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Democratization Through the Looking-Glass Democratization Has Become a Central Political Theme in the Post- Cold War World

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Democratization Through the Looking-Glass Democratization Has Become a Central Political Theme in the Post- Cold War World Burnell/28.5.jkt 30/7/03 12:20 pm Page 1 DEMOCRATIZATION I I I I ON PERSPECTIVES DEMOCRATIZATION I PERSPECTIVES ON I PERSPECTIVES ON DEMOCRATIZATION Democratization through the looking-glass Democratization has become a central political theme in the post- Cold War world. This series considers democratization as a concept, bringing together interest both in the processes of democratic institutional reform and in the under- lying theoretical issues defining I IPERSPECTIVES ON these processes—rights, citizenship, PERSPECTIVES ON DEMOCRATIZATION representation and participation. I DEMOCRATIZATIONI Democratization through the looking-glass argues that our perspectives on democratization reflect the intellectual origins of the inquiry. What we see and how we understand it are influenced by what we bring to the table. A range of disciplines from anthropology Democratization to economics, sociology and legal scholarship, as well as different area studies, offer a rich combination of analytical frameworks, distinctive insights and leading points of concern. through On one level the book provides for anyone interested in democratization a wide-ranging distillation of the main themes, issues, and topics, concisely written by leading experts in their field. the looking-glass On a second level the book advances the case for a broadly-based comparative study that includes Europe and North America alongside developing regions, while maintaining that multi- disciplinarity enhances our understanding of democratization far more than a narrow political science approach. I I The book is aimed at students of politics willing to explore the boundaries of their subject and all social scientists who need an BURNELL ed. introduction to this important contemporary phenomenon. I Peter Burnell is a Professor in the Department of Politics and International Studies, University of Warwick EDITED BY PETER BURNELL Democratization through the looking-glass PERSPECTIVES ON DEMOCRATIZATION The series presents critical texts on democratization processes and democratic theory. Written in an accessible style, the books are theoretically informed and empirically rich, and examine issues critical to the establishment, extension and deepening of democracy in different political systems and contexts. Important examples of successful democratization processes, as well as reasons why experiments in democratic government fail, are some of the issues analysed in the series. The books in the series make an important contribution to the ongoing debates about democracy, good governance and democratization. series editors: SHIRIN M. RAI and WYN GRANT already published Funding democratization PETER BURNELL and ALAN WARE (editors) Democracy as public deliberation MAURIZIO PASSERIN D’ENTRÈVES (editor) Globalizing democracy KATHERINE FIERLBECK Terrorism and democratic stability JENNIFER S. HOLMES Democratizing the European Union CATHERINE HOSKYNS and MICHAEL NEWMAN (editors) Democracy in Latin America GERALDINE LIEVESLEY Democratization in the South ROBIN LUCKHAM and GORDON WHITE (editors) Mainstreaming gender, democratizing the state? SHIRIN RAI (editor) Democratization through the looking-glass PETER BURNELL editor MANCHESTER UNIVERSITY PRESS Manchester and New York distributed exclusively in the USA by Palgrave Copyright © Manchester University Press 2003 While copyright in the volume as a whole is vested in Manchester University Press, copyright in individual chapters belongs to their respective authors. This electronic version has been made freely available under a Creative Commons (CC-BY-NC-ND) licence, which permits non-commercial use, distribution and reproduction provided the author(s) and Manchester University Press are fully cited and no modifications or adaptations are made. Details of the licence can be viewed at https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/ Published by Manchester University Press Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9NR, UK and Room 400, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010, USA www.manchesteruniversitypress.co.uk British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data applied for ISBN 0 7190 6243 8 hardback First published 2002 11 10 09 08 07 06 05 04 03 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Typeset in Trump Medieval by Graphicraft Limited, Hong Kong Printed in Great Britain by Biddles Ltd, Guildford and King’s Lynn Contents List of tables page vii List of contributors ix PETER BURNELL 1 Perspectives 1 Part I DISCIPLINES 21 JEREMY GOULD 2 Anthropology 23 TONY ADDISON 3 Economics 41 SHIRIN M. RAI 4 Gender Studies 56 PETER CALVERT 5 History 70 PHILIP CERNY 6 International Political Economy 84 JOHN MCELDOWNEY 7 Law 100 GEOFFREY WOOD 8 Sociology 115 vi CONTENTS Part II AREAS 135 ROGER SOUTHALL 9 Africa 137 PAUL G. LEWIS 10 Central and eastern Europe 153 SHAUN BRESLIN 11 East Asia 169 ALEX WARLEIGH 12 The European Union 188 GEORGE PHILIP 13 Latin America 201 GURHARPAL SINGH 14 South Asia 216 FRANCISCO E. GONZÁLEZ AND DESMOND KING 15 The United States 231 PETER BURNELL 16 Conclusion 247 References 257 Index 275 Tables 8.1 Classical (pre-1940) sociological perspectives on democratization page 116 8.2 Social theories of democracy, 1968–89 120 8.3 After 1989 – democracy and current social theory 124 10.1 Freedom Country Scores in central and eastern Europe, 1991–2000 158 11.1 Freedom House ratings for East Asian countries, 2001–2 170 Contributors Tony Addison is Deputy Director, World Institute for Development Economics Research (United Nations University) Helsinki. Shaun Breslin is a Professor in Politics in the Department of Politics and International Studies at the University of Warwick. Peter Burnell is a Professor in the Department of Politics and International Studies at the University of Warwick. Peter Calvert is Emeritus Professor of Comparative and Interna- tional Politics at the University of Southampton and a Fellow of the Royal Historical Society. Philip Cerny is a Professor in the Department of Government, University of Manchester. Francisco E. González is a British Academy Post-doctoral Research Fellow, University of Oxford. Jeremy Gould is a Senior Research Fellow with the Academy of Finland, based at the Institute of Development Studies, University of Helsinki. Desmond King is Andrew W. Mellon Professor of American Gov- ernment, University of Oxford and Fellow of Nuffield College and a Fellow of the British Academy. Paul G. Lewis is a Reader in Central and East European Politics at the Open University. John McEldowney is a Professor of Law in the School of Law, University of Warwick. George Philip is a Professor in the Department of Government at the London School of Economics and Political Science. x LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS Shirin M. Rai is Professor in the Department of Politics and Inter- national Studies at the University of Warwick. Gurharpal Singh is the Nadir Dinshaw Chair in Inter-Religious Relations at the University of Birmingham, and previously the C. R. Parekh Chair in Indian Politics and Director of the Centre for Indian Studies at the University of Hull. Roger Southall is Executive Director of the Democracy and Gov- ernance Research Programme, Human Sciences Research Council, Pretoria. Alex Warleigh is Professor of International Politics and Public Policy at the University of Limerick. Geoffrey Wood is Professor of Comparative Human Resource Man- agement at Middlesex University Business School. 1 Perspectives peter burnell The Looking-Glass for the Mind; or Intellectual Mirror (1792) (Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd edn, 1989) In the last decade or so democratization has been the focus of a burgeoning political science literature. Democratization is multifaceted and multidimensional. As both an idea and a practical phenomenon it belongs exclusively to no single discipline or branch of academic learning, and to no one geographical area. The purpose of this book is to show how our knowledge and understanding of democratization are enriched by studying through the lens of multidisciplinarity (Part I) and from a broadly-based comparative analysis – one that is deeply informed by area studies that are themselves comparative at the regional level (Part II). The volume takes the form of authentic accounts by specialists of what their own subject brings to the study of democratization. They pose some distinctive questions, with the potential to un- cover unique insights. Of course, some areas of interest are bound to overlap, and there will be points of convergence too: their identity will become clear also. The book is addressed especially but not only to the political science community, being an invitation to each one of us to ‘think outside the box’ of the usual parameters that shape our study of democratization. It aims to demonstrate that by being receptive to multidisciplinarity and equipped with a broadly-based geopolitical knowledge we should be better placed to: • address some of the gaps that political scientists recog- nize are present in the political science literature on democratization; 2 DEMOCRATIZATION THROUGH THE LOOKING-GLASS • pursue a more comprehensive understanding of demo- cratization as a process that takes a variety of forms and is not solely a political phenomenon; • provide explanations of democratization that will more easily satisfy the criteria of coherence, consistency, and plausibility while making sense of the variety of experi- ences undergone by different societies at different times; • anticipate the wider
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