of Illinois and the Chicago Police Depart- last 12 months.157 ment reached an agreement to reform stop-and-frisk prac- tices, requiring an independent evaluation of the depart- Even though Black and Latinx Chicagoans bear the brunt of ment’s practices and procedures, improved data collection, police misconduct and use of force, they are less likely than and additional training for officers.161 As of January 2016, white Chicagoans to have their complaints against Chicago the department now records every stop-and-frisk encounter, Police Department officers sustained.158 This remains true including those that result in an arrest (previously data was even as the city maintains the highest number of fatal police- collected only on stops that did not result in arrest). In order

21 Freedom to Thrive: Reimagining Safety & Security in Our Communities to help facilitate complaints, the department additionally is- 162 Cents to the Dollar: Investments in sues receipts for all stop-and-frisk encounters. Policing to Investments in the Dollar Organizing Efforts . Despite slow moves toward reform, grassroots organizations  . remain critical and undeterred in their efforts.163 Indeed, Chicago’s resistance against police violence,

criminalization, and incarceration is as longstanding as  . the issues themselves. Some of the efforts by Chicago- based organizations committed to these issues include demands for the implementation of an elected Civilian  . Police Accountability Council (CPAC) with mandated inclusion of survivors and families of victims of police violence; a campaign headed by the Chicago Alliance  . Against Racist and Political Repression; the closing of the Cook County Juvenile Temporary Detention Center (the largest juvenile prison in the country) led by Generation  . Y/Center for Change and Fearless Leading by the Youth;  .  .  Chicago Torture Justice Memorial’s efforts to release Jon  .  Burge torture survivors who are still imprisoned; and the divestment from the Chicago Police Department. Chicago-  based organizations are also pushing for a reinvestment of police funds in the reopening of closed schools and closed of Police

mental health centers, housing for the homeless, funding Family and Department Development Planning and Public Health Public Department of for crisis centers, drug treatment and recovery centers, and Department of Department of Support Services jobs programs.164 Additionally, a coalition of community, Source: FY2017 City of Chicago Budget Ordinance policy, and civil rights organizations, called the Coalition for Police Contracts Accountability, recently came together to pressure city council and the mayor to withhold approval of Chicago Police Department’s union contract unless it FY17 Selected General Fund Expenditures includes a number of critical changes proposed by the group.165 Organizers in the city have also taken on an 38.6 % explicitly abolitionist stance by imagining “a world without 40 % police,” in which the city puts its $1.4 billion police budget to other uses.166 Even the Police Accountability Task Force seems to recognize that solutions require more than just a 20 % change within the Chicago Police Department—Chicago’s communities of color are in critical need of investments in 2.1 % 1.7 % 1.5 % 0.9 % jobs, education, and other important community anchors.167 0%

168 of Police FY17 Chicago City Budget Services Planning & Department Development Public Health Public Department of Department of Department of Department of Total Operating Budget Transportation Family & Support Family In FY2017, the City of Chicago allocated nearly $1.5 billion of its $8.2 billion operating budget (or 17.6 percent) to the Source: FY2017 City of Chicago Budget Ordinance

22 CHICAGO

Sarah-Ji, Love and Struggle Photos

Department of Police. Total expenditures on the Chicago Development, which includes affordable housing Police Department far outpaced expenditures on critical development, receives 12 cents for every dollar spent on resources like health services and programs for youth. For policing. The Department of Family and Support Services, instance, the Department of Public Health (which includes which funds youth development, after school programs, and mental health services), received a third of one percent (0.4 homeless services, receives five cents. percent) of total budget expenditures. The Department of Family and Support Services (which houses youth programs, General Fund violence reduction programs, after school programs, and In FY17, Chicago allocated 38.6 percent of it $3.7 billion homeless services) received less than one percent of total general fund budget to the Police Department. The budget expenditures. Expenditures on the Chicago Police Department of Planning and Development, by contrast, Department are equivalent to $537 per capita.169 received 1.7 percent of general fund expenditures. The Department of Family and Support Services, which includes For every dollar spent on the Chicago Police Department funding for youth mentoring, early childhood education, (including city, state, and federal funds), the Department violence reduction, summer programs, after school of Public Health, which includes mental health services, programs, and homeless services, receives 2.1 percent of receives two cents. The Department of Planning and general fund expenditures. n

23 Freedom to Thrive: Reimagining Safety & Security in Our Communities “The DOJ report is just more evidence that the City of Chicago needs to stop rewarding the Chicago Police Department with salary increases and more hiring. This means less cops, more social services, better public schools, and more affordable housing in Black communities. In the face of DOJ’s findings, our commitment and demand to #StopTheCops and #FundBlackFutures remains unchanged.” – BYP100 Chicago

Campaign Highlight The Campaign to Defy, Defend, means to marginalized communities enforcement. Together, BYP100 Expand Sanctuary builds on the invest/ in the current political landscape. The Chicago, Mijente, and OCAD have divest narrative and organizational organizations have envisioned the been fighting for policy changes relationships that began with a following three directions to take this that encompass both protections direct action to #StopTheCops fight: (1) to the policy world, through for immigrants from federal law and #FundBlackFutures. In 2015, advocating for good policy at the enforcement and policies that address BYP100—with the help of Organized city level for our people; (2) to their racist policing and criminalization. Communities Against Deportations communities, creating and modeling (OCAD), the #Not1More deportation sanctuary (safe) spaces and ways Organizers have pushed the city to campaign (which evolved into to support and defend each other; defy Trump by amending Chicago’s Mijente), We Charge Genocide, and (3) toward base building and sanctuary policy (which provides Assata’s Daughters, and others— political education for themselves, some protections for immigrants) shut down entry points to the their members, and their communities by removing the exceptions based International Association of Chiefs of about the attacks they’re up against. on people’s criminal record, and Police (IACP) conference in Chicago by forfeiting the federal funding for via direct action civil disobedience A central goal of the Campaign to policing that the city is being threatened to demand divestment from the Defy, Defend, Expand Sanctuary is to with. They are also demanding that exorbitant resources harbored by shift the Sanctuary City conversation the city eliminate the gang database police and the reinvestment of from a framing only about defending used to track and target people; resources in Black communities. immigrants and “improving” trust with decriminalize and repeal crimes of local police towards one that addresses survival; reduce the police budget and Organizers have challenged Mayor the criminalization of Black people and reallocate funds to diversion programs Emanuel’s categorization of Chicago other communities of color as part and harm reduction services, including as a Sanctuary City, and have been of the minimum standard of defining alternatives to 911; and institute liability pushing for policies that make a real a ‘sanctuary’ city, while recognizing insurance to shift some onus onto impact in the lives of Chicagoans. The the link between the criminal justice police officers who commit acts of Campaign to Defy, Defend, Expand is and immigration systems. Police violence or other misconduct. BYP100 a collaborative effort between BYP100, currently act as a gateway and funnel Chicago has also engaged in a land- Mijente, and Organized Communities to both mass incarceration and based struggle to create models for Against Deportations (OCAD) to mass deportation through collusion sanctuary spaces that are not reliant

expand and redefine what sanctuary and collaboration with immigration on policing to keep each other safe. 24 CONTRA COSTA COUNTY

Racial Disparities In the last decade and half, East Contra Costa has youth representing 40 percent of youth on probation. experienced a significant rise in poverty. According to Compounding these gross disparities, Black residents census data, poverty rates have in cities like Antioch, in Contra Costa are underrepresented on county juries Pittsburg, and Bay Point have skyrocketed, whereas poverty (constituting just 7.5 percent), further denying Black people 174 rates in neighboring cities have been steadier over time.171 access to justice. In the mid-2000s, household incomes in East Contra Costa County stagnated and/or fell as poverty rates grew, and many Corrections and Policing Issues workers were stuck in low-wage industries. Unemployment In 2011, Governor Jerry Brown signed AB109 to reduce the rates grew and East Contra Costa County became the number of low-level state prisoners in response to a federal “unofficial foreclosure capital” of the Bay Area.172 While mandate requiring California to significantly reduce its communities of color were once concentrated primarily in prison population. As a result, counties were required to inner cities, they are now being pushed out to the outer absorb a greater number of inmates.175 suburbs, and notably, to eastern Contra Costa County.173 Contra Costa County has been criticized for the Racial biases in the criminal legal system are particularly overcrowding and poor treatment of its inmates. For acute in Contra Costa County. Black people made up just instance, the Martinez Detention Facility offers no classes 9.6 percent of the population in Contra Costa County or vocational training and inmates are forced to eat meals in 2013, but represented 26 percent of all criminal in their cells. In 2015, staff reported that inmate-to-inmate cases and 30 percent of people on probation, with Black violence had increased by 50 percent from the prior year.176

25 Freedom to Thrive: Reimagining Safety & Security in Our Communities Contra Costa County: Selected General Fund Expenditures, FY 17

General Fund % of Total Department/Program Description Expenditure General Fund

Sheriff-Coroner Funding for administrative, investigative, technical, $226,800,000 15.1% forensic, coroner, emergency, detention, and court security services

Probation Department Includes funding for probation programs and facilities, $74,300,000 4.9% and care of court wards

Employment and Funding for aging and adult services, children and $441,300,000 29.3% Human Services family services, community services, workforce services, workforce development board, and zero tolerance for domestic violence programming

Workforce Services Provides financial support and services to low-income $212,300,000 14.1% Bureau clients, including supportive services, necessary for heads of families and single adults to obtain and retain employment

Community Services Offers Head Start, state-funded child care, and anti- $39,000,000 2.6% Bureau poverty programs

Health Services Includes the General Fund subsidy provided to the $352,200,000 23.4% Contra Costa Regional Medical Center and Health Centers, and the Contra Costa Health Plan

Mental Health Mental health services for adults, children, and youth $191,000,000 12.7%

Alcohol and Other Drugs Alcohol and other drug prevention, intervention, $17,800,000 1.2% treatment, and recovery services

Health, Housing and Includes funding for outreach to encampments, $5,700,000 0.4% Homeless Services emergency shelter, transitional housing, and permanent supportive housing for adults, youth, and families

Detention Facility Provides medical and mental health services to inmates $23,600,000 1.6% Programs of the county’s adult and juvenile detention facilities

Source: FY2017 County of Contra Costa Budget. Note that this analysis looks only at general fund expenditures, as the final adopted budget does not list department totals regardless of funding source.

Many of the people in county jails are actually awaiting depend on people self-reporting prior diagnoses.177 mental health treatment programs. Because of a lack of funding, people with pressing mental health needs are often In 2016, class action lawsuits were filed against several placed in jail cells to wait for treatment because of space California counties, including Contra Costa County, for limitations and a lack of staffing in the appropriate facilities. charging exorbitant fees for telephone use, causing undue Approximately 15 percent of inmates in Contra Costa have financial hardship and making it difficult for people to make been identified as having mental health needs, although calls to and from jails. The suits argue that these excessive actual numbers are likely much higher as official statistics fees are possible because the county contracts with a private

26 CONTRA COSTA COUNTRY

People’s Priorities

A recent survey of voters in Contra investment in law enforcement. As strongly support resourcing mental Costa County demonstrates safety priorities, voters overwhelmingly health services (69 percent) as well unequivocally that voters support chose healthcare services; access as youth programs such as sports an array of community reinvestment to early education and afterschool leagues and Boys & Girls clubs (75 policies over plans to increase policing programs; and expanded employment percent). Just 37 percent of voters and incarceration.184 Three-quarters opportunities for the most vulnerable, support putting more police officers of Contra Costa County voters, for including communities of color, on the street. Yet while the Sheriff’s example, believe that investment foster youth, low-income families, budget has grown by 26 percent since in their community offers a more and the formerly incarcerated. An 2010, the county’s health budget has effective crime prevention strategy than overwhelming majority of voters grown by a mere one percent.185

27 Freedom to Thrive: Reimagining Safety & Security in Our Communities Cents to the Dollar: Investments in Policing versus Selected Investments in Community

.  .

 .

 .  .  .

 .

 .  .  .   . 

 Health Mental Bureau Bureau Services Services Services Probation Workforce Community Alcohol and Other Drugs Coroner and Departments Total Sheriff- and Homelessand Health, Housing Health,

Source: FY2017 County of Contra Costa Budget

company to operate the phone system in a closed process.178 agenda includes advocating for county funds to support public investment in communities; to stop corporate Political scandals have recently plagued Contra Costa County, profiting from shackles, walls and jails; and to advocate for including in the office of District Attorney Mark Peterson. public services that enhance their communities.180 Peterson was forced to resign in June 2017 in a plea deal cut on the same day state Attorney General Xavier Becerra’s Recently, major organizing efforts have focused on ending office filed 13 felony charges against him, all related to his the County Sheriff’s multi-million-dollar contract with admitted use of $66,000 in campaign funds for personal ICE to house immigrant detainees under the Trump expenditures.179 administration’s expanded deportation program.181

Organizing Efforts FY17 Contra Costa County Budget 182 California’s Bay Area has a long tradition of activism and General Fund organizing around police accountability, and activists in In FY17, Contra Costa County had a total general fund Contra Costa have continued in this tradition. The Contra budget of $1.5 billion, out of which $226.8 million, or 15.1 Costa County Racial Justice Coalition, for example, has percent of the total budget, was dedicated to the Sheriff- brought together a broad range of community and labor Coroner. A combined $301 million, or 20 percent of the organizations, faith leaders, and Contra Costa residents to general fund, was dedicated to the Probation Department eliminate racial disparities in Contra Costa County. Their and the Sheriff-Coroner. Per capita spending on the Sheriff-

28 CONTRA COSTA COUNTRY

FY17 Selected General Fund Expenditures

40 %

15.1 % 20 % 14.1 % 12.7 % 5.1 % 2.6 % 1.2 % 0.4 % 0% Bureau Bureau Sheriff- Coroner Services Services Services Alcohol & Probation Workforce Community Department Other Drugs & Homeless Mental Health Health, Housing, Health, Source: FY2017 County of Contra Costa Budget

Coroner and the Probation Department is equivalent to Community Services Bureau, which offers Head Start, state- $275.183 funded child care, and anti-poverty programs, receives less than three percent of general fund expenditures. County expenditures on health services and workforce services receive a greater proportion of general fund For every dollar from the general fund spent on the county’s expenditures than these resources typically receive Sheriff-Coroner and Probation Department, Health, Housing, from the general fund at the city level. However, specific and Homeless Services together receive two cents. The programs that are critical to community safety still receive Community Services Bureau, which is operated by the a disproportionately small share of general fund spending Employment Services Department and offers Head Start, when compared to spending on policing and corrections. state-funded child care, and anti-poverty programs, receives Mental health services within the Health Department 13 cents for every dollar spent on the Sheriff-Coroner and receive only 12.7 percent of general fund expenditures. The Probation Departments. n

“People see our Sheriff’s agenda to build jails and incarcerate more folks as moving the Trump agenda in Contra Costa. And we are fighting it.” – David Sharples, Lead Organizer, ACCE-Contra Costa

29 Freedom to Thrive: Reimagining Safety & Security in Our Communities Campaign Highlights

Services not Cells is a campaign run new jail facilities. Most egregious services, healthcare, libraries, and by ACCE-Contra Costa, alongside in this proposal, according to the infrastructure. Services Not Cells calls several other community organizations campaign, is that at least $25 million on the county to divert investment including religious groups and of the total required cost would come from jails into mental health services formerly incarcerated residents. The from a combination of reserve funds outside of the jail system, where it has campaign calls for the county to reject (funds set aside for an economic been proven that preventive treatment the Contra Costa County Sheriff’s downturn) and general funds which can help community members avoid proposal to spend $95 million in would (and should) otherwise be incarceration, live healthier lives and taxpayer money expanding and building spent on basic services such as youth flourish in their communities.186

Californians for Safety & Justice, a statewide advocacy group, developed a “Blueprint for Shared Safety” in order to promote smart justice strategies that increase safety f o r and reduce costs by investing in b l u e p r i n t prevention, education, and health. The blueprint “aims to shift the focus s h a r e d s a f e t y from penal-only responses to crime, to prevention, true accountability, and restoring the well-being of all communities.”187 Working with diverse stakeholders, including community groups, law enforcement, and crime victims groups, the blueprint lays out the following five principles: 1) shifting to a public health frame; 2) well-being is safety; 3) crime survivors at the center; 4) Breaking the Cycle of harm; and 5) making the system work. Californians for Safety & Justice sees the blueprint as a tool to help frame and communicate strategic messaging around resourcing and public policy debates nationwide.188 Working Together to Build Safety for All

1

30 DETROIT

Racial Disparities This change did not happen overnight, nor by accident. This Detroit is the most densely concentrated Black city in the same report lists several key changes that have facilitated country189 with approximately 80 percent of the population corporations’ takeover of the city, including but not limited recorded as Black or African American according to the to: ACS 2011–2015 survey. Detroit also has the highest rate of poverty of all US cities with more than 300,000 residents.190 • The disempowerment of the majority Black electorate In a recent report, “Mapping the Water Crisis,” the We the and their elected Mayor and City Council Members People of Detroit Community Research Collective notes the through imposition of a governor-appointed Emergency following: Manager accountable only to the mayor; • The privatization of city social service agencies and a “For several decades, Detroiters have observed our city radical reduction in social welfare resources for the poor; devolve from a thriving metropolis of predominantly and African American working people… to a divided • The intervention of private foundations and appointed landscape where there is a bustling, largely white, commissions to assume policy and decision-making downtown core, surrounded by wide stretches of urban roles, circumventing the authority of elected officials and prairie and foreclosed and vandalized homes.”191 government agencies.192

31 Freedom to Thrive: Reimagining Safety & Security in Our Communities The Research Collective also found that the city’s possession of a nickel bag of marijuana.195 The geography enforcement of water shutoffs for non-payment, which of these raids clearly mirrors overall patterns of uneven disproportionately affect Black communities, have development across the city, making it an obvious example exacerbated the city’s foreclosure crisis193 thus accelerating of “broken windows policing” at work. the displacement of longstanding residents and contributing to gentrification. Water shutoffs continue to occur at an Detroit communities have contended with police brutal- alarming rate, despite the city government’s reassurance that ity for many decades. Several defining events include: the a recently-implemented assistance plan is working to help Twelfth Street Riot in 1967, in which Detroit’s overwhelm- families in need. Nearly 18,000 households are currently at ingly white police force and the National Guard were risk of losing access to water in their homes.194 pitted against residents living in Detroit’s predominantly Black inner city, resulting in 43 dead;196 the creation of the Policing Issues notorious STRESS (Stop the Robberies, Enjoy Safe Streets) Policing the poor has long been a major issue in the city of anti-crime unit in 1971 that was responsible for the deaths Detroit. Between 2013 and 2015 alone, Detroit police made of 22 people, all but one of which were Black;197 the mur- over 1,000 arrests under Operation Restore Order, a series der of Malice Green in 1992 at the hands of two white po- of 17 paramilitary police operations that chiefly targeted the lice officers;198 and the shooting of seven-year-old Aiyana city’s deeply-impoverished West and East Sides. Thirty ar- Stanley-Jones during a nighttime raid by the Detroit police rests were made during Operation Restore Order’s inaugural in 2010.199 Between 1995 and 2000, the Detroit police raid. These included 21 parking-related violations as well as were involved in 47 fatal shootings, including six unarmed an eight-month pregnant mother who failed to pay a fine for suspects.200

People’s Priorities

Remnants of Detroit’s financial troubles water, adequate health services, quality affordable, sustainable housing beginning in 2005213 make it difficult education, and equitable mass public and education. They are framing to prioritize needs since “everything in transportation, among other things. this increased investment in Detroit is underfunded.”214 One major Yet overall the city lacks the kinds of education and housing around issue is increased displacement and resources needed to create sustainable the current problem of equity in gentrification, fueled by city officials’ communities for those who live the city. Resources are currently determination to focus resources on outside the core business district. being used to facilitate processes downtown and downtown-adjacent of downtown gentrification, while areas such as Midtown/Cass Corridor The city of Detroit recently announced longstanding residents in this and Corktown. Nkosi Figueroa of that it ended the 2016 budget year majority Black and working class Good Jobs Detroit emphasizes this with surplus of nearly $63 million.216 city are being displaced with problem, noting: “Resources allocated This news arrived as many Detroiters no assistance or recourse. For to patrolling midtown and downtown were without access to water in their BYP100 Detroit, reinvestment is a are twice what they are just two or three homes, and as many more were means of returning power to Black blocks east and west of midtown.… We suffering as a result of inadequate people and communities who know they are spending more money funding for the Department of continue to be disenfranchised. to protect the people in midtown and Health, widespread school closures, They also frame reinvestment downtown than they are to protect and woefully underfunded regional as a critical safety issue, arguing people in neighborhoods.”215 Detroit transit and recreation departments.217 that nobody can be safe without organizers recognize that it is essential BYP100 Detroit is seeking investment access to housing, water, and for families to have access to running at municipal and county levels in education, among other things. 32 DETROIT

Cents to the Dollar: Investments in Policing versus Selected Investments in Community

.  .

 .

 .

 .  .

 .  .  .   . 

 Police Wellness Promotion Health and Recreation Department Department Department Housing and Revitalization Department of Department of Transportation

Source: FY2017-FY2020 City of Detroit Four-Year Plan

In 2000, the DOJ began an investigation into the Detroit began implementing body cameras and in-car videos after Police Department’s (DPD) use of force, arrest and witness city council approved a $5.2 million contract with technology detention practices, and conditions of confinement. The company WatchGuard. Upon full implementation, all 1,500 investigation revealed widespread misconduct,201 simply patrol and investigative officers in the police department confirming what Detroit’s Black and brown communities will wear cameras, and 450 vehicles will be equipped with have always known to be true. In 2003, the DOJ began cameras.204 its legal oversight of the DPD alongside the filing of two separate consent decrees, one related to the high number Organizing Efforts of police shootings and another pertaining to the illegal Detroit has a powerful history of Black-led activism and detention of witnesses.202 The DPD was released from organizing. The Nation of Islam and the New Afrikan federal oversight in 2016, after it was determined that the Independence Party were both founded in Detroit, and department had sufficiently met its obligations under the The League of Revolutionary Black Workers and the Dodge agreement.203 Revolutionary Union Movement both had influential roles within the broader labor movement.205 The first National In 2015, the DPD was selected to receive a $1 million grant Day of Protest Against Police Brutality was held in 1996, in from the DOJ to implement a body camera program, which coordination with dozens of other cities across the country. would be supplemented by city dollars. In 2016, the DPD The protest eventually led to the formation of The Detroit

33 Freedom to Thrive: Reimagining Safety & Security in Our Communities Coalition Against Police Brutality.206 In more recent years, We the People of Detroit, as well as younger organizations FY17 Selected General Fund Expenditures such as the Detroit chapter of Black Youth Project 100, 40 % have contributed to this struggle by confronting the many 30.0 % pressing issues facing communities of color including housing evictions, water shutoffs, and the various urban 20 % “renewal” projects that drive community displacement.207 New Era Detroit, a membership-based organization fighting 2.0 % 1.1 % 0.5 % for economic and racial justice in the city, has also been 0% pushing for this type of neighborhood safety for many Police 208

years. Wellness Promotion Housing & Recreation of Health & of Health Department Department Department Department Revitalization 209 FY17 Detroit City Budget Source: FY2017-FY2020 City of Detroit Four-Year Plan Total Budget After it exited Chapter 9 bankruptcy in 2014, the Detroit city budget entered a three-year period of financial oversight Department. Per capita spending on the Police Department under the Financial Review Commission. The city was is approximately $450.211 required to have a balanced budget for three consecutive years for oversight to be lifted oversight.210 The current By contrast, the Department of Housing and Revitalization, four-year budget (FY2017–FY2020), allocates a total of which provides funding for affordable housing, receives only $1.8 billion in total expenditures for 2017, out of which 2.4 percent of total expenditures. The Department of Health $310.2 million (or 16.8 percent) is dedicated to the Police and Wellness Promotion receives 1.6 percent of expenditures.

Campaign Highlight

BYP100 Detroit is currently ramping Detroit aims to connect with and water bills to be based on a resident’s up a campaign called Rooted in amplify the experiences of those most income and ability to pay. This would the D, which aims to divest from marginalized and erased from the address the current issues of residents punitive housing foreclosure and Detroit’s narrative, and to support not being able to afford current water other displacement measures, and the struggles of those being forced to rates. BYP100 Detroit is also planning invest in keeping people in their leave their house, community, or city. to engage in direct action, community homes and allowing those who have outreach, and policy advocacy, and will been displaced to return to the city. The Rooted in the D campaign seeks employ visionary tactics and solutions The campaign is currently engaging to initially help address the city’s through input from the community. in community building and base ongoing water shutoff crisis. The building activities across the city campaign will help support and build As the campaign moves forward and to identify where money and other upon the expansive and dedicated base-building continues, BYP100 resources are most urgently needed. work of groups such as We the People Detroit will address other areas that of Detroit, the People’s Water Board, contribute to the displacement of Black Working through a Black Queer and others who are actively working people in Detroit. They ultimately seek Feminist lens, BYP100 Detroit also to address the immediate problem to implement policy changes that will recognizes that many households in of lack of access to water. The goal is keep people in their homes, improve the city are headed by Black women to develop long-term solutions and the quality of life of residents, and and femme-identified people. Through push current plans such as the Water bring back residents who have been the Rooted in the D campaign, BYP100 Affordability Plan, which would move displaced and/or forced out of the city. 34 DETROIT

The Department of Recreation, which includes after school programming and educational activities in addition to park maintenance, receives only just over one percent of the total budget. The city’s total budget decreased by 27 percent between FY2013 and FY2017. However, expenditures on the Police Department decreased by only 17 percent in this same period.212

For every dollar spent on the DPD (including city, state, and federal funds), the Department of Health and Wellness Promotion receives nine cents. Housing and Revitalization, which funds affordable housing programs, receives 14 cents.

General Fund

In FY17, Detroit allocated 30 percent of its $1 billion general fund budget to the Police Department. Vital community resources received significantly less funding. For instance, and Wellness Promotion received only half of one percent of the Department of Housing and Revitalization, which all general fund expenditures. (Note that the Department of includes funding for affordable housing, received 1.1 percent Transportation does not receive funds from the general fund of general fund expenditures. The Department of Health so is excluded below.) n

Detroit: Selected Budget Expenditures, FY 17

Department/Program Description Total Expenditure % of Total Budget

Police Department Total Police Department spending $310,200,000 16.8%

Housing and Revitalization Includes funding for affordable $43,500,000 2.4% Department housing development

Department of Health and Health funding for public health $28,900,000 1.6% Wellness Promotion programs and services

Department of Transportation Provides public transit services $134,200,000 7.3%

Recreation Department Focused primarily on maintenance of $20,800,0000 1.1% parks, but includes afterschool and summer programming, educational activities

Source: FY2017–FY2020 City of Detroit Four-Year Plan. Analysis excludes non-recurring surplus expenditures ($67.9 million) in blight reduction and capital projects in FY17.

35 Freedom to Thrive: Reimagining Safety & Security in Our Communities “We cannot have this high police spending while folks are being displaced, while children in the city do not have the same educational opportunities as their suburban counterparts, while families go without water. Higher police budgets do not make us safe.” – Denzel McCampbell Chapter Co-chair BYP100 Detroit

36 HOUSTON

Racial Disparities Black and brown residents of Harris county live in economic and social disparities in Houston and Harris poverty, are denied access to educational opportunities, County need to consider specific areas in order to address and are criminalized at astounding rates. High poverty multiple needs within the communities most in need of 222 neighborhoods in Harris County have quadrupled over the resources. past three decades, and now make up 40 percent of the county.218 This is double the national average rate of 20 Across the state Black and Latinx residents also face percent.219 Poverty, high unemployment, and low levels of increasing criminalization. One study found that in Texas, educational attainment in Harris County are generally all Black people are five times more likely than white people concentrated in neighborhoods of color.220 At the same time, to be incarcerated and Latinxs are twice as likely as whites 223 the spatial concentration of the city’s wealthiest individuals to be incarcerated. The same study also found that there has grown, largely isolating wealthy residents from much are more Black men in prisons and jail than in institutes of 224 of the rest of the region.221 Such high levels of segregation higher education. deepen gross inequities in access to education, employment, nutrition, and healthcare for Black and brown communities. Policing Issues For example, nearly 40 percent of Black children experience The Houston Police Department (HPD) is the largest food insecurity—twice the percentage of white children. police department in Texas and the fifth largest in the This suggests that programs and resources to reduce country.225 Despite persistent incidents of racial profiling

37 Freedom to Thrive: Reimagining Safety & Security in Our Communities and police brutality, there is little accountability for police in Between 2005 and 2012, almost every shooting by the Houston. An investigation by the Texas Observer revealed HPD was deemed “justified” by HPD.230 One of the most that between 2007 and 2012, the HPD received an average shocking examples of a so-called “justified” shooting of 1,200 complaints per year. Only a third of complaints took place in 2015 when a HPD officer shot an unarmed resulted in disciplinary action and of those, more than Black man inside his own hospital room while he was half were written reprimands, which have little effect on experiencing a breakdown in mental health.231 an officer’s record. A mere seven percent of all complaints Organizing Efforts ended in serious discipline, defined as a three-day suspension or more.226 In recent years, activists have been drawing increased attention to problems within the HPD and the criminal The Observer’s analysis also showed that Houston police justice system more generally. After the 2015 death of officers regularly profile Black residents. In 2012 almost Sandra Bland, who died in a Waller County jail cell after half of those arrested at traffic stops were Black, despite the being arrested for minor traffic violations, organizers fact that Black people comprise only a quarter of the city’s across the region begin aggressively challenging policing population227 and the HPDs own records demonstrating that and incarceration practices.232 Houston activists, including white residents are more likely to be carrying contraband leaders from the Texas Organizing Project (TOP) and the than Black residents.228 In the six year period that was Right2Justice Coalition (comprised of 25 organizations analyzed, civilians reported instances of police brutality 588 including the ACLU of Texas and the Texas Criminal Justice times. However the HPD’s Internal Affairs division, which Coalition), called a press conference in 2016 to demand that investigates complaints internally, dismissed all but four of independent prosecutors investigate all police shootings, these allegations.229 and to call for meaningful civilian review boards equipped

People’s Priorities Organizers in Houston have Black people are disproportionately not criminalize those with mental identified a number of investment incarcerated, making up 12 percent of health issues. Due to a lack of priorities that address the needs the state’s population but 32 percent investment in these kinds of and safety of Houston residents. of the prison and jail population.239 resources, individuals dealing with TOP leaders are currently planning Black and brown communities have mental health crises often become a “listening tour” to engage even been destabilized both because of the responsibility of police and local more deeply with the community and high incarceration rates and because jails. The current system is not only to develop an even clearer sense of of discriminatory policies and punitive inhumane, as incarceration has been community priorities and needs.237 restrictions on people returning to shown to aggravate mental health their communities from jail or prison. issues, but it is also ineffective Houston organizers have identified TOP and other groups are working and expensive. TOP and other “second chance” housing and to secure investments in housing organizations are pushing back employment opportunities for formerly opportunities for formerly incarcerated against plans to build additional incarcerated people as a key need community members as well as job prisons and jails, and are instead for communities of color and an training and placement programs.240 advocating for long-term investment effective way to prevent recidivism in a humane and effective mental and reduce the need for police and Additionally, Houston organizers are health infrastructure that can prisons.238 Texas had 735,000 people advocating for increased investment address health issues before they incarcerated or on probation in 2014. in mental health treatment that does escalate into safety issues.241

38 HOUSTON

Selected Budget Expenditures, FY17

Total Operating % of Total Department/Program Description Expenditures Operating Budget

Police Department Total Police Department spending $850,400,000 16.8%

Housing and Community Includes affordable housing initiatives $532,800 0.01% Development

Houston Health Health Department $103,400,000 2.0% Department

Department of Includes funding for youth programs, $11,700,000 0.2% Neighborhoods including a program to provide a gang education and awareness training, job training, and college/career preparation

Library Department Includes funding for workforce development $41,100,000 0.8% and student success programming

Parks and Recreation Includes funding for afterschool and $84,800,000 1.7% summer enrichment programs

Source: City of Houston Adopted Operating Budget FY17

FY17 Selected General Fund Expenditures

40 % 35.1 %

20 %

2.8 % 1.2 % 0.5 % 0.1 % 0% 0.02 % Police Health Houston Programs Programs Housing & Recreation Community Department After School Development Library Youth Department of Department of Neighborhoods Source: City of Houston Adopted Operating Budget FY17

with subpoena power. The press conference also launched organizers in Houston helped elect Sylvester Turner, the a campaign to reform Harris County’s bail system and second Black mayor of Houston. TOP has played a crucial “debtor’s prisons,” which consistently cage people simply role in steering the Mayor’s agenda, with several members because they are too poor to post bond.233 serving on his criminal justice transition team. During the 2016 elections, TOP canvassers reached nearly 350,000 TOP and partners across Harris county have used a variety Black and brown residents. Due in part to their efforts, of strategies, including electoral engagement, advocacy and Harris County democrats overwhelmingly won county direct action, to improve conditions for Black and brown offices, including the election of the first Democratic District residents and transform the political landscape. In 2015, Attorney in nearly 40 years and the election of a sympathetic

39 Freedom to Thrive: Reimagining Safety & Security in Our Communities Cents to the Dollar: Investments in Police versus Investments in Community

.  .

 .

 .

 .

 .  .  .   .   .   .   Police Health Library Houston Parks and Parks Community Department Department Housing and Recreations Development Department of Neighborhoods

Source: City Of Houston Adopted Operating Budget FY17

Sheriff, who openly supports bail reform and has pledged students, received less than three percent of total budget to protect Houston residents from aggressive Federal expenditures. immigration policies.234 For every dollar spent on the HPD, the Houston Health 235 FY2017 Houston City Budget Department receives 12 cents. The Department of Total Operating Budget Neighborhoods, the Library Department, and the Parks Houston had a total budget of $5.1 billion in FY17, out of and Recreation Department, each of which house student/ which $850.4 million (or 16.8 percent of the total budget) youth programs, receive a combined eight cents for every was dedicated to the Police Department. Per capita spending dollar spent on the police. on the Police Department is equivalent to $383.236 General Fund Spending on the Police Department vastly outweighs spending on critical community resources like In FY17, Houston allocated 35.1 percent of its $2.3 billion affordable housing, health services and youth programs. general fund budget to the Police Department, dwarfing For example, the entire Housing and Community general fund contributions to important community Development department received only .01 percent of total services such as housing and community development expenditures. The combined budgets of the Department (which received .02 percent of general fund expenditures) of Neighborhoods, Department of Parks and Recreation, and public health (which received 2.8 percent of general and Library Department, which each house programs for fund expenditures). n

40 HOUSTON “It is imperative for Houston to direct more resources toward services to address mental illness and homelessness. This is the only way to effectively tackle jail overcrowding and mass incarceration.” – Tarsha Jackson Harris County Director Texas Organizing Project

41 Freedom to Thrive: Reimagining Safety & Security in Our Communities Campaign Highlight

Since the death of Sandra Bland, into their own hands by bailing out much-needed services. Despite who was in a Waller County jail cell incarcerated mothers so they could be support from county officials, because she was unable to pay bail, home with their families for Mother’s however, TOP struggled to ensure organizers have been fighting to end Day. TOP joined groups in 15 cities that the women they bailed got the discriminatory use of pretrial across the country who collectively access to critical housing, mental detention. Despite a recent lawsuit that bailed out over 100 mothers and health, and employment resources. found Harris County Commissioner’s caregivers, further highlighting the The Mama’s Day Bailout made clear Court (the county governing body) inhumane impact of discriminatory that decades of overfunding police has spent over two million dollars to policing and bail system. TOP worked and prisons have resulted in a lack of oppose reform of the bail system.242 with the Sheriff’s Department and resources for mental health facilities, county services to bail the women drug treatment resources, affordable In May 2017 organizers took matters and worked to provide them with housing, and job training.243

42 LOS ANGELES

Racial Disparities Despite several pockets of concentrated wealth,244 Los education levels250 and Latinxs are much more likely to Angeles has more people in poverty than any major city in be working poor compared with all other groups.251 the US.245 Los Angeles County ranks seventh in income inequality out of the largest 150 metro regions in the Policing Issues country, 246 with higher income inequality than any other Los Angeles has a long history of systemic police California metro area.247 For example, residents of South corruption and brutality—from the brutal beating Central/Watts, Southeast/East Vernon, Huntington Park of Rodney King in 1991,252 to the Rampart Scandal City, and Walnut Park, who are predominately Black and/or in 1997, when a white off-duty officer shot a Black Latinx, have health, earning, and education levels that are officer in an act of road rage,253 to the Pérez Scandal equivalent to national averages in 1970.248 in 1998, in which an officer pled guilty to stealing cocaine and shooting and framing an unarmed gang Black and Latinx residents are much more likely to be in member (who became paralyzed as a result), and then poverty than white residents. In LA County, nearly a quarter implicated about 70 other officers in various forms of of Black residents and nearly 24 percent of Latinx residents misconduct.254 Both the Rampart and Pérez scandals live below the poverty line, compared to about 11 percent of exposed systemic corruption and the cover-ups of illegal whites.249 Black people face higher rates of joblessness at all behavior.

43 Freedom to Thrive: Reimagining Safety & Security in Our Communities Los Angeles: Selected Budget Expenditures, FY16-17

Department/Program Description Total Operating Expenditure % of Total Budget

Police Department Total Police Department spending $1,485,600,000 16.9%

Economic and Workforce Includes funding for workforce development $20,100,000 0.2% Development

Youth Workforce Development; Adult Workforce Development $9,400,000 0.1%

Housing and Community Includes affordable housing and rent $64,900,000 0.7% Investment stabilization programs

Transportation Total Transportation Department spending, $160,200,000 1.8% including funding for the planning and operation of city’s streets and highway system

Non-departmental General Includes council spending on jobs, youth, $167,700,000 1.9% City Purposes homeless community, and substance abuse programs to individual organizations and programs

Source: Fiscal Year 2016–2017 City of Los Angeles Budget. This includes capital funds, as LA does not report total operating funds separately.

In November 2000, Los Angeles and the DOJ agreed to FY16-17 Selected General Fund Expenditures enter into a consent decree, mandating that the DOJ oversee the Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) for five years.255 40 % However, despite the consent decree, and a new $57.6 25.7 % million body camera program (beginning in 2016 with plans 20 % to roll out five years),256 the LAPD still led the nation in the most fatal shootings for the second year in a row in 2016, 3.0 % 1.7 % while the Los Angeles Sheriff’s Department—the largest 0% 0.1 % 0.1 % sheriff’s department in the country—was second in the 257 nation in 2016 for most fatal shootings. Racial profiling Police Purpose Workforce also persists, with Black residents consistently stopped at Housing & Investment Community Economic & Economic General City Development

much higher rates than white residents. In the first half of Transportation

2014, 32 percent of pedestrians stopped by LAPD officers Nondepartmental were Black, despite comprising only 10 percent of the Source: Fiscal Year 2016–2017 City of Los Angeles Budget population.258 A Department of Justice investigation found that the L.A. Sheriff’s Department “engaged in a pattern or practice of stops, searches, and seizures and excessive force Amendment C which, according to activists, will make in violation of the Constitution and federal law” targeting police oversight even more difficult. The ballot measure was 259 specifically Black residents living in Section 8 housing. criticized for being confusing to voters, and while using language that suggests increased civilian oversight, will Organizing Efforts actually stack the deck in favor of officers.260 Accountability Activists have continued to fight for reform in the LAPD. groups are now calling for an overhaul of the process used to Recently, voters and the police union approved Charter select civilians who review allegations of misconduct, as well

44 LOS ANGELES

Cents to the Dollar: Investments in Police versus Selected Investments in Community . .

.

.

.

. . . . .

 Police Purposes Workforce Investment Community General City Housing and Development Economic and Economic Transportation Nondepartmental

Source: Fiscal Year 2016-2017 City of Los Angeles Budget

People’s Priorities Organizers in Los Angeles have a long 2015 survey of over 1000 people on Recently, YJC has called for history of making budgetary demands their public safety priorities, YJC found moving just five percent of the at the municipal, county, and state that respondents across race and police budget into resourcing levels to reflect community priorities. income overwhelmingly prioritized these priorities, an investment Youth Justice Coalition (YJC) is a large investments in youth educational that would create 50,000 youth and family organizing group and job programs, as well as hiring youth jobs, 100 youth centers, that challenges the criminalization, of intervention workers, over options and the hiring of 1000 “peace incarceration, and oppression of to add more police officers or to builders” and intervention young people in Los Angeles.265 In a more strictly enforce criminal law.266 workers in schools.

45 Freedom to Thrive: Reimagining Safety & Security in Our Communities as a sweeping review of police discipline.261 expenditures. The Department of Housing and Community Investment, which includes affordable housing and rent At the county level, organizers are fighting for increased stabilization programs, received 0.7 percent of expenditures. oversight and accountability in county jails. In spring For every dollar spent on the Los Angeles Police of 2017, protesters, many affiliated with community Department (including city, state, and federal funds), organization Dignity and Power Now, drew attention to workforce development programs, housed under the the lack of oversight and poor conditions in jails, following Economic and Workforce Development Department, several inmate deaths, including a suicide.262 received one cent. Housing and Community Investment, which includes affordable housing and rent stabilization FY16-17 Los Angeles City Budget 263 programs, received four cents for every dollar spent on Total Budget police. In FY16–17, the City of Los Angeles had a total budget of $8.8 billion, out of which nearly $1.5 billion (or 16.9 percent General Fund of the total budget) was dedicated to the Police Department. In FY16–17, Los Angeles allocated 25.7 percent of $5.6 Police spending is equivalent to $381 per capita.264 billion general fund to the Police Department. By contrast, Economic and Workforce Development received one tenth Other important community resources receive vastly fewer of general fund expenditures. A mere three percent of resources. For instance, the Youth Workforce Development general funds supported Non-departmental General City and Adult Workforce Development programs, operated by Purposes, which included city council spending on jobs, the Economic and Workforce Development Department, youth, homeless services, and substance abuse programs to received a combined tenth of one percent of total individual organizations and programs. n

46 LOS ANGELES

“Los Angeles City spends more to protect stray dogs than protect its young people from violence.” – Kim McGill Organizer Youth Justice Coalition

47 Freedom to Thrive: Reimagining Safety & Security in Our Communities Campaign Highlights.267 Dignity and Power Now (DPN), an police patrol function, has been year toward policing this issue, LA-based grassroots organization directly responsible for significant and processing citations through that fights for incarcerated people, assaults, death, and medical neglect, the County’s new diversion. The their families, and communities,268 and has paid out millions of dollars campaign has three primary goals: is in the midst of an ongoing fight in legal settlements for this violent 1) to secure a free metro pass against a recent jail expansion misconduct. Through its campaign, (unlimited MTA buses and train proposal in LA County. The County which includes targeting the county’s access) for LA County students, Sheriff’s Department is seeking budget, DPN is demanding that the preschool through college; 2) to to spend $3.4 billion on two new $3.4 billion dollars that is being sought end the contract with the LA County jails—one a women’s facility and for jail expansion be spent instead Sheriff’s Department to patrol the the other a “consolidated mental on jail diversion, mental health crisis Metro system, redirecting those health treatment” facility. Citing the centers, and permanent supportive funds toward the pass and toward Department of Justice and utilizing housing. These investments, DPN community intervention workers (a the civilian oversight commission argues, would disrupt the cycle of cheaper and more effective safety created by its advocacy, DPN argues destabilization and violence that jails option) contracted in cooperation that expanding jails would perpetuate inflict on vulnerable populations. with the County’s Community serious violations against the human Development Department; and 3) to rights of LA residents, particularly YJC recently launched a campaign end the stop and frisk, fare evasion those with mental health issues. called Transportation is an Educational ticketing, arrest, and detention of Dignity and Power argues that no Right.270 The highest number of people on public transportation. mental health treatment can happen citations issued by the Los Angeles Over-policing of the Metro system effectively in a jail context, citing the County Sheriff’s Department for fare not only costs the city millions of quadrupled increase in the rate of self- evasion are being issued to youth dollars, but because these practices harm inside of the jails over the last under the age of 18.271 According to overwhelmingly target youth of five years.269 The Sheriff’s Department, YJC, law enforcement, the courts color, they further block youth which controls the county jail system and the Probation Department from attending school or accessing and has an extensive traditional allocate millions of dollars each other resources in the county.

48 MINNEAPOLIS

Racial Disparities Minneapolis is often praised for its high scores on the rate for white children,277 and Black communities quality of life measures, high levels of education, and low continue to be stifled by mass criminalization.278 272 unemployment. However, residents of color are often denied access to this wealth and opportunity. Minneapolis Policing Issues grapples with deep racial inequality and has some of the most stark racial disparities in the US.273 Minnesota has the Racial disparities in policing are especially stark. In 2014 largest racial poverty gap in the nation, with Black residents the ACLU analyzed low-level arrests by the Minneapolis in the Twin Cities three times more likely to live below the police department between 2012 and 2014, exposing a poverty line than their white counterparts.274 Since the sharp disparity in the way police enforce low-level offenses start of the twenty-first century, the number of severely in low-income communities of color. The report found segregated schools has increased more than sevenfold, and that Black and Indigenous people were more than eight- the population of segregated, high-poverty neighborhoods and-a-half times more likely than whites to be arrested for has tripled.275 While Minnesota has been recognized for its low-level offenses.279 Black people comprise 19 percent students’ high scores in national tests and entrance exams, of the Minneapolis population but account for 59 percent it lags behind the rest of the country in on-time graduation of low-level arrests. White, by contrast, comprise 64 for students of color.276 The rate of infant mortality for Black percent of the population but only 23 percent of low-level and Indigenous children in Minnesota is twice as high as arrests.280

49 Freedom to Thrive: Reimagining Safety & Security in Our Communities Minneapolis: Selected Budget Expenditures, FY 17

Total Budget Department/Program Description % of Total Budget Expenditure

Police Department Total Police Department spending $163,200,000 11.2%

Community Planning and Includes adult workforce, youth development, $102,600,000 7.1% Economic Development and housing programs.

Adult Workforce Development $5,800,000 0.4%

Youth Training and Development $4,700,000 0.3%

Homeownership support and development $6,600,000 0.4%

Affordable Housing development $14,300,000 1.0%

Health Health Department $21,300,000 1.5%

Youth Development and Sexual Health $1,700,000 0.1%

Youth Violence Prevention $1,100,000 0.1%

Public Works Includes funding to ensure safe transportation $342,200,000 23.5% by maintaining streets and sidewalks

Transportation Maintenance and Repair; Transportation Planning and $68,700,000 4.7% Engineering; Transportation Planning and Programming

Source: FY2017 Budget for the City of Minneapolis. Capital program expenditures are included in total budget numbers.

Black people are also imprisoned at much higher rates. also instructed to reroute their complaints to different While Black people make up only six percent of the state’s precincts unnecessarily, or incorrectly told that no action population, they make up nearly 37 percent of the prison could be taken without an officer’s name and badge population.281 Despite declining crime rates since the 1990s, number.285 Minnesota’s prison population has grown exponentially, reaching one of its highest levels in 2013.282 This was due Police misconduct has cost the city millions of dollars in in part to increased penalties and the enforcement of minor legal fees. Between 2011 and 2014 the city paid out more drug offenses and Driving While Impaired (DWI) laws.283 than $9.3 million for police misconduct lawsuits. From 2006 to 2012, the city paid nearly $14 million in lawsuits The Minneapolis police also have a history of misconduct related to excessive force leading to death or injury, cases and brutality.284 In 2015 and 2016, the city’s Police Conduct involving property damage during raids, and the use Oversight Commission (PCOC) received complaints of racial slurs.286 The response from city officials has about how difficult it was for Minneapolis residents to file been anemic and no systemic changes or accountability complaints against police officers. The PCOC ordered an measures have been put in place. Without addressing the investigation and found that complainants were regularly underlying issues of brutality, racism, and impunity, the turned away or told that no paper forms were available city council allocated more than a million dollars to a body (when they were easily printable). Complainants were camera program in 2014 over a two-year period.287

50 MINNEAPOLIS

Cents to the Dollar: Investments in Policing versus Selected Investments in Community

.  .

 .

 .

 .  .

 .  .   .   .   .   . 

 Police Planning, Prevention Development Development Programming Maintenance, Youth Training Youth Violence Youth Transportation, Adult WorkforceAdult and Developmentand and Sexual Health Affordable Housing Affordable Source: FY2017 Budget for the City of Minneapolis DevelopmentYouth

Organizers and activists continue to demand reform in present.290 Local and federal authorities declined to pursue response to persistent discrimination and violence at the civil rights charges against the officers responsible for Jamar hands of the police. In 2015 Black Lives Matter Minneapolis, Clark’s death.291 Organizers won a victory in 2015 with the Neighborhoods Organizing for Change (NOC), and local repeal of laws against lurking and spitting, known as the partners garnered national attention with a number of high- Minneapolis “Black Codes” because they were disproportion- profile demonstrations. These included two marches that ately enforced against people of color.292 shut down highways and another that partially shut down the Mall of America during one of its busiest shopping days In 2016, Philando Castile was fatally shot in broad daylight of the year, and which resulted in the arrest of 11 members of next to his girlfriend and her daughter by a St. Anthony Black Lives Matter Minneapolis.288 police officer during a traffic stop for a broken tail light. The immediate aftermath of his death was captured on camera Organizing Efforts and broadcast live on Facebook by Castile’s girlfriend, In November 2015, in response to the murder of Jamar Clark while the officer continued to point the gun at her and her by the Minneapolis police, activists organized a sit-in at the daughter.293 In response, thousands of protesters from Fourth Precinct police station. During this peaceful demon- the Twin Cities area mobilized in protest and held vigils stration, five protesters were shot by white supremacists.289 in Castile’s honor.294 In June 2017, a jury in Minnesota After 18 days of protest, the police swept through and shut acquitted the officer, Jeronimo Yanez, of all charges after five down the encampments, despite many protesters still days of deliberation.295

51 Freedom to Thrive: Reimagining Safety & Security in Our Communities People’s Priorities 301

Organizers and community members endanger, the wellbeing of families. issue in need of intervention. In in Minneapolis believe that sustained North Minneapolis, an investment community-based investments— High unemployment rates in Black of $11 million, less than six percent not more police or more aggressive and brown communities across the of the 2017 Minneapolis police policing—is key to making their state,302 as well as a sharp decline in budget, would allow for major communities safer and healthier. the median income of Black families rehabilitation of a number of identified NOC, Take Action Minnesota, and in recent years,303 are key concerns slum properties, thus helping to other organizations across the state among organizers and community create affordable housing.308 have been advocating at the local members in Minnesota. NOC believes and state level for investments that that access to quality jobs is a more In addition to advocating for address the root causes of crime powerful crime-fighting tool than police employment and housing and increase access and opportunity or prisons.304 In Minnesota, the Black opportunities, groups in Minneapolis for Black and brown communities, unemployment rate is nearly four are also demanding increased who have been systematically denied times that of the white unemployment funding for mental health services the fruits of economic growth and rate.305 Organizers at the local and community-based alternatives to targeted by racially discriminatory and state level are advocating for policing. In Minneapolis, like most policing and incarceration practices. substantial investments in job training cities across the country, a divestment and placement programs, specifically from health services and supports Organizing groups are advocating for Black and brown youth, as well have meant that the police are the for policies and investments that as investments in small Black- and primary responders to mental health make communities safer by ensuring brown-owned businesses. Last year, issues. Not only does this lead to access to jobs, mental and physical for example, a coalition of Black-led the criminalization of mental health healthcare, stable and affordable groups demanded that the State invest issues, it also too often leads to the housing, and educational opportunities. $75 million, less than half what is spent killing of civilians by police who are Organizers and communities are annually on policing in Minneapolis, not trained or equipped to de-escalate also working to reduce the reach to create a community-controlled mental health crises. Organizers in and responsibilities of the Police fund for Black-owned business and Minneapolis are demanding increased Department, and are promoting $8 million for a youth job programs funding for mental health services community-based alternatives to in St. Paul and Minneapolis.306 A administered through the Department both policing and incarceration. similar summer jobs program recently of Health rather than the Police Community groups believe that implemented in Chicago reduced Department. In addition to funding 10 percent of the police budget, or violent crime arrests by over 43 community-based mental health $16 million dollars, would make a percent over a 16-month period.307 supports, organizers are also exploring substantial difference in addressing and expanding democratic, transparent, community needs and increasing safety Organizers have also identified and accountable models of community in ways that would build community the lack of affordable housing and safety including community street power and improve, rather than homelessness as an important safety patrols and restorative justice tools.

52 MINNEAPOLIS

Since the beginning of the Black Lives Matter movement, • $250,000 taken from Meet Minneapolis (an organization Minneapolis has seen a wave of mass protests and that markets the visitor experience of Minneapolis) to mobilization. In response, the Police Department has been fund alternative community safety strategies through the aggressively charging and criminalizing protesters.296 Downtown Improvement District In 2017, Minnesota lawmakers proposed bill in the state • $67,000 allocated from Fire Department and Public legislature that would further criminalize peaceful protests Health funds to fund Youth Violence Prevention through and demonstrations.297 the Health Department

In December 2016, NOC members at the city budget hearing • $50,000 taken from the City Coordinator to fund successfully pressured the City Council and mayor to secure culturally relevant sex trafficking prevention work through an unprecedented $1.5 million for “safety beyond policing” Health Department strategies in the 2017 budget. These strategies include: • $100,000 diverted from the Police Special Revenue Fund to invest in alternative community safety strategies in • $185,000 in ongoing funding to the Health Department Phillips West and Ventura Village neighborhoods for Group Violence Intervention and Youth Violence • $100,000 taken from City Attorney’s office to fund Hate Prevention aid and funding to community partners Crimes Investigator at Civil Rights Department • $261,000 in ongoing funding, plus additional one-time While funding for alternative public safety measures is an funds, to create a 3-person mental health co-responder important step in the right direction, it came as the city pilot in the Minneapolis Police Department also allocated funds to add 15 police officers to the budget. • $500,000 in one-time funds for community-directed Organizers are now calling for additional money to prioritize alternative safety strategies in West Broadway and Little and fully fund “safety beyond policing” instead of increasing Earth neighborhoods investment in police departments.298

53 Freedom to Thrive: Reimagining Safety & Security in Our Communities FY2017 Minneapolis City Budget 299 General Fund Total Budget In FY17, Minneapolis allocated 35.8 percent of its $438.4 million general fund budget to the Police Department. The In FY17, Minneapolis had a total budget of $1.5 billion, out of Community Planning and Economic Development Depart- which $163.2 million (or 11.2 percent of the total budget) was ment, which houses programs workforce development dedicated to the Police Department. Total expenditure on programs, affordable housing development, and homeowner- policing is equivalent to $408 per capita.300 ship support and development, received only 8.4 percent of general fund expenditures. The Public Works Department, Critical resources like health and youth development which funds transportation planning, maintenance and programs received far less funding than the Police repair, receives 13.5 percent of general fund expenditures. n Department. For example, the entire Health Department received only 1.5 percent of total budget expenditures. Youth violence prevention programs, operated by the Health FY 17 Selected General Fund Expenditures Department, received one tenth of one percent of total expenditures. Affordable housing development programs, 40 % 35.8 % operated by the Community Planning and Economic Development Department, received one percent of total 20 % expenditures. 13.5 % 8.4 %

For every dollar spent on the Minneapolis Police Depart- 0% ment, adult workforce development programs and youth

training programs receive four cents and three cents, re- Police Economic Planning &

spectively. Affordable housing development, operated by the Community Public Works Public Community Development and Economic Planning Depart- Development ment, receives nine cents for every dollar spent on police. Source: FY2017 Budget for the City of Minneapolis

Campaign Highlight 309

Black Legislative Agenda the police precinct and make it more justice. The coalition successfully Jamar Clark was shot in the head by difficult for community members to advocated for $35 million in equity Minneapolis police on November use their bodies and voices in protest. funding to support job training and 15th, 2015.310 According to local Organizations throughout Minneapolis development programs, incubation organizers,311 his death, which marked filled the corridors of City Hall to for Black businesses, and increased the 141st time that Minneapolis police successfully defeat the proposal.313 funding for community schools. killed a Black civilian since 2000, was symptomatic of ongoing police After successfully demonstrating The progress from mass protest and brutality and impunity. Dozens of their collective power, they went occupation to a legislative victory community members went to the local further. NOC, Black Lives Matter that funnels more resources into police precinct and stayed for 18 days Minneapolis, and other organizations communities is an inspiring example in protest.312 When the occupation advocated for changes at the State of how communities can turn grief ended the police immediately level. Together they created the United and rage resulting from police attempted to pass an emergency Black Legislative Agenda. The Agenda violence and economic deprivation measure through city council that addresses issues of economic justice, into a legislative and community would have used $605,000 to fortify criminal justice, and Black immigrant vision.

54 NEW YORK CITY

Racial Disparities In New York City, racial disparities persist in nearly every hospitalization rate among children was 14 times higher sphere of life for its residents. Thirteen percent of white than in Manhattan’s Financial District.320 residents citywide live below the poverty line, compared to 21 percent of Black residents, 23 percent of Asian residents, Policing Issues and nearly 25 percent of Latinx residents.314 Black, Latinx In recent years, organizers have brought highlighted the and Asian residents are more likely to be rent-burdened than devastating impact of the NYPD’s decades-long history of their white counterparts (approximately 30 percent of each discriminatory policing practices that disproportionately group is rent-burdened compared to less than 23 percent of target low-income communities of color, and particularly whites).315 The Black unemployment rate is approximately youth, members of the LGBTQ community, the homeless, double the white unemployment rate.316 Ninety-six percent of people with mental health issues, street vendors, and sex Black and 95 percent of Latinx students attend majority low- workers.321 Stop-and-frisk, which grew out of a broader income schools.317 The graduation rate for Black and Latinx “broken windows” policing agenda,322 is a practice in which female students and Black male students is about 80 percent police officers stop individuals in public places based on that of their white peers.318 In 2013, the death rate for Black their supposed reasonable suspicion of criminal activity.323 males between 15 and 24 was 1.5 times higher than the Between 2004 and 2012, more than 80 percent of the 4.4 rate for white males.319 In the city’s poorest neighborhoods, million people stopped and frisked by the NYPD were which are also disproportionately communities of color, Black or Latinx.324 Through a multi-prong organizing poor health outcomes are also concentrated. For example, strategy, which centered those most impacted and included in Mott Haven and Melrose in the Bronx, the asthma organizing, advocacy and litigation, New Yorkers have

55 Freedom to Thrive: Reimagining Safety & Security in Our Communities experienced some success in amplifying the racist nature of the court set forth a number of measures that the NYPD stop-and-frisk, and in decreasing its unbridled abuse by the is required to implement. These include changes to NYPD NYPD. Not only has the practice been deemed ineffective policies and training, and to how the department handles (nearly nine out of 10 New Yorkers have been completely complaints and discipline. The NYPD was also required to innocent when stopped),325 but NYPD’s stop-and-frisk establish a pilot program for body cameras and appointed an program was also found to be unconstitutional. In 2013, independent monitor to oversee the overall remedy process. a federal district court ruled the NYPD’s stop-and-frisk An independent court monitor was appointed to oversee the program unconstitutional, following class action lawsuits reform process.327 brought by the Center for Constitutional Rights and several other legal organizations.326 The city now reports fewer incidences of stop-and-frisk, but part of decline can also be attributed to a decrease in As a result of the ruling, along with advocacy and organizing, police reporting of pedestrian stops.328 Discriminatory

People’s Priorities As in other cities, organizers and organizations, Make The Road New to develop a set of priorities for how community groups in NY have long York,356 Future of Tomorrow, and to better invest $100M (the cost demanded policies and investments Sistas and Brothas United, seeks associated with hiring a proposed that make communities safer by investment in all three areas. In 1000 new police officers) to reflect ensuring access to stable and affordable particular, UYC views investments the real needs of New Yorkers:360 housing, public health, youth services, in youth jobs as investments in and equitable educational practices. community safety. However, there are Youth programs & services: approximately 50,000 youth that the • Summer youth programming Housing and transit in NYC continues city’s Summer Youth Employment (>$100M) to be increasingly unaffordable and 357 Program cannot currently fund. • Free lunch programs for all dysfunctional, with relatively little public school students ($24M) being invested to expand or improve VOCAL-NY has called for serious • After school programs ($13.6M) transit access, stop gentrification and investments in harm reduction, • Parental engagement ($7.1M) the development of luxury real estate, healthcare, employment, and mental or to expand affordable and safe health programs that addresses the Housing, Human, & Social Services: housing for those with low to middle opioid crisis in a holistic and non- • Beds for runaway and incomes. New York Communities for criminalized way. VOCAL-NY has homeless youth ($4.5M) Change, (a multi-racial membership argued that NYC should provide • Legal representation for housing based organization of working families additional support for programs court tenants and immigrants in fighting against economic and racial such as safe injection sites, which deportation proceedings (>$100M) 354 oppression), for example, has called can help to prevent overdoses, the • Public housing repairs ($300M) for a radical shift in housing and spread of disease, and connect • Alternatives to incarceration development policy that protects New people with addiction to other programs ($6.8M) Yorkers through significant investments beneficial life resources.358 in real affordable housing.355 Higher Education: Communities United for Police Reform • Invest in City University Access to youth jobs, mental health is a campaign to end discriminatory of New York ($150M) services, and transportation are also policing practices in New York, bringing critical resources for communities together a movement of community Community & Economic Development: across NYC. Urban Youth Collaborative members, lawyers, researchers and • Social work outreach for elderly ($34M) (UYC), a youth-led coalition activists.359 In 2015 they worked • Adult literacy programming ($5M) anchored by grassroots community with their diverse member groups 56 NEW YORK CITY

Selected Total Budget Expenditures, FY 17

Total Budget % of Total Department/Division Description Expenditure Budget

Police Department Total Police Department spending $4,891,900,000 6.0%

Department of Probation Probation Department spending $94,300,000 0.1%

Department of Correction Corrections Department spending $1,392,200,000 1.7%

City University of New York Funds colleges in NYC’s CUNY system $1,041,400,000 1.3%

Department of Education Operates public schools in NYC $23,179,300,000 28.2%

Universal Pre-K Free pre-k to all four-years olds in NYC $863,300,000 1.1%

Department of Youth and Includes funding for youth development services, $559,300,000 0.7% Community Development including the Summer Youth Employment Program

Housing Preservation Includes funding for affordable housing development $1,269,900,000 1.5% and Development

Administration for Includes funding for Head Start, but also for the $2,901,300,000 3.5% Children's Services juvenile detention system

Headstart $1,091,500,000 1.3%

Juvenile Justice $196,000,000 0.2%

Department of Health Includes funding for mental health and chemical $1,521,600,000 1.9% and Mental Hygiene dependency programs

Department of Homeless Services Includes funding for transitional housing and other $1,297,100,000 1.6% services for homeless families and adults

Department of Small Includes workforce development programming $220,500,000 0.3% Business Services

Workforce Investment Act Manages the Department’s contracted $60,500,000 0.1% training and employment programs.

Department of Transportation Provides policy guidance for all transportation $943,400,000 1.1% matters related to the city.

Source: The City of New York Adopted Budget Fiscal Year 2017

57 Freedom to Thrive: Reimagining Safety & Security in Our Communities FY 17 Selected City Expenditures 40 %

18.7 % 20 % 8.2 % 1.5 % 1.3 % 1.3 % 1.2 % 0.9 % 0.8 % 0.3 % 0.2 % 0% Police Housing Services Services Services Homeless Children’s Education Youth and Health and Community of New York Development Development City University Transportation Prevention and Small BusinessSmall Mental Hygiene

Source: The City of New York Adopted Budget Fiscal Year 2017

broken windows policing, also characterized by quota- for passage growing across the city, including amongst over driven policing that pressures officers to meet numerical 200 organizations and the City Council.337 goals for arrests and summonses and deploys officers in particular neighborhoods329—persists and continues to In 2015 the NYPD hired nearly 1,300 officers to its force338 aggressively target Black and brown communities.330 The over the objections of communities,339 despite the fact that it racial disparities in who is impacted by stop-and-frisk abuses is already the largest police force in the country.340 have not changed under the de Blasio administration, with nearly 89 percent of stops still targeting New Yorkers of In February 2017, the city and its largest police union settled color, and over 80 percent of stops not resulting in summons a tentative five-year contract that, in addition to promising or arrest.331 In 2015 there were nearly 1.8 million punitive salary increases for officers, requires that nearly 24,000 interactions between the NYPD and New Yorkers, an patrol officers are equipped with body cameras by the end of estimated 80 to 95 percent of which occurred between the 2019. The agreement will cover the years from 2012 to 2017 NYPD and Black and Latinx New Yorkers between the ages and will cost taxpayers a total of $1.9 billion.341 The coalition of 15 and 59.332 Nearly 95 percent of juvenile arrests in 2015 group Communities United for Police Reform (CPR), involved Black or Latinx youth.333 composed of community organizations such as VOCAL-NY, New York Communities for Change, and Make the Road NY, The close scrutiny of stop-and-frisk has also revealed other warned that the body camera policy lacks transparency and discriminatory policing practices by the NYPD, such as accountability.342 For example, the policy does not require such as unconstitutional searches and the failure of officers that police record all investigative encounters.343 to identify themselves to members of the public during routine activities. For more than three years, advocates attempted to pass the “Right to Know Act” which would Organizing Efforts both require officers to identify themselves to the public and In 2013, CPR won passage of a local law, the Community protect New Yorkers against unconstitutional searches.334 Safety Act, which established an independent Inspector While the Speaker, Mayor, and then-NYPD Commissioner General for the NYPD and expanded and strengthened a ban Bill Bratton agreed to revise certain NYPD Patrol Guide on police profiling and discrimination.344 Some additional sections in response to advocacy,335 police reform advocates, demands that organizers have made include reparations for including individual members of the New York City Council, victims of police brutality out of the NYPD budget and a critiqued the implementation as being insufficient and reinvestment of NYPD funds in working-class communities unenforceable.336 Communities across NYC continue to of color.345 At the two-year anniversary of the death of advocate for passage of the Right To Know Act, with support Michael Brown, an unarmed Black man fatally shot by police

58 NEW YORK CITY

Cents to the Dollar: Investments in Policing versus Selected Investments in Community .  .

 .

 .

 .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .

 Police Pre-K Universal Headstart of New York Department Development City University Department of and Community and Developmentand Homeless Services and Mental Hygieneand Department of Youth Housing Preservation Department of Health Source: The City of New York Adopted Budget Fiscal Year 2017

59 Freedom to Thrive: Reimagining Safety & Security in Our Communities in Ferguson, activists organized a shutdown of City Hall NYC’s Department of Education does receive a significant and, among other demands, called for the resignation of amount of city funding, which is different from most cities, then-NYPD Chief Bill Bratton.346 where the public education budget is separate from the city budget. Yet other critical services receive significantly New York City has seen a number of high profile police less funding than the police. For example, the Department killings, with little or no accountability for the officers of Youth and Community Development, which funds involved. The killing of Amadou Diallo, Sean Bell and youth development programs including the Summer Ramarley Graham all resulted in mass protests and Youth Employment Program, receives 0.7 percent of total activated communities familiar with police brutality and expenditures, while the Department of Health and Mental impunity.347 Following the killing of Eric Garner, and the Hygiene receives less than two percent. non-indictment of the officers involved, tens of thousands took to the street in protest.348 Despite public outrage, For every dollar from the total city budget spent on the the officer that killed Eric Garner received multiple pay NYPD (including city, state, and federal funds), the CUNY increases while assigned to desk duty following the system receives 21 cents. Universal Pre-K receives 18 cents. incident.349 The entire Department of Health and Mental Hygiene receives 31 cents for every dollar spent on the NYPD. In recent years, the NYPD has come under increased scrutiny for its attempts to increase the size of the police City Funds budget as organizers have called for increased budget In FY17 New York City allocated 8.2 percent of $59.2 billion accountability and organized mass mobilizations around in city funds to the Police Department, and a combined police reform.350 10.6 percent of city funds to the Departments of Police, Probation, and Corrections. The entire department of FY17 New York City Budget 351 Health and Mental Hygiene, by contrast, received just over one percent of city funds. The Department of Youth and Total Budget Community Development, which operates multiple youth In FY17, the Police Department received nearly $4.9 billion, development programs, received less than one percent. or six percent of the total city budget of $82.1 billion. (However, it should be noted that City Council members Combined spending on police, probation and corrections also have a discretionary budget, some of which is reflected was $6.4 billion, or 7.8 percent of total expenditures. in the city departmental budget and some of which is Spending on the Police Department is equivalent to $580 allocated to separate initiatives and community-based per capita.352 organizations.)353 n

Campaign Highlight ‘Counselors, Not Cops’ in schools and the reinvestment of opportunity. The groups called In April 2017, two organizations, these funds in youth services.362 for resourcing a range of Urban Youth Collaborative (a safety and support initiatives student-led organization that fights Using a budgetary analysis, the report including restorative justice for education reform and social, demonstrated that NYC spends over programs, mental health economic, and racial justice in $746 million in criminal enforcement services, hiring of additional communities)361 and the Center within public schools, and highlighted counselors, youth jobs for Popular Democracy published a set of youth driven and designed programs, transport subsidies, a report calling for the divestment priorities for using that same money and the elimination of punitive of police and punitive punishment to advance both school safety and disciplinary practices.363

60 OAKLAND

Racial Disparities Oakland, the birthplace of the Black Panther Party, has In the Oakland Unified School District in 2011 to 2012, a deep history of Black organizing and activism.364 It Black, and Latinx males had lower graduation rates (52 is a historically Black city; it was once 47 percent Black, and 54 percent, respectively) than white males, who had but since 2000 the city has lost 30 percent of its Black graduation rates of 74 percent.371 population.365 As the Bay Area has become the hotbed for the tech industry, housing prices have skyrocketed Policing Issues while wages have remained stagnant. This has created a The Oakland Police Department has been long marked displacement crisis in Oakland, particularly among Black by gross dysfunction and scandal. In 2000, four police families, who face the highest housing cost burden.366 officers who called themselves “The Riders” were accused of beating, robbing, and framing suspects in a low-income Today, Black families reside disproportionately in neighborhood in West Oakland.372 Following the scandal, East Oakland and West Oakland, areas of the city that in 2003 the OPD was placed under a federal consent decree experience persistent poverty.367 Latinx residents are in order to settle a lawsuit that alleged systemic abuse and disproportionately clustered in East Oakland.368 Due biased practices by Oakland police.373 In 2016 the OPD to disparities in access to opportunities for healthy garnered national attention for yet another major scandal. living, in addition to many years of disinvestment, The OPD fired seven police officers for attempting sexual low-income communities of color in East and West assault, engaging in lewd and racist conduct, and accessing Oakland disproportionately experience chronic disease law enforcement databases for their own gain. The OPD complications and deaths.369 A Black resident born in West was forced to suspend and fire more officers still for failing Oakland has an average life expectancy that is 15 years to report these crimes.374 Over the course of eight days in shorter than that of a white person born in the affluent 2016, as a result of their mishandling of this scandal, three Oakland Hills.370 different police chiefs were forced to resign.375

61 Freedom to Thrive: Reimagining Safety & Security in Our Communities Oakland: Selected Budget Expenditures, FY 17

Total Operating % of Total Department/Program Description Expenditure Operating Budget

Police Department Total Police Department spending $242,500,000 21.1%

Human Services Includes support for violence prevention programs, services $70,100,000 6.1% for children and youth, Housing and income support, and Head Start

Non-Departmental subsidies Subsidies to Head Start $3,500,000 0.3% to Head Start

Economic and Workforce $17,300,000 1.5% Development

Workforce Development Includes support for administering $5,100,000 0.4% workforce development programs

Housing and Community Includes funding for affordable housing $18,800,000 1.6% Development

Public Works $161,500,000 14.0%

Transportation Includes funding for transportation planning and safety $7,900,000 0.7% Planning and Funding; Transportation and Pedestrian Safety

Oakland Parks and Includes funding for Pre-K services and youth job training $26,100,000 2.3% Recreations

Source: Fiscal Year 2015–17 Adopted Policy Budget, City of Oakland

People’s Budget Priorities

Advocates such as Alliance of neighborhood.387 These types of for low-income communities Californians for Community sustained investments, as called for by and people of color)388 is Employment (ACCE)-Oakland (a communities, will blunt the impact of similarly demanding resources grassroots, member-led organization gentrification and commodification, for affordable housing, fighting for policies and programs which are rapidly coming to define employment programs, and to improve communities)386 are development in Oakland. The Ella investments in rehabilitation calling for equitable investments in Baker Center (which works locally, for formerly incarcerated people infrastructure and employment in statewide, and nationally to shift through increased funding the historically under-resourced and resources away from prisons and for community colleges and economically distressed Flatlands punishment and towards opportunities healthy food benefits.389

62 OAKLAND

Cents to the Dollar: Investments in Police versus Selected Investments in Community

.  .

 .

 .

 .  

 .  .   .  . 

 Police Human Services Workforce Community Department Housing and Development Development Oakland Parks and Recreation Source: Fiscal Year 2015–17 Adopted Policy Budget, City of Oakland

Racial bias in policing is still a persistent problem in history of bias, dysfunction, and cover-ups, the OPD remains Oakland. In 2016, Stanford University released a study a high-budget priority even as the city fails to meet the basic documenting what Black communities in Oakland have needs of Oakland communities of color. experienced for years. The study found that Black men were four times more likely to be searched than whites during Organizing Efforts traffic stops, and more likely to be handcuffed even if they Community members are standing up to blaze a new path were not arrested.376 forward. In 2009 hundreds of Oakland residents took to the streets when a white Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) In 2010 the OPD was one of the first police departments officer killed Oscar Grant, an unarmed Black man.380 The in the US to roll out a body camera program.377 However, officer was found guilty of involuntary manslaughter—not advocates have pointed out the need for improvements in murder—and activists mobilized to demand justice.381 use and oversight. For example, citizens with misconduct Police cracked down on protesters, arresting 78 people after complaints are not guaranteed access to footage and the the verdict was announced.382 department does not limit how long footage is retained.378 In 2014 a quarter of the department’s footage was purportedly Today’s generation of activists in Oakland remain steadfast accidentally deleted by the department.379 Despite the OPD’s on the organizing frontline in the struggle to end the

63 Freedom to Thrive: Reimagining Safety & Security in Our Communities criminalization of Black and brown communities, to budget expenditures increased by only 7.8 percent.385 reform abusive policing practices, and to push for critical investments in Oakland’s communities of color. For every dollar spent on the OPD (including city, state, and federal funds), the entire Human Services Department FY15-17 Oakland City Budget 383 (which includes support for violence prevention programs, Total Operating Budget services for children and youth, housing and income The Oakland City Budget is determined every two years. support, and Head Start) received 29 cents. Workforce In FY2017, the Oakland Police Department was allocated Development (operated by the Economic and Workforce $242.5 million (or 21.1 percent) out of a total $1.1 billion Development Department) received two cents for every total budget (not including Capital Improvement Projects). dollar spent on the police. Spending on police was equivalent to $594 per capita.384 General Fund By contrast, the Human Services Department, which In FY17, Oakland allocated 41.2 percent of its $530.7 includes support for violence prevention programs, services million general fund budget to the Police Department, for children and youth, housing and income support, and vastly outweighing general fund expenditures on almost Head Start, received only 6.1 percent of expenditures. The all critical community resources. Human Services, which Department of Housing and Community Development, funds Head Start, services for youth, and income supports, which includes funding for affordable housing development, receives just over one percent of general fund expenditures. received 1.6 percent of total expenditures, while Workforce Economic and Workforce Development received less than Development, operated by the Department of Economic one percent of general fund expenditures. (Note that the and Workforce Development, received less than half of one general fund does not contribute to the Housing and percent. Between FY13 and FY17, total expenditures on the Community Development Department, so is not reflected Police Department increased by 18.8 percent, while total in this chart.) n

FY17 Selected General Fund Expenditures

41.2 % 40 %

20 %

2.9 % 1.1 % 0.9 % 0.7 % 0.5 % 0% Police Human Parks & Parks Oakland Services Economic Subsidies Recreation Head Start Department & Workforce Public Works Public Development Non-Departmental Source: Fiscal Year 2015–17 Adopted Policy Budget, City of Oakland

64 OAKLAND

Campaign Highlights Proposition 47 was a ballot initiative campaign calls for the calculation convicted of lower-level offenses passed by California voters in 2014 of county savings to be invested in from California prisons to county that reduced certain drug possession community based supports.391 jails. In March 2015, the Board of “wobbler” crimes from felonies Supervisors approved a directive to misdemeanors, and reduced Jobs Not Jails to set aside half of the county’s sentences for property offenses. The Ella Baker Center, working public safety realignment budget Critically, advocates successfully alongside other members of the for community-based reentry pushed to ensure that the resulting Justice Reinvestment Coalition programs that help people rebuild state savings from reducing prison of Alameda County, created the their lives after leaving jail.392 populations be used to create a special Jobs Not Jails campaign in 2015. fund called the Safe Neighborhoods The campaign demanded that the In 2016 the Ella Baker Center worked and Schools Fund (SNSF). The county Board of Supervisors invest with the Justice Reinvestment fund is disseminated annually to 50 percent of the county’s public Coalition to build on that win organizations providing mental safety realignment funds into reentry when the county strengthened health and substance use services, services, instead of allocating the its commitment to community truancy and dropout prevention, and majority of those funds towards reinvestment by making a victim services.390 Groups like the the sheriff. Since 2011, Alameda permanent allocation of 50 percent Ella Baker Center have continued County has received more than $30 of its public safety realignment their advocacy following the approval million from the state each year to funding into community- of Proposition 47. Their current support the “realignment” of people based reentry services.393

65 Freedom to Thrive: Reimagining Safety & Security in Our Communities “Invest/Divest is about righting past and present wrongs through a reinvestment strategy that takes into account the ways in which our communities have been over- policed, over-incarcerated, and under-resourced.” – Zachary Norris, Executive Director of Ella Baker Center

66 ORLANDO

Racial Disparities There are deep racial disparities in Orlando across multiple The investigation showed that the use of force is racially measures. The percentage of Black residents living below discriminatory. The majority of those subjected to force were the poverty line is nearly twice that of white residents (29.6 Black (55 percent), though Black residents comprise only 28 percent versus 15.4 percent).394 Approximately 25 percent percent of the population. Of the ten people shot and killed of Latinx residents live below the poverty line.395 At the by the police between 2010 and 2014, seven were Black.399 state level, Florida ranks 49th for the lowest per capita expenditures on mental health programs. About 70 percent The OPD’s misuse of force is also a financial drain on the of Floridians who need mental health treatment do not city, with Orlando paying millions of dollars to settle related have access to it.396 Orlando has the third lowest household legal cases. Indeed, between 2010 and 2014 Orlando spent income among the nation’s largest metro areas.397 $3.6 million in payouts—more than twice paid out in similar cities (i.e. similar size and comparable demographics and Policing Issues police department size).400 An additional 30 lawsuits were 401 In recent years, the Orlando Police Department (OPD) still pending at the time of the investigation. has been subject to scrutiny for its use of excessive force, particularly against Black residents. The Orlando Sentinel The OPD was given a $500,000 body camera matching published the results of a 10-month investigation into the grant by the Department of Justice and began rolling out 402 Department’s use of force between 2010 and 2014 and the program in 2014. However, the rollout was stalled found that in this five-year period, Orlando police officers and needed to be restarted from scratch when the OPD filed used force on 3,100 people, injuring 1,900 (1,200 of whom ethics complaints against two officers who were also working required medical care).398 for a company bidding for the contract to supply body

67 Freedom to Thrive: Reimagining Safety & Security in Our Communities Orlando: Selected Budget Expenditures, FY 16-17

% of Total Department/Program Description Total Expenditure Budget

Police Department Total Police Department spending $153,800,000 13.1%

Economic Development $98,800,000 8.4%

Community Redevelopment Includes funding for a community school $11,700,000 1.0% Agency (Parramore PS-8) and supportive housing

Families Parks and Recreation $34,200,000 2.9% Department

Includes funding for summer academic youth Director's Office, Recreation, programming as well as after school programming, $21,900,000 1.9% Children's Initiative youth employment and development programs, and food programs

Housing and Community Includes funding for affordable housing $9,100,000 0.8% Development and housing for the homeless

Includes funding for roads, transit, Transportation $45,400,000 3.9% parking, bicycle, and pedestrian

Source: Fiscal Year 2016–17 Budget for the City of Orlando

People’s Priorities

Organize Florida is a community-based since PKZ started. In addition, there across Florida have continued to fund member organization made up of low- were across-the-board increases in the community services at historically and moderate-income people dedicated percentage of Paramore elementary, low levels. Programs such as Pre-K, to the principles of social, racial, and middle, and high school students libraries, after school care, and local economic justice. One of Organize performing at grade-level in math and parks departments continue to be Florida’s current investment priorities reading. Currently, 70 youth participants underfunded, despite economic is youth programs, particularly in are in college, all of whom are the first growth in the state. At the same in the Pine Hills community, which generation in their families to attend.414 time, many local police departments is disproportionately impacted by Organize Florida also seeks to prioritize in Florida are increasingly securing poverty and gun violence and where investments in support for parents of BearCats (armored vehicles) and programs for youth are few to none. youth participants who are struggling to military-grade AR-15 rifles. Activists Organize Florida is advocating for a pay bills and working multiple jobs for at New Florida Majority, a statewide program modeled after the county’s poverty wages. Funding for counselors community membership organization Parramore Kidz Zone (PKZ), which has and social workers would help parents to win legislative reform,416 are achieved impressive outcomes for its navigate the various systems in place demanding answers from elected students.413 By 2015, the PKZ program for accessing resources that provide officials as to why cities cannot boasted a 61 percent decline in juvenile vital support for whole families.415 afford to maintain or build parks, for arrests, a 56 percent decline in teen example, but can equip police officers pregnancies, and a 38 percent decline in Since the 2008 economic recession, with unnecessary and expensive child abuse cases in the neighborhood local governments and counties military vehicles and weapons.417

68 ORLANDO Cents to the Dollar: Investments in Police cameras.403 In 2016 Orlando picked Motorola to supply versus Selected Investments in Community 404 the cameras, with rollout scheduled to occur in 2017. . Accountability measures will be crucial to the success of  . the program. For example, the OPD was not originally required to document when their body cameras were out of service, which is now a requirement.405  .

Organizing Efforts Much work remains to be done in shifting the culture of  . racist policing. However, organizers have had a number of wins in recent years. In 2004, activists made a number of demands of the county Sheriff’s Office including regular  . community meetings to address brutality concerns, better channels for the community to file official complaints, and accessible data about traffic stops and searches on the  .  . department’s website. Then-Sheriff Steve Jones added his  .  signature at the bottom of the list of demands.406  . 

Orlando organizers and activists have stood in solidarity  to protest police violence in other parts of the country as

well. In July of 2016 organizers planned a high-profile Police Community Community

event to protest the killings of Alton Sterling and Philando Department Housing and Development Castile in solidarity with activists in Louisiana and 407 Minnesota. Also in the summer of 2016, activists in and Parks Families, Redevelopment Agency Orlando participated in the National Night Out for Safety Recreation Department

and Liberation, in which 25 cities across the country Source: Fiscal Year 2016–17 Budget for the City of Orlando engaged in conversation about the meaning of true safety, that is, community solutions to crime and security risks instead of over-policing. In Orlando, as part of this event, community members and organizers canvassed the Pine FY16/17 Selected General Fund Expenditures Hills neighborhoods to bring awareness to safety and 40 % community solutions.408 32.3 %

In recent years, organizations such as Organize 20 % Florida have also led efforts around the expansion and 7.4 % transparency of body camera programs, and around 3.7 % 3.6 % 409 0.2 % improving access to police records. Organizers in 0% Orange County have also recently engaged in fights to

reduce juvenile arrests by promoting civil citations over Police Economic

arrests, which result in sanctions like community service Housing & Community Development Development & Recreation &

or restitution payments. Civil citations, moreover, do not Transportation Families, Parks stay on a person’s record and therefore help in lowering Source: Fiscal Year 2016/17 Budget for the City of Orlando recidivism rates.410

69 Freedom to Thrive: Reimagining Safety & Security in Our Communities FY16-17 Orlando City Budget 411 Total Budget “Pine Hills is a community in In FY16–17 Orlando had a total operating budget of $1.2 Orlando that is particularly billion, out of which $153.8 million (or 13.1 percent of the impacted by gun violence and total budget) was dedicated to the Police Department. Spending on police is equivalent to $599 per capita.412 poverty. Instead of spending millions on police and incarceration, Critical community resources receive far less funding. For we want programs here that provide example, the Community Redevelopment Agency, a division youth and their families critical within the Department of Economic Development that resources and services.” includes funding for a community school and supportive housing, received one percent of total operating budget – Lynda Duke, Community Leader, expenditures. Within the Families, Parks, and Recreation Organize Florida Department, the divisions that fund summer programing to youth, after school programs, youth employment and food programs received less than two percent of budget General Fund expenditures. In FY17, Orlando allocated 32.3 percent of its total $424.1 million general fund budget to the Police Department. By For every dollar spent on the OPD (including city, state, and contrast, the Economic Development Department, which federal funds), the Community Redevelopment Agency, a includes funding for a community school (Parramore PS-8) division within the Department of Economic Development and supportive housing, received 3.7 percent of general that includes funding for a community school and support- fund expenditures. Housing and Community Development, ive housing, received eight cents. Housing and Community which includes funding for affordable housing and housing Development, which includes funding for affordable housing for the homeless, receives only 0.2 percent of general fund and homeless services, received six cents. expenditures. n

Campaign Highlight Deprioritizing Marijuana- that focuses on jailing people over communities safer and stronger.420 related Arrests non-violent misdemeanors. They In 2016 Orlando’s city council More than 39,700 Floridians were also emphasized the enormous passed a measure permitting arrested for low-level cannabis costs associated with prioritizing police officers to issue citations possession in 2016.418 Last year, marijuana possession,419 exemplified instead of filing criminal charges activists in Orlando engaged in a by the fact that Florida was spending for small amounts of marijuana. campaign to de-prioritize marijuana- as much as $229 million per year to Citations are misdemeanors related arrests. Organizers pointed enforce marijuana possession laws. and therefore do not appear on to the disproportionate impact of The campaign calculated that by a person’s criminal record. To marijuana arrests on communities simply deprioritizing the possession date, police have made use of this of color. Black people were four of small amounts of marijuana, option only minimally.421 Yet the times four times more likely than savings could amount to over $2 campaign continues to build on white people to be arrested for million in reinvestment funds for its successes and plans to expand marijuana possession and to an critical resources, programs, and its deprioritization efforts next to overloaded criminal justice system institutions that make the city’s Orange and Osceola counties.422

70 ST. LOUIS COUNTY

Racial Disparities The St. Louis region is one of the worst in the nation in out riot gear, deploying tear gas, smoke bombs, and stun 426 427 terms of economic disparities between Black and white grenades, and instituting a citywide curfew. Despite residents. A 2015 report found that Black residents in the the horrifying police response, community members bravely St. Louis region are more than three times as likely to live in continued to exercise their First Amendment rights and 428 poverty than white residents.423 The unemployment rate for protested for over 100 days. Black residents is also nearly three times higher than that of white residents, as is the infant mortality rate for Black Michael Brown’s death led to a DOJ Investigation residents as compared to white residents.424 that detailed an ecosystem of profiteering and racism orchestrated by police, administrators, and local courts. Policing Issues However, issues with police brutality and systemic abuses in the municipal courts started long before the mass protests St. Louis County is home to Ferguson, which has been or DOJ investigation. As far back as 1966 the NAACP had subject to national attention since 2014 after the fatal drawn attention to the issue. Local legal advocacy groups, shooting of unarmed teen Michael Brown by white officer such as ArchCity Defenders, also conducted research and 425 Darren Wilson. Protests began immediately after the released a white paper about it,429 and local papers covered shooting and the nation watched as Ferguson’s police force the issue of systemic abuse in the courts.430 Between responded with a brutal, militarized crackdown—breaking 2012 and 2014, Black people accounted for 85 percent of

71 Freedom to Thrive: Reimagining Safety & Security in Our Communities St. Louis County: Selected Budget Expenditures, FY17

Total Operating % of Total Department/Program Description Expenditure Operating Budget

Police Department Total Police Department spending $107,600,000 19.4%

Justice Services Provides custody and supervision to those $25,200,000 4.5% mandated to county supervision

Department of Planning Includes funding for mental health, youth job $2,000,000 0.4% programs, and housing development

Department of Includes funding for the public transit system $100,800,000 18.1% Transportation and Public Works

Department of Human Includes funding for homeless services, youth $5,400,000 1.0% Services programming, and workforce development

County Youth Programs $1,700,000 0.3%

Homeless Services Program $500,000 0.1%

Department of Public Health Includes funding for mental health services $59,100,000 10.6%

Source: St. Louis County, Missouri 2017 Adopted Budget

People’s Priorities Organizers in St. Louis have been demanded meaningful enforcement the closure of the local jail and have working with community members to of the minimum wage.447 Research identified the need for increased identify the types of investments and supports their argument that investment in mental health supports services needed to ensure real public increased economic opportunity and drug treatment programs.449 These safety. Through a series of town halls, makes communities safer and more services, most of which are operated communities identified a number stable, with studies showing a strong by the Department of Planning and of interventions that would support correlation between increases in real the Department of Human Services, stronger and safer communities, wages and decreases in crime.448 are woefully underfunded. For every and which would be less costly in dollar the Police Department receives both financial and human terms In light of the aggressive criminalization these Departments receive less than than the current over-investment of poverty, homelessness, and mental one half of one cent. Communities in policing and incarceration.446 health issues, as well as the rampant also identified a need for after incarceration of residents for inability school programs, youth-focused Communities identified the need to pay bail for low-level offenses, conflict resolution and increased for economic opportunity and have communities have been pushing for spending on education.450

72 ST. LOUIS COUNTY

FY17 Selected General Fund Expenditures

40 % 25.7 % 22.9 % 20 % 14.3 % 6.1 % 1.3 % 0.5 % 0% Police Justice Services of Planning Department Public Health Public Department of Department of Department of Transportation & Public Works & Public Human Services Source: St. Louis County, Missouri 2017 Adopted Budget

vehicle stops, 90 percent of citations, and 93 percent of police accountability in St. Louis and across the country. arrests, while comprising only 67 percent of the Ferguson Local organizations such as Missourians Organizing for population.431 Certain charges were brought almost Reform and Empowerment (MORE), the Organization exclusively against Black people. For example, Blacks for Black Struggle (OBS), ArchCity Defenders, and the accounted for 95 percent of “Manner of Walking in Roadway” St. Louis Council have organized community members, charges.432 Nearly 90 percent of documented uses of force families, activists, and advocates in marches, rallies, panels, involved Black residents.433 While the DOJ highlighted workshops, sit-ins and acts of civil disobedience across the St. abuses in Ferguson, discrimination against Black and brown Louis area.439 Ferguson activists are demanding a future that people is endemic in many other police departments within includes full employment, decent housing, quality education, the region.434 an end to the school-to-prison pipeline, and freedom from mass incarceration.440 Discrimination against Black residents also extends into the courts. As a result Black people in Missouri are five Organizations in St. Louis use a multiplicity of tactics and times more likely to be incarcerated than their white focus on an array of targets. MORE’s campaign, The Power counterparts.435 For years, St. Louis County has made a Behind the Police, targets corporate profiteers, who benefit business of exploiting citizens for minor infractions and from the current corrupt court and policing systems.441 OBS then threatening incarceration as a means of making and other groups across the region have engaged in long- citizens pay.436 This system has disproportionately burdened term community power building through political education, low-income communities of color, who are more often leadership development, and cultural organizing. ArchCity targeted by police and less likely to have access to legal Defenders, a local legal organization that works closely representation, and who have to pay a larger proportion with community groups in St. Louis, has filed over thirty of their incomes in fines.437 Events in Ferguson led to state and federal lawsuits challenging the criminalization heightened attention toward this practice and the county of people of color and poverty. They have worked to end has been forced to respond. For example, several St. Louis “debtors prison,” limit the use of money bail, and increase County municipalities are now consolidating to reduce the police accountability.442 use of municipal courts to raise revenue.438 FY17 St. Louis County Budget 443 Organizing Efforts Total Operating Budget Michael Brown’s death has renewed a movement for In FY17, St. Louis County had a total operating budget

73 Freedom to Thrive: Reimagining Safety & Security in Our Communities Cents to the Dollar: Investments in Police versus Selected Investments in Community

. .

.

. .

.

.

. . .

 Police Program Services Programs Homeless of Planning Department County Youth Public Health Public Department of

Source: St. Louis County, Missouri 2017 Adopted Budget

of $555.7 million, out of which $107.6 million, or 19.4 increased by only nine percent over the same period.445 percent of total operating funds, was dedicated to the Police For every dollar spent on the County Police and Justice Department. The county spends a combined $132.9 million, Services combined, the Department of Planning, which or approximately 23.9 percent of the total budget, on the includes funding for mental health, youth job programs, Police Department and Justice Services, which provides and housing development, received one cent. County youth custody and supervision services. Police Department programs, housed within the Human Services department, and Justice Services spending was equivalent to $133 per received two cents for every dollar spent on police. capita.444 General Fund By contrast, county youth programs, a division housed In FY17, St. Louis County allocated a combined 31.8 within the Human Services Department, received 0.3 percent of its $413.5 million general fund budget (the most percent of total operating budget expenditures. Homeless discretionary fund) to the Police Department and Justice services, also within the Department of Human Services, Services. The Human Services Department, which houses received 0.1 percent of total expenditures. The Department homeless services, youth programming, and workforce of Planning, which includes funding for mental health, development programs, received 1.3 of percent of general youth job programs, and housing development, received fund expenditures. The Department of Planning, which 0.4 percent of expenditures. Between FY2013 and FY2017, includes funding for mental health, youth job programs, and total expenditures on the Police Department increased by housing development, receives 0.5 percent of the general ten percent, though total operating budget expenditures fund. n

74 ST. LOUIS COUNTY

“St. Louis is pouring money into increasing surveillance of Black people, which is just another way to increase the criminalization of our communities. More license plate readers and more cameras on our corners don’t increase safety, they just increase the amount of data that is cataloged without transparency. If a decrease in crime is the actual goal, invest in people solutions that are proven to work.” – Tia Byrd Executive Director Missourians Organizing for Reform and Empowerment

75 Freedom to Thrive: Reimagining Safety & Security in Our Communities Campaign Highlight.451 A coalition of organizations in St. programs, and services would make of unnecessary and abusive city Louis county, including MORE, OBS, them feel safe. At each meeting ordinances, police accountability, the Coalition Against Police Crimes organizers presented an analysis of and increased community and Repression (CAPCR), ArchCity the city budget, breaking down how power. Roslyn Brown, one of Defenders, Decarcerate St. Louis much was spent on policing, courts, the organizers of the town hall, (a campaign of MORE), and the and jails. Community members along with two other candidates Ferguson Collaborative, hosted a overwhelmingly called for investments from the Pine Hall Coalition, series of town halls under the banner in community centers, mental health successfully ran on a platform Redesigning Public Safety. Over six supports, and afterschool programs. pushing for divestment from months, the coalition hosted town police and incarceration and halls in Ferguson, Pine Lawn and St. In Pine Lawn, one of the sponsoring investment in communities. Since Louis, all cities in St. Louis County. organizations, the Pine Lawn Coalition, taking office they dissolved the The town halls brought community used the findings from the town Pine Lawn police force and are members together to strategize hall to develop a local legislative actively pushing for increased about what types of investments, platform. They pushed for the repeal community investments.

76 MAPPING THE COSTS OF CRIMINALIZATION amounts are for fy based on local budgets and u.s. census data

MINNEAPOLIS police budget 163,200,000 of general 35.8 fund per DETROIT 408 capita police budget NEW YORK CITY 310,200,000 police budget of general 4,891,900,000 30.0 fund of general CONTRA COSTA COUNTY per 8.2 fund 450 capita police, sheriff, corrections per & probation budget 581 capita 301,000,000 of general 20 fund per 275 capita CHICAGO police budget 1,460,000,000 BALTIMORE OAKLAND of general 38.6 fund police budget police budget per 242,500,000 537 capita 480,700,000 of general of general 25.6 fund 41.2 fund per per 772 capita 594 capita ST. LOUIS COUNTY police, sheriff, corrections & probation budget 132,900,000 of general LOS ANGELES 31.8 fund per police budget 133 capita 1,485,600,000 of general 25.7 fund ATLANTA per capita 381 police budget 218,300,000 of general 29.7 fund per 486 capita

HOUSTON police budget ORLANDO 850,400,000 police budget of general 153,800,000 35.0 fund of general per 32.3 fund 383 capita per 599 capita

77 Freedom to Thrive: Reimagining Safety & Security in Our Communities MAPPING THE COSTS OF CRIMINALIZATION amounts are for fy based on local budgets and u.s. census data

MINNEAPOLIS police budget 163,200,000 of general 35.8 fund per DETROIT 408 capita police budget NEW YORK CITY 310,200,000 police budget of general 4,891,900,000 30.0 fund of general CONTRA COSTA COUNTY per 8.2 fund 450 capita police, sheriff, corrections per & probation budget 581 capita 301,000,000 of general 20 fund per 275 capita CHICAGO police budget 1,460,000,000 BALTIMORE OAKLAND of general 38.6 fund police budget police budget per 242,500,000 537 capita 480,700,000 of general of general 25.6 fund 41.2 fund per per 772 capita 594 capita ST. LOUIS COUNTY police, sheriff, corrections & probation budget 132,900,000 of general LOS ANGELES 31.8 fund per police budget 133 capita 1,485,600,000 of general 25.7 fund ATLANTA per capita 381 police budget 218,300,000 of general 29.7 fund per 486 capita

HOUSTON police budget ORLANDO 850,400,000 police budget of general 153,800,000 35.0 fund of general per 32.3 fund 383 capita per 599 capita

78 Poor Black people have instead been alienated from all power and control in a system that has A CALL TO ACTION consistently suppressed their ability to achieve liberation in its truest form. The ongoing FROM THE PEOPLE perpetuation of oppressive systemic impacts on Black communities that have been disinvested in has deepened the need for innovative ways Participatory Budgeting: A Model of centering community voices and demanding reparations for Black people. Today’s political for Community Control over Money demands must acknowledge the harms caused by chronic and intentional disinvestment and make Together we are advancing toward the type of democracy real by allowing self-determination society in which communities decide how to spend in how those communities are funded. their tax dollars and other city resources. A shared understanding of different types of Acknowledging the havoc that mass incarceration governance models is necessary as we move forward. (a product of the same capitalist system through Participatory Budgeting (PB) is one such model. PB which chattel slavery was entrenched) has inflicted is a democratic process in which community members on the Black community, it is imperative that decide how to spend a portion of a public budget, we center the voices of those who have been and gives the community decision-making power over most directly impacted by the criminal legal government funds. PB consists of four main phases: system. One example of how PB centers the voices of those most impacted is the inclusion of “system-involved” people in decision making over government money. Some examples of PB processes that have successfully engaged system-involved community members include previously incarcerated people making decisions about reentry funds 1. 2. 3. 4. through the Participatory Budgeting Project in Brainstorm Develop Cast a Fund Winning New York City;455 the Participatory Budgeting Ideas Proposals Vote Proects Project in Hartford, Connecticut, which brought Source: The Participatory Budgeting Project civic engagement into corrections facilities;456 and several PB processes in the United Kingdom, PB was first established in Brazil in the 1980s which engaged communities in deciding on how and has since become a leading example of the to allocate police and safety funds.457 potential for community-controlled decision making over government money.452 For the past seven Marginalized communities are disproportionately years, PB has been building momentum in the US and overrepresented in prisons and excluded from Canada. An organization called the Participatory democratic decision-making processes. Systems Budgeting Project (PBP) has been leading the of policing are responsible for the mass charge in pushing PB as a national model for incarceration of Black people with no authentic community inclusion over decision making.453 accountability to the communities that they disproportionately target. Community groups For PB to be truly equitable, it must center have pushed back against the many forms of the voices of those most impacted, thus giving state-sanctioned violence by launching divest/ marginalized communities power over the pots of invest campaigns, which aim to redirect public money that most affect their lives. Poor Black money originally intended for funding policing communities in particular are more cynical of the institutions back into impacted communities. idea of democracy because democratic processes For example, community members in Greensboro, have never served them justly or beneficially.454 North Carolina, with a local population that

79 Freedom to Thrive: Reimagining Safety & Security in Our Communities is 40.6 percent Black, decided to spend $500,000 Potential campaign wins that PB could support of the city’s budget on pools and recreation include, for example, taking School Resource center upgrades, crosswalk upgrades, and bus Officers (SROs) out of schools and reallocating shelters.458 Residents of Far Rockaway in New York funding to social workers and trained conflict City, part of a city council district where 68 resolution practitioners; closing an existing percent of the residents are Black,459 decided Juvenile Justice facility or prison and providing to spend $1.85 million in city council funds on robust community-based alternatives; and ending upgrades in their schools including computer labs, new prison plans. These are all starting places a new kitchen, and a greenhouse project.460 for PB to help communities decide where to redirect funds. Campaign wins will not end at “no Because mass incarceration has a vastly new jail” or “less police on the streets,” but disproportionate impact on Black and Latinx people, will instead be expanded to include community a model that centers the most marginalized would control over budgeting decisions for funds have them decide how to address and repair that originally allocated toward those expenditures. harm. As stated in the 2015 report “Who Pays? The True Cost of Incarceration on Families,” “all Economic and racial justice policy platforms that states need to restructure their policies to have already been designed by movement leaders reduce the number of people in jails and prisons such as “Vision for Black Lives: Police Demands and the sentences they serve. The money saved for Black Power, Freedom, & Justice” and “Agenda from reducing incarceration rates should be used to Build Black Futures” can provide the framework instead to reinvest in services that work such for where and how PB is implemented. While many as substance abuse programs and stable housing, proposals described in these policy platforms which have proven to reduce recidivism rates. require continued political pressure and organizing Additionally, the focus of sentencing needs to to manifest, implementation of PB in our communities shift to accountability, safety, and healing the can and does happen now. Tangible strategizing people involved, rather than simply punishing that brings us closer to PB as an accountability those convicted of crimes.”461 Because PB processes tool for government money can include: are organized around intentional outreach and inclusion, PB it is one way to ensure that the 1. Building a research team to conduct in- people directly impacted are actually the ones depth research on municipal budgets making decision about how the funds are spent. and summarize their findings

2. Mapping out decision making points, decision Divest/invest campaigns are a concrete example of makers, and pots of money to target how PB can build on current campaign work and en- dorse community control over money. Decisions made 3. Designing and mapping out a about funds that have been divested from polic- national campaign web ing, mass incarceration, juvenile justice detention 4. Base building on the ground facilities, and school pushout should center the voices of Black communities, especially system- 5. Budgeting and PB training and development involved and previously-system-involved people. The (with the support of organizations like intention is not to replace current community-based the Participatory Budgeting Project) organizing work with the PB model, but instead to supplement and build on that work. At this point, 6. Assembling an oversight and accountability team PB has been most successful on a small scale, typi- cally at the city district or ward level. While Taxpayer dollars are being over invested in the PB has yet to be implemented at scale of larger very systems that exploit and discriminate against city budgets, it nevertheless serves as a promis- people on the margins. It’s time the people made ing governance model and something to strive for good on our investment by taking that money back as part of divest/invest campaign strategies. and redirecting it into our own communities.

80 CONCLUSION

There is abundant evidence that police and jails do not make communities safe, and in many cases actually undermine safety. Yet at the local, state, and national levels, significant portions of public money are dedicated to policing and incarceration, while comparatively miniscule amounts are dedicated to the services, resources, and infrastructure needed to keep communities healthy and safe. Instead of expanding punitive systems, community members and organizers around the country are fighting for investments in the type of critical resources that truly make communities safe: healthcare, mental health services and treatment, educational opportunities, affordable housing, transit access, and investments in youth.

81 Freedom to Thrive: Reimagining Safety & Security in Our Communities CITATIONS

11 Tracy Gordon, “State and Local Budgets and the Great Recession,” Brookings, Executive Summary December 31, 2012, https://www.brookings.edu/articles/state-and-local-budgets- 1 David Cloud, “On Life Support, Public Health in the Age of Mass Incarceration,” and-the-great-recession; Nicholas Johnson, Phil Oliff, and Erica Williams, “An Vera Institute of Justice, November 2014, https://storage.googleapis.com/vera- Update on State Budget Cuts,” Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, February 9, web-assets/downloads/Publications/on-life-support-public-health-in-the-age- 2011, http://www.cbpp.org/research/an-update-on-state-budget-cuts. of-mass-incarceration/legacy_downloads/on-life-support-public-health-mass- incarceration-report.pdf. 12 Noah Berger, “A Well-Educated Workforce is Key to State Prosperity,” Economic Policy Institute, 2013, http://www.epi.org/publication/states-education- 2 See, for example: Juleyka Lantigua-Williams, “Raise the Minimum Wage, Reduce productivity-growth-foundations/; Dace West, “Achieving Healthy Communities Crime?” The Atlantic, May 3, 2016, https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/ Through Transit Equity,” Stanford Social Innovation Review, 2016, https://ssir.org/ archive/2016/05/raise-the-minimum-wage-reduce-crime/480912/; Ryan S. articles/entry/achieving_healthy_communities_through_transit_equity; “Benefits King, Marc Mauer, and Malcolm C. Young, “Incarceration and Crime: A Complex and Costs of the Clean Air Act 1990–2020”, Environmental Protection Agency, April Relationship,” The Sentencing Project, http://www.sentencingproject.org/wp- 2011, https://www.epa.gov/clean-air-act-overview/benefits-and-costs-clean-air- content/uploads/2016/01/Incarceration-and-Crime-A-Complex-Relationship. act-1990-2020-second-prospective-study. pdf, 8; Doug McVay, Vincent Schiraldi, and Jason Ziedenberg, “Treatment or Incarceration? National and State Findings on the Efficacy and Cost Savings 13 Sarah Childress, “A System of Racial and Social Control,” PBS Frontline, April 29, of Drug Treatment versus Imprisonment, Justice Policy Institute, January 2004, 2014, http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/article/michelle-alexander-a-system-of- http://www.justicepolicy.org/uploads/justicepolicy/documents/04-01_rep_ racial-and-social-control/. mdtreatmentorincarceration_ac-dp.pdf; Steven Hawkins, “Education vs. 14 Michelle Alexander explains that the wave of criminalization under the auspices Incarceration,” The American Prospect, December 6, 2010, http://prospect.org/ of the War on Drugs created a new system of racial control by targeting Black article/education-vs-incarceration; Lance Lochner and Enrico Moretti, “The Effect communities. The Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1986, for example, included far more of Education on Crime: Evidence from Prison Inmates, Arrests, and Self-Reports,” severe punishment for distribution of crack (typically associated with Black October 2003, http://eml.berkeley.edu/~moretti/lm46.pdf, 27; “Housing and Public people) than powder cocaine (typically associated with white people). In addition Safety,” Justice Policy Institute, November 1, 2007, http://www.justicepolicy.org/ to increasingly long sentences, legislators at the federal, state, and local level images/upload/07-11_rep_housingpublicsafety_ac-ps.pdf, 1. passed laws attaching civil penalties, such as exclusion from public housing or ineligibility for student loans, to the weight of criminal convictions. Both sides of Introduction the aisle took up the racialized rhetoric of the War on Drugs. President Bill Clinton 3 David Cloud, “On Life Support”; “Rethinking The Blues: How We Police in The U.S. advocated for some of the most damning legislation. Then-Senator Joe Biden wrote, And at What Cost,” Justice Policy Institute, 2012, http://www.justicepolicy.org/ and President Clinton signed, the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of uploads/justicepolicy/documents/rethinkingtheblues_final.pdf; Brad Plumer, “U.S. 1994. The Act implemented “three-strikes” laws, provided federal grants to cities Infrastructure Spending Has Plummeted Since 2008,” The Washington Post, May to hire more police, increased funding to build prisons, and enhanced penalties for 24, 2013, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2013/05/24/u-s- undocumented immigrants. In 1996, Clinton signed the Antiterrorism and Effective infrastructure-spending-has-plummeted-since-2008/. Death Penalty Act into law, which severely restricted the appeals process for people on death row and made meaningful judicial review nearly impossible. See: Michelle 4 “The $3.4 Trillion Mistake: The Cost of Mass Incarceration and Criminalization, Alexander, The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Color Blindness (New and How Justice Reinvestment Can Build a Better Future for All,” Communities York: The New Press, 2012). United, Make the Road New York, Padres & Jóvenes Unidos, and the Right on Justice Alliance, http://communitiesunited.org/sites/apncorganizing.org/files/PROOF%20 15 The proliferation of state criminal statutes is striking. Michigan, for instance, Communities%20United%20JR%20report%20%28for%20print%29%20 has an estimated 3,102 crimes on its books, and on average created 45 crimes %281%29.pdf. annually from 2008 to 2013. See: James R. Copland, Isaac Gorodetski and Michael J. Reitz, “Overcriminalizing the Wolverine State: A Primer and Possible Reforms for 5 See, for example: Lantigua-Williams, “Raise the Minimum Wage, Reduce Crime?”; Michigan,” Manhattan Institute and the Mackinac Center for Public Policy, October King, Mauer, and Young, “Incarceration and Crime” 8; McVay, Schiraldi, and 2014, http://www.manhattan-institute.org/pdf/ib_31.pdf, 1, 3. Similarly, California Ziedenberg, “Treatment or Incarceration?”; Hawkins, “Education vs. Incarceration”; added 1,000 new criminal laws to its books in just one seven-year period in the late Lochner and Moretti, “The Effect of Education on Crime,” 27; “Housing and Public 1980s and early 1990s. See: Lenore Anderson, “In California’s Experience, It Isn’t Safety,” Justice Policy Institute, 1. Bigger Prisons that Crime Victims Want,” Penal Reform International, August 25, 6 “Rethinking the Blues,” Justice Policy Institute, 2. 2015, http://www.penalreform.org/blog/in-californias-experience-it-isnt-bigger- prisons-that. 7 Aimee Picchi, “The High Price of Incarceration in America,” CBS Money Watch, May 8, 2014, http://www.cbsnews.com/news/the-high-price-of-americas-incarceration- 16 Wayne A. Logan, “The Shadow Criminal Law of Municipal Governance,” Ohio State 80-billion/. Law Journal 62, no. 1409 (2001): 4, http://moritzlaw.osu.edu/students/groups/oslj/ files/2012/03/62.4.logan_.pdf. 8 Cloud, “On Life Support,” 4. 17 “Testimony Before City Council Public Safety & Courts and Legal Services 9 Michael Mitchell and Michael Leachman, “Changing Priorities: State Criminal Justice Committees on Summons Court Operations and Impact,” New York Civil Liberties Reforms and Investments in Education,” Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, Union, December 15, 2014, http://www.nyclu.org/content/testimony-city-council- October 28, 2014, http://www.cbpp.org/sites/default/files/atoms/files/10-28- public-safety-courts-and-legal-services-committees-summons-court-oper. 14sfp.pdf, 8. 18 Between 2012 and 2014, Black people in Minneapolis were 8.7 times more likely 10 Between 2009 and 2012, for example, Illinois alone cut $113.7 million from its than whites to be arrested for low-level crimes in Minneapolis. See: “Picking Up the already strained mental health services. See: Lili Holzer-Glier, “Inside the Massive Pieces: A Minneapolis Case Study,” American Civil Liberties Union, April 15, 2015, Jail that Doubles as Chicago’s Mental Health Facility,” Vera Institute of Justice, https://www.aclu.org/feature/picking-pieces. accessed June 12, 2017, https://www.vera.org/the-human-toll-of-jail/inside-the- massive-jail-that-doubles-as-chicagos-largest-mental-health-facility. 19 Jamie Fellner, “Race, Drugs, and Law Enforcement in the United States,” Stanford Law & Policy Review 20 (2009): 272, https://journals.law.stanford.edu/sites/default/ http://mtprauhwprtlcouncil.nyc.gov/html/about/budget.shtml. files/stanford-law-policy-review/print/2009/06/fellner_20_stan._l._poly_rev._257. pdf. 36 “Local Revenue Structures,” National League of Cities, accessed June 14, 2017, http://www.nlc.org/local-revenue-structures. 20 “Results from the 2014 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: Detailed Tables,” Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Center for Behavioral 37 “Local Revenue Structures,” National League of Cities. Health Statistics and Quality, September 10, 2015, http://www.samhsa.gov/data/ 38 “Local Revenue Structures,” National League of Cities. sites/default/files/NSDUH-DetTabs2014/NSDUH-DetTabs2014.pdf, 157. 39 “Finance 101: Understanding Municipal Budgets & Financial Reports,” The Michigan 21 Priscilla A. Ocen, “The New Racially Restrictive Covenant: Race, Welfare, and the Municipal League in cooperation with the Michigan Government Finance Officers Policing of Black Women in Subsidized Housing,” UCLA Law Review 59 (2012). Association, http://www.mml.org/pdf/events/2013-2-20-finance.pdf, 4. 22 “Misplaced Priorities: Over Incarcerate, Under Educate,” National Association 40 In New York City, we look at “city funds” instead of the general funds. for the Advancement of Colored People, April 2011, http://naacp.3cdn. net/01d6f368edbe135234_bq0m68x5h.pdf, 3. 41 “Finance 101: Understanding Municipal Budgets & Financial Reports,” The Michigan Municipal League in cooperation with the Michigan Government Finance Officers 23 Hawkins, “Education vs. Incarceration.” Association, http://www.mml.org/pdf/events/2013-2-20-finance.pdf, 8. 24 Ta-Nehisi Coates, “The Black Family in the Age of Mass Incarceration,” The Atlantic, October 2015, https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2015/10/the-black- Atlanta family-in-the-age-of-mass-incarceration/403246/. 42 Mark Berman, “Atlanta is the Country’s Most Unequal City Again,” The Washington 25 “Rethinking the Blues,” Justice Policy Institute, 3. Post, March 17, 2015, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-nation/ wp/2015/03/17/altanta-is-the-countrys-most-unequal-city-again/?utm_ 26 King, Mauer, and Young, “Incarceration and Crime,” 8. term=.74979d347bf9. 27 See, for example: King, Mauer, and Young, “Incarceration and Crime,” 8; Hawkins, 43 Sarah Ponczek and Wei Lu, “The 10 Most Unequal Cities in America,” Bloomberg, “Education vs. Incarceration”; Lochner and Moretti, “The Effect of Education on October 5, 2016, https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-10-05/miami-is- Crime,” 27; “Housing and Public Safety,” Justice Policy Institute, 1. the-newly-crowned-most-unequal-city-in-the-u-s. 28 Research from government-funded Child-Parent Centers tracked three- and four- 44 “As Atlanta’s Economy Thrives, Many Students of Color Are Left Behind,” The Annie E. year-olds enrolled in the program for 15 years. Children who did not participate in the Casey Foundation, June 24, 2015, http://www.aecf.org/blog/as-atlantas-economy- preschool program were 70 percent more likely to be arrested for a violent crime by thrives-many-residents-of-color-are-left-behind/. age 18. See: “The Link Between Early Childhood Education and Crime and Violence Prevention,” Economic Opportunity Institute, accessed June 22, 2017, http://www. 45 “As Atlanta’s Economy Thrives, Many Students of Color Are Left Behind,” The Annie E. eoionline.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/early-learning/ELCLinkCrimeReduction-Jul02. Casey Foundation. pdf, 1. 46 “As Atlanta’s Economy Thrives, Many Students of Color Are Left Behind,” The Annie E. 29 In 2012, Chicago’s Department of Family and Support Services designed and Casey Foundation. implemented a youth summer employment program called One Summer Plus (OSP). Participants showed an enormous proportional drop in violent-crime arrests after 13 47 “As Atlanta’s Economy Thrives, Many Students of Color Are Left Behind,” The Annie E. post-program months (a 51 percent decline). The Chicago Program, which employed Casey Foundation. students, cost about $3,000 per student, including $1,400 in wages plus $1,600 in 48 Sally Wolf-King, “Urban Health Initiative: Helping Northwest Atlanta Residents administrative costs. In addition to a 43 percent decrease in arrests for students Access Health,” Emory News Center, February 5, 2013, http://news.emory.edu/ involved, societal benefits of reduced crime are estimated at $1,700 per student. See: stories/2013/02/hspub_urban_health_initiative/campus.html. Sara B. Heller, “Rethinking Youth Employment Programs: Evidence from Two Summer Job Experiments,” Science Magazine 346 (2014), doi: 10.1126/science.1257809. 49 Stephanie Garlock, “By 2011, Atlanta Had Demolished All of Its Public Housing Projects. Where did All Those People Go?” CityLab, May 8, 2014, https://www.citylab. 30 Researchers at Emory University found that expanding healthcare coverage com/equity/2014/05/2011-atlanta-had-demolished-all-its-public-housing-projects- increases the use of substance abuse treatment and reduces aggravated assault, where-did-all-those-people-go/9044/. robbery, and larceny, according to their new working paper for the National Bureau of Economic Research. See: Suzy Khimm, “How Obamacare Could Reduce Crime 50 Chris Price and Ashley Thompson, “Turner Field Residents Fight Displacement as and Incarceration,” MSNBC, October 6, 2014, http://www.msnbc.com/msnbc/how- Development Ensues,” CBS46, updated March 28, 2017, http://www.cbs46.com/ obamacare-could-reduce-crime-and-incarceration. story/34625118/turner-field-residents-fight-displacement-as-development-ensues. 51 Interview with Avery Jackson, ATLisReady. Budget Analysis 101 52 “The War on Marijuana in Black and White,” American Civil Liberties Union, March 31 See, for example: “Budget Process,” City of Chicago, accessed June 14, 2017, https:// 2013, https://www.aclu.org/files/assets/aclu-thewaronmarijuana-rel2.pdf; “The www.cityofchicago.org/city/en/depts/obm/provdrs/city_budg.html; “The Budget State of Corrections Fact Sheet,” Georgia Center for Opportunity, 2014, http:// Process,” The New York City Council, accessed June 14, 2017, http://council.nyc.gov/ georgiaopportunity.org/assets/2014/10/GCO-prisoner-reentry-fact-sheet-2014.pdf. budget/process/. 53 “Three Former Atlanta Police Officers Sentenced to Federal Prison in Fatal Shooting of 32 See, for example: “Budget Process,” Contra Costa County, accessed June 14, 2017, an Elderly Atlanta Woman,” FBI Atlanta Division, February 24, 2009, https://archives. http://www.co.contra-costa.ca.us/1326/Budget-Process; “St. Louis County, Missouri fbi.gov/archives/atlanta/press-releases/2009/at022409.htm. 2017 Recommended Budget, Fiscal Year Ending December 31, 2017,” St. Louis County, http://www.stlouisco.com/portals/8/docs/document%20library/budget/2017/Recom 54 Shaila Dawan and Brenda Goodman, “Prosecutors say Corruption in Atlanta mendedBudget/2017RecommendedBudgetBookLineItemDetail.pdf. Police Dept. is Widespread,” New York Times, April 27, 2007, http://www.nytimes. com/2007/04/27/us/27atlanta.html. 33 “Municipal Budget,” Local Government Action, accessed June 14, 2017, http://www. localgovernmentaction.org/activists-guide/key-processes/municipal_budget. 55 Dwan and Goodman, “Prosecutors Say Corruption in Atlanta Police is Widespread.” 34 “The City of Oakland Two Year Budget Process,” Oakland Public Library, accessed June 56 Leon Stafford, “Atlanta’s $637 Million Budget Proposal Boosts Spending for Police 14, 2017, http://oaklandlibrary.org/sites/default/files/lac/2014-04-28/ATT%20C%20 and Fire,” The Atlanta Journal-Constitution, May 9, 2017, http://www.myajc.com/news/ City%20of%20Oakland%20Two%20Year%20Budget%20Process.pdf. local-govt--politics/atlanta-637m-budget-proposal-boosts-spending-for-police- and-fire/jEQlrBFY5kk8WBg3dCF0sK/; “Atlanta Protesters Call for Accountability after 35 See, for example: “Budget Process,” New York City Council, accessed June 14, 2017, Anthony Hill Death,” The Guardian, March 12, 2015, https://www.theguardian.com/

83 Freedom to Thrive: Reimagining Safety & Security in Our Communities us-news/2015/mar/12/atlanta-police-accountability-protest-anthony-hill. repeal-atlantas-quality-of-life-code/. 57 “Atlanta Citizen Review Board Overview,” Atlanta Citizen Review Board, accessed 75 Interview with Xochitl Bervera, Racial Justice Action Center. June 13, 2017, http://acrbgov.org/. 76 Michael Kahn “Atlanta City Council Approves Homeless Shelter Ordinance Over 58 Dan Klepal, “Powers of Atlanta Citizen Review Board expanded,” The Atlanta Journal- Audience Protests,” Atlanta Business Chronicle, October 3, 2016. http://www. Constitution, March 21, 2016, http://www.myajc.com/news/news/local-govt- bizjournals.com/atlanta/news/2016/10/03/atlanta-city-council-approves- politics/powers-of-atlanta-citizen-review-board-expanded/nqp98/. homeless-shelter.html. 59 Gloria Tatum, “Atlanta Citizens Review Board gets on activists’ Last Nerve,” Atlanta 77 Interview with Avery Jackson, ATLisReady. Progressive News, 2015, http://atlantaprogressivenews.com/2015/05/15/atlanta- citizens-review-board-gets-on-activists-last-nerve/. 78 “Fiscal Year 2017 Adopted Budget,” City of Atlanta, http://www.atlantaga.gov/ modules/showdocument.aspx?documentid=23122. 60 Michell Eloy, “As Atlanta police finalize body camera rollout, debates linger,” WABE90.1, July 17, 2015, http://news.wabe.org/post/atlanta-police-finalize-body- 79 Calculation based on U.S. Census Bureau, 2011–2015 American Community Survey camera-rollout-debates-linger. 5-Year Estimates. 61 Max Blau, “Fatal Police Shooting of Atlanta Mother Triggers Transparency Concerns,” 80 Interview with Avery Jackson, ATLisReady. The Guardian, May 8, 2015, https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/may/08/ 81 Interview with Xochitl Bervera, Racial Justice Action Center; Interview with Marilynn fatal-police-shooting-atlanta-mother-triggers-transparency-concerns. Winn, Women on the Rise. 62 Camille Pendley, “Ex-Atlanta Officer James Burns Indicted for Murder of Deravis 82 Ibid. Caine Rogers,” September 1, 2016, The Guardian, https://www.theguardian.com/ us-news/2016/sep/01/former-atlanta-officer-james-burns-indicted-caine-rogers. 83 Interview with Corbin Spencer, New Georgia Project; Interview with Avery Jackson, ATLisReady. 63 Christian Boone, “Video of Atlanta Police Shooting Contradicts Official Account,” The Atlanta Journal-Constitution, February 24, 2017, http://www.ajc.com/ 84 Interview with Xochitl Bervera, Racial Justice Action Center; Interview with Marilynn news/crime--law/video-atlanta-police-shooting-contradicts-official-account/ Winn, Women on the Rise. wGDQgzJ94qJa3GEo4uEPLP/. 85 Interview with Marilynn Winn, Women on the Rise. 64 Christiane Boone, “No Charges for Officer Who Shot Woman in Back of Patrol 86 Interview with Xochitl Bervera, Racial Justice Action Center; Interview with Marilynn Car,” The Atlanta Journal-Constitution, July 15, 2016, http://www.myajc.com/ Winn, Women on the Rise. news/crime--law/charges-for-officers-who-shot-woman-back-patrol-car/ V519PgmXsxe48f9cmhwuqL/; Pendley, “Atlanta police shooting of unarmed black 87 Ibid. man leads to rare murder charge.” 88 Camille Pendley, “Breaking the Vicious Cycle: Pilot Program Could Route Sex 65 Camille Pendly, “The Chief: Erika Shields Wants to Change the Way Atlanta Police Workers, Low-Level Offenders to Case Managers Rather than Jail,” Creative Loafing, Tackle Crime,” Atlanta Magazine, June 2017, http://www.atlantamagazine.com/ August 6, 2015, http://www.creativeloafing.com/news/article/13084280/breaking- news-culture-articles/erika-shields-wants-to-change-the-way-atlanta-police- the-vicious-cycle. tackle-crime/. 89 Maggie Lee, “Councilman: Why Should a Little Weed and Spitting in Public Land You 66 Craig Schneider, “Eyes on Cops- and You,” The Atlantic Journal-Constitution, August in Jail,” September 2016, http://www.creativeloafing.com/home/article/20834005/ 20, 2016, https://www.pressreader.com/usa/the-atlanta-journal-constituti councilman-why-should-a-little-weed-and-spitting-in-public-land-you-in-jail. on/20160821/281479275827206. 90 Interview with Xochitl Bervera, Racial Justice Action Center; Interview with Marilynn 67 “The Most Dangerous Thing Out Here is the Police: Trans Voices on Police Abuse and Winn, Women on the Rise. Profiling,” Solutions Not Punishment Collaborative (SNaP Co), 2016, https://www. google.com/url?q=http://snap4freedom.org/research-reports-and-resources/the- 91 Ibid. most-dangerous-thing-out-here-is-the-police/&sa=D&ust=1498113530788000&u sg=AFQjCNHjFi1eFqb04LrqNc2JB0k0NK5Q3w. Baltimore 68 “Atlanta NAACP Rally Draws Hundreds Marching in Peaceful Protest,” 11alive, 92 Michael Keller, “Baltimore: The Divided City Where Freddie Gray Lived and Died,” September 24, 2016, http://www.11alive.com/news/local/georgia-naacp-holds- Aljazeera America, April 29, 2015, http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2015/4/29/ news-conference-on-police-shootings/324776897; Adrianne Haney, “Timeline: Day baltimore-protests-race-and-poverty-freddie-gray.html. 5 of Protests in Atlanta,” 11alive, July 12, 2016, http://www.11alive.com/news/local/ 93 Keller, “Baltimore.” several-protesters-arrested-during-day-5-of-demonstrations/269980663. 94 Carrie Wells, “Report Highlights Economic Disparities Between Races in Baltimore,” 69 Sam Kestenbaum, “Atlanta Mayor Pushes Back Against Black Lives Matter on Israel The Baltimore Sun, January 30, 2017, http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/maryland/ Boycott,” Forward, July 20, 2016, http://forward.com/news/345623/watch-atlanta- baltimore-city/bs-md-racial-wealth-divide-20170130-story.html. mayor-pushes-back-against-black-lives-matter-push-for-israel/. 95 Ibid. 70 “Our Demands,” ATLisREADY, accessed June 22, 2017, http://www.atlisready.black/ demands/. 96 Ibid. 71 “Our Demands,” ATLisREADY. 97 Leah Donella, “DOJ’s Withering Baltimore Report Says ‘What Black Folks Have Been Saying For Decades,’” NPR, August 12, 2016, http://www.npr.org/sections/ 72 The legislation authorizing the design team, which developed the pre-arrest codeswitch/2016/08/12/489489803/dojs-withering-baltimore-report-says-what- diversion program, passed in December of 2015. The pilot program will launch in black-folks-have-been-saying-for-decad. July, 2017. 98 Gregg Levine, “A History of Violence: Baltimore’s ‘Broken Relationship’ Years in the 73 Interview with Xochitl Bervera, Racial Justice Action Center. Making, Al Jazeera America, April 28, 2015, http://america.aljazeera.com/blogs/ 74 “Atlanta City Council Adopts Councilmember Kwanza Hall’s Repeal of 40 Outdated scrutineer/2015/4/28/a-history-of-violence-baltimores-broken-relationship-years- Ordinances,” Atlanta City Council, March 20, 2017, http://citycouncil.atlantaga.gov/ in-making.html. Home/Components/News/News/72/17; Gloria Tatum, “Kwanza Hall Ordinance Seeks 99 Ibid. to Repeal Atlanta’s Quality of Life Code,” Atlanta Progressive News, July 29, 2016, http://atlantaprogressivenews.com/2016/07/29/kwanza-hall-ordinance-seeks-to- 100 Ibid.

84 101 Mark Puente, “Undue Force,” The Baltimore Sun, September 28, 2014, http://data. of Baltimore, http://bbmr.baltimorecity.gov/sites/default/files/FY%202014%20 baltimoresun.com/news/police-settlements/. Agency%20Detail%20V2.pdf; “Fiscal 2017, Agency Detail Volume II Board of Estimates Recommendations,” City of Baltimore, http://bbmr.baltimorecity.gov/ 102 “Put Civilians on Baltimore Police Trial Boards,” The Baltimore Sun, June 21, 2017, sites/default/files/FY17_Agency_Detail_Vol2_FINAL_WEB.pdf. http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/opinion/editorial/bs-ed-civilian-review- boards-20170110-story.html. 126 “About Communities United,” Communities United, accessed June 15, 2017, http:// www.communitiesunite.org/about. 103 “Illegal Arrest Lawsuit Against Baltimore Police Department,” accessed June 14, 2017, ACLU of Maryland, http://www.aclu-md.org/our_work/legal_cases/11. 127 Interview with Jane Henderson, Maryland Communities United. 104 Leah Donella, “DOJ’s Withering Baltimore Report.” 128 “Who We Are,” CASA, accessed June 15, 2017, http://wearecasa.org/who-we-are/. 105 Del Quentin Wilber and Kevin Rector, “Justice Department Report: Baltimore Police 129 Interview with Elizabeth Alex, CASA. Routinely Violated Civil Rights,” The Baltimore Sun, August 9, 2017, http://www. baltimoresun.com/news/maryland/baltimore-city/bs-md-ci-doj-report-20160809- 130 Ibid. story.html. 131 Interview with Jane Henderson, Maryland Communities United. 106 Wilber and Rector, “Justice Department Report: Baltimore Police Routinely Violated 132 Ibid. Civil Rights.” 133 Ibid. 107 Ibid. 134 Ibid. 108 Jessica Anderson, “$11.6 million Baltimore Police Body Camera Program Launches May 1,” The Baltimore Sun, March 10, 2016, http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/ 135 Interview with Elizabeth Alex, CASA. maryland/baltimore-city/bs-md-ci-body-cameras-20160310-story.html. 136 Ibid. 109 Camila Domonoske, “Baltimore, DOJ Reach Agreement on Consent Decree for Baltimore Police,” National Public Radio, http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo- way/2017/01/12/509479934/baltimore-doj-reach-agreement-on-consent-decree- Chicago for-baltimore-police. 137 Kasey Henricks, Amanda E. Lewis, Iván Arenas, and Deana G. Lewis, “A Tale of Three Cities: The State of Racial Justice in Chicago,” Institute for Research on Race & 110 Jessica Anderson, “Baltimore Led Nation Last Year in Homicide Increase,” The Public Policy, http://stateofracialjusticechicago.com/, 1. Baltimore Sun, June 25, 2016, http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/maryland/ investigations/bs-md-ci-homicide-increase-20160625-story.html. 138 Henricks, Lewis, Arenas, and Lewis, “A Tale of Three Cities,” 1. 111 “City Health Commissioner: More Deaths from Overdose Than Homicide in 139 Ibid. Baltimore,” CBS Baltimore, February 12, 2017, http://baltimore.cbslocal. com/2017/02/12/city-health-commissioner-more-deaths-from-overdose-than- 140 Ibid., 5. homicide-in-baltimore/. 141 Marisa de la Torre, Molly F. Gordon, Paul Moore, and Jennifer Cowhy, “School 112 Interview with Jane Henderson, Maryland Communities United. Closings in Chicago: Understanding Families’ Choices and Constraints for New School Enrollment,” The University of Chicago Consortium on Chicago School 113 Ibid. Research, January 2015, https://consortium.uchicago.edu/sites/default/files/ publications/School%20Closings%20Report.pdf, 1. 114 Carrie Johnson, “Justice Department Issues Scathing Report on Baltimore Police Department,” National Public Radio, August 9, 2016, http://www.npr.org/sections/ 142 Henricks, Lewis, Arenas, and Lewis, “A Tale of Three Cities,” 6. thetwo-way/2016/08/09/489372162/justice-department-to-issue-critical-report- on-baltimore-police-department. 143 “Recommendations for Reform: Restoring Trust between the Chicago Police and the Communities They Serve,” Police Accountability Task Force, April 2016, https:// 115 Interview with Elizabeth Alex, CASA. chicagopatf.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/PATF_Final_Report_4_13_16-1.pdf, 27. 116 Ibid. 144 “Watch: ‘The Assassination of Fred Hampton: How the FBI and Chicago Police 117 Erin Cox, “Maryland Task Force Recommends 22 Police Reforms,” Baltimore Sun, Murdered a Black Panther,’” Democracy Now, December 4, 2014, http://www. January 11, 2016, http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/maryland/politics/bs-md- democracynow.org/2014/12/4/watch_the_assassination_of_fred_hampton. policing-group-20160111-story.html. 145 “The Misuse of Police Authority in Chicago, a Report and Recommendations Based 118 Interview with Elizabeth Alex. on Hearings Before the Blue Ribbon Panel Convened by the Honorable Ralph 119 Cox, “Maryland Task Force.” H. Metcalfe,” Hearings on June 26, July 17, July 24, and July 31,1972, https:// chicagopatf.org/2016/01/04/the-misuse-of-police-authority-in-chicago-a-report- 120 Interview with Elizabeth Alex, CASA. and-recommendations-based-on-hearings-before-the-blue-ribbon-panel-convened- by-the-honorable-ralph-h-metcalfe/. 121 Brian Witte, “A Look at the Bills that Passed the Maryland General Assembly,” April 12, 2016, The Baltimore Sun, http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/maryland/ 146 “Chicago’s History of Stop and Frisk,” accessed June 15, 2017, American Civil politics/bal-a-look-at-the-bills-that-passed-the-maryland-general-assembly- Liberties Union, http://www.aclu-il.org/chicagos-history-of-stop-and-frisk/. 20160412-story.html. 147 Nick Chiles, “After Torturing More Than 100 Black Men, Chicago Cop Walks Out of 122 Letter to Timothy Mygatt, U.S. Department of Justice Civil Rights Division, Special Jail After Less Than 4 Years—with Full Pension,” Atlanta Black Star, October 4, Litigation Section, December 9, 2016, http://docs.wixstatic.com/ugd/254982_7561 2014, http://atlantablackstar.com/2014/10/04/torturing-100-black-men-chicago- 776db1934b5a99afb0b7ef27a97f.pdf. cop-walks-jail-less-4-years-full-pension/. 123 “Budget Publications,” Bureau of Budget and Management Research, accessed June 148 Ana Petrovic, “Chicago’s Gang Loitering Ordinance—An Overview,” http://www. 22, 2017, http://bbmr.baltimorecity.gov/budget-publications. gangresearch.net/GangResearch/Policy/law.html. 124 Calculation based on U.S. Census Bureau, 2011–2015 American Community Survey 149 “Recommendations for Reform,” Police Accountability Task Force, 6. 5-Year Estimates. 150 Marlena Baldacci and Steve Almasy, “Chicago Police Move to Fire Officers in Laquan 125 “Fiscal 2014 Agency Detail, Board of Estimates Recommendations Volume II,” City McDonald Shooting,” CNN, August 3, 2016, http://www.cnn.com/2016/08/30/us/

85 Freedom to Thrive: Reimagining Safety & Security in Our Communities chicago-police-laquan-mcdonald/. 172 “Confronting Suburban Poverty in America: East Contra Costa County, San Francisco, CA,” Metropolitan Policy Program at Brookings, accessed June 22, 2017, 151 Miles Kampf-Lassin, “How Black Youth Helped Unseat Anita Alvarez and Transform http://confrontingsuburbanpoverty.org/the-communities/east-contra-costa-co- the Face of Criminal Justice in Chicago,” In These Times, March 16, 2016, http:// san-francisco/. inthesetimes.com/article/18982/chicago-black-youth-anita-alvarez-kim-foxx-cook- county. 173 Alex Schafran and Chris Schildt, “Social Justice in Suburbia: East Contra Costa Needs Regional Resources,” Race, Poverty & the Environment 18, no. 2 (2011): 2. 152 “Justice Department Opens Pattern or Practice Investigation into the Chicago Police Department,” Department of Justice, December 7, 2015, https://www.justice.gov/ 174 “Data,” Contra Costa Racial Justice Coalition, accessed June 16, 2017, https:// opa/pr/justice-department-opens-pattern-or-practice-investigation-chicago- cccrjc.org/data/; “Jail expansion talking points,” materials received from Contra police-department. Costa Racial Justice Coalition, June 15, 2017. 153 “What is the Task Force,” Police Accountability Task Force, Accessed October 2016, 175 “2011 Public Safety Realignment,” California Department of Corrections and https://chicagopatf.org/about/what-is-police-accountability-task-force/. Rehabilitation, December 19, 2013, http://www.cdcr.ca.gov/realignment/docs/ realignment-fact-sheet.pdf, 1. 154 “Recommendations for Reform,” Police Accountability Task Force, 7. 176 “Report 1508: The Underutilization of Marsh Creek Detention Facility, Overcrowding 155 Ibid. at the Martinez Detention Center,” A Report by the 2014–2015 Contra Costa 156 Ibid., 9. Grand Jury, 2015, http://www.cc-courts.org/civil/docs/grandjury/1508_ UnderutilizationMarshCreekDetentionFacility.pdf, 2. 157 Ibid. 177 Katie Nelson, “Mental Health Treatment for the Bay Area Incarcerate Lacking, 158 Shane Shifflett, Alissa Scheller, Scilla Alecci, and Nicky Forster, “Police Abuse Officials Say,” The Mercury News, updated August 12, 2016, http://www. Complaints by Black Chicagoans Dismissed Nearly 99 Percent of the Time,” HuffPost, mercurynews.com/2015/09/19/mental-health-treatment-for-the-bay-area- December 7, 2015, http://data.huffingtonpost.com/2015/12/chicago-officer- incarcerated-lacking-officials-say/. misconduct-allegations; Max Ehrenfreund, “The Alarming Numbers of Race and Police Misconduct in Chicago,” The Washington Post, November 25, 2015. https:// 178 “Contra Costa County One of Three Counties Sued Over High Jail Phone Rates,” San www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2015/11/25/the-alarming-numbers-on- Ramon Patch, August 25, 2016, http://patch.com/california/sanramon/contra- race-and-police-misconduct-in-chicago/?utm_term=.b55aed132328. costa-county-one-three-counties-sued-over-high-jail-phone-rates. 159 “Chicago Tops in Fatal Police Shootings Among Big U.S. Cities,” Chicago Sun Times, 179 Melanie Gutierrez and Kimberly Veklerov, “Contra Costa County DA Quits After June 24, 2016. http://chicago.suntimes.com/news/chicago-tops-in-fatal-police- Charges Filed,” San Francisco Chronicle, June 14, 2017 http://www.sfgate.com/ shootings-among-big-u-s-cities/; crime/article/State-AG-files-13-felony-counts-against-Contra-11220366.php. 160 “Settling for Misconduct,” The Chicago Reporter, http://projects.chicagoreporter. 180 “Jail Expansion Talking Points,” Contra Costa Racial Justice Coalition. com/settlements/; (last accessed June 15, 2017). 181 Protesters Demand $6M ICE Contract be Dumped By Contra Costa Sheriff, Patch. 161 “Stop and Frisk Settlement,” ACLU, accessed June 22, 2017, http://www.aclu-il.org/ com, April 11, 2017 https://patch.com/california/pinole-hercules/protesters- stop-and-frisk-settlement/. demand-6m-ice-contract-be-dumped-contra-costa-sheriff. 162 “Stop and Frisk Settlement,” ACLU, accessed June 22, 2017, http://www.aclu-il.org/ 182 “Fiscal Year 2017–2018 Recommended Budget,” County of Contra Costa County stop-and-frisk-settlement/. California, http://www.contracosta.ca.gov/DocumentCenter/View/45407. 163 “BYP100 Speaks Out in Light of DOJ Report on Chicago Police Department,” BYP100, 183 Calculation based on 2011–2015 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates. January 13, 2017, http://byp100.org/byp100-speaks-out-in-light-of-doj-report-on- 184 Dave Metz and Lucia Del Puppo, accessed June 16, 2017, “Survey Executive chicago-police-department/. Summary,” http://www.servicesnotcells.com/_survey. 164 “10 Demands of BLMCHI,” accessed June 22, 2017, http://nebula.wsimg.com/187ba 185 Interview with Dave Sharples, ACCE-Contra Costa. 16922d4911830d0650ee124a3bf?AccessKeyId=ED0DFF960D3D44150BB4&disposi tion=0&alloworigin=1. 186 Ibid. 165 Mark Brown, “Push for accountability in police contract – and Rahm,” Chicago Sun 187 “Blueprint for Shared Safety,” accessed June 22, 2017, http://sharedsafety.us. Times, February 21, 2017, http://chicago.suntimes.com/politics/brown-push-for- accountability-in-police-contracts-and-rahm/. 188 Interview with Alex Johnson, Californians for Safety and Justice. 166 Maya Dukmasova, “Abolish the police? Organizers say it’s Less Crazy than it Sounds,” The Chicago Reader, August 25, 2016, http://www.chicagoreader. Detroit com/chicago/police-abolitionist-movement-alternatives-cops-chicago/ 189 “Detroit’s New Generation of Activism,” Huffington Post via Ebony.com, updated Content?oid=23289710. October 2, 2016, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/ebonycom/detroits-new- generation-o_b_8231562.html. 167 “Recommendations for Reform,” Police Accountability Task Force, 7. 190 Niraj Warikoo, “Detroit has Highest Concentrated Poverty Rate Among Top 25 Metro 168 “2017 City of Chicago Budget Ordinance,” City of Chicago, https://www. Areas,” Detroit Free Press, April 26, 2016, http://www.freep.com/story/news/local/ cityofchicago.org/content/dam/city/depts/obm/supp_info/2017%20 michigan/2016/04/26/detroit-has-highest-concentrated-poverty-rate/83395596/. Budget/2017BudgetOrdinance.pdf. 191 “Mapping the Water Crisis: The Dismantling of African-American Neighborhoods 169 Calculation based on U.S. Census Bureau, 2011–2015 American Community Survey in Detroit: Volume One,” We the People of Detroit Community Research Collective, 5-Year Estimates. 2016, http://nationalcouncilofelders.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Mapping- 170 Interview with Tania Unzueta, Mijente. the-Water-Crisis-in-Detroit.pdf, iv. 192 “Mapping the Water Crisis,” We the People of Detroit Community Research Contra Costa County Collective, iv-v. 171 Joaquin Palomino, “As Bay Area Poverty Shifts from Cities to Suburbia, Services 193 Bill Laitner, “Detroit Group Says Water Shutoffs Add to Foreclosures,” Detroit Free Lag,” San Francisco Chronicle, updated January 2, 2016, http://www.sfchronicle. Press, August 11 2016, http://www.freep.com/story/news/2016/08/11/detroit- com/bayarea/article/As-poverty-spreads-to-new-Bay-Area-suburbs-6730818.php. group-says-water-shutoffs-add-foreclosures/88593888/.

86 194 Christine Ferretti, “Nearly 18K at Risk as Detroit Water Shutoffs Begin,” The Detroit 217 Interview with Amanda Alexander, Prison and Family Justice Project. News, April 19, 2017, http://www.detroitnews.com/story/news/local/detroit- city/2017/04/19/water-shutoffs-begin-detroit/100661242/. Houston 195 Mark Jay, “Policing the Poor in Detroit,” Monthly Review: An Independent Socialist 218 Josh Hoxie, “Houston, We Have an Inequality Problem,” Inequality.org, February 3, Magazine 68 no. 8, January 2017, https://monthlyreview.org/2017/01/01/policing- 2017, http://inequality.org/great-divide/houston-inequality-problem/. the-poor-in-detroit/. 219 Amy McCaig, “Houston’s High Poverty Areas Have Quadrupled Since 1980,” Rice 196 Peter Weber, “The Rise and Fall of Detroit: A Timeline,” The Week, July 19, 2013, University News & Media, October 26, 2016, http://news.rice.edu/2016/10/26/ http://theweek.com/articles/461968/rise-fall-detroit-timeline. houstons-high-poverty-areas-have-quadrupled-since-1980/. 197 Mark Binelli, “The Fire Last Time,” New Republic, April 6, 2017, https://newrepublic. 220 “Urban Disparity and Atlas,” Rice, Kinder Institute for Urban Research, accessed com/article/141701/fire-last-time-detroit-stress-police-squad-terrorized-black- June 16, 2017, https://kinder.rice.edu/HoustonDisparityAtlas/. community. 221 McCaig, “Houston’s High Poverty Areas.” 198 “From the Frontlines: A Report on the Detroit Coalition Against Police Brutality,” Pan-African News Wire, June 19, 2016, http://panafricannews.blogspot. 222 “Urban Disparity and Atlas,” Rice, Kinder Institute for Urban Research. com/2006/06/from-frontlines-report-on-detroit.html. 223 “Race and Imprisonment in Texas: The Disparate Incarceration of Latinos and 199 Charlie Leduff, “What Killed Aiyana Staley-Jones,” Mother Jones, November/ African Americans in the Lone Star State,” Justice Policy Institute, 2005, http:// December 2010, http://www.motherjones.com/politics/2010/11/aiyana-stanley- www.justicepolicy.org/images/upload/05-02_rep_txraceimprisonment_ac-rd.pdf, jones-detroit. 3–5. 200 Gus Burns, “Court Removes Federal Oversight of Detroit Police Department 224 “Race and Imprisonment in Texas,” Justice Policy Institute, 5. Stemming from Past Unconstitutional Activity,” mlive, August 25, 2014, http:// 225 Emily DePrang, “Crimes Unpunished,” Texas Observer, July 10, 2013, https://www. www.mlive.com/news/detroit/index.ssf/2014/08/us_attorney_babara_mcquade_ texasobserver.org/crimes-unpunished/. to.html. 226 DePrang, “Crimes Unpunished.” 201 “Justice Department Files Consent Decrees Concluding Investigation of Detroit Police Department,” Department of Justice, June 12, 2003, https://www.justice.gov/ 227 Ibid. archive/opa/pr/2003/June/03_crt_352.htm. 228 Ibid. 202 Simone Weichselbaum, “The Problems with Policing the Police,” Time, in partnership with the Marshall Project, http://time.com/police-shootings-justice-department- 229 Ibid. civil-rights-investigations/; 230 Juan A. Lozano, “Activists Troubled by Houston’s History of Police Shootings,” 203 Tresa Baldas, “Detroit Police Finally Rid of Federal Oversight, Detroit Free Associated Press News, July 2, 2016, https://apnews.com/0bae0bb89d93402abca16 Press, March 31, 2016, http://www.freep.com/story/news/local/michigan/ 01d34eb3a3c/activists-troubled-houstons-history-police-shootings. detroit/2016/03/31/detroit-police-finally-rid-federal-oversight/82491776/. 231 Lise Olsen, “HPD Clears Off-Duty Officers Who Shot Naked Patient in Hospital,” 204 “News from the City Government: Detroit Police Set to Become National Leader in Houston Chronicle, June 4, 2016, http://www.houstonchronicle.com/news/houston- Implementation of Body Worn Cameras,” City of Detroit, May 17, 2016, http://www. texas/houston/article/The-Unarmed-Houston-police-clear-off-duty-7963852.php. detroitmi.gov/News/ArticleID/835. 232 Interview with Tarsha Jackson, Texas Organizing Project. 205 “Detroit’s New Generation of Activism,” Huffington Post via Ebony.com, updated 233 “Houston Activists Call for Criminal Justice Reform,” Texas Organizing Project, October 2, 2016, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/ebonycom/detroits-new- accessed June 16, http://organizetexas.org/houston-activists-call-for-criminal- generation-o_b_8231562.html. justice-reform/. 206 “From the Frontlines,” Pan-African News Wire. 234 Interview with Tarsha Jackson, Texas Organizing Project. 207 “Detroit’s New Generation of Activism.” 235 “Adopted Operating Budget for the Period July 1, 2016 to June 30, 2017,” City of 208 New Era Detroit, accessed June 22, 2017, http://neweradetroit.com/. Houston, http://houstontx.gov/budget/17budadopt/FY2017_Adopted_Budget.pdf. 209 “City of Detroit Four-Year Financial Plan, FY2017–2020,” City of Detroit, http://www. 236 Calculation based on 2011–2015 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates. detroitmi.gov/How-Do-I/View-City-of-Detroit-Reports/City-Budget-Information. 237 Interview with Tarsha Jackson, Texas Organizing Project. 210 Matt Helms, “Detroit Could Leave State’s Oversight by 2017,” Detroit Free 238 Ibid. Press, February 25, 2016, http://www.freep.com/story/news/local/michigan/ detroit/2016/02/25/duggan-next-city-budget-have-3rd-straight-surplus/80931706. 239 “Texas Profile,” Prison Policy Initiative, accessed June 16, https://www.prisonpolicy. org/profiles/TX.html. 211 Calculation based on 2011–2015 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates. 240 Interview with Tarsha Jackson, Texas Organizing Project. 212 “City of Detroit 2013–2014 Executive Budget Summary,” City of Detroit, http:// www.detroitmi.gov/Portals/0/docs/budgetdept/2013-14_Budget/Budget%20 241 Ibid. Summary_14/EBS_Section%20B_Summary%20All%20Funds_2013_2014_ 242 Mihir Zaveri, “Harris County Retains Another Lawyer To Defend Bail System,” The stamped.pdf; “City of Detroit Four-Year Financial Plan.” Houston Chronicle, April 11, 2017, http://www.houstonchronicle.com/news/houston- 213 The Associated Press, “Timeline of Detroit’s Financial Crisis,” The Washington Times, texas/houston/article/Harris-County-retains-another-lawyer-to-defend-11066868. November 7, 2014, http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2014/nov/7/timeline-of- php. detroits-financial-crisis/. 243 Interview with Tarsha Jackson, Texas Organizing Project. 214 Interview with Nkosi Figueroa, Good Jobs Detroit. 215 Ibid. Los Angeles 244 Adrian Glick Cudler, “Los Angeles is the Most Unequal Place in California,” Curbed 216 Bruce Huffman, “Detroit City Budget has a Surplus of $63 Million,” Michigan Radio, Los Angeles, December 11, 2013, https://la.curbed.com/2014/12/11/10012448/los- May 31, 2017, http://michiganradio.org/post/detroit-city-budget-has-surplus- angeles-is-the-most-unequal-place-in-california. nearly-63-million.

87 Freedom to Thrive: Reimagining Safety & Security in Our Communities 245 Ben Bergman, “Los Angeles Still Has More People in Poverty than Any Big City in 270 Interview with Kim McGill, Youth Justice Coalition. America, Census says,” 89.3KPCC, September 15, 2016, http://www.scpr.org/ news/2016/09/15/64657/census-los-angeles-still-has-more-people-in-povert/. 271 “Free LA Metro Pass Transportation is an Educational Right,” Youth Justice Coalition, accessed June 22, http://69.89.31.126/~youthfp6/wp-content/uploads/2 246 “An Equity Profile of the Los Angeles Region,” PolicyLink and USC Program for 014/05/8thFreeMetroPassCampaignReport.pdf. Environmental & Regional Equity, 2017, http://dornsife.usc.edu/assets/sites/242/ docs/EquityProfile_LA_Region_2017_Full_Final_Web.pdf, 3. Minneapolis 247 Cudler, “Los Angeles is the Most Unequal Place in Califiornia.” 272 Justin Miller, “Minorities in Minneapolis: Underprivileged and Over-Policed,” The American Prospect, June 2, 2015, http://prospect.org/article/minorities- 248 Ibid. minneapolis-underprivileged-and-over-policed. 249 “An Equity Profile of the Los Angeles Region,” PolicyLink and USC Program for 273 Miller, “Minorities in Minneapolis: Underprivileged and Over-Policed.” Environmental & Regional Equity, 40. 274 Jessica Nickrand, “Minneapolis’s White Lie,” The Atlantic, February 21, 2015, https:// 250 Ibid. www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2015/02/minneapoliss-white-lie/385702/. 251 Ibid. 275 “Why are the Twin Cities So Segregated?” Institute on Metropolitan Opportunity, 252 “The Legacy of Rodney King,” Frontline, http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/ Minnesota Law School, February 2015, https://www.minnpost.com/sites/default/ shows/lapd/race/king.html. files/attachments/WhyAretheTwinCitiesSoSegregated22615.pdf, 1. 253 “Rampart Scandal Timeline,” Frontline, accessed June 16, http://www.pbs.org/ 276 Tim Post, “Minneapolis Near Bottom in On-Time Graduation for Students of Color,” wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/lapd/scandal/cron.html. MPRnews, February 19, 2015, https://www.mprnews.org/story/2015/02/18/ graduation-rates. 254 “Rampart Scandal Timeline,” Frontline; Peter J. Boyer, “Bad Cops,” Frontline, http:// www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/lapd/etc/boyer.html. 277 “Advancing Health Equity in Minnesota, Report to the Legislature,” Minnesota Department of Health, February 2014, http://www.health.state.mn.us/divs/chs/ 255 “The Aftermath,” Frontline, accessed June 16, http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/ healthequity/ahe_leg_report_020414.pdf, 5. frontline/shows/lapd/later/. 278 “Picking up the Pieces: A Minneapolis Case Study,” American Civil Liberties Union, 256 Kate Mather and David Zahniser, “City Council Vote Resumes $56.7-Million Rollout accessed June 22, https://www.aclu.org/feature/picking-pieces. of LAPD Body Cameras,” Los Angeles Times, June 22, 2016, http://www.latimes.com/ local/lanow/la-me-ln-lapd-body-cameras-20160622-snap-story.html. 279 “Picking up the Pieces: A Minneapolis Case Study,” American Civil Liberties Union. 257 Jason Mcgahan, “2016: The Year LAPD Led the Nation in Fatal Shootings (Again),” 280 Ibid. LA Weekly, December 20, 2016, http://www.laweekly.com/news/2016-the-year-lapd- 281 Andy Mannix, “Minnesota Sends Minorities to Prison at Far Higher Rates than led-the-nation-in-fatal-shootings-again-7729975. Whites,” Star Tribune, April 14, 2016, http://www.startribune.com/minnesota- 258 Mather and Chang, “LAPD Watchdog Takes a Long Look into Allegations of Racial sends-minorities-to-prison-at-far-higher-rates-than-whites/374543811/. Profiling.” 282 Mannix, “Minnesota Sends Minorities to Prison.” 259 Department of Justice, Office of Public Affairs, “Justice Department Releases 283 Andy Mannix, “Minnesota Crime is at a 50-Year Low. So Why are we Imprisoning Findings on the Antelope Valley Stations of the Los Angeles County Sheriff’s More People than Ever?” MinnPost, June 24, 2015, https://www.minnpost.com/ Department,” June 28, 2013, politics-policy/2015/06/minnesota-crime-50-year-low-so-why-are-we-imprisoning- https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/justice-department-releases-findings-antelope- more-people-ever; Andy Mannix, “Decades of New Laws Caused Minnesota’s valley-stations-los-angeles-county-sheriff-s Prison Population Spike,” Minnesota Star Tribune, February 7, 2016, http://www. 260 David Zahniser, “After Election Loss, Critics of Charter Amendment C Call for startribune.com/decades-of-new-laws-caused-minnesota-s-prison-population- Sweeping Review of LAPD Discipline,” Los Angeles Times, May 17, 2017, http://www. spike/367934361. latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-lapd-discipline-measure-20170517-story.html. 284 See, for example: Libor Jany, “City of Minneapolis Settles in Brutality Lawsuit 261 Zahniser, “After Election Loss.” Against Officer,” Star Tribune, April 28, 2016. http://www.startribune.com/ settlement-in-suit-against-mpd-cop-who-s-cost-the-city-320-000/377502941/. 262 Maya Lau, “After Four Recent Inmate Deaths, Protesters Call for Changes in L.A. County Jails, Los Angeles Times, March 10, 2017, http://www.latimes.com/local/ 285 Susan Du, “Undercover Lawyers Find Minneapolis Hinders Complaints About Police,” california/la-me-jail-deaths-20170310-story.html. City Pages, August 14, 2016, “http://www.citypages.com/news/undercover-lawyers- find-minneapolis-hinders-complaints-about-police/390017322. 263 “Budget, Fiscal Year 2016–17,” City of Los Angeles, https://d3n8a8pro7vhmx. cloudfront.net/controllergalperin/pages/389/attachments/original/1475704791/201 286 Jerry Shaw, “Largest Payouts for Police Misconduct Lawsuits in Minnesota,” 62017Budget.pdf?1475704791. Newsmax, August 21, 2015, http://www.newsmax.com/FastFeatures/police- misconduct-lawsuits-payouts-Minnesota/2015/08/21/id/671210/#ixzz4NMm3YOne. 264 Calculated based on 2011–2015 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates. 287 Shaw, “Largest Payouts for Police.” 265 “Youth Justice Coalition,” Youth Justice Coalition, accessed June 17, http://www. youth4justice.org/. 288 Kristoffer Tigue, “The Rise of Black Lives Matter Minneapolis,” Minnpost, March 24, 2015, https://www.minnpost.com/politics-policy/2015/03/rise-black-lives-matter- 266 “Building a Positive Future for LA’s Youth,” August 2016 http://www.laforyouth.org/ minneapolis. wp-content/uploads/2016/05/08-24-16-FINAL-Executive-Summary-LA-City-Youth- th Development-Report.pdf. 289 “5 Injured in Shooting Near 4 Precinct; Witnesses Say Gunmen Were White Supremacists,” CBS Minnesota, http://minnesota.cbslocal.com/2015/11/24/ 267 Interview with Mark-Anthony Johnson, Dignity & Power Now. shooting-at-4th-precinct-leaves-5-protesters-hospitalized/. 268 “About,” Dignity and Power Now, accessed June 22, http://dignityandpowernow.org/ 290 Mike Mullen, “Black Lives Matter Protesters Evicted from Fourth Precinct about-us/. Occupation,” City Pages, December 3, 2015, http://www.citypages.com/news/black- lives-matter-protesters-evicted-from-fourth-precinct-occupation-7876323. 269 “Prisoner/Patient Self-Directed Violence: 2012 to March 24, 2017,” Los Angeles County, accessed June 22, http://file.lacounty.gov/SDSInter/bos/supdocs/1021644_ 291 Libor Jany and Paul Walsh, “Fed Says No Civil Rights Prosecution in Jamar Clark’s Item7-Self-DirectedViolence2012to2017.pdf. Death,” Star Tribune, June 1, 2016, http://www.startribune.com/feds-to-reveal-

88 findings-today-in-civil-rights-probe-of-jamar-clark-s-death/381522351/. Upgrades,” Star Tribune, December 10, 2015. http://www.startribune.com/activists- object-to-budget-allocation-for-minneapolis-police-headquarters/361355511/. 292 “Minneapolis Repeals Lurking, Splitting Laws that Criminalize People of Color,” Neighborhoods Organizing for Change, June 5, 2015, http://www.mnnoc.org/ lurking_spitting_repeal. New York City 293 “You Shot Four Bullets into him, Sir”: Girlfriend Live-Streams Philando Castile’s 314 “New York City Government Poverty Measure, 2005-2015,” Mayor’s Office of Death by Police,’ Democracy Now, July 7, 2016, http://www.democracynow. Operations, The City of New York, May 2017, http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/ org/2016/7/7/you_shot_four_bullets_into_him. opportunity/pdf/NYCgovPovMeas2017-WEB.pdf, 33. 294 Gino Terrell, “Weekend Demonstrations, Services Held to Remember Philando 315 Ameena Walker, “Minorities Experience ‘Vast Inequality’ in NYC Housing Castile,” Twin Cities Pioneer Press, July 8, 2017, http://www.twincities. Market: Study,” Curbed New York, November 15, 2016, https://ny.curbed. com/2016/07/08/services-around-st-paul-following-philando-castile-tragedy/. com/2016/11/15/13633260/nyc-affordable-housing-race-income-inequality. 295 Mitch Smith, “Minnesota Officer Acquitted in Killing of Philando Castile,” The 316 U.S. Census Bureau, 2011–2015 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates. New York Times, June 16, 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/16/us/police- shooting-trial-philando-castile.html?_r=0. 317 Janie Boschma and Ronald Brownstien, “The Concentration of Poverty in American Schools,” The Atlantic, February 29, 2016, https://www.theatlantic.com/education/ 296 “18 Arrested in Overnight Protests After Yanez is Found Not Guilty,” Star Tribune, archive/2016/02/concentration-poverty-american-schools/471414/. June 17, 2017, http://www.startribune.com/18-arrested-in-overnight-protests-over- yanez-verdict/429098693/#1. 318 “Disparity Report,” New York City Center for Innovation and Data Intelligence, 2016, https://www1.nyc.gov/assets/ymi/downloads/pdf/Disparity_Report.pdf, 19. 297 Spencer Woodman, “Republican Lawmakers in Five States Propose Bills to Criminalize Peaceful Protest,” The Intercept, January 19, 2017, https://theintercept. 319 “Disparity Report,” New York City Center for Innovation and Data Intelligence, 49. com/2017/01/19/republican-lawmakers-in-five-states-propose-bills-to-criminalize- 320 Janaki Chadha and Ruth Ford, “What Drives NYC’s Health Disparities,” CityLimits. peaceful-protest/. org, January 4, 2017, http://citylimits.org/2017/01/04/what-drives-nycs-health- 298 Email with Becky Dernback, Neighborhoods Organizing for Change (NOC), May 2017. disparities/. 299 “City of Minneapolis 2017 Budget,” City of Minneapolis, http://www.ci.minneapolis. 321 “Changing the NYPD: A Progressive Blueprint for Sweeping Reform,” Police Reform mn.us/www/groups/public/@finance/documents/webcontent/wcmsp-194445.pdf. Organizing Project, May 2014, http://www.policereformorganizingproject.org/wp- content/uploads/2014/07/A-Blueprint-for-NYPD-Reform.pdf, 4. 300 Calculation based on 2011-2015 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates. 322 “How A Theory of Crime And Policing Was Born, And Went Terribly Wrong.” National 301 This section is based on interviews with Anthony Newby, Neighborhoods Organizing Public Radio, November 1, 2016, http://www.npr.org/2016/11/01/500104506/ for Change (NOC), an email from Becky Dernbach at Neighborhoods Organizing for broken-windows-policing-and-the-origins-of-stop-and-frisk-and-how-it-went- Change, and an interview with Justin, Take Action Minnesota. wrong 302 Bob Collins, “In Unemployment Rate, a Tale of Two Minnesotas” Minnesota Public 323 “Stop and Frisk: The Human Impact,” Center for Constitutional Rights, July 2012, Radio News, October 15, 2015, http://blogs.mprnews.org/newscut/2015/10/in- https://ccrjustice.org/sites/default/files/attach/2015/08/the-human-impact- unemployment-rate-a-tale-of-two-minnesotas/. report.pdf, 3-4. 303 “Black Minnesota Household Incomes Declining,” Twin Cities Pioneer Press, 324 “Changing the NYPD,” Police Reform Organizing Project, May 2014, http://www. September 18, 2015, http://www.twincities.com/2015/09/18/black-minnesota- policereformorganizingproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/A-Blueprint-for- household-incomes-declining/. NYPD-Reform.pdf, 4. 304 Interview with Anthony Newby, Executive Director at NOC. 325 “Stop and Frisk Data,” New York Civil Liberties Union, accessed June 18, 2017, 305 “Mind the Gap,” The Center for Popular Democracy, Summer 2015, https:// http://www.nyclu.org/content/stop-and-frisk-data. populardemocracy.org/sites/default/files/Mind-the-Gap-Report_web_062215.pdf. 326 “Landmark Decision: Judge Rules NYPD Stop and Frisk Practices Unconstitutional, 306 Patrick Condon, “United Black Legislative Agenda’ seeks $75 million to create Racially Discriminatory,” Center for Constitutional Rights, August 21, 2014, https:// business,” Star Tribune, April 6, 2016, http://www.startribune.com/coalition- ccrjustice.org/home/press-center/press-releases/landmark-decision-judge-rules- seeks-ambitious-legislative-agenda-aimed-at-easing-racial-economic- nypd-stop-and-frisk-practices. disparities/374814121/#1; “City of Minneapolis 2017 Budget,” City of Minneapolis, 327 “Overview,” NYPD Monitor, June 18, 2017, http://nypdmonitor.org/overview/. http://www.ci.minneapolis.mn.us/www/groups/public/@finance/documents/ webcontent/wcmsp-194445.pdf. 328 J. David Goodman and Al Baker, The New York Times, July 9, 2015, https://www. nytimes.com/2015/07/10/nyregion/some-new-york-police-street-stops-are-going- 307 Jann Ingmire, “Chicago Summer Jobs Program for High School Students Dramatically undocumented-report-says.html. Reduces Youth Violence,” University of Chicago News, December 4, 2014, https:// news.uchicago.edu/article/2014/12/04/chicago-summer-jobs-program-students- 329 Sarah Childress, “The Problem with Broken Windows Policing,” PBS Frontline, June dramatically-reduces-youth-violence. 28, 2016. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/article/the-problem-with-broken- windows-policing/ 308 Interview with Justin Terrell, TakeAction Minnesota. 330 “‘That’s How They Get You’: New Yorkers’ Encounters with ‘Broken Windows 309 This section is based on interviews with Anthony Newby, NOC and emails from Becky Policing,” Police Reform Organizing Project, June 18, 2017, http://www. Dernbach, NOC. policereformorganizingproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Thats_How_They_ 310 “What we know about the death of Jamar Clark” Star Tribune, March 30, 2016. You_NYPD_stories.pdf, 2. http://www.startribune.com/what-we-know-about-the-death-of-jamar- 331 “Nearly 1,800,000 Per Year Punitive Interactions Between NYPD and clark/353199331/. New Yorkers,” Police Reform Organizing Project, October 2016, http:// 311 Interview with Anthony Newby, NOC. www.policereformorganizingproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/ Nearly_1.8million_a_year_PROP_report.pdf, 5. 312 Mike Mullen, “Black Lives Matter protesters evicted from Fourth Precinct occupation,” City Pages, December 3, 2015, http://www.citypages.com/news/black- 332 “Nearly 1,800,000 Per Year Punitive Interactions Between NYPD and New Yorkers,” lives-matter-protesters-evicted-from-fourth-precinct-occupation-7876323. Police Reform Organizing Project, 3, 5. 313 Erin Golden, “Minneapolis Budget Passes, Minus Controversial Police Station 333 Ibid., 5.

89 Freedom to Thrive: Reimagining Safety & Security in Our Communities 334 “Support the Right to Know Act: Prevent Discriminatory & Abusive Policing and 351 “Adopted Budget Fiscal Year 2017,” The City of New York, http://www1.nyc.gov/ Improve Communication & Accountability Between NYPD and New Yorkers,” assets/omb/downloads/pdf/erc6-16.pdf. Communities United for Police Reform, November 2014, http://changethenypd.org/ resources/fact-sheet-right-know-act. 352 Calculation based one 2011–2015 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates. 353 “Fiscal Year 2017 Adopted Expense Budget, Adjustment Summary/Schedule C,” The 335 David Goodman, “New York Council Won’t Vote on Police Reform Bills, but Agency City Council of the City of New York, http://council.nyc.gov/budget/wp-content/ Agrees to Changes,” The New York Times, July 12, 2016, http://www.nytimes. uploads/sites/54/2016/05/FY17-Schedule-C.pdf. com/2016/07/13/nyregion/new-york-city-council-will-not-vote-on-police-reform- measures.html?_r=0. 354 “About Us,” New York Communities for Change, accessed June 18, 2017, http:// nycommunities.org/about. 336 Will Bredderman, “Council Members Plan to Buck Speaker Mark-Viverito Over Police Reform,” Observer, July 28, 2016, http://observer.com/2016/07/council-members- 355 Interview with Jonathan Westin and Renata Pumarol, New York Communities for plan-to-buck-speaker-mark-viverito-over-police-reform/. Change. 337 “The Right to Know Act,” Communities United for Police Reform, June 21, 2017, 356 “Who We Are,” Make the Road New York, accessed June 18, 2017, http://www. http://changethenypd.org/RightToKnowAct. maketheroadny.org/whoweare.php. 338 Melissa Russo and Jonathan Lemire, “NYC Set to Hire Nearly 1,300 New Cops,” NBC 357 Interview with Javier Valdés and Kesi Foster, Make the Road New York. New York, June 22, 2015, http://www.nbcnewyork.com/news/local/1300-More- NYPD-Officers-Mayor-de-Blasio-Budget-New-York-City-309170311.html. 358 Interview with Alysa Aguilera, VOCAL-NY. 339 “Diverse Alliance of Organizations Urges City Council to Drop Proposal for 1,000 359 “Our Campaign,” Communities United for Police Reform, accessed June 18, 2017, New NYPD Officers,” Communities United for Police Reform, April 16, 2015, http:// http://changethenypd.org/campaign. changethenypd.org/releases/diverse-alliance-organizations-urges-city-council- 360 Interview with Mandela Jones and Joo-Hyun Kim, Communities United for Police drop-proposal-1000-new-nypd-officers. Reform. 340 Tana Ganeva and Laura Gottesdiener, “Nine Terrifying Facts About America’s 361 “Urban Youth Collaborative,” Urban Youth Collaborative, accessed June 18, 2017, Biggest Police Force,” Salon, Friday 28, 2012, http://www.salon.com/2012/09/28/ http://www.urbanyouthcollaborative.org/. nine_terrifying_facts_about_americas_biggest_police_force/. 362 Katherine Terenzi and Kesi Foster, “The $746 Million a Year School-to-Prison 341 Zolan Kanno-Youngs and Mara Gay, “New York City Reaches Contract Deal with Pipeline,” The Center for Police Democracy and Urban Youth Collaborative,” April Police Union,” Wall Street Journal, January 31, 2017, https://www.wsj.com/articles/ 2017, https://populardemocracy.org/news/publications/746-million-year-school- new-york-city-reaches-contract-deal-with-police-union-1485908298. prison-pipeline. 342 “Community Groups and New Yorkers Directly Impacted by Abusive Policing File 363 Katherine Terenzi and Kesi Foster, “The $746 Million a Year School-to-Prison Legal Opposition to NYPD’s Body Camera Policy,” Communities United for Police Pipeline,” The Center for Police Democracy and Urban Youth Collaborative,” April Reform, April 20, 2017, http://changethenypd.org/releases/community-groups-new- 2017, https://populardemocracy.org/news/publications/746-million-year-school- yorkers-directly-impacted-abusive-policing-file-legal-opposition-nypd. prison-pipeline. 343 “NYPD Body Camera Policy Ignores Community Demands for Police Accountability,” New York Civil Liberties Union, April 7, 2017, https://www.nyclu.org/en/news/nypd- Oakland body-camera-policy-ignores-community-demands-police-accountability. 364 Richard Kreitner, “October 15, 1966: The Black Panther Party is Founded,” The Nation, October 15, 2015, https://www.thenation.com/article/october-15-1966-the- 344 “The Community Safety Act,” Communities United for Police Reform, accessed June black-panther-party-is-founded/. 18, 2017, http://www1.nyc.gov/site/oignypd/index.page. 365 Olivia Allen-Price, “How Many Are Being Displaced by Gentrification in Oakland,” 345 Emma Whitford, “Black Lives Matter Protestors Are Occupying City Hall Park To KQED, February 9, 2017, https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2017/02/09/how-many-are- Demand Bratton’s Resignation, Reparations,” Gothamist, August 1, 2016, http:// being-displaced-by-gentrification-in-oakland/. gothamist.com/2016/08/01/blm_city_hall_occupation.php. 366 “Oakland’s Displacement Crisis: As Told by the Numbers,” Policy Link, accessed June 346 “Amid City Hall Protests, NYPD Chief Bill Bratton Resigns, ‘Broken Windows’ 18, 2017, http://www.policylink.org/sites/default/files/PolicyLink%20Oakland’s%20 Continues Nationwide, Democracy Now, August 3, 2016, http://www.democracynow. Displacement%20Crisis%20by%20the%20numbers.pdf. org/2016/8/3/amid_city_hall_protests_nypd_chief; Whitford, “Black Lives Matter Protesters.” 367 “East and West Oakland Health Data, Existing Cumulative Health Impacts,” Alameda County Public Health Department, September 3, 2015, http://www.acphd. 347 William K. Rashbaum, “The Diallo Case: The Protests,” The New York Times, org/media/401560/cumulative-health-impacts-east-west-oakland.pdf, 3. February 27, 2000, http://www.nytimes.com/2000/02/27/nyregion/diallo-case- protests-marchers-protest-diallo-verdict-taunting-police-along-way.html; Cara 368 “East and West Oakland Health Data,” Alameda County Public Health Department, Buckley, “Verdict in Sean Bell Case Draws Peaceful Protest, but Some Demand 3. More,” The New York Times, April 28, 2008, http://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/28/ nyregion/28bell.html; Kerry Wills, “‘I am Ramarley Graham’ Mourners Chant as 369 Ibid., 6-7. They Protest Against Teen’s Fatal Shooting Death by NYPD,” The New York Daily 370 Brittany Schell, “The Pulse of Oakland, Stories on the Intersection of Health, Wealth News, March 23, 2012, http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/ramarley-graham- and Race in Oakland,” accessed June 18, 2017, http://www.thepulseofoakland.com/. mourners-chant-protest-teen-fatal-shooting-death-nypd-article-1.1049629. 371 “Oakland Demographic Profile, OFCY 2016–2019 Strategic Planning,” Oakland Fund 348 Many organized community groups coalesced together to join “This Stops Today,” for Children and Youth, http://www.ofcy.org/assets/Agendas/2015-Agendas/OFCY- a coordinated response to the non-indictment of the officer who killed Eric Garner. Demographic-Report-3.25.15-FINAL-to-OFCY.pdf, 19. See: “Accountability for NYPD Use of Excessive & Deadly Force, As Well as Abuse,” accessed June 18, 2017, http://www.thisstopstoday.org/. 372 Sarah Moughty, “The Oakland Police Department’s Troubled History,” Frontline, October 27, 2011, http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/article/the-oakland-police- 349 Graham Rayman, “Chokehold Cop’s Pay Rises After Killing Eric Garner,” New York departments-troubled-history/. Daily News, September 12, 2016, http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/chokehold- salary-rises-killing-eric-garner-article-1.2789313. 373 James Queally, “Oakland Police to Fire 4 Officers, Suspend 7 Others, in Sexual Misconduct Scandal,” Los Angeles Times, September 7, 2016, http://www.latimes. 350 Interview with Joo-Hyun Kang and Mandela Jones, Communities United for Police com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-oakland-police-scandal-update-20160907-snap-story. Reform. html.

90 374 Ibid. 399 Ibid. 375 Ibid. 400 Ibid. 376 Clifton B. Parker, “Stanford Big Data Study Finds Racial Disparities in Oakland, 401 Ibid. Calif., Police Behavior, Offers Solutions,” Stanford News, June 15, 2016, http:// news.stanford.edu/2016/06/15/stanford-big-data-study-finds-racial-disparities- 402 David Harris, “Orlando Scraps Police Body Cam Bids Among Ethics Concerns,” oakland-calif-police-behavior-offers-solutions/. Orlando Sentinel, April 1, 2016, http://www.orlandosentinel.com/news/breaking- news/os-orlando-police-cameras-bids-canceled-20160401-story.html. 377 Ibid. 403 Ibid. 378 Hannah Knowles and Harry Harris, “Police Body Cam Policies in San Jose and Oakland are Flawed, Report Says,” Mercury News, August 2, 2016, http://www. 404 Ibid. mercurynews.com/2016/08/02/police-body-cam-policies-in-san-jose-and-oakland- 405 Elyssa Cherney, “After DUI Case, OPD Revises Policy for Broken Cameras,” Orlando are-flawed-report-says/. Sentinel, May 12, 2015, http://www.orlandosentinel.com/news/breaking-news/os- 379 Kimberly Veklerov, “Oakland Police Camera Gaffe: 25 Percent of Videos Deleted,” SF orlando-police-cameras-policy-20150512-story.html. Gate, September 13, 2016, http://www.sfgate.com/crime/article/Oakland-police- 406 Amy C. Rippel, “Sheriff’s Office, Activists Clear Air,” Orlando Sentinel, June 15, 2004, camera-gaffe-25-percent-of-videos-9221030.php. http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/2004-06-15/news/0406150008_1_acorn- 380 Bobbie Johnson, “US Officer Held Over Shooting Shown on YouTube,” The Guardian, sheriff-office-steve-jones. January 14, 2009, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/jan/15/oscar-grant- 407 Christal Hayes, “Thousands March in Orlando for Black Lives Matter Demonstration,” shooting-arrest. Orlando Sentinel, July 11, 2016, http://www.orlandosentinel.com/news/breaking- 381 Ewen MacAskill, “Oakland Riots After Verdict of Police Shooting of Oscar Grant,” The news/os-orlando-black-lives-matter-march-20160710-story.html. Guardian, July 9, 2010, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/jul/09/oakland- 408 “Events,” Night Out for Safety and Liberation, accessed June 18, 2017, http://www. riots-oscar-grant-shooting-verdict. nightoutforsafetyandliberation.com/events. 382 “78 Protesters Arrested After Verdict in Killing of Unarmed Black Man,” CNN, July 9, 409 Interview with Stephanie Porta, Organize Florida. 2010, http://www.cnn.com/2010/CRIME/07/08/subway.shooting.trial.riot/ 410 Rene Stuzman, “Fewer Juvenile Arrests in Orange County, Orlando Sentinel, 383 “Fiscal Year 2015–17 Adopted Policy Budget,” City of Oakland California, http:// November 29, 2016, http://www.orlandosentinel.com/news/breaking-news/os- www2.oaklandnet.com/oakca1/groups/cityadministrator/documents/policy/ juvenile-citations-orange-county-20161129-story.html. oak055628.pdf. 411 “Annual Budget 2016–17,” City of Orlando, http://www.cityoforlando.net/ 384 Calculation based on 2011–2015 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates. Archive2016/BudgetBook16-17FINAL.pdf. 385 “Fiscal Year 2013–15 Adopted Policy Budget,” City of Oakland, California,” http:// 412 Calculation based on 2011–2015 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates. www2.oaklandnet.com/oakca1/groups/cityadministrator/documents/policy/ oak044698.pdf; “Fiscal Year 2015–17 Adopted Policy Budget,” City of Oakland, 413 Interview with Stephanie Porta, Organize Florida. California, http://www2.oaklandnet.com/oakca1/groups/cityadministrator/ 414 “PKZ Tenth Anniversary,” City of Orlando, accessed June 18, 2017, http://www. documents/policy/oak055628.pdf. cityoforlando.net/parramorekidzzone/pkz-tenth-anniversary/. 386 “About,” Alliance of Californians for Community Empowerment,” accessed June 18, 415 Interview with Stephanie Porta, Organize Florida. 2017, http://www.acceaction.org/about. 416 “What We Do,” New Florida Majority, accessed June 18, 2017, http:// 387 Interview with Anthony Paranese, ACCE-Oakland. newfloridamajority.org/wp/about/what-we-do-2/. 388 “Our Work,” Ella Baker Center for Human Rights,” accessed June 18, 2017, http:// 417 Interview with Dwight Bullard and Mone’ Holder, New Florida Majority. ellabakercenter.org/our-work. 418 Jason Ruiter, “Marijuana Citation Rules Expand in Central Florida, But Some Say Not 389 Interview with Zachary Norris, Ella Baker Center. Enough,” Orlando Sentinel, April 2, 2017, http://www.orlandosentinel.com/news/ 390 “The 2016–17 Budget: Fiscal Impacts of Proposition 47,” Legislative Analyst’s lake/os-marijuana-decriminalization-mascotte-orlando-20170322-story.html. Office, February 2016, http://www.lao.ca.gov/Reports/2016/3352/fiscal-impacts- 419 Interview with Stephanie Porta, Organize Florida. prop47-021216.pdf. 420 Ibid. 391 Interview with Zachary Norris, Ella Baker Center. 421 Jason Ruiter, “Marijuana Citation Rules Expand in Central Florida, But Some Say Not 392 Correspondence with Zaeinab Mohammed, The Ella Baker Center. Enough,” Orlando Sentinel, April 2, 2017, http://www.orlandosentinel.com/news/ 393 Ibid. lake/os-marijuana-decriminalization-mascotte-orlando-20170322-story.html. 422 Interview with Stephanie Porta, Organize Florida. Orlando 394 U.S. Census Bureau, 2011–2015 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates. St. Louis County 395 Ibid. 423 Kevin McDermott, “St. Louis Region Still Among Worst in Nation for Black-White Economic Disparity, Says Report,” St. Louis Post Dispatch, July 29, 2015, “http:// 396 Kate Santich and Jeff Kunerth, “Forida’s Mental-Health Epidemic Reaches Crisis www.stltoday.com/news/local/crime-and-courts/st-louis-region-still-among-worst- Point,” accessed June 18, 2017, Orlando Sentinel, http://interactive.orlandosentinel. in-nation-for-black/article_815c05d5-38bc-5271-ad45-79ef9b0c96e5.html. com/mental-illness/intro.html. 424 McDermott, “St. Louis Region Still Among Worst in Nation.” 397 Paul Brinkmann, “Census: Orlando No Longer Dead Last in Big City Income,” Orlando Sentinel, September 15, 2016, http://www.orlandosentinel.com/business/ 425 “Q&A: What Happened in Ferguson?” New York Times, Updated August 10, 2015, brinkmann-on-business/. http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2014/08/13/us/ferguson-missouri-town- under-siege-after-police-shooting.html. 398 Rene Stuzman and Charles Minshew, “Focus on Force,” Orlando Sentinel, November 2015, accessed June 18, 2017. 426 “Armed with Military-Grade Weapons, Missouri Police Crack Down on Protests

91 Freedom to Thrive: Reimagining Safety & Security in Our Communities over Michael Brown Shooting,” Democracy Now, August 14, 2014, http://www. Missouri, http://www.stlouisco.com/YourGovernment/CountyDepartments/ democracynow.org/2014/8/14/armed_w_military_grade_weapons_missouri. Budget#dltop; “2017 Adopted Budget, Fiscal Year Ending December 31, 2017,” St. Louis County, Missouri, http://www.stlouisco.com/Portals/8/docs/document%20 427 “A Human Rights Crisis”: In Unprecedented Move, Amnesty International library/budget/2017/Adopted/2017AdoptedBudgetBook.pdf. Sends Monitors to Ferguson,” August 18, 2014, http://www.democracynow. org/2014/8/18/a_human_rights_crisis_in_unprecedented. 446 Interview with Thomas Harvey, ArchCity Defenders; Interview with Tia Byrd, MORE. 428 Suman Varandani, “Ferguson Protesters Act Dead To Mark 100 Days Since Michael 447 Interview with Thomas Harvey, ArchCity Defenders. Brown Shooting,” International Business Times, November 17, 2014, http://www. ibtimes.com/ferguson-protesters-act-dead-mark-100-days-michael-brown- 448 Don Stemen, “Reconsidering Incarceration: New Directions for Reducing Crime,” shooting-1724602. Vera Institute of Justice, January 2007, http://vera.org/sites/default/files/ resources/downloads/veraincarc_vFW2.pdf. 429 ArchCity Defenders, “Municipal Courts White Paper,” 2014, http://03a5010. netsolhost.com/WordPress/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/ArchCity-Defenders- 449 Interview with Thomas Harvey, ArchCity Defenders. Municipal-Courts-Whitepaper.pdf. 450 Ibid. 430 Interview with Thomas Harvey, ArchCity Defenders. 451 Information in this section was obtained in an interview with Thomas Harvey, 431 “Investigation of the Ferguson Police Department,” United States Department of ArchCity Defenders. Justice Civil Rights Division, March 4, 2015, https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/ files/opa/press-releases/attachments/2015/03/04/ferguson_police_department_ A Call to Action from the People: report.pdf, 4. Participatory Budgeting: a Model for Community 432 Ibid., 62. Control over Money 433 Ibid., 5. 452 Brian Wampler and Mike Touchton, “Brazil Let its Citizens Make Decisions About 434 “Overcoming the Challenges and Creating a Regional Approach to Policing in St. City Budgets. Here’s What Happened,” The Washington Post, January 22, 2014, Louis City and County,” Police Executive Research Forum, August 30, 2015, http:// https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2014/01/22/brazil-let- www.policeforum.org/assets/stlouis.pdf, 10. its-citizens-make-decisions-about-city-budgets-heres-what-happened/?utm_ term=.890532c15e5f. 435 Ashley Nellis, “The Color of Justice: Racial and Ethnic Disparity in State Prison,” The Sentencing Project, June 14, 2016, http://www.sentencingproject.org/publications/ 453 “Participatory Budgeting is a Democratic Process in Which Community Members color-of-justice-racial-and-ethnic-disparity-in-state-prisons/#. Directly Decide how to Spend Part of a Public Budget,” Participatory Budgeting Project, accessed June 21, 2017, https://www.participatorybudgeting.org/. 436 Ryan J. Reilly, “St. Louis County Admits it Has a Jail Problem, is Finally Getting Help,” Huffington Post, May 27, 2015, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/05/27/ 454 Jon C. Rogowski and Cathy Cohen, “Black Millennials in America: Documenting the st-louis-county-jail-problem_n_7446850.html. Experiences, Voices and Political Future of Young Black Americans,” Black Youth Project, http://blackyouthproject.com/project/black-millennials-in-america-reports/ 437 Radley Balko, “New Report Details the Disastrous Municipal Court System in St. Louis County,” The Washington Post, October 8, 2014, https://www.washingtonpost. 455 Oscar Perry Abello, “Ex-Prisoners Tell NYC How to Spend Money,” Equity Factor, com/news/the-watch/wp/2014/10/28/new-report-details-the-disastrous- September 11, 2015, https://nextcity.org/daily/entry/participatory-budgeting-new- municipal-court-system-in-st-louis-county/?utm_term=.76f009ad7156. york-city-meetings-ex-prisoners. 438 “Some Municipal Courts in St. Louis County are Consolidating,” CBS St. Louis, 456 Vinny Vella, “Hartford Inmates Help Decide How City Spends $1.25 Million,” March October 4, 2015, http://stlouis.cbslocal.com/2016/10/04/some-municipal-courts- 30, 2015, http://www.courant.com/community/hartford/hc-hartford-inmates- in-st-louis-county-are-consolidating/. voting-0330-20160330-story.html.

439 “Demanding Police Accountability in Ferguson and Across the Country,” The Center 457 “Policing,” PB Network, accessed June 21, 2017, https://pbnetwork.org.uk/ for Popular Democracy, October, 23, 2014, https://populardemocracy.org/blog/ category/themes/policing/. demanding-police-accountability-ferguson-and-across-country. 458 Greensboro Participatory Budgeting Top Projects 2016, accessed June 21, 2017, 440 “Our Vision for a New America,” Ferguson Action, accessed June 21, 2017, http:// www.greensboro-nc.gov/modules/showdocument.aspx?documentid=3083. fergusonaction.com/demands/. 459 Census Demographics at the NYC City Council district (CNCLD) level, accessed June 441 Interview with Tia Byrd, MORE. 22, 2017, https://data.cityofnewyork.us/City-Government/Census-Demographics- at-the-NYC-City-Council-distri/ye4r-qpmp. 442 Interview with Thomas Harvey, ArchCity Defenders. 443 “2017 Adopted Budget, Fiscal Year Ending December 31, 2017,” St. Louis County, 460 “District 31, Participatory Budgeting, Cycle 6,” New York City Council, accessed June Missouri, http://www.stlouisco.com/Portals/8/docs/document%20library/ 21, 2017, http://council.nyc.gov/donovan-richards/pb/6/. budget/2017/Adopted/2017AdoptedBudgetBook.pdf. 461 Saneta deVuono-powell, Chris Schweidler, Alicia Walters, and Azadeh Zohrabi, 444 Calculation based on 2011–2015 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates “Who Pays? The True Cost of Incarceration on Families,” Ella Baker Center, Forward Together, Research Action Design, 2015, http://ellabakercenter.org/sites/default/ 445 “2013 Adopted budget, Fiscal Year Ending December 31, 2013,” St. Louis County, files/downloads/who-pays.pdf.

92 93 Freedom to Thrive: Reimagining Safety & Security in Our Communities 94 #FREEDOMTOTHRIVE

populardemocracy.org law4blacklives.org byp100.org