The Abbey of Dundrennan

THE ABBEY O F D U N D R ENN AN

X . H. C HRI TI E B D AL E S , . . ,

MINISTE R O F Rnxmcx

Wrm PL ANS AND I LLUSTRATXONS

G E L LE C O

P UBLI SHED BY THO MAS ’ § RAS E R

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L I ST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Page xi PREFATORY NOTE xiii I NDEX 1 73

H P C A TER I . !THE C I STERCIAN REFORM Situation o f Dundrennan Abbe y Vari ous n am es o f parish o f Rerrick Rise

o f Christian monasticism St . Benedict D a o f Nursia ep rtures from St . Bene dict’ s Rule The Cistercian Reform

a St . Bernard o f Cl irvaux His inﬂuence Rapid spread o f Cistercianism The Scottish abbeys Ciste rci a nism the crea tion o f a grea t religious Order Dominant notes o f Cistercianism Decline o f Cis te rcian ism Present condition O f the

Order .

CHAPTE R II .

MONKs NASTER FFI I AL ' AND NAST , MO Y O C S, MO IC ROUTINE 1 9-30 Cistercia n monks o f two grades The choir monks The lay brethren Mon astery ofﬁcials : The abbot The prior The sub - prior The precen tor The a T l l arer s crist he oe , the kitchene r and CONTENTS

the refectorian The in ﬁ rm arian The

- a guest master, and others The d il y routine The hours o f service D uties in intervals of services Ends served by

the monasteries in olden time .

CHAPTER I I I .

DUNDRENNAN ABBEY : FROM ITS FOUNDATION TO ITS SUPPRES S ION 3 1 -86 Disappearance o f Dundrenna n charters Honour o f founda tion disputed Date o f foundation List o f Dundrennan abbots P articular notice o f Abbot Thomas He takes a leading pa rt in the Council o f

Ba sle in deposition o f Pope Eugenius IV. and election o f anti - pope Felix V Sub

' sequent ca reer o f Thom a s Other re corded n ames o f Dundrenna n monks Names o f the monks near close o f monas ’ tery s history Roya l visitors to Dun drennan Early trading o f the monks Beginning o f struggle for Scottish Inde pen den ce Abbot Walter signs the Rag m an Roll Losses o f the mona stery

during the war Edward I . grants charter o f conﬁrmation o f abbey lands The lands enume rated Other l and in Ireland and elsewhere Wealth o f the monastery not consisting o f l and alone Money revenues at date o f Re formation Eccles TE TS CON N vii.

iastical abuses be fore the Reformation Appropri ation o f parish churches to monas teries The practice o f be stowing eccles iastica l ben efi ces in comm en da m Tra f fi ckin g in church ben efi ces Intrigue to O bt a in abb a cy o f Melrose for John M ax

f a o f well , a bbot o Dundrenn n Advent

a a a the Reform tion Edw rd M xwell ,

a commend tor o f Dundrennan, disposes o f considerable part o f abbey lands Act o f Annex ation pa ssed by parli ament in 8 a Act 1 5 7 In 1 60 6 J ames VI . p sses in

D n ren favour o f John Murray, erecting u d n an into a tempora l lordship and suppress ing the mona stery Murra y resigns a n d a bbey a nnexed to Deanery o f Ch a pel - Royal Lands disposed o f while abbey in Mur ’ a r y s possession .

CHAPTER IV . DUNDRENNAN ABBEY : FROM THE REFORMATION To THE PRESENT DAY 87 -99 Erroneous belief regarding destruction o f mona steries D undrennan in considerable disrep air before Reformation Restored in I 543 by Abbo t Ad am Bl acka der In “ ” 1 578 yet whole Demolition probabl y d ates from time o f suppression ( 1 60 6) D am a ge proceeds ap ace during seventeenth century Interest in ruins shown about middle o f eighteenth century Visits o f NTENT S viii . CO

ke ardon nel a Pococ , C and Fr ncis Grose The E arl o f Selkirk in 1 838 begins the work o f preservation and restora tion Interesting discoveries during Operations Lord Cockburn visits the abbey His criticism o f what he s aw C a re o f ruins ta ken over by Commissioners o f Woo ds and

Forests Recent operations at the abbey,

and more discoveries .

CHAPTER V . DESCRI PTIV E ACCOUNT OF THE RUINS 1 0 0 - 1 36 D undrennan a n idea l site for a mon a stery The encircling wa l l o f the mona stery entirely gone Entra nce to ruins by west door The n a ve The crossing The

a a north tr nsept Monument o f Al n, Lord o f Galloway Other memorial stones in north transept The Choir Quaint epitaphs on stones The south tra nsept More epitaphs The sacristy The Cloisters The Cha pter - house ’ Its use Recently - disco vered a bbots gra ve - sl abs The scriptorium The locutorium and the slype The in ﬁ rm ary The common d a y- room The dormi

a a tory Pass ge, prob bly to convent garden The buttery The refectory Dinner described The kitchen Storage vaults The dormitory o f the

l ay brethren . CONTENTS ix .

E CHAPT R VI .

MONUMENTS AND MEMORIALS 1 37- 161 D undrenna n rich in monuments and mem

l a - o a oria s Gr ve slabs o f Abb t Willi m ,

a Abbot Egidius, Abbot Bri n, Abbot ’ Egidius ( I L ) and others The Abbot s ” Monument Monument o f P a trick ’ a e so- a Dougl s, C llarer The c lled Nun s ” ’ Monument Prior Bl akom or s Stone

o f a a a Monument Al n, Lord o f G llow y Remains o f Memorial Brasses Memori a l o f Sir Willi a m Livingstone L a dy ’ Broughton s Memori a l Other memori a ls ’ Abbot s se a l in Kirkcudbright Museum ’ - Abbot s seal in Chapter House, West

- a minster Abbey Counter se l in Treasury,

D urh am C athedral .

CHAPTE R VII .

UEEN S UNDRENNAN - MARY, Q OF SCOT , AND D 1 62 1 72 Rerrick pa rish o f pa thetic interest in history ’ o f Queen M ary Crisis in M a ry s posi tion brought about by her m a rriage with Bothwel l Compelled to abdicate Imprisoned in Lochleven C a stle Escape Adherents rally to her Side at Hamilton Mary moves to D umba rton C a stle for greater security Attempt frustrated by

a 1 M a Moray at L ngside, 3th y, 1 568 Precipitate ﬂight o f M ary from battle CONTENTS

ﬁeld She arrives at Dundrennan Doubt as to whether or not she spent her last night within the abbey Testimony o f her pa ssing the night outside Cir cum stan ces O f her sta y at Dundrennan Obscure Writes to Quee n Elizabeth de siring her passport to pa ss through Engl a nd to France Fresh arrivals at Dundrennan bring latest particulars o f L angside defeat Mary resolves at once to throw herself on ’ Eliz abeth s mercy On l 6th May from “ a creek neer D undrennan she sets sail for Engl and The pa thos o f her depa r ture Her own description o f wh a t she endured Eighteen yea rs o f imprison ment follow Then Fotheringhay ! S R TI LI T OF ILLU ST A ONS .

PLANS .

Ground - Pl a n o f Dundrenn a n Abbey At en d of

Re ference Plan o f the Abbey Pa ge

- G ILLUSTRA NS FULL PA E TIO .

a F ron tis iece The South Transept, Dundrenn n Abbey p

Cistercian Monk in Choir Dress F a cin g pa g e 1 6

The Abbey from the North - West 3 2

The Abbey from the South - West 64

The Chapter - House 96

The North Transe pt The Abbot’ s Monument Abbey Seals

ILLUS RA NS N T X T TIO I E T . West Door o f Abbey

The Abbey from North -West

Base o f Pier in N ave

a Monument o f Al n, Lord o f Galloway Position o f the Sedilia ILLUSTRATIONS

Piscina in South Transept

Entrance to Chapter- House

Doorway in North Tra nsept

Grave- sl ab o f Abbot William

Grave- slab o f Abbot Egidius

Grave - slab o f Abbot Brian

Gra ve- sla b o f Abbot Egidius

a Pa a a Memori l o f trick Dougl s, Cell rer Memorial o f a Lady

’ Prior Bl akom or s Stone

Memorial o f Sir Willia m Livingstone

Fragment o f a Memori a l Knight’ s Memorial Shiel ds in Abbey

Shiel ds at Rerrick Manse Abbey Seal in Kirkcudbright Museum PREFATORY NOTE .

- o f G a l loway, the extreme south western district

a a Scotl and, is land o f which the mon stic institution

a onoe took a powerful hol d . The bbeys o f Dun

a Sou l se at L in cl u den drenn n, Glenluce, Sweetheart, , ,

a and Tongl nd, together with the priories o f St ’ — M a ry s Isle and Whithorn to n ame the more pro minent o f the religious houses—al l testi fy to the zeal o f those who founded them and who ga ve bounti fully o f their substance for their support . Now

- ﬂou rishin so these once g houses are overthrown, and complete is the destruction o f some o f them tha t not

a o f a vestige rem ins . For the most part the records these monasteries have disappeared, and their Story is soon told . In the fol lowing pages I ha ve endeavoured to tell — the story of on e o f them the Abbey o f Dun dre n n an . The Ch a rters o f the abbey are not known to

su ﬂiin a exist, but from various sources c e t material h s

a a a been g thered to form highly interesting narr tive . Nearly sixty years have pa ssed sin ce the publication

’

E . em ria l h o f the Rev . neas B Hutchison s M o : of t e

Abbe o Du n d ren n a y f n . Not much has been accom pl ished in the interval in the way o f adding to the knowledge of the history o f the abbey, but several i ar ii. P E N E xiv . R FATORY OT

a a accounts o f the ruins, m inly o f architectur l value, e a h ave been prepared, some of which have be n re d

a an d a t meetings o f societies o f a ntiqu ries, are to be found in the publications of these societies . The time seems Opportune for a new account o f

a Dundrenna n Abbey . Not only is much historic l

f I a m atter, o which have made consider ble use, con t ain ed in the State p apers published within recent

a times, but the Government Dep rtment under whose

a ca re the Abbey now is, in pursu nce o f their policy f o f preserving the a ncient monuments o the country, are nearing the completion o f a thorough ex a mina

a tion an d repair o f the mon stic buildings, to which they h ave given commend able attention for some yea rs pa st . I gratefully acknowledge the labours o f those who

a a n d have preceded me as workers in the s me ﬁel d, wherever it has seemed necessa ry I h a ve own ed my

a indebtedness in the body o f the b ook . I c nnot name particul arly every individual to whom in some

a e an a measure I h ve b en obliged, nor c I indic te every source which I have consulted in the preparation o f

o f n e or a the volume . But o two n mes I deem it my

a . duty to make speci l mention here My father, the late Rev . Dr Christie, minister o f Gilmerton, as Keeper o f the Libra ry o f the Genera l Assembly o f

a the Church o f Scotland, g ve me abundant fa cilities for examining the boo ks on the shelves o f the lib PREFATORY NOTE xv .

a o f a . rary . The subst nce Ch pter I is common to m any books th a t n a rra te the history o f p a rticular

a o f Cistercia n houses, but in those p rts the book which treat o f the gene ra l a rra ngements o f a monas te ry I ha ve accepted a s my Chief a uthority the Right

a the Rev . Dr F . A . G squet , Abbot President o f

English Benedictines .

a With regard to the illustr tions, I express my indebtedness to se vera l who h ave given me valued

o f a - a in a ssistance. Five the h l f tone illustr tions (

“ ’ ” cluding th at o f the Abbot s Monument ) are re produced from photogra phs ta ken by Mr J a mes

a f Scott, Dundrennan, while nother (the view o the

Abbey from the north - west) is from a photograph

a . . i . . C ster t ken by Mr W J G Alison, Leith The cian Monk in choir dress is a reduced reproduction o f

’ ’ a D u da l e s M on a stz con An l ica n u m a pl te in g g . The illustration o f the sea l preserved in the Ch apter House o f Westminster Abbey is from a photograph

a . M i t ken by Mr A L . acG bbon from a ca st in the

e o f R . ae a a poss ssion Mr W M cdon ld, Alba ny

Hera ld ; while th a t o f the counter - seal preserved in

a a a the Tre sury o f D urh m C thedral is, by kind per

O i a a n d a mission the De n Ch pter o f Durham , from a a . e photogr ph taken by Mr C Hunt r Bl a ir . The illustration o f the sea l in Kirkcudbright Museum is

, s given with con ent o f the Committee, by f a vour o f

M . r J Robison, curator o f the museum . The two P N E xvi . REFATORY OT

plans were drawn by me, as also were all the other

a illustrations . I have done some exc vation in the g arden o f Rerrick M anse which has ena bled me to present a ground - pl a n o f the mona stic buildings o f a

a a a a n gre ter comp ss th n y I have yet seen . I am much indebted to Mr Thomas Fra ser for the unremitting a ttention which he has shown in n ection with the publication o f the book .

A H . C .

RERRI CK MANSE 1 811: F ebru a r , y , 1 9 1 4 .

2 THE ABBEY OF DUNDRENNAN

w a s the a n d o f Monkl a nd, by which it known in I eighteenth century a n d even to within recent times .

But through a l l the interve ning ce nturies the n ame

e ha s a n d give n by the ol d Norse settl rs survived, to - d a y Rerrick (or Re rwick) is the design ation o f the

e p a rish to which o fﬁci a l recognition is giv n .

o a I f Re rrick is a word Of Norse rigin, D undrenn n

o - e o f is o f G ae lic origin . The extreme s uth w st “ ” a s the a a a a w a s in Scotl a nd, n me G llow y indic tes,

a - a e e arly time s inhabited by a G elic spe king p ople, a n d thro ugh a l e ngth ened p e riod G ae lic wa s the

I n domin a nt l a ngu a ge o f the district . nothing is the G ae lic inﬂuence so m a ni fe st as in the pl a ce

a e to a a are o f ae n m s, which very l rge extent G lic

’ c itz a l l w I n L a r e D es r on o G o a . origin . his g f f y (p “ S m son 1 68 a a e to the 3 3) y , writing in 4, s ys th t n er

a a e a a s Abbey is rivulet c lled Cr gg n, from which (

o a a e n ow a an d o e s me ssert) the bb y, c lled pron unc d ”

Du n dra n en a d D u n re a n . , shoul d be c lle g gg This rivule t is n ow a n d ha s for a very l ong time bee n known by n o o ther n a me th a n th a t o f the Abbe y

. m a a ha a Burn It y, indeed, h ve d some other n me be fore the abbe y wa s pl anted beside it in the twel fth

1 The C o m m u n i o n C up s pr e s e n tly u s e d in t h e p a ri s h C hurc h in t he C o m m u n i o n S e rvi c e b e a r upo n th e m the fo l l o wi n g i n s c ripti o n Thi s a n d a n o th e r C om m u n i o n C u p giv e n by D a vid C u rri e O f

Ne w l a w o n e o f th e e o s to the a s h of R e ric k r , H rit r , P ri o M u n k

l a n 1 . d , 759 THE C I STERC IAN REFORM 3

a a wa s C e a century, but whether th t n me r gg n , or whethe r (a s Sym son d ecl a res) it wa s ca lled Gre ggan so l a te a s the end o f the seventeenth century a re m a tters in rega rd to which we can Offe r n o corrobora

o . a n a e n ot e a ti n But , in y c s , it is the rivul t th t runs by the side o f the abbey but the hil l th a t over sh a dows it on the we st th at is suppo se d to be indi

D u n - d ra ihea n a n ca te d by Dundrenn an . g is G aelic ” for o f o e a the f rt o the th rn bush s . The n me a a a a a o f an d e ppe rs in gre t v riety forms, , chi ﬂy in

o o a e a fol c nnecti n with the bb y, we h ve noted the l owin z —D u n dran D u n dra n en D u n dram an g , , , Dun d ra n a n D u n dra n en D u n dre n an Du n dra in n an y , y , y , ,

Du n ra in an Du n dr n an e e ma Du n drein an , y , D und r n, ,

D u n drin eﬁ D u n drin an D u n dra n on Du n dron an , , y , ,

’ n rein n e D u n ra ve n D u n dra in a Dﬁ dr n e D u d oo , d , o , é ,

D fi dr n afi e Drfi drafi e Dru n dra n Dru n dren n e n y , , y , ,

Dru m ran an D ru m dren an e Dru m de n an e an d d , , , Drim

d en n a n e .

No intelligent interest can be m ani fe sted in the ruins o f D undrenna n Abbe y without some under sta nding O f th a t wide sprea d a n d el abora te re ligious system a n d th a t p articul a r ecclesi a stica l orga nisa tion th a t e mbraced the mon a stery o f Dundre nna n within

. e e a ro them It will be n c ss ry, therefore, before p cee din g to write o f the p a st history o f the abbey a n d the present sta te o f its ruins to dea l with some

a a o e a a a m tters o f m re gen r l ch r cter . 4 THE ABBEY OF DUNDRENNAN

a a é Mona sticism , by me ns o f its disciplin ry r gime, profe sses to help men to the atta inment o f a higher religious life th an is possible without it . It is not to be understood as something pe culi a r to Christi a nity . Long be fore the Christi an era mona sticism ﬂourished

w a in the far E a st . Ho soon the scetic tendencies th at lie a t the b a sis o f m on a sticism bega n to exhibit themselve s in an y deﬁnite m a nner in connection with the Christi a n Church it is n ot very ea sy to say . But

a a o f it is greed th t in Egypt, in the middle the third

e o a a century, there wer numer us Christi n scetics living a se cluded an d solita ry li fe a wa y from the towns a n d by the commencement o f the fourth century some org a nisation in the direction o f a common li fe wa s t aking shape a mong them . From Egypt the

a a n d a a a institution p ssed into Europe, gr du lly est b l ishe d e f a its l f with the extension o Christi n inﬂuence .

a Western mon sticism, however, received its rea l

e o a imp tus from St Benedict f Nursi . Be fore Bene

’ dict s time there wa s considera ble variety in the

a f Observ nces o those who followed the mona stic li fe . Some still pre ferred the solita ry seclusion of the hermit : others Chose to dwell together in communi ties . Wh a t Benedict did wa s to put a n end to such va riety o f pra ctice a n d to regul arise the mona stic

discipline. A community under a superior hence

a a a forth became Ch racteristic o f mon sticism , and rule obligatory upon every member o f the community THE CI S TERCIAN REFORM 5 wa s deemed a n essenti a l ele ment o f the discipline whereby purity o f soul a n d perfection o f Ch ara cter

a were sought to be a tta ined . As bbot o f the

a o e a a 2 mon stery f Mont C sino, Benedict in the ye r 5 9 drew up a set o f rules for the Observ a nce o f the

e o f own a n d o f memb rs his house, this Rule St Be ne dict w as tha t which c ame to be universa lly

o a f an d a dopte d by the m n steries o the West , was pro fesse d to be fol l owe d by them during the suc cee din g four or ﬁve centuries . But be fore these four o r ﬁve centuries ha d el apsed the m on a stic li fe ha d come to exhibit m a ny gra ve

’ dep a rture s from the simplicity o f Benedict s rule .

o a ha d o to a The m n steries gr wn be strong, we lthy

n wa s a a e a d worldly . Luxury being ccomp ni d by its

e a e a n att nd nt vils, d these evils were showing, only too a how a wa s i p infully, incomp tible its pursu t with the observa nce o f the se vere r discipline which l ay a t

o a o f a e the very f und tion mon sticism . Despite thes a o e a o dverse conditi ns , there w re m ny g od souls who

a a e a an d e cultiv ted p rson l holiness . griev d over the n e o o f . e a def cti s . their brethren They long d for

a a return to e rlier conditions . At l st deﬁnite move

a a a n d o f ments in this direction c me to be m de, one the most nota ble O f these wa s tha t which gave rise

a to Cisterci nism . Cistercianism wa s nothing less th a n a movement o f reform within mona sticism . It was signiﬁca nt o f THE ABBEY OF DUNDRENNAN

a a a revolt. a g inst the excesses in which the gre t m a jority o f the monks were pe rmitting the mselves to indulge : an d it w a s indica tive o f a return to th a t simpler li fe a n d th at severer discipline enjoine d by the rule o f the a bbot o f Monte C a sino . Its origin is

a o a o f a s soci ated with the n me f Robert, bbot

a an d Mole sme . D is ppointed disgusted with the li fe o f a e e 1 0 2 the monks under his Ch rge, he r tir d in 9 ,

- with a bout twenty others like minded with himsel f, to strive in the solitude o f Citea ux or C iste au x

L a tin C isterciu m the a o ( , ), in diocese O f Ch l ns in Bur

a e a a to the o f gundy, ft r gre ter ﬁdelity Rule St

Benedict th a n he ha d yet be en able to att a in . A mon a stery was built a n d Robert was appo inted

H wa the a a a bbot . e s soon succeeded in bb cy by

t a an a Alberic ; but it is o the third bbot, Englishm n

a e e a a a O n med St ph n H rding, th t Cisterci nism wes its

e a . o e e o distinguishing f tures The m v m nt, h wever, in its initi a l sta ges wa s n ot a ttende d with ve ry much succe ss . While m any freely a cknowledged a n d even a a e dmired the s nctity O f the new monks, th re were few who were prep a re d to submit themse lve s to the a e e a t e an o f ust rities th y practised . But l ngth event the highest imp ort ance in its bea ring upon the for

O f a wa tunes Cite ux occurred . Thi s s the entry into

a a s on e o f o o f a the mon stery, its m nks, Bern rd, the

son a a third in f mily O f knightly rank . This young m an o f twenty - three ye ars o f a ge ha d received a THE C I STERC IAN REFORM 7

tra ining in a l l th at be ﬁ tte d his sta tion in li fe . He

Ha d wa s posse ssed o f a f a scina ting perso na lity . he Chose n to follow a worldly c a reer he woul d d o ubt l ess h a ve g a ined a s much popul a rity an d h a ve achie ve d a s much success a s a n y other o f his time .

e a e he But, p rh ps inﬂuenc d by his mother, Chose di f fe re n tl Not o e y . the worldly but the religi us li f a a e a n 1 1 a a a a ttr ct d him ; d in I 3 , g inst m ny entre ties, he e ntere d Cite a ux an d a dopted the monkish h abit .

Nor he e a No did ent r the mon stery a lone . fewer

a o f his a o a a a th n thirty comp ni ns, nim ted by his ze l a n d a a inspired by his ex mple, entered the mon stery

. o e e n ot o e a with him M r ov r, it must be forg tt n th t wh a t a ttr acte d Be rna rd to Citea ux wa s just tha t very simplicity o f its ritu a l a n d th a t severity o f its dis c il in e ha d e e a a n d p which r p lled others . His ex mple the communica tion o f his enthusi a sm to others ha d a

e a a r m rk bl e e ffect upon the fortune s o f Citea ux . The

o a e a o e e m n st ry soon bec me v rcrowd d . Within two yea rs there ha d to be founded n o fewe r th a n four o e a a e e who th r Cisterci n mon st ri s by monks , through e ce o f e to a a x ss numbers, were compell d le ve the p rent

o a O n e e o a was a o f m n stery . O f th se m n steries th t

a a a n d a e a a o Cl irv ux , Bern rd himsel f b c me its bb t

e th a e e e a h nce e n me by which h is g n r lly known, St

e a f ne o f o B rn rd o Cl a irv a ux . O the m st distin

u ishe d e the a e a o a o g churchm n Of middle g s, pr t g nist

o a a a n d a o f in theol gic l deb te, the eloquent pre cher 8 THE ABBEY OF DUNDRENNAN

a e n ow a to the Second Crus d , he is perh ps best known

a a s a f m ny the uthor o some hymns which , in their

n a a to English transl ation a d a d pt tion, serve enshrine 2 his memory in a multitude o f devout he arts . The movement which ha d re ceived such a n impetus

’ from Bernard s conne ction with it continued to a d

a a o a o e v nce r pidly, th ugh the ultim te pr gr ss which Cisterci anism a tta ined is n ot n ow be lie ved to h ave

wa s b ee n so exte nsive a s wa s once supposed . It commo n to a ssert tha t a fter the l a pse o f h a l f a ce n tury the number o f Cisterci a n abbe ys ha d multiplied to a n d a a the a o f a o e ﬁve hundred, th t fter l pse n th r century th ey ha d incre a sed to a s m a ny a s eighte en

w e e . a at a n o b hundr d The l tter number, le st, is l iv a a the e e d to h ve been ex a gger ated . Prob bly by ﬁ fte enth century there were n ot m ore th a n seve n

n l l e wa s hundred a d ﬁ fty in a . The tw l fth century

re — e o f a a n o p emin ntly the period the Cisterci n reviv l , fe wer th a n five hundred mona steries h aving been fo unde d in th a t ce ntury : an d it is Significa nt o f the gre at influence o f Berna rd in the success o f the move ment th a t the credit o f nearly h a l f o f them is a scribed to him . There were only thirty Cisterci a n house s a t the time o f the death o f Stephen H a rding

e a a e a e but twenty y rs l ter, when B rn rd di d ,

9 e e se m n s e s s the e o o f e e Whil th hy J u , v ry th ught Th , “ e s s o o o f o n e a s a n d o e s a re om m on J u , Th u j y l vi g h rt , th r ) c ly a e to e n a is t O se a m n ttribut d St B r rd , it right o b rve th t a y sc h ol a rs e his l e to th e a o s d ny tit uth r hip .

1 0 THE ABBEY OF DUNDRENNAN

o e a n ot be unintere sting . Melr s , like D undrenn n,

e wa s co lonised by monks from Riev a ulx . The pres nt a e a s a a n d a a a bbey, howev r, its orn te el bor te rchi

a o f o a a e a e a e t e cture indic tes, is c mp r tiv ly l t d t , the e arlier buildings ha ving been burned a n d de stroyed .

a e who a Sir W lt r Scott, m de his home in its neigh bou rho d ha s a a o e e a o l d o , c st spel l v r the b uti ful ruin, a n d repro duced in the orn a ment a tion o f his be loved Abbotsford m any o f the de lica te a n d curious car v n f e a a e igs o the a ncient abb y . M ny tim did he sea t himse l f within the ruined Ch a ncel an d ga ze a d m irin l a t its a a o g y gre t e st window, th ugh the gl amour o f the pl a ce wa s felt m o st when the l and sca pe w a s ﬂooded with the so ft p a le light o f the

o a n a o mo n, d the g unt ediﬁce st od up Clearly against

e sk the ev ning y. Wh at rem a ins there are o f Newba ttle a re ne arly a l l e o a a on und rgr und . Newb ttle Abbey bec me c verte d into the m anor - house o f the f a mily n ow re

a o f a a presented by the M rquis Lothi n , but the ncient

ha s a l l The building lmost a dis a ppe a re d . crypt is stil l Visibl e a n d ca n be entered by a sta ir lea ding

o the a e a o f e a fr m entr nc h l l the mod rn m nsion . Some ye a rs a go a ve ry thorough a n d system a tic

a a wa s a e a n d the a o o f a exc v tion m d , found ti ns very l a rge p a rt o f the mona stery were unco vere d ; but it w a s impossible to le a ve them e xpose d to view .

a e e a e e a o f al l Accur t m sur ments, how ver, were m de THE C I STERC IAN REFORM I t

th a t ha d been discovere d be fore the soil wa s restored . The Esk v a lle y in which Ne wb a ttle sta nds is rich in minera l we a lth ; a n d to the N ewb a ttle monks must be give n the credit o f comme ncing the coa l - mining in

tr o a n ow o to d u s y in Sc tl nd, which gives empl yment f s o m any thou sa nds o its popul a tion . The virtua l disappe ara nce o f the earlier buil dings o f Melro se a n d Newb attle gives a ddition a l interest t o o f a for e e the ruins Dundrenn n Abbey, they r pres nt prob ably the o lde st rem ains o f a n y o f the Cisterci a n

a e a . o e a a e bb ys in Scotl nd It is p ssibl , indeed, th t ft r O bt a ining the Ch a rter o f found atio n in 1 1 42 some few years m ay h a ve el a pse d before the a bbey wa s built ;

e t e a a the e a n d y Dundr nn n t kes precedence o f oth rs, is conside red a very good specimen o f the Tra nsi tion a l a the o a wa s Period in rchitecture, when N rm n

a giving pl ce to the First P o inted styl e .

Two a e a a a to bb ys in G llow y , in ddition Dun d e a to o r nn n, testi fy the vig ur o f Ciste rci a nism

e n o f G lenluc a d Sweeth ea rt . O f the history Glen

is o a n d o f the n ot luce very little kn wn, buildings

e e a a a e v ry much r m ins, the Chie f p rt th t surviv s being t he a - o a e wa Ch pter h use . The bb y s founded by

a o o f a a 1 1 2 an d a e Rol nd, L rd G llow y, in 9 , it is ss rted t a w as o o o e a h t it c l nised by monks fr m Dundr nn n,

o o a o e e th ugh Melr se is ls cr dit d with the distinction . The ch a rter o f Swee thea rt Abbey (often ca lled by its

a e a C or a a a L tin quiv lent, Dulce ) is d ted more th n 1 2 THE ABBEY OF DUNDRENNAN hundred an d thirty years l ater th a n th at o f Dun

e a wa s o De vor il l a drenna n . Swe the rt f unded by g ,

a e o f a o f a a a n d the the d ught r Al n , Lord G llow y,

o f a o f a a a . O n wi fe John B lliol , Lord B rn rd C stle the death o f her husb and in 1 2 68 she ha d his body

at a a a e e a wa s a d buried B rn rd C stl , but his h rt emb lme a n d kept in a little ivory ca sket beside her . A few yea rs a fter his death she fo unded the Abbe y o f Sweethe a rt ne a r Dum frie s a s an a ct o f devotion to

e a n d on own a 2 8 his m mory, her de th in 1 9 her body wa s a to a n d a to her l id rest within it, , ccording wish , there wa s pl a ce d above it the ivory ca sket cont aining

’ a a a a n d e a her husb nd s he rt . D undrenn n Sw ethe rt a re the two abbeys o f the Cisterci a n order in the

t a of an d e are to S ew rtry Kirkcudbright, th y known this d a y a s the Ol d Abbey an d the New Abbe y in keeping with the difference o f d ate o f their fou n da

a tion . Sweethe rt is now a very picturesque ruin .

o f a o f the More the Church rem ins, though less

a an a at a . c mon stic buildings, th n Dundrenn n There be no doubt . th a t Sweethea rt wa s colonise d by m onks

a a s on o f a e from Dundrenn n, in e her ch rters D vor gill a gra nts cert ain l a nds to God a n d the Church o f St M a ry o f Sweethea rt a n d the monks there o f the ”4 a f the o e f Cisterci n Order o C nv nt o Dundrenna n . To only on e other o f the Scottish mona steries wil l a a e e o f in p ssing r ferenc be made, the Abbey Deer

C a e n a of a n C a e s . 1 . l d r L i g h rt r , p 3 THE C I STERC IAN REFORM 1 3

a a Abe rdeenshire . The tempor lities o f this bbey were a nnexed in the sixteenth ce ntury by George

m an wa s on e e a a a . K ith, ﬁ fth E rl M risch l This o f t he richest an d most powerful nobles o f his time .

n ot con He ha d exte nsive esta tes in Scotl a nd . But

ha d l a a t ent with wh at he , he determined to y s cri l egiou s ha nds on the tempora lities o f Deer . But public o pinion (i f on e can spea k o f such a thing a s “ ” — public Opinion in thos e fa r o ff d ays) was most de

his f c ide dl y hostile to such a ction . Even wi e tried

a a a a a to dissu de him, decl ring th t in dre m she had seen the monks o f Deer picking with their knives the

a a a a found tions of D unnott r C stle, the family se t in

a an d a ha d Kinc rdineshire, th t the buil ding toppled

o sea . a a a ver into the But George Keith , E rl M risch l , w a s o a n d a o f not to be withst od, , in deﬁ nce public

O an d a a o f pinion contr ry to the entre ties his wi fe, the

e a t mpor lities were a nnexed . And to show the de

ﬁ an t wa s a to humour he in, he c used be inscribed u pon the wa l l o f the C a stle the words :

They H a i f S a id Qub a t Say They ! ” L at Thame Say .

a l l a a in As Aberdoni ns know, these words were lso

a a a scribed by him upon the w ll o f M risch l College,

e e a a a n d can Ab rd en, which be rs his n me, still be I 4 THE ABBEY OF DUNDRENNAN seen upon the single stone which is l e ft o f the origin a l

an e e o . e e building . They form exc ll nt m tto Th r is

a re a a e a . cour g ous ring bout them But, surely, they a ppropri a te o nly to a m an who is bl e ssed with a cl ea r

e conscienc . It ha s bee n previously obse rve d th a t it is to the

a o f a the a third bbot Cite ux , Englishm n, Stephen

a a e be a b o f H rding, th t the cr dit must scri ed giving

F or to Ciste rci a nism its distinguishing fe atures . Cisterci a nism wa s something more th a n a return to Benedictinism The Be nedictine mon a steries were

- a s el f centred a n d independent institutions . E ch

a w a a l mon stery s aw unto itse l f . They were under no ce ntra lised government t aking oversight o f the

a e a the a o f a whole. But Cisterci nism m nt cre tion

a o e an d gre t religi us ord r ; , while independence a n d e — e a t s l f government were enjoy d, there existed the s a me time the very close st inter - re l ati on a mong a l l o a e a o a o f its m n st ries . The p rent m n stery

a wa s a e a n d a wa s Cite ux ccorded preced nce, its bbot

a o f o e a e a he d the wh le order . Ev ry ye r a G ner l Ch a pter wa s hel d at Cite a ux under his presidency a t which the sup eriors o f a l l o ther abbeys were expecte d to a a a t a a e ttend, lthough those living dist nc , such a s

a e the Scottish bbots, might be r lieved from a ttending

a e a a s who e with the s me r gul rity those w re nea rer .

a o f a Moreover, the bbot Cite ux w a s given the privi lege o f visiting a n y mona stery a t a n y time for the THE C I STERC IAN REFORM 1 5

purpose o f inquiring into the conduct o f its a lf a irs . By such me ans a gene ra l oversight o f the wh o le o rder wa s a a e a n d a l l wa s m int in d, uni formity in things sought a fter .

o o a e a a re The f ll wing words, ttributed to St B rn rd, s aid to h a ve been inscribed on some p a rt o f the w a ll s o f e a e est n os a Cist rci n hous s Bonum hic esse, qui

o v ivit u riu s a rariu s v el ociu s in ce dit h mo p , c dit , surgit ,

an n u iescit secu riu s fe l iciu s u r atu r c ti s, q , moritur , p g ” C itiu raem ia tu r i iu w rth h a e s co os s . \Vords o a s , p p m d f e fective use O f the inscription in his be a uti ful Sonnet .

He re m a n m ore u rel l ives l ess o t ciol li fa l l p y , f ,

M a re rom tl rises wa l ks wit/z n icer need p p y , ,

M ore sa fel rests dies ha ier is freed y , pp ,

E a rl ier from cl ea nsin res a n d a in s wit/1a ! g ﬁ , g ’ A brikl er erown — O n on C istertia g . y n wa ll T/z a t conﬁdent a ssura nce m a y be rea d ;

to e And, like sh lter, from the world h a ve ﬂed

a u a Incre sing m ltitudes . The potent c ll

’ Doubtless sh a ll Cheat full o ft the hea rt s desires ;

e a e on a Yet, while the rugg d g pli nt knee

o a a a V ws to r pt f ncy humble fe lty, A ge ntler li fe sprea ds ro und the holy spires ;

’ e e a a Wher er th y rise, the sylv n w ste retires , ' ” a e a l ea And ry h rvests crown the fertile .

Simplicity a n d severity were the domina nt notes 1 6 THE ABBEY OF DUNDRENNAN

o f Cisterci a nism in its p eriod o f gre atest purity .

o f e e With a very limite d number xc ptions, the

C hurches we re de dica ted to the Virgin M a ry . They

a w a n ot too a a n d were built in a style th t s orn te, the

wa s t ower wa s on e o nly o f moder ate he ight . There

e n o pe a l o f bells : a single he l l w as de emed sufﬁci nt .

be e a e The wind ows might obscur d littl , but highly

e e s tained gl a ss wa s in a dmissible . Pictures w r not

e a e o f re permitt d upon the w lls, with the exc ption

a o the pre sent ations O f the S viour . The vessels f

a a e n ot o f a o f s nctu ry w re precious met ls, except some

’ t hose used in the more sol emn p arts o f the Church s

t the se e n ot e . a o s ervic Even in reg rd cros s, th y were to be o f silver or o f gold : they were n ot eve n to be

O f a o f a c rved wood, but only pl in wood which might

e t a a be p a inted . The books used wer only o h ve pl in b an d a n ot to a inding, m nuscripts were be highly orn

- n m en te d . Alta r cloths a d vestme nts were to be O f l a n n f inen d ot o silk . In reg a rd to the ordina ry a pp are l o f the monks t he a wa o a e a w a s me simplicity s bserved . The m t ri l s t he o a s o u se a c r e Cloth in comm n mong the pea sa nts .

o f a m a e con The dress the Cisterci ns, it y be observ d,

o f a a o a a a sisted long white c ss ck, with bl ck sc pul ry an d o a n d a — ho d, bl ck woollen girdle the sca pul a ry b eing a strip o f serge or stuff through the middle o f

a wa s a s a n d which the he d p s ed, it fel l , front a n d b a ck, over the shoulders . Outside the bounds o f the

THE CI STERCIAN REFORM 1 7

mon a stery the monk wore over this in a ddition a

r . a t bl a ck cowl o cucullus Inside the mon s ery, how

a wa s n ot c roce s e ver, cowl worn ex ept in Choir, in p

l a a a an d sions an d on a l speci lly import nt occ sions, a t such times the cowl an d hood were white an d not

a o f a bl a ck . This predomin nce white in the g rments o f the Ciste rci ans e arned for them the na me o f the

e a to Whit Monks, in contr distinction the older Bene

o d ictin es whose h a bit wa s bl ack . The m nks received

a e re their clothes from the bbot , each monk b ing

wn e a quired to keep his o clothes in r p ir . The Cis

ia n a a terc s n ot . wore shoes, s nd ls

a o f o a In the m tter fo d lso, these Cistercians lived a simple li fe . D uring h a l f o f the yea r they ha d o on e a a a an d n ot e a two nly me l d y, mor th n cooked

‘ e a t t e a dishes were provid d his single m l , exception

a a a a o f in this p rticul r being m de in the c se the sick, the a a e a ged n d some others . At ﬁrst the Cist rci ns were strict ve geta ri ans . Not until I 33 5 wa s there a n f I a a o e X I . y rel x tion this rul , when Pope Benedict

a a a f gr nted limited me sure o indulgence . O ther

a indulgences followed, with the result th t by the middle o f the ﬁ fteenth ce ntury ﬂesh m ea t wa s a a a on a llowed the monks three d ys week, Sund y,

a a n d a Tuesd y Thursd y, except during certain o f the Church sea sons . In further illustration o f the severe discipline to

m a a which the monks were subjected , it y be st ted that 1 8 THE ABBEY OF DUNDRENNAN silence wa s strictly enforced among the members o f

a a n d a a the order . Only cert in times cert in pl ces were recognised when an d where speech might t ake

a an a n a o o f the pl ce, d y infr cti n this rule exposed delinquent to the discipline o f the Chapter. It needs only to be a dded tha t wh a t wa s cha ra c teristic o f Cisterci a nism in its origin did n ot rem a in

a o f a with it a lways . When the we lth its mon steries

a a a n increa sed its rule bec me rel xed, d it fell under the power o f the s ame evils which ha d worked ruin

a in other religious orders . It lso lost much o f th a t dominating inﬂuence which for a century or two it ha d a ff a o f n exercised in the irs both Church a d Sta te . Cisterci a nism tod a y is represented by about a

a hundred mon steries . The modern Cisterci ans con

o f o res ec sist three distinct bodies r orders, known p tive l a s a b e r y the Common Observ nce, the Middle O s

a a n d e a or a v nce, the Strict Obs rv nce the Tr ppists .

a a a The l st is the most popul r, h ving associ a ted with

a a it ne rly sixty mon steries, in which there a re six teen hundred Choir monks a n d a l a rge number o f l ay brethren . There are a lso a bout a hundred Cisterci an nunneries . CHAPTER II .

C AND C MONKS, MONASTERY OFFI IALS , MONASTI

ROUTINE .

T ha s to be borne in mind by us th a t the monks who dwelt in a Cistercian mon a stery were O f — two Cl asse s the choir monks an d the l ay brethren . In the ea rlier period o f Cisterci a nism the choir monks “ ” a s a or religious, they were commonly design ted, we re drawn a s a rule from the higher ra nks o f

O f a society . From the storm and stress li fe m ny preferred to retire into the seclusion o f a mona stery

a o f a to cultiv te there the things the spirit, t king upon

a themselves the three mon stic vows o f poverty,

a a n d . e e ch stity, obedience B yond the pr cincts o f the mon astery they were henceforth not a llowed at a n y time to depa rt except with the express s a nction

a a o f the superior . For the most p rt they bec me

a a priests, though the att inment o f the r nk o f the priesthood wa s not a necess a ry qu a liﬁcation to be a

: in a n ot a choir monk f ct , some did att in to the rank and were therefore precluded from disch arging in the choir such ofﬁ ces as pertained to the priesthood 2 0 THE ABBEY OF DUNDRENNAN

o f an a a lone. The numbe r Choir monks in y mon stery w as e e . a n ver intend d to exceed sixty As rule, the

e number wa s considera bly less . When the numb r

wa s a a n d ee e a sixty re ched, O ften ind d b fore it, colony o f the m wa s sent off to form the nucleus o f a

o a e e o o f new m n st ry lsewhere, the col ny consisting n ot a e on e o f a fewer th n thirt en monks, whom bec me

f a o f the abbot o the new mona stery . The r nk choir monk wa s only a tta ined a fter p a ssing thro ugh a

a noviti te, during which the novices were subjected to a ve ry ca re ful tra ining ; a n d at the close o f it they we re most solemnly invited to decl are whether th e y were prep a red to submit themselve s to the discipline

a o f the mon a stery for li fe . I f their nswer shoul d

a f a be in the ﬁrm tive, they were then duly recognised

o f an a s members the community, d they continued their studies to qu a li fy themselves for the ful l dutie s o f the Choir . The other section o f the monks within a Cisterci a n

a wa s a s a e l a mon stery , previously st t d, the y brethren or con v ersia s a a the they are technic l ly n med . Very e a rly in the history o f mona sticism some form o f

a a a w a s a a m nu l l bour encour ged mong the monks,

a o f a n but, by re son the degener ting tendencies a d

e a inﬂu nces referred to in the previous Ch pter, the

a ha d a i r pr ctice l rgely fallen into desuetude . C ste cian ism in its reform o f mona sticism re - introduced

a a a n d a a a m nual l bour, l id gre t stress upon it s a MONKS AND MONASTI C ROUTINE 2 1

necessa ry p a rt o f the religious discipline . In some

f a e c a a o f form o such l bour, spe i lly the cultiv tion the

a o to a a l nd , the m nks were required eng ge in ddition to the disch a rge o f those dutie s th a t were more par

l e ticu l a r y r ligious or spiritu a l . But for the entire m a na gement an d development o f the large est a tes a tt ached to the ir mona steries it wa s n ot possible for

a a an d them to devote the necess ry l bour themselves, to this end there w a s instituted the order o f the l ay

e e to a l l br thren . These men w re intents monks, sub mitting themselves to a discipline simil a r to th a t o f

he o n t a d a a . thers, dopting the s me dress They a ttende d the morning an d eve ning services in the

o f the a a n d a church bbey, , during the interv l between

e e e a e these, th y ith r eng ged in s rvile work within the mon astery itsel f or the y tra ve ll e d fa r a n d wide over

a e e the at the p rish busying thems lv s in ﬁelds, the

a e or a t the o . a gr ng s, mills bel nging thereto A p rti cu l ar p art o f the m o n a stery w the h o use o f the l a y

o f a a a n brethren, consisting l rge dormitory d other — a p artments wa s a ssigne d t o them for the ir use .

e n ot a n a a a n d e They w re educ ted Cl ss, w re drawn,

e a f though not exclusively, from the humbl r r nks O the pe ople . They e ntered the convent n ot a s youths

a s — o a but ful l gr wn men . Being uneduc ted , they did n ot a s o o f a , m st the Choir monks did, qu li fy for the

e priesthood . Th ir numbers must h a ve v a ried very

at f an ff a much di ferent times d in di erent mon steries . 2 2 THE ABBEY OF DUNDRENNAN

f a a The extent o estate a tta ched to mon stery would,

a o e a in the e rlier peri d o f its exist nce, prob bly deter

e a s a mine their number . Som times there were m ny

o f l a e a s two Or thre e hundred . The body y br thren connected with D undrenna n must at on e time have

a been very l rge .

o f e a o f The superior ev ry bbey was, course, the a bbot He wa s elected to his high ofﬁce by the re l iiou s e a or a a con g themselves, but piscop l p p l ﬁ rm ation o f the election seems to have been

o f a required . With the exception such gen era l supervision a s wa s exercised ove r a l l Cis terci a n mon a steries by the abbot o f Citeaux a n d the Genera l Ch apter tha t wa s hel d a nnu a lly

the a ha d the f or there, bbot responsibility the

a n e f whole m an agement d governm nt o his house, a n d on him devolved the duty o f choosing an d ap pointing the mona stic ofﬁci a ls who shoul d a ct unde r

To a s to a a a bba s a him . him f ther ( , f ther) implicit

wa s t a obedience wa s to be given . He o reg rd him se l f a s representing an d o ccupying the pl a ce o f

a e a Christ a mong the brethren . On this ccount gr t reverence a n d deference were to be shown him at a l l

an d he o f times by the community, himsel f, mind ful

wa s t a n ot o a his high dignity, o be c reful to t ler te

n n f n a y undue f amili arity o the p art o a y . While

f o f a wa s a a one o f o the o ﬁce bbot lw ys much h nour, the ho lder o f the Office in the l arger a n d more im

2 4 THE ABBEY OF DUNDRENNAN

Besides these three Ofﬁci a ls who ha d to do with

f e e a e e to m a tters o g n r l governm nt, there w re others, “ ” o the a obe die n taries e wh m n me is given, whose duti s were connected with some Spe ci a l de pa rtme nt o f ser

a wa s . vice . O f these prob bly the Chief the precentor This wa s the o fﬁci a l to whom perta ined the duty o f m aking a rra ngements for the prope r conduct o f wor

e to an d oo ship, s lecting the music be sung Ch sing the

a s a s e s for a singers, well b ing re ponsible tr ining the religious in the due discha rge o f their choir duties an d when it is remembered tha t the duties o f the Choir occupie d the time o f the monks for the

a a o f e a d a a the gre ter p rt ch y, it wil l be seen th t ofﬁce o f precentor wa s one which involved ve ry conside r a ble responsibility . f The s acrist wa s a nother o the regul ar ofﬁci a ls .

f a a The Care o the Church wa s his especi l ch rge . He saw a wa s a an d a th t it kept cle n tidy, th t its furniture wa s al l a a a a a rightly pl ced, th t the lt rs were suit bly

a o f a a e dressed, th t the vessels the s nctu ry w re duly

a e for an d a a a e e e c r d , th t the ppropri te v stm nts wer l aid ou t f or the use o f the priests who needed them

a n a a a wa s a o re in y p rticul r service. The s crist ls sponsibl e f or the lighting o f the who le mona ste ry ;

a o a and, in dditi n, there devolved upon him the c re

’ O f the monks cemetery .

It can we l l be unde rstood th a t the feeding o f such a l a rge community a s was g athered at D undre nna n MONKS AND M ONASTI C ROUTINE 2 5 must h ave dem anded much fo re thought a n d a tten

a wa s f a o the tion . The cell rer the o ﬁci l upon wh m

l ha d to a fh Chie f re sponsibility ay . He see th t su Cient foo d wa s provided to supply the needs o f the

a d brethren . Upon the kitchener devolved the r uous ta sk o f d a ily preparing the s a me for consumption ; a n d the re fectori a n wa s ch a rge d with the responsi

il it h e e o r - a b y o f a tte nding to t e r f ct ry o dining h ll , a n d h aving a l l things in re a diness for the commun

e a e to a a o f e a ity wh n they c m p rt ke their m ls . No abbey co uld be considered complete without a n in ﬁ rm ary where the sick a n d a ged monks might

‘

a for. in ﬁ rm a r ha d wn be c red The y its o kitchen, an d atta che d to it a lso wa s a chapel wh ere se rvice wa s j oined in a s f ar a s po ssible by those able to do s of a h f o . The ﬁci l w o superintended this portion o

o a n in a o f the m n stery wa s styled the iﬁ rm ar a . P rt the duty a ssigne d to him wa s that o f bl eeding the

o a n o e a o wa s to m nks, p r ti n which considered be good for a a n d t o ha d their he lth, which they to submit

e e themselv s four tim s each yea r . But the kindly a ttention o f the mona stery wa s be

on o e e a a e stowed th rs th a n th inm te s . In d ys be for the existence o f inns it fell to the l ot o f the mona s te rie s a a a to exercise hospit lity to the w yf rers ,

a n w o w a a h a a . tr vellers, d merch nts p ssed their y For the suitable accommoda tion o f such a s these a

- e e a e a wa s guest hous b c me ess nti l , which presided over 2 6 THE ABBEY OF DUNDRENNAN

- Nor wa s by an Offici a l ca lled the guest m a ster . it these strange rs a lone who were c ared for a n d minis t r e a n d a n e e d unto . The poor were nev r forgotten, o fﬁci a l c a lled the a lmoner g a there d together al l th at wa s left a fter dinner ha d been served to the

a n d it to a monks, distributed the poor with wh tever o ther port ion might h ave been spe ci ally a llotted for such a purpose . I f we a dd to the Ofﬁci a ls a lre a dy enumerated the

’ am a who a a Ch berl in, looked fter the monks w rdrobe, the a o f who ha d a a m ster the novices, the speci l ch rge o f the se young men during the perio d o f the ir

a an a e o f l a who noviti te, d the m st r the y brethren, h a d o a a oversight f the l tter, we h ve mentioned the

Oﬂicia l a o f e ha d chie f s in mona stery . Most th se a a t e ssist nts o help them in their work . Other duti s there we re th a t ha d to be disch arged besides tho se

o f speciﬁed . Some these were performed by the

a a t a an monks in turn , week time, d others required the e mployment o f p a id serva nts for their a dequ a te performa nce . The m a in purpose f or which a mona stery wa s in s wa s o f a o f the a tituted , course, the cultiv tion spiritu l

o f a an d li fe its inm tes, the religious service in the c hoir wa s believed to be o n e o f the chief mea ns o f a a o o a f tt ining this end . F ll wing the ex mple o the w a ho a Ps . e e Ps lmist decl res ( . cxix S ven tim s ” a d a a a y do I pr ise Thee, the monks eng ged in no MONKS AND MONASTI C ROUTINE 2 7

a fewer tha n seven choir services e ach d y . The hours o f these services m a y h ave v aried a littl e at different

f a a m a a perio ds o the ye r, but in gener l they y be s id

AM a m 2 . . a i t o h ave begun a bout with M tins, lmost

wa medi ately fo llowed by L a uds . The convent s

o or r f a a roused from sleep by the pri r othe o ﬁci l , and,

a a e h ving dressed, the monks w it d in the dormitory

until the signa l wa s given for proceeding to the cho ir .

a t a Their movements this e rly hour were very quiet, a n d they were permitted to enter the church by a

o f a ﬂight steps in the south tr nsept which, through t he a dor scriptorium, communic ted directly with the m r a a ito y . By this me ns they were s ved the necessity o f re a ching the Church by the usu a l a ccess from the

C a n e o loisters, d were thus prot cted from exp sure to

a ir a the keen night . Immedi tely upon the conclusion

a a s a to O f L uds they returned, they c me, their dor

m itor a n e ie y d r t r d a g a in to bed . The other services

in the church took pl ace a t the usu a l ca nonica l hours .

a t o o f d a a a 6 Prime, the ﬁrst h ur the y, th t is, bout A M . . A M : e e at . . e a t Ti rc , the third hour, 9 S xt, the

1 2 o P M a t . . sixth hour, noon N nes, the ninth hour, 3 M M e t P . . n 8 P a 6 a d a . Vesp rs, even, , Compline bout .

o a e When the m nks were roused the se cond tim , pre

a a o to e a n d p r t ry Prime, they ros dressed themselves

a o a for in their ordin ry w rking g rb, the duty O f d a y

w a s n ow l e . a e b gun The y br thren, who were not

to a t a expected be present in Church the e rlier service, 2 8 THE ABBEY OF DUNDRENNAN

e at a s e w re required to be present Prime, th y were

’ a lso re quired to be pre sent at Vespers when the da y s

wa e a o f a work s done . By r son the l bour in which

e a o f at a a the th y eng ged , much it dist nce from

a e e e e a a at mon st ry , th y wer xempt from ttend nce the

e . d a o other s rvices Throughout the y the Choir m nks ,

l a e a like the y brethr n, were in the interv l between T their services eng a ge d in a busy round o f duties . he

e f a a on o o f high r o ﬁci ls would h ve, the conclusi n

to a e o f e a a s Prime, set bout fulﬁlm nt the sp ci l t sk

e . a s devolving upon th m The ordin ry monks, beside being e mpl o ye d for some p a rt o f the d a y in some

o f a a a for a form m nu l l bour, found time medit tion a n d for a an d a study , re ding copying m nuscripts in the or for a o f scriptorium , the disch rge some be ne ﬁ cen t ministry which might h a ve been a ssigned them

n by the supe rior . The o e substa nti a l mea l o f the da y

wa a M a n 1 2 s a f e 1 1 A. d (dinner) p rt ken o b tween .

o a a e a no n ; bre k f st, which followed Prime, b ing very

a an d a slight rep st, supper, likewise slight, being

e a e m l o ft n dispensed with . Every morning the monks hel d Ch apter when discipline wa s e nforced an d busine ss w a s tra ns acted ; a n d every evening they a gain g a thered in the Ch apter - house for Collation o r

a e the evening re ding, which occurred before Complin , a n l d therea fter a l retired to be d . Thus the d a ys we re ﬁlled in a n d the years p a ssed

e a e an e by . How ver dec d nt d d generate the mona stic MONKS AND MONASTIC ROUTINE 2 9

a a on e institution m ay eventu lly h ve become, shuts

’ o ne s eyes to the truth who ca nno t a dmit th a t the re were some goo d purpo se s serve d by it in its best

a a o a o o f d ays . Ap rt lt gether from their m in purp se promoting the spiritu a l wel fa re o f those who entered

a e a ben e ﬁ cen t them, the mon steries ful ﬁll d m ny mini stries which in the se Ch anged times in which we live

o a re disch arged by m a ny other institutions . Bef re the d a ys o f universities in o u r country the mon a s teries were the p atrons a n d the repositorie s o f l e a rn

a a e was ing . Throughout the d rk g s it the monks who succeeded in m a int a ining a live the l ove o f litera

an d a s e an d a ture . They studied, tr n crib d h ve h anded down to us m any most precious writings o f a for a a ntiquity which, but their loving c re, woul d h ve a e ssuredly perished . Th y instituted schools for the education o f the young . They devised mea ns for

a o f — the c re the poor feeding the hungry, Clothing

a e t ro the n k d , and minis ering to the sick . They p v ide d shelter a n d hospita lity in d angerous d a ys whe n little other suitable provisi on wa s m a de for the a ccommoda tion o f tra vellers an d mercha nts enga ged

. a in business Being exempt from milit ry se rvice,

ha d e a a a n d they fre dom to develop their v st est tes, were the pioneers o f a griculture and o f m any indus

a n tries connected with the l nd . In these a d other dire ctions a Civilising inﬂuence proceeded from the monasteries . We m ay be living 3 0 THE ABBEY OF DUNDRENNAN

mon a sticism has ce a sed to a ttract a s once it did . We m a y be o f the number o f those who believe th at in the freer a n d stronger a ir outside the Cloister walls a more n atura l a n d hea lthy religious life can be

a developed th n within them, but we must not forget tha t there wa s a sta ge in the progress an d develop

o f a e ment history when mon sticism, with its b tter

a a e a fe tures, served us ful purpose, and c ndour shoul d compel the a cknowledgment o f wha tever was good t I n I .

W T D O OF B B Y ES O R A E .

3 2 THE ABBEY OF DUNDRENNAN

some mon a stic esta blishment abro a d . The records O f Scottish religious house s did n ot suffer such , w a nton destruction a s those o f Engl a nd . The Church sa w unmista k a ble signs o f the appro ach o f

a o o a a n d a a c t he Reform ti n in Sc tl nd, in m ny inst n es

The o f took time by the forelock . Archbishop

a o f or a a e a a G l sg w, ex mple . c rri d with him to s fe retreat on the Continent the charters o f a considera ble n umbe r o f re ligious houses tha t were in the neigh

1 i m a a e s e b ou rhoo d o f 11 5 C ty . It y h ve be n in om s uch m a nner th a t the Ch a rtul ary o f Dundrenna n dis 1 a f a . a ppe ared . M ckenzie disposes o the m tter thus

o a a the e a When the m nks ﬁn lly left fter R form tion, “ we a re tol d they collected the most v a lu a ble o f

a n on o a o f a e a t their effects, d retired b rd vess l B urn

e ha d for a foot, which th y procured tr nsporting them

a a e to Fr nce . The vessel s iled from the cre k b u t a storm suddenly ca me on an d the ill - fa ted

a her a an o a o f b rk, with p ssengers d the wh le we lth t he a a t o f m gniﬁcent bbey , went o the bottom the

s ea .

So dependent a re we for ou r inform a tion about the history o f the a bbey upon the ca su a l references found in State p a pe rs an d the mea gre notices o f ea rly e a a a a cclesi stic l writers, th t it c nnot be sta ted with d e ﬁ n iten ess to whom the honour of its founda tion

1 Hist o a l l owa G v l . . f y, o . II. p . 5

FROM FOUNDATION TO SUPPRES SION 3 3

i L belongs . The honour is g ven to David , King o f

Scotland, and to Fergus, Lord o f Galloway . Such a p a ssion ha d David for founding religious house s, a n d such a dra in upon the royal revenues did this

a a ha d passion ent il , th t his successors good reason “ ” Th to remember him as a sair sanct for the crown. e e arliest a uthorities appear to give the honour o f the

or u n found ation o f D undrennan to D avid . SO F d

o 1 8 coticlz ron icon e 1 ( b. 3 4 in the S ; B llenden ( 536) a n 1 C it ron icl es o Scotl a n de d Holinshed ( 577) in their f , w hich are l argely tra nsl a tions o f the earlier work o f Hector Boece ; a n d Lesl ie in his Historie On ’ t he o a S ottiswoo d Rel iion Hou se in ther h nd, p ( g s s

S cotl a n d 1 6 an d , 55) uphol ds the Claims o f Fergus, in t New ta tistica l his he is followed by others . In the S Accou n t ( 1 845) the writer (gene rally understood to be L ord Dundrenna n) a dopts the l angu a ge o f Ch a lmers

C a l ed on ia a ( , Fergus, Lord o f Gallow y, who w as a a m by marri ge llied to the throne, e ulated r a m u n iﬁ n ce o f a f oy lty in the ce his found tions, one O t he most remark able o f which was Dundrennan .

a a D empster is usu lly quoted in favour o f D vid, his s tatement in the Appa ra tn s a d Historia m Scotica m

l w i n 1 62 2 Du n dran Ga e a . F u dat Ciste r ( ) being, in ”

id . a ien si . Da u s ordini S , Rex At the s me time, in h is Historia E ccl esia stica there is an illuminating

b t 1 6 O ii 39 . 34 THE ABBEY OF DUNDRENNAN

an a a a note in ccount o f S . Rich rd , monk o f Dun

a drennan (vol . ii . p . He attributes to Rich rd “ the a uthorship o f a book entitled Ad Fe rgu siu m ” n atorem abne os F u d , and continues : Fuit hic p Fergu siiillin s qui Du n dran e n se coenobium fu n darat

Scoticoru m chron icoru m col l iitu r unde error g , qui l ” f m n t . e u n datu vo u a S Davide . Dempster therefor

M K rl ie a n a a . e c h rdly be cl imed by either Side c ,

a Kirkm a when discussing the property o f C rsluith ,

L n n t/z i er a a ds a d e r wn s . a breck ( O , iv st tes th t the Bruns o f Dru mbou a n d Bowness became subjects o f D a vid I . on his taking possession o f Cumberl a nd f a O I . a n a e a fter the de th Henry , d he is s id to hav sent a ca det o f this fa mily (stated to be Willi a m “ a a a s a f a Brown) into G llow y his leg tus or O ﬁci l , when the King was rearing the Abbey o f D undrenna n and preparing for the restora tion o f the bishopric o f Candida C a sa McKerl ie Cites a s his a uthority a ” the contemporary Chronicle o f the Scots, and

a a the st tement , whatever its v lue, points once more in ifﬁ direction o f David rather th a n o f Fergus . The d culty o f deciding between these riva l a uthorities is reﬂected in the compromise suggested by some recent

a a a at writers, n mely, th t Fergus founded the bbey

a a the suggestion or comm nd o f D vid . But com

a a a an d the promises are ne rly always uns tisf ctory, honour o f found ation must rem a in in its present state O f obscurity until more unquestionable evidence is FROM FOUNDATION TO SUPPRES SION 3 5

’ a a a obt ained . The d te o f the bbey s found tion is deﬁnitely given in the C lz ron icl e of M el rose a s 1 1 42 } In the Pictu resqu e An tiqu ities of Scotl a n d by 4 Ad am de C ardon n el there is given the earliest list

o o f a o f the abb ts the mon stery , evidently compiled

r e a chie ﬂy from the C hron icl e of M el os . It is very

a a . me gre list, comprising only nine n mes The ful l list o f abbots is still far from complete . Melrose a n d a a a t a Newb ttle, founded lmost the s me date as

a ha d a - a an d a D undrenn n, e ch thirty six bbots, , i f th t

a e a s a a a number be t k n a f ir ver ge, it will be seen that the names o f only about two - thirds o f the num

a o f a a r ber o f the bbots Dundrenn n e known .

3 Part of the C hronicl e of M el rose is said to h ave bee n writte n

n a o of n re n n an o e e e e son hi l n by a bb t Du d . H w v r , St v n in s e ar e d i n tr oducti on to it m a i n ta in s th a t n o p art of it c o ul d have bee n so

r e n th e e o e du e to the s e a n of a o e l the w itt , rr r b ing mi r di g n t . Whi e

’ M el rose C hro n icl e is u su all y acce pte d a s ou r a uth ority for the da te ’ o f the a e s o a o n in F ordu n the e o s e a bb y f und ti , pr vi u y r ( 1 1 4 1 ) is

Th sam e a i a s n th hro i e e . e e s o o e C n cl o J a mes m ith giv n y r l f u d in f S ,

n s wh n H a m onk of Ki l o s o di e d i 1 557 . e a ttribute s the fou n da tion t o a an d a e e o a he o e Ne wbotil l 1 1 0 D vid , , ft r r c rding th t f und d in 4 , ” o ee s n n o se u e n tifu n dav it o as e d e Dun dran an pr c d , A q m n t rium e .

e e is a l a e an d a s al l e o of C ardon n e l Th r rg m diti n . It is in t he l arge e dition (t wo v ol um es date d 1 788 an d 1 793 ) th a t the vi e ws of

n n o e s a o re n a ar t be o n a d t b ut Dund n n e o f und . Ni e pe rson s a re s e al m e n o n e in his n o o n a n d o f n C p ci ly ti d i tr ducti , o e ardon n e l th R e v Mr k s a s To e . o so of d e a a n y , Th m n Dun r nn n I c owl edge l o myse f much bl iged . 36 THE ABBEY OF DUNDRENNAN

The following list is as accurate and complete as has yet appeared .

e at SYLVANUS . The monks s ttled D undrennan came originally from the Abbey o f Rieva ulx in

a a Yorkshire, and were accomp nied from th t monas ter a w a y by Sylv nus, ho bec me the ﬁrst abbot of D un

f an a a . O drenn n Not yet, course, were there y st tely

f a e buildings or them to inh bit . Thes ﬁrst arrivals, in wh a t woul d be a n uncultiva ted an d perhaps in hos

itabl e a p region, woul d h ve to content themselves for a a t a n a a stru c while, y rate, with rude and tempor ry

a ture for a dwelling . Upon Sylv nus would devolve the a rduous l abour o f initiating the new mon astic

a establishment . The ground would h ve to be

a a n d a a a Cle red, numerous prep r tions woul d h ve to be m a de for setting a bout the erection o f more perm a n

a ent buil dings . While eng ged in such arduous l abours Sylva nus wa s c a lled b ack to Rievaulx to succeed in the abbacy o f tha t mona ste ry a famous a Ail r e d 1 1 6 . f bbot, , who died in 7 In this O ﬁce he

a continued till his de th, which, according to the

a t a 1 88 Melrose Chronicle, occurred D undrenn n in 1 ,

ottiswood at B l l l n but, according to Sp , e e a d in the following year . M T WILLIA . he ﬁrst a bbot seems to ha ve bee n suc ceeded a a by one o f the n me o f Willi m , whose name is found a ppended to a Ch arter o f U chtred ( 1 1 61

1 1 a a 7 5) conﬁrming a gr nt made by his f ther, Fergus,

3 8 THE ABBEY OF DUNDRENNAN

the thirteenth century . In the Melrose Chronicle it is stated th a t he died in 1 2 2 2 a t the house o f Alba 5 ripa when returning from a Genera l Ch a pter .

D uring a t least p art o f the time o f this abbot an d

f e through the period o several o f his succ ssors, the mon astery w as involved in a long litiga tion with 6 K s a n d Nichol a s de erdese , knight, Cicely , his

a wa s spouse . Already the litig tion in progress when we h ave ou r ﬁrst notice o f it in 1 2 2 0 . The

’ dispute was connected with Cice ly s dower to which the mon a stery a ppe ars to have been l a ying C l a im .

1 2 2 0 2 6 a a From before to 1 4 the dispute dr gged long, o n e appe a l a fter another being made to the Pope for j ustice on the p art o f the a ggrieved knight a n d his

a an a s a a l dy, d the Pope remitting the c e time and g in for a djudication to the ecclesia stica l tribuna ls o f this

wa s a a country . At length ﬁnal j udgment given g inst the convent by the precentor o f York and his co j udges . This judgment, however, being not quite to

5 so e l s s o f a o s a o e G al fre d a e 1 0 o s I n m i t bb t n th r , d t d 3 4 , ccur

a e o “fal e . e e w as n o a o of a n a e a t a a e ft r Abb t t r Th r bb t th t m th t d t . The err or is e xpl ai n ed by the fact that in 1 3 0 4 th e r e w as dr awn up a r ol l of the e arly gran ts m ade by Scotti sh ki n gs an d n obl e s to t he os al of e e of o k o o e e n e a o s ha d e e H pit St . P t r Y r . Am ng th r b f ct r b n

tr f l l i n Uch e d o o G a o a . l a h s a so o e , L rd w y A n , gr nd n , c ﬁrm d Uch ’ ’ t red s C a e a n d o f l a s on a o n o G al frid a o of h rt r A n c ﬁrm ti L rd , bb t ” Dru n dra n is a n ess a a e 2 As al e s a e l 1 . y , wit . r dy t t d , A n di d in 3 4

a lenda r o u n in cotla n d a 0 C Doc me ts rel a t to S 2 2 l so l . ( f g , ii . 4 . A C / C ha rter R oll s , iii .

C ul en es : e al l t ea ardon e ss . Or , g ner y s upposed o m n C FROM FOUNDATION TO SUPPRES SION 39

t t heir liking, the monks showed hemselves rather

an d a ha c ontum acious, ppear to ve been unwilling to g ive up wh at they had taken possession o f ; where upon the knightly Nicholas a n d his wi fe for one 7 n ight blocked up the doors o f a Certain ch a pel which ” a the monks ha d defended gainst them . For this high - h a nded proceeding they were put under se ntence

a . a o f excommunic tion But, h ppily, within a short time p apa l a uthority was given to the archdeacon o f

a a C a l en da r White hern to gr nt them bsolution . ( of

’ is h in E n trie i tlz P a a l e ters . T e e r s s n e p R g , vol . i Also

M on u m en ta ) ,

OBERTU AT RSAL au fridu s R S M U . On the death o f G h e wa s e R b rt M at rsa l was succ eded by o e u s u , who s u b- o f a a prior the mon stery . His cre tion as abbot

th a 1 a 2 2 . is d ted 5 J nuary, 3 In se veral lists

M atu rsa l l a Matu r a l is misprinted M atwisa . Perh ps s

e a a a is its l f misre ding . Very slight Ch nges would

M acu ssal a a g ive us , which pproxim tes very closely to

a a a the e rly form of M xwell . This bbot, therefore, m a v h ave been a member o f a family which for g enerations ha s pl a yed a prominent p art in the his

a a n tory o f G llow y, a d some o f whose representatives held ofﬁce in Dundrenna n at a l ater period o f the ’ a C nr il l r e . on c e o M e os bbey s history ( f , p . ORDAN US . J According to the Melrose Chronicle,

7 oss the a l f n a P ibly ch pe o C u l e ess in the p ri s h of Anwoth . 40 THE ABBEY or DUNDRENNAN

ordan u s a an d o f J , bbot o f Dundrennan, the abbot

Glenluce were deposed from their offices in 1 2 36. EONI S the L U , a monk from Melrose, was elected to

t M a 1 2 6 : a a t vacant office on 7 h y, 3 but he rem ined

a 1 2 e D undrenn n only a short time, for in 39, lik

a L eon iu s w as a the Sylvanus, the ﬁrst bbot, c lled to 8 a t o abbacy o f Rievaulx. Here, however, he was f ted

a 8 a a have but brie f rule, for he died on th J nu ry,

1 0 2 4 .

I CARDUS a L eon iu s R . The choice o f successor to at Dundrenn a n fell upon another inmate o f Melrose,

Ria du s 1 2 . c r , the prior o f Melrose, being elected in 39

a a ADAM . An abbot o f Dundrenn n, n med Adam , is sta ted in the Melrose Chronicle to have died in

1 2 0 a n a 5 , d to h ve been succeeded by one named

Brian .

RI AN a wa s B US . On the death o f Ad m he suc cee de d a s e a , stat d, by Brian, monk o f the same

’ a a - wa s the house . Bri n s gr ve slab discovered in

a e - 1 1 2 ch pt r house in J une, 9 , and from it we learn

wa Hi that he s the twel fth abbot o f the monastery . s n ame a ppea rs as that o f a witness to a Charter o f

cert a in l a nds in Kirkpatrick - D urham gra nted by “ Devorgil l a in her widowhood to God an d the

9 Oppos it e the na m e of L e on iu s in the M e l rose C hronicl e

e e is a a a l o e e s the a e of Rica rd us r or th r m rgin n t which g iv n m , p i

of e ose n s e a o f a of Le o n iu s a s the a bo wh w as M lr , i t d th t b t o

a o e to e a in 1 2 . The s e e e e e e s h w pp int d Ri v ulx 39 ucc ding r f r nc , o e e to o L e on iu s a n d Rica rd u s l ea e n th v r , b th v o d o ubt in e mind a wa s the o e who w a s o e t i l th t it f rm r pr mot d o R e va u x . FROM FOUNDATION TO SUPPRES SION 4 1

Church o f St Mary o f Sweethea rt and the monks there o f the Cistercian Order o f the Convent o f Dundrennan for the abbe y to be built in honour o f

God and St Mary the Virgin . The date o f foun

a 1 2 d ation o f Sweetheart is usu lly given as 75, though in the above-cited Charter the date is given a s

C a l en d L ain C lza rters . 1 2 . a r o l oth April , 73 ( f g , pp

to . r WALTER An abbot o f D und ennan , believed be Walter, is included in the list o f those present at

a 1 the parliament which met t Brigham , 4th March ,

1 2 0 an 9 , d which conﬁrmed the Treaty o f Salisbury

ha a . a that d reference to the Crown in Scotl nd W lter, abbot o f Dundrennan, and his convent swore fealty

8 h 1 2 in E . 2 t 6 to dward I at Berwick, August, 9 , and return the King gave him a precept to the Sheriffs o f Berwick and Cumberland for the restitution o f the

’ property pertaining to his house . (Palgrave s and

’ D ocu m en t il l u t in /z t o Stevenson s s s ra t g t e His . f C ’ Sc t a l . D c rel t c t o o o . . o S o . . 1 s ; f , ii 93 ; and Rymer

F ce d era , ii .

. I 1 0 e JOHN n 3 5 the abbot of Dundrennan, whos

Bl akhoumore name was John , nominated John de ,

- E a n n n attor his fellow monk, and ust ce Du y g , his

Pa ten t Rol ls dw . neys in Ireland for three years . ( , E

I . l . . C a . o D oc rel t cot 6 , p 377 . Also f . . o S , ii . 4 4 ; etc )

It is o f interest to observe that the grave- slab o f John de Bl akhoumore is one o f the surviving mem o il r a s o f the abbey . 4 2 THE ABBEY OF DUNDRENNAN

1 1 E GIDIUS (Giles) . In 3 5 the Pope conﬁrmed an

f C a l m an el l u s a ppropri ation o f the Church o St ,

t l l e o o f Whitehern e a B o y , in the di cese , to the bbot

a n d convent o f Sweetheart . The letters o f Simon,

f Whitehern e a be bish op o , pportioning the teinds tween the monks a n d the vica r o f the p arish a re dated

a ot l l e a a o f t the Church o f B y , Thursd y, the fe st St

1 a n d a re a o f Luke, 347, witnessed by Giles, bbot ” n C a l o E n tries in t/z Pa a l D u n drin a e . ( . f e p

it s a - a f R e s er . o g , iii The gr ve sl b Egidius was

a — found with others in the ch pter house in J une,

1 9 1 2 .

N f ambil MCME . A o e McC PAT . charter Gilb rt

a n d McGil v ar o f v Nevin , burgesses o f the town In er 9 a massan, was conﬁrmed by the King apud Insul m

t M n . 1 P a . Mc O ct . e 4, and was attested by D , ” n n Re a l o D n dra a e . . G re t Sea lim Abbate de u ( g ,

- 1 2 1 1 . vol . 4 4 5 3 , p

V G . A THOMAS LI IN STON very distinguished man . He was appointed on e o f the eight Scottish represem

t atives o f B to the Council asle, and took a leading p art in that council in the deposition o f Pope

- Eugenius IV . and in the election o f the anti Pope,

’ F elix V. The King s commission to him to represent

a 1 the Scottish Church at B asle is d ted 433 . He is t hought to have been appointed abbot o f Dun dren

the ar s of o s e I n p i h Inch , Wigt wn hir . The a nci e nt B erion iu m g . FROM FOUNDATI ON ro SUPPRESSION 43

1 . n an in 1 42 3 . Eugenius was not deposed till 439 Whether Thom a s hel d the a bbacy o f D undrenna n t ill tha t d ate is doubtful . A fterwards he received o ther appointments, among them the abbacy o f

The Sta tu tes o tlz e Scottislt Clt u rclz TIze Cupar. ( f ; R en ta l B ook of tire C istercia n Abbey of C u pa r

An u s . g , by Rev Charles Rogers,

’ AL PATRI CK M I GUSSOL M a xwell) . Maziere Brady 6 E isco a l Su ccession 1 . 1 ( p p , 1 75, 7 ) quotes the Vatican records in support of a pa pa l provision to the mona s ter y o f Dundrennan, vacant by the voluntary resigna “ a a B n i tion o f Fr ter Thomas, the l st possessor, o f ”

P atriiiM a l iu s ol a d . t g s , ipsum monasterium postulati

There was reserved for the said Thomas a life- pen s ion o f 1 0 Scots paya ble out o f the revenues o f the

a a a a s id mon stery . Br dy gives the d te o f this pro 1 1 1 vision as 4th May, 43 , but there must be some c a a s 1 onfusion of d tes, 433 was the year when Thom a s received his commission a s abbot o f D un 10 drennan to attend the Council o f Basle.

1 ° In som e l i sts of the abbots of Du n dre n n an th ere app ears a o the dl e o f the e e n e n the a e o f on e e n b ut mid ﬁft th c tury n m H ry .

The a o for s n a e se e s to be the Rev a e s o son uth rity thi m m . J m Th m , who i n the Old Stati stical Acc ount state s th a t in 1 43 0 we ﬁ n d on e e an n a c a e t o e C u tl ar of t t o a wa s H nry gr ti g h rt r H nry O l nd , which on e o e a l I I I Now e i a c ﬁrm d by P p P u . in , th re s m nife stly

o e r t h n iﬁ t f n so e e e . Fo e o t ca e o a l was t t th e m rr r h r p P u III . o a d a e e e a l a e n l a e a n d e en e fr 1 to t giv n , but x ct y c tury t r , xt d d o m 53 4 M e in 1 th bb f n a w 0 . o o e 0 e a o o e as e a l 1 55 r v r, 53 t Dundr n n c rt in y THE ABBEY OF DUNDRENNAN

a 1 6 1 t WILLIAM . From at le st 45 to 473 Abbo

Willi am o f D undrenna n hel d ofﬁce under the King

a o f as Chambe rl a in o f G a llowa y . The Stew rtry Kirkcudbright had in 1 455 been annexed to the

a a a ar Crown , and the bbot of D undrenn n woul d ppe to h a ve been immediately a ppointed Ch a mberl a in

o thereo f . In the end, however, he got badly int

an d a a a a ha d debt, his rre rs as Ch mberl in to be com

t a ssim E c R ol co . x l t e u e r l s o S . pounded for. ( g f , vi p ,

’ 1 a n d M on astic An n a l s an d viii . 64 In Morton s

T io a l e 2 8 a a o f of ev tcl (p . 3 ) it is st ted th t in the time

I a a Innocent VII , who wielded the p p l sceptre from

1 8 1 2 a a o f C isteau x 4 4 till 49 , the Gener l Ch pter , by

cha n wel l a his injunction, commissioned John S , bbot

a a o f Cup r, to visit and reform the Cisterci n monas terie s a to the o f Scotl nd, when, owing their neglect o f

s monastic di cipline, he deposed the abbots o f Mel T a a . he rose, Dundrennan, and Sweethe rt bbeys abbot o f D undrenna n referred to may h ave been the above- mentioned Willi am

n a e e n his a e o n e e n a e s A m d H ry , n m ccurri g fr qu tly in ch rt r . s

o a s wa s n o e l a o o f n e n a 1 0 e Th m u d ubt d y bb t Du dr n n in 43 , it se ms e vide n t th at the O rrol an d charte r has be e n mis re ad or tha t it has

- bee so e s a e an e a e a n e e a C ~ n by m mi t k t d t d by hu dr d y r s . orrobora

o see s to be e n to s as s o n the a a a a ti n m giv thi umpti by f ct th t , p rt from s e o of the C utl ars 1 0 the s e e e e t th m thi m nti n in 43 , ﬁr t r f r nc o e fa ily in O rrol a n d kn own t o the auth or is in 1 586 wh ere a H e n ry C u l te ll ar in

M urrowl an d i s n f Re P ri o n i v s o e o . . v C u c l ol . . p k ( g y , iv , p . These co n s ide r a tio n s i n duc e us to e xcl ud e the n ame o f H e nry from t he l i st of abbots in the ﬁftee nth ce ntury

46 THE ABBEY OF DUNDRENNAN

or t boy in his seventh tenth year, the illegitima e son

a a a a l o f James V . , gl ring inst nce o f the sh me fu trafficking in Church be ne ﬁ ces tha t was n ow only too

a m common . Ad m was abbot o f Dundrennan fro

I st 1 54 1 to 1 565. (He died some time between

- 1 6 an d 2 n d a 1 6 66. Re . December, 5 5, Febru ry, 5 5 g

rea t ea l wa s a a t G S ) . He a very regul r attender

a an wa s e C on fe s p rliament, d pres nt when the Scots

A t P a rl c t . f c s . S o sion o F a ith was ratiﬁed in 1 560 . ( 11 ii) . X W d EDWARD MA ELL, Commendator, succeede

He Adam and held the abb a cy til l he died in 1 598 . wa s a a a n d grandson o f Robert , Lord M xwell , third

f a o . son John Maxwell , Lord Herries The Re form tion was an a ccomplished fa ct by the time he received

a a a he his ppointment to D undrenn n, and ultim tely

a e o f a a a o f a a bec me poss ssor l rge p rt the bbey l nds .

a a a r He married M rgaret B illie, the only d ughte

o f a a f a and heir Sir Willi m B illie o L mington .

1 1 the l s of the a l a e of 2 6th n e 1 e e In i t P r i m nt Ju , 545, th r th n f n n i a ea s e a e of o o o e a . th n l pp r n m J h , Abb t Du dr nn It s e o y

n o in th n e the a e o s C o s e e e . 0 tim n m ccur . uri u ly ugh , App dix (p 5 ) ’ t o Keith s History of the Chu rch there is give n an act of the Privy C ou n cil in the v e ry s am e year a n d in the se de runt o ccurs the ”

a e a ab o of Dru mdren n an e . s a e n n m H ry, b t But it o h pp s tha t in t he Registe r of the G re a t S eal the re is the r e cord of a cha rte r gr ante d

n M 1 The a e of n n a o 1 2 th a . s o a d a by Ad m y, 545 n m J h H ry, th e r e

e n in e o s be e a e as s ea s . ee f r , mu t r g rd d mi r ding I d d , K ith several

a es are o e fro the se e of the C o n c l o n n m mitt d m d runt Privy u i wi g, o a bl t ll l pr b y, o i egibi ity. FROM FOUNDATION TO SUPPRES SION 47

The m arri a ge - contract required th at he should t ake

a a n d e ar the n ame an d arms o f B illie, a p tition to p l iamen t a sking th a t he might be permitted to do so

re savin w a s granted, dispensing, however, with his g the surn a me o f B a illie for a n e certa ine sp ace to cum .

E dward M a xwell signed the bond to defend Queen

Mary af ter her escape from Lochleven . His father,

’ on e Lord Herries, was o f the Queen s trusted com p anions in her ﬂight from the stricken ﬁeld o f

an a L angside, d E dward himsel f is s id to have

f a a fforded her refuge in his Abbey o Dundrenn n . In 6 8 6 the Register o f the Privy Council (iii . pp . 7 , 79)

” we ﬁnd the fo llowing minutes o f the Council regard “

: E 2 1 5t 1 8 . a ing him din . , J uly, 5 4 E dw rd Max

a o f Du n dre n n ane well , commend tor , commanded to enter in ward in the ca stle o f Bl akne s within twenty

a e a an d a four hours fter b ing ch rged , to rem in there

a a till freed, under p in o f rebellion, the Secret ry to direct his letters for the rece ipt o f the commend ator ” “

a a . 2 th 1 8 within the s id c stle Edin . , 5 J uly, 5 4 . The sa id commend ator o f Du n dren n an e h aving con temptu ou sl y disobeyed the ch arge o f the preceding

‘ wil fu l l de airtin a minute be his p g h me, or in sum

’ uther pairt o f the cu n trie the order now is to de ” a n d nounce him rebel put him to the horn . It is not a sa a e sy to y wh t these minutes refer to, but in the R l o l s . 8 a t Exchequer (xxi p . 59 ) a date ex a ctly mid way between the two d ates above - mentioned we come 4 8 THE ABBEY OF DUNDRENNAN

u l ii 1 8 . a cross this entry : Vigesimo te rtio J , 5 4

Horn . bu r ess C aution by D avid , g o f E dinburgh, for

E dwa rd Maxwell , commendator o f D undrennan, for

' p ayme n t to the treasurer o f 50 for each o f the por

a a e t ions o f twelve monks o f the s id abbey, ll ged d s 1 60 1 8 ecea ed since 5 , for crop and year 5 3, i f found d ue by the lords auditors ; horning upon six d a ys c harge ; obliga tion o f relief by the s a id comme n ” a a a d ator . Perh ps M xwell thought th t when he o ffered Horn as his cautioner for these dem ands he w a a s a t liberty to go where he ple sed, but the Council m ay ha ve rega rded his depa rture in a more se rious

a a o f light . However, we do not le rn nything more 12 ’ t he matter . But in a few years time Edward M axwell is ﬁguring on ce a gain in the proceedings o f h t e . Privy Council A ﬁerce dispute, evidently over a

“ 1 It a ppe ars th a t at thi s tim e a n atte m pt w a s m a d e to c o mpel t“ he h olde rs of abb acie s t o pay o v e r to the C r own a su m e qu al to th at which would h ave be e n re quire d for the s u ste n a n c e o f the

The on e n o n was fo wa a the m o n s ha m on ks . c t ti put r rd th t k d be e n

a n a n e ou t o f e e n e s ass n e to e m se l e s a n d s e a a m i t i d r v u ig d th v , p r te ' f o the a o s e e n e : a n d a as e a on e a r m bb t r v u th t , ch m k di d fte r 1 560

an d his l ac e of c o se w as n o m o e e the a o ha d s ( p , ur , r ﬁll d), bb t imply ’ i w n th n n a o a e t o h s o u se e o s o o . a a ppr pri t d m k p rti N tur lly, thi s a e wa s e s s e a n d se e m s t o a e e e n co n n e c n tt mpt r i t d , it h v b in ti o with s uch a n a tte m pt th a t the pr oc ee di n gs aga i n s t Edwa rd M axwe ll were in e is e e s n to n o e o the l a stitut d. It int r ti g t fr m c im m ade upo n

M a e l a o 1 60 to 1 8 e e m o n s had e a n d i xw l th t fr m 5 5 3 tw lv k di d , it s v e ry p oss ibl e th a t the se twe lve m onks m ay h ave c ompri se d n e arl y the wh ol e n umbe r of tho se who occupie d Du n dre n n a n a t the tim e o f th e a e R form ti on . FROM FOUNDATION TO SUPPRES SION 49

a a e an title to l nd, existed for while b tween him d his

a e o f o f sister Eliz b th, the wi fe Sir John Gordon

a o f a 2 0 0 0 a Lochinva r . Under p in ﬁne o f £ Edw rd wa s required by the Privy Council in 1 588 to ﬁnd

a a n d a a a n d caution th t Sir John his l dy, their ten nts “ a harme l ess a n d skaithl es a serva nts, s ll be in th ir

i e s in i an bo dyis l a ndis takk s poss s o s gudis d geir . And on n awise to be m ol e stit n or trou bl it be ye s a id ”

a n a u ris . a a n E dw rd nor y H ppily, brother d sister were able subse quently to compose their differences a n d came under a greement to live in unity for the

a a future. E dw rd M xwell continued commendator o f e a a 2 th 1 8 Dundr nn n till his de th , 9 September, 59 . “ ” He wa s buried in the ancient Q ue ir o f Terre gl es

a e a . Church , where his qu int m mori l is still to be see n There is a good reproduction o f this memori a l in Sir

’ a a The B ook o C a rl a v eroch Willi m Fr ser s f , with,

a 68 it— however, the d te I 5 upon m ani festly an error f 8 or 1 59 .

JOHN MURRAY . Edwa rd M a xwell is usu a lly re

a as a a o f e a e g rded the l st bbot D undr nn n . But th fo llowing extract from the Register o f the Gre at Se a l

a a Shows th t, immedi tely upon the occurrence o f

’ a a the a M xwell s de th , King ppointed J ohn Murra y

a o f a 2 8 1 8- commend tor D undrenn n Feb . 59 99 .

ro con stitu it oa n n Rex , p bono servitio, J e m Murra y

ﬁ l im a C ok u l — u . e u s a C roli M de p e, pro j vit , commem d atariu m de Du n dren an e et spiritu a l itatis ejusdem D 50 THE ABBEY OF DUNDRENNAN

tem ora l itate a a e ccl esiis ( p corone sue nnex ), cum ,

— E d u ardicom me n d at arii decim iS a . o , vac n per m rtem ” 1 60 6 a o f a was de D . In the mon stery D undrenn n

a o f a a e a re ﬁn lly suppressed by a ct p rli m nt . Wh t m a ined o f its v a st estate wa s erecte d into a tempora l

a n d wa s e a wa s an lordship b stowed on Murr y, who

a a f a a especi l f vourite o the King . Eventu lly Murr y wa s raised to the dignity o f E a rl o f Anna nda le . Unlike E dwa rd M a xwell a n d preceding commenda

a e to a e tors, Murr y s ems never h v been styled Abbot ” a f a a o f Dundrennan . The pr ctice o l ymen design t ing themselves by ecclesia stica l titles is strongly ob

ecte d to a f Secon d B ook o Dis j in ch pter xi . o the f cipl in e where exception is taken to the a d m issiou n Pa istica l l o f ben eﬁ ces o f men to p titles , sic a s e n ot n or n a fu n ctiou n Re f rm it s rves , hes in the o

o f a s a C om en datou ris Priou ris Kirk Chryst , Abb tis, , , ” Priore si s s . , etc O f these abbots a more exte nded notice m a y be

o f a who f given Abbot Thom s, hel d the o ﬁce in the

a f w e rly part o the ﬁ fteenth century . He a s born a 1 88 a n d a t a bout 3 , studied St Andrews, t king his b achelor o f a rts degree in 1 4 1 3 an d th at o f m a ster in

He o t the following yea r . bel nged o the family o f Livingston which wa s th en beginning to atta in in

‘ ﬂ ue n ce a t the Scottish o an d o e C urt, s m o f whose members ha d a close connection with D undrenn a n a

a n a a e V a century d h l f l at r . \ hen bout forty yea rs FROM FOUNDATION TO SUPPRES SION 5 1

dren o f a ge he was promoted to the abb acy o f Du n

e e n a n . He is chieﬂy r memb red for the very promin

e n t part which he took in the deliberations o f the

a f amous Council o f B a sle . The ﬁrst sitting o f th t

a on 2 rd 1 1 . important council took pl ce 3 J uly, 43 But the Hussite wars a n d other circumsta nces hindered a full a ttend ance o f representa tives a t the

council for some considerable time . Among other Christi a n princes who ha d been dil a tory in commis sioning repre sentatives to the council wa s the Scottish

at a f a o f Du n dren King, but the instig tion o the bbot n a n he nomin ated eight commissioners from the

‘ s e o f Scottish Church, the e eight b ing John, bishop

a n d o f a G lasgow John, bishop Brechin John, bbot o f

o a n d a a o f a a Melr se Thom s, bbot Dundrenn n Don l d

M acn achta n e a n d a o f o a Nicol s Ath l , respectively de n a n d precentor o f D unkeld ; a n d two others whose

a a a n d a ar Christi n n mes, John D vid , only e known . To Thom a s himsel f the King directed the following letter which was re a d a s his excuse at the session

o f 1 th the Council that met on Friday, 4 August, I 433

a a o f J mes, by the gr ce o f God, King Scots, to the

e a a o f a ven r ble f ther in Christ, the Abbot Dundrenn n,

greeting . We h ave stea dily kept in mind the invita tion repe atedly a ddressed to us by the holy Council o f a a s B sel representing the univers a l church , a ssembled in the Holy Spirit for the reform a tion o f 52 THE ABBEY OF DUNDRENNAN

an d for morals in the clergy a n d Christian people, ending the discord between Christi a n princes whereby with fa therly a dmonition a n d s a luta ry ex hort ations we h a ve been invited to send representa tives to help in a ccomplishing a purpose so sa cred . Considering therefore th at if the m atter be rightly

t can o r o f looked a , nothing be, be thought , more honourable th a n th a t which we a re invited to do, juster or more Opportune or more necessary

o f a a or or, in ﬁne, more worthy C tholic prince more to be desired by him : although surely the length o f the way an d the perils o f the journey a cross the l a nds o f enemies a n d o f the voy a ge by sea m a y pe rha ps be hel d to excuse us for n ot h aving a s yet sent ou r re

re se n tative s a n ow o u r p , we Shall see to it th t we do be st an d utmost to send such representa tives tha t henceforwa rd there Sh a ll be n o occa sion for a n y

f e a e kind o excuse . Reposing ther fore p rfect con

ﬁ den ce a an a l l in your le rning d discretion, the more by rea son o f the letters you ha ve writte n to move us

ou r e a to this step, we by pres nt letters p tent confer o n you full a uthority to lay before those presiding

a ou r ou r in the s id council devotion, goodwill , and

Ou r to a a s far a s u r wish forw rd, it lies in o power, their s acred design begun by the inspira tio n o f the

a m a a e a Holy Spirit , so th t it y h v prosperous out

an d a a come, to nnounce the unf iling a n d speedy a a f a rriv l o our emb ssy . Given under o u r privy sea l

54 THE ABBEY OF DUNDRENNAN

e for o f a a n d a m nts the election new Pope , the le der

a a o f this committee was Thom s of D undrenn n, the

e o f a a other two b ing John Segovi , Archde con o f

a a a o f e e a Vill Vicios , and Thom s Corc ll s, C non o f

a co - o t a Amiens . These three were llowed to p

’ o a o f . f urth, Christi n, Provost of St Peter s Brun This committe e in turn nomin ate d a n e lectora l col lege o f some thirty - three members by whom the new

wa s e an d o f a Pope to be chos n, the issue their l bours w a s e 1 on e a o f a the lection in 439 o f , Am deus S voy — a prince who ha d retired from his tempora l sove r e in t an wa s - a o a g y, d living, in semi seclusion, m n stic

a - li fe by the shores o f L ake Genev a . The nti Pope thus elected a ssumed the title o f Felix V . But while the abbot o f D undrenna n took a lea ding p a rt in the procee dings which led to the deposition o f a the Eugenius, it is to be noted th t Scottish

a o f Church , with other br nches the Church, did not

a n or a follow this Scottish bbot, ccept the ﬁndings o f

a the council . A provinci l council in Scotl a nd re

u diated o f a a n d p the proceedings B sle, very severe pe nalties were decreed a ga inst a l l who ha d taken a n a o a e t y p rt in, r who symp this d with he schism . It might n atura lly be supposed th at the abbot o f Dun

a a a drenn n woul d f re b dly in these circumstances .

to a On the contrary, Thomas seems h ve fared pretty well . Indeed, it is asserted that he very soon

a n d a changed sides, th t, out o f gratitude for the FROM FOUNDATION TO SUPPRESSION 55

a o f a a support o f this lea ding dherent Felix , the p p l pa rty were too gl a d to reward him with m a ny hon

a f o urs . But there h rdly seems su ﬁcient ground for the ch arge tha t he promptly dese rted the ca use o f Felix when he saw th a t it wa s n o t going to be suc

a cess fu l . It is more likely th t he continued on the

a 1 e a n d s me side till 447, when Eug nius died Felix

o f a . retired, and on the election Nichol s V he sub

m itte d . a a t himsel f to the new Pope Nichol s, any a a o f r te, directed the rchbishop St Andrews to a l l ha a bsolve a who d been implic ted in the schism, a n d a a a s e , as Scottish ecclesi stic, Thom woul d b neﬁt

a . by such bsolution Previous to this, indeed, he ha a n d been nomin ted for the bishopric o f D u keld,

ha d in succession to Kennedy, who been promoted to

a the rchbishopric o f St Andrews . But he never

e o f a a receiv d possession the v c nt see, the King o f Scotl a nd refusing to a dmit him to the tempora lity

. a a an a thereo f Yet lthough never dmitted , d lthough a wa s a a nother , in f ct , ppointed before he returned to

a a a a Scotl nd, he lw ys ret ined the title of Bishop in

a the Universa l Church . B ut other substa nti l rewards

a wa wa s a c me his y . He ppointed commend ator and a dministra tor o f the Cisterci a n abbe y o f Cupar (with

1 0 0 ﬂorin s a a a a 5 gold ye r), with an nnu l pension o f 1 0 0 ﬂorin s from the mona steries o f Ne wb attle an d

a Dundrenn n, with the rectory o f Kirkinner (the rich e st in G a lloway) an d with the a dministra tion o f the 56 THE ABBEY OF DUNDRENNAN

It a lia n mona stery of St Christopher beyond the wa ll s

a o f o f Turin . Pope C lixtus revoked the grant the church o f Kirkinner which ha d been bestowed on

a V . him by the successor o f Eugenius, Pope Nichol s ,

at but it wa s restored in 1 458 by Pope Pius II . the

instigation o f King J a mes II . whose confessor the

1 wa s abbot ha d become . In 459, when he over

a o f a e an d seventy ye rs g nearly blind, he sought for

a f a co a ssist a nce in the disch rge o his duty, and a djutor wa s given him in the administ ration o f the

a ff a o f a . a a irs Cup r Abbey This ssist nce, however,

wa s wa s a l oth not long required, for he de d be fore

1 60 . e con J uly, 4 , when Pius I I gave dir ction to have ﬁ rm ation given o f the election o f his successor in the 14 a a f bb cy o Cupa r . Little notice is t aken o f this distinguished abbot by the ea rly Scots histori a ns : a fact which lea ds

a The C ou n cil o Tren t n o F ree Mich el Geddes, in f 1 5 As em l s b y to m ake the following observa tions .

’ ‘ Tis somewh a t stra nge th a t none o f the Scots writ ers spea k o f him ; it wa s a great honour to that n a tion to h ave produced a m an o f so eminent a ch ar

a an a a cter, who, upon such extraordin ry occ sion, was

at a e wa s set the he d o f such a busin ss, which in a great mea sure to be supported by the credit o f those

N ’ ' ob n Sta u t c l es co i - e so s t o E c . S t . . 11 R rt , , pp xcv . xcix. Al so ’ o e s Ren tal Book o the Cistercia n Abbe o C u a r-An u s R g r f y f p g , pp. 1 ‘ - T is P . . he o a o e e p 53 55 qu t ti n giv n by Rog rs. FROM FOUNDATION TO SUPPRES SION 57

a to whom it wa s trusted . One ought to think th t

a n d e both his lea rning , integrity, judgm nt were much

et a distinguished , and y I do not ﬁnd th t he is known to the writers o f that na tion ; perh aps the

a o f a c a se with him wa s like th t prophet , who is not

o a own without h nour, s ve in his country ; or so

a n a a who transient a thing is fame d reput tion th t he, in on e age wa s esteemed the m an o f the ﬁrst a n d most

f e distinguishe d merit o a whol Council , is so for gotten in the next th at even those who h a ve l aboured

an d a a a a much with gre t success, Buch n n especi lly, to

a the a e a r ise v lue o f th ir country , h ve not mentioned

a m an at wa s so a a n o to an d a th gre t h nour it, th t within me mory o f the time in which they wrote . As genera lly h appens where the records h ave been

a a f a o a lost, only few n mes o the inm tes f the mon s te r a y h ve be en preserved be yond those o f the a bbots . Two monuments in the ruins perpetu a te the memory

d Bl akom or a n d a a o f John e P trick Dougl s, respective l o a n d a a y pri r cell rer . Another monk o f Dundrenn n, a c a e Aubl e ert in H nry de y , is credited with the a o f o e a o o f uthorship s me lines ulogising Al n, L rd

a a Gallow y, while in the s me century (the thirteenth), included in a list o f writers belonging to the C ister cian o a f rder, there is found the n me o f St Joseph o

D n rain n u a . In his notice o f Dundrenn an in the

A a ra tu s a pp Dempster mentions nother name . Ex

a i . R chard u s a hoc (mon sterio) S S crista fuit . He 58 THE ABBEY OF DUNDRENNAN m akes a more lengthy reference to this m an in his

Hist oria E ccl esia stica m a (ii . 554, 555) which y be

a a : a a a thus tr nsl ted St Rich rd , n med the S crist, a ssumed the Cisterci an h abit o f the Bene dictines in

a e o f Du n dran en a n d he the most holy mon st ry , when h a a a a a n d wa s e d m de much dv nce in piety, steemed ( a s indeed he wa s) a m a n distinguished both by in t e rit o f a n a a g y li fe d by singul r le rning, he left his country a n d set ou t upon a journey with the intention o f visiting the pl ace o f suffering a n d the re lics o f St

a a n d o f o e a Boni f ce the Scot, pr c eding there fter to Rome a n d Jerusa lem ; but whe n he rea ched Frisi a he a ccepte d the ofﬁ ce o f sa crist in a Benedictine mona s t er a Gron n e n the o f y ne r y g , duties which he dis

a an d a n d as ch rged with reverence devotion, died, m a y be lea rne d from the chronicles o f Gron yn gen .

wa s a o f o a He the uthor three b oks, volume entitled

‘ ’ a To Fergus the Founder, nother, Concerning

’ ’

a an d a a . H rmony, third, Medit tions He ﬂourished

a 1 2 8 a a in the ye r 7 . A fter his de th his right h nd,

wa s e e to a con severed from the body , b liev d h ve

n for a a tin ed living m ny ye rs . Sir Robe rt Sibb a l d in his M anuscript Collections ( 1 682 ) decl a res th a t in the pa rish o f Rerik is a l arge

a a a a e a Abb y, c lled D undr nn n, wh rein Mr Mich el ” Scott lived . This a ppe a rs to be a reference to

a a a Mich el Scott, the Wiz rd . It is, however, nother — — G a llowa y mona stery tha t o f Glenluce with which FROM FOUNDATION TO SUPPRES SION 59

’ a a an o s t he Wiz ard s n ame is o ften ssoci ted, d it is p

sible Sibba ld m ay h ave confounded the two . G lenluce cl a ims to be the pl a ce where Scott wa s

a o f a an d a a buried long with his books m gic, tr di tion is current in the district o f a m a n having been

’ drive n m a d by the sight of the Wiza rd s skeleton

a on a confronting him in sitting posture, his t mper

n ot ing with the grave . But Glenluce is the only pl a ce th a t cl aims the honour o f buri a l o f Mich a e l

a o a e a e o f Scott. Th t hon ur is cl im d lso by the Abb y

C u l tram a a n d e Holm in Cumberl nd, lov rs o f Sir W a lter Sco tt will re membe r th a t the honour ha s been cl aimed for the Abbey o f Melrose . The fo llowing a llusion to an unh appy experience in which a Dundre nn an monk found himsel f in volved is m a de by Dr Thom a s Murra y in the New

a St tistica l Account o f the parish o f Girthon . Re fer

a e o ring to the Murr ys of Broughton, sole propri t rs o f

a a : the p rish, he s ys The founder o f the family o f Murra y o f Broughton ca me from Mora yshire an d

e a t Witon shire e settl d Broughton, g , in the tw l fth

a a a century, since which time they h ve r nked mong

a o f a the m gnates G a llowa y . The ﬁrst l nds which they acquired in the Stewartry of Kirkcudbright we re obta ined by a m a rri a ge with a da ughter o f

a C ock ol Murr y o f po , D um friesshire . The l a nds

a an d stil l a thus obt ined, which belong to the f mily, we re Kirkarse l a n d o thers in the pa rish o f Re rrick ; 60 THE ABBEY OF DUNDRENNAN a n d one o f the monks of Dundrenna n having bee n suspec ted o f improper intim acy with L a dy Brough

’ ’ a at a a e a a ton, her husb nd Slew him pl c c l led All n s

a wa a Cross till this d a y . Murr y s obliged to pay

a s a a for a fine, compens tion the murder, to the bbey, which fine has continued to be an d is still pa id to the Crown Since the demolition o f the monaste ry . ’ The following extra ct from Pitca irn s C rimin a l 16 ria l s a o f o f T (i . 54) mentions the n mes some the inm ates o f Dundrennan a t the beginning o f the Six t n t an d a t a to ee h century, the s me time testifies cer ta in l awless proceedings o f which they had be en the “ — M Ghie 1 1 0 8 . a c victims October 9, 5 John M gge ( ) ,

f l om tou n e art a o f o P , Convicted o f and p rt

a o o a Convoc ti n f the lieges, in company with the L ird o f o f at Bomby, during the time the Court , the

Sta n d a n d e - sta n e Drum dran an a , in , hel d by the s id

a a 1 0 : I tem o f a rt an d a o f L ird, in the ye r 5 4 , p rt the

a Schan kis Oppression done to Sir Willi m , Monk, c a sting him down from his horse during the time o f the s a id Court : An d o f a rt and part o f the Oppres

f o f f sion done to Andrew Denis, O ﬁcer the Abbot o

Dru m dran e n a a n d a a a , t king det ining him g inst his f o a . will , until the conclusion the s id Court Fined

v — a a n d a a j merks . The L ird of Bomby, the s id J mes

a n d a for himsel f, conj unctly severally, bec me surety

‘ ’ I ii — a to the King a n d p a rty j li . Al n and John

a a t n e u b dition B n n y Cl E .

6 2 THE ABBEY OF DUNDRENNAN

a e a e D u n dra n eﬁ a e . Ad m comm nd tor d , l x spens , prior ,

a a " a s m soﬁ Joh nnes Smyth, Joh nnes turno , thom s y , wil l m u s a Nichol a u s a wreith thom , story, Joh nnes , a e a cu n in ham e a hu toun a s ndr s g , J cobus , Joh nne stewin son a ohn istou n a n d a a , D vid J , D vid Don ld

’ son e f

C a l en da r o the L a in C ha rt 1 1 In the f g ers (p . 3 ) there is a Prece pt o f C l a re C on sta t for infe fting Willi am Ne ilson in the three m e rkl a n d o f B arn ca il z ie a n L a r l a u ch a - d g in the p arish o f Kirkp trick Durh am .

a a t a th M a 1 The deed is d ted D undrenn n 9 y, 545, “ a n d a ém edata riu Dﬁ dr n e is signed by Ad m s de e , a n d e a e o a e by Al x nd r Spens, prior, J hn Smyth , J m s

Hetoﬁ n m a a , John Tu our, Nichol s Store, Willi m

a ohn sou n Thom , D vid J , John Wrycht , John ” h w n n n n ha m w Sc e sou a d C u . t o y , Andrew y g These

e e e e e e a a e be d eds, x cut d in cons cutive y rs, h v , it will

a e to the a a Observed, ppend d them precisely s me sign

e e a a con tur s, with the exc ption th t the e rlier deed

' t a in two a f n m a s n mes in excess o the l ater o e . It y

a o a e e o e a e be re s n bly inferred, th r f r , th t thes men, with perh a ps on e or two others who m a y h a ve been

a a a o e the nece ss rily det ined from ch pter, c mpris d whole numbe r o f the choir monks nea r the close o f

’ e e m a a a the m on a ste ry s existenc . Th re y h ve been fe w l a e a e y brethr n besides, but their numbers must h v been gre a tly reduced owing to the fa ct tha t much o f the abbey l ands had a lrea dy p a ssed out o f its pos FROM FOUNDATION TO SUPPRES SION 63

a a n d o o f a session before the Re form tion, m st wh t rem a ined was let on lea se to regul a r tena nts . F a med a s the mona steries were for the exercise o f

a a a hospit lity, D undrenn n must h ve given shelter to

we m any visitors both o f high an d l ow degree . I f a e a a a o f ccept the p rsistent tr dition th t M ry, Queen

a o f a Scots, spent the l st night her li fe in Scotl nd in

a e a e a the bb y, then no n m more interesting th n hers

’ n coul d have bee n recorded o the visitors roll . But

a o a l V . M ary wa s n ot the only roy l visit r . J mes

0 He ha d a visited Dundrennan in 1 5 5. been m king one o f his frequent visits to the Shrine o f St Nini an

a t a on I st . Whithorn, where he rrived 3 J uly He ha d come to Whithorn by wa y o f Ayr an d ha d pa sse d the two previous nights a t the Abbey O f

C n a a t rossragu el a d the Abbe y o f Glenluce. His st y

wa s o f a a n d Whithorn the brie fest dur tion, it is quite in keeping with the pra ctice o f combining religion with plea sure which ch a racterise d the pilgrim a ges o f the middle a ges t o ﬁnd the King n ot o nly ex pending a sum o f nine shillings in purch a sing “ tak n n s o f a a a y y St Nini n, but bestowing simil r

b w f a a n a o o e a . sum y y gr tuity upon , Thomas, jester Returning home from Whithorn by Pen n in gham e a n d the Wa ter o f Cree (whe re he purcha sed two horses) the King Spent the night o f 2 n d August

o f a a n d e ro within the Abbey Dundrenn n, , b fore p cee din wa o f g north by y Dum fries, he left with the ” m on kis o f Dru m dran an a sum o f twenty Shillings 64 THE ABBEY OF DUNDRENNAN

1 7 a o f a a in appreci tion their hospit lity J mes II . m ay have been a t D undrenn an when in 1 456 he was ﬁghting the Dou gl ase s in their strongho l d o f

a t a wa s a Threa ve . We know le st tha t he m king use in v arious wa ys o f the Abbeys o f Tongl a nd an d

a a an d D undrenn n at th t time, , when success crowned

a a his undert king, he left behind him cert in persons 1 8 ill a t these mona steries . It ha s been a lrea dy Obse rved th at the monks o f the Cisterci a n order occupied themselves in some

form o f m a nu a l l abour . They devoted themselves,

a a o f e a in particul r, to the cultiv tion the ext nsive l nds a ttached to their mon a sterie s an d to the deve lopment

o f industries connected therewith . Their chief source

o f a o f a t wealth , in the e rlier period their history

a wa s a . le st, the l nd gi fted to them By the produce

o f these l ands they m a inta ined themselves . They

: became a griculturists they were breeders of horses ,

a n d ca ttle an d sheep : for a time they did a con sid cr able business in the export o f wool a n d other a o f a a e a n d rticles merch ndise. They tr velled hith r thither under roy a l protection in the prosecution o f “ h a 1 2 2 a e . on 2 t tr d Thus, 9 M rch, 3 , the Abbot, monks an d fri ars o f Du n drein an h a ve letters p a tent ” “ o f e e t protection dir ct d by Henry III . o the J us

“ ’ t1c1ar o f a an d Irel nd, others the King s ba iliffs in tha t

1 " Accou n ts o the Lord Hih Trea s u er r v l . o . . n 6 f g , iii , pp xix . a d 2 .

1 3 Re ister o P iv ou n cil g f r y C .

FROM FOUNDATION TO SUPPRES SION 63

” 19 for 1 c ountry to endure three years . On 6th

o e 1 2 66 a at a c o f N vemb r, , the s me King the inst n e

il l l a John de B a o t kes under his protection the Abbot , m onks a n d brethren o f Du n dra yn an abbe y in G a llo

wa a n d to a y, their men coming Engl nd with wool a n d other goo ds to tra fﬁ c there with ; a n d gives them le ave to buy corn an d other victu a ls there to ta ke to

a a for a a a G llow y their susten nce, they p ying the usu l ” 2° n a e 80 o . 1 6 1 2 customs s m On th September, , con

ﬁ i w o f rm at on as given by the King (Edw ard I . ) a ” ch a rter gra nted by him in minori sta tu a t Ber

’ a a e on 1 1 2 6 at n rd s C stl 3th April , 7, whereby he, the

a f inst nce o Sir John de Balliol , took under his pro , tection on a n d a o f Du n dre n an the Abbot, m ks fri rs y

e a a n d a Abb y in G lloway their men going to Irel nd , a n d comm anded his lieges o f Dublin an d Droghed a to permit them to buy to the extent o f 2 40 cran n oks o f a a s a o f a a e an d whe t, and m ny o ts or me l , win s ” 21 o a for a o f ther victu ls the susten nce their house . Any one who should resist the monks wa s li able to a

1 0 a £ ﬁne. The permission to obt in these l a rge sup

in a a plies Irel nd, coupled with the f ct tha t in the previous yea r a cha rter was gra nted for obta ining

9 1 a l o f o C . D c. rel . to Seat 1 , i . 5 1 . 9 ° i I b d . , i . 479 .

9 1 I bzd 1 1 . 58 . The c a e as ve n in the a e n olls . h rt r gi P t t R E w d I . o ( . , e n n s on 1 2 0 c ran n oks 2 i 397 ) m ti ly , but 4 0 s c orr o borate d by the Iri s h C ale ndar s 66 THE ABBEY OF DUNDRENNAN

a a supplies in Engl nd, gives some indic tion o f the very considera ble religio us community that must h a ve been resident within the wa lls o f Dundrenna n at this

a a t e period . From simil r uthority given to other

o f a o a a a l igiou s houses G ll w y, it would ppe r th a t the district wa s suffering from fa mine about this time . The close o f the thirteenth century saw the be f ginning o f the struggle or Scottish indepe ndence .

1 2 1 a o f a o a In 9 E dw rd I . Engl nd (wh se mbition it w as to bring a l l Great Brit a in unde r the English so vereign) found a fa vourable opportunity for fur therin g his designs in the dispute ove r the successio n to the Scottish crown which a rose upon the death o f

a a a a Queen M rg ret, The M id o f Norw y . Asked to a a e e e a a a a rbitr te b tw n the cl im nts, he g ve his ward in

a o f a a e e f vour John B lliol , who cc pt d the crown : but ,

e a n d a a a wa s re both b fore fter his coron tion, B lliol quire d to do hom a ge to Edward a n d acknowledge the English king a s sovereign l ord o f the rea lm o f

a Scotl nd . But even B a l liol coul d not endure the

ce o f a a a n interferen Edward in Scottish ff irs, d in

1 2 6 a a a a m 9 Scotl nd renounced llegi nce. Edw rd i

a a a a n medi tely dv nced his forces north, d in the ﬁrst

a wa s inst nce everywhere succe ssful . In little more than three months poor B a lliol wa s compelled in J uly to make submission to the conqueror at Mon

a n d wa trose, he s sent south for conﬁnement in the

o f Tower London . The grea ter p art o f Scotland

68 THE ABBEY OF DUNDRENNAN

f n ra n an a Our L a dy o Du d y , with the estim ted loss by destruction an d burnings pl aced at 80 0 0 22 a to e pounds . In nswer these p titions the King a ppointed a committee to ex a mine the charters o f the

e a a a bbeys and to certi fy him . He d cl red th t he “ ” took a l l religious under his protectio n . He pro m ised to orda in a s to the wool an d to m ake amends

a in rega rd to the other losses . Prob bly the result o f

’ ’ the committee s ex amina tion into the abbey s ch arters is se en in a ch arter which wa s gra nted by E dwa rd I . o n 1 8th 1 0 a n d a was October, 3 5, which shows us wh t the extent o f the l a nds att a ched to the a bbey a t tha t

a a n on d ate . It is styled charter to the Abbot d c vent of Du n drayn an o f free wa rren in the ir desm esn e

a o f Ga irstan e Ne wel athe u rel athe Ne thre l nds g , , O ,

a A he n oil e Rera ik Nethr Reraik l the, g g , Oure , e ,

Roske ral d A hen carn e C l on ﬁ n a he B arl ocwood , g , g , ,

a o e E sthol m a rithe B rl ck, the isl o f , the hospit l o f C ,

a a a n d A he n ki e Kirkp trick D ur nd, g pp in the county

o f Du n fres Biskeb a n C u l fa l d , and y d on in the ” 23 county o f Wigton . But within a short time it is evident th a t the abbey wa s the owner of more l and for in 1 3 2 8 the convent petitions the King (E dwa rd “ at o f III . ) the request the King o f Scotland to t e

a l o Doc . rel . to Scot . 2 86. C . f , ii

9 3 i 6 the a l o ha r e b d . C r o I . 1 . . C t s 1 R ll . 6 G n , ii 4 In f (iii ) l e

ﬁ n a he a e a s m o e o e as C l on sin a h G l en shin n och a n d g pp r r c rr ctly g ( ), u lfal don a e a s as C ul s cada n C pp r . FROM FOUNDATION TO SUPPRES SION 69 store their l and o f Bre tn eston in the county o f Meath

e a e (Mide) in Ir l nd, from which they wer ejected

w ar a a a when the beg n, for no other re son th n that ” 24 a . they were Scots, as he is bound to do by the tre ty (The war between Engl a nd a n d Scotl and had been

e : a had 1 1 r newed but B nnockburn been fought in 3 4, a n d at length in 1 3 2 8 a tre aty ha d been signed a t

wa s a s i Northampton in which Bruce recognised k ng, a n d English cl aims o f hom a ge from the Scottish sovereign were renounced . The English in Ireland ha d evide ntly taken a dvanta ge o f the disturbed state

’ o f aff a irs to seize the a bbey s property in that coun

. o e try) B ut, th ugh the King s nt the petition to his ch a ncellor that order might be ta ken thereon in terms o f a a a the tre ty with Scotl nd, no Immedi te success

a a ttended it . The J ustici a ry o f Irel and replied th t

e ha d he could not execute the order, b c a use the King 25 a gr nted the land to Thom a s de Wa ril owe for li fe .

1 a a However, in 335 E dw rd B lliol sent the English sovereign a letter urging the loy a lty o f the abbot and convent to both Kings ; whereupon Edwa rd issued a writ to his ch ancellor to cause the justices o f Ireland

the a Breton ston e to restore ten pound land c lled , in

ff a a the sheri dom o f Me th, which the King o f Scotl nd had signiﬁed by his letters they ha d taken in the

a l o D0 6 re to co ii 1 C . l . S t i . f . , . 74

l al . o l ose ol s E w C R d . 8 . f C , . III , 4 7 7 0 THE ABBEY OF DUNDRENNAN

’ 25 King s h and Whether this wa s a ttended with a n y more success th a n the previous order is doubt ful .

a to F or so l ate a s 1 395 we ﬁnd Rich a rd II . gr nting ’ for s Robert Sutton, king s clerk, his good ervice from

o f a a a e o f a l l a the time the coron tion, ch rt r l nds in “ f a a . a o Burton Eston G lw y, co Me th, sometime the a bbot an d conve nt o f D undrennan in Scotl a nd an d ” 27 o e a s e a f rfeited b c u e th y dhered to the Scots . By the middle o f the fourteenth century a t an y

a a a a a ha r te, it is evident th t m ny v l u ble properties d p a sse d into the possession o f Dundrenna n Abbey .

a a a a do e x The l nds lre dy enumer ted , however, not

’ a F or o a b . h ust the full extent f the b ey s properties ,

’ I n d ex o C ha rt ers e a a from Robertson s f , we l rn th t Robert the Bruce gra nted to the a bbey a cha rter o f

f n a o a d a a . a the l nds Polles, th t D vid II gr nted

a o f a o f C u l n a a a n d ch rters the l nds y , D v ch , Rungi stoun ; o f C u l l in dach ; a n d o f Du n gern ok in the 28 a o f Nor . a l l for W ter Dee were these , in m a ny ch arte rs gra nte d by th e a bbey itsel f a t a l ate r period it is a bunda ntly made cl e ar th a t the subjects referred

a to were once Dundrenn n Abbey property . Kirk

2 ° Ca l . o Doc rel to Sea 2 0 . f . . t , iii. 9 2 7 Ca l . o a ten t P Roll s 1 . 1 86. f , 399 , p 9 8 is n ot e e a s t o e n s o e o f e se l a e s C l l It v ry y id tify m th p c . u in

a is in the a s o f Kirkm abre ck e d ch p ri h , wh re a l so the a bbe y

el the l a n s of a G l e n u icke n Da r a well a n d o h d d L rg, q , g pr ba bly o ers . C u l n a a a e a in th th y , D v ch pp r e Re giste r of Gre at Se al as on e wo ul l n don rd, C y al d. FROM FOUNDATION TO SUPPRES SION 7 1

p atrick - Durh am has a lrea dy been noticed a s a parish where the mon astery ha d a n inte re st ; a n d the l a nds

o M arwhirn an d B a rn ca il z ie a l l there of Cr fts, were

rro l an d a o f o nce in its possession . O , in the p rish

k w a s e for Rerric , likewis the property O f the monks, it is state d (though the d a te is prob a bly wrong) tha t the ch a rte r o f th a t l a nd w as gra nted in 1 430 to

Henry C u tl a r by a n a bbo t n amed He nry . How v a lu able a n est ate wa s a tt a ched to Dundrenn a n in the d a ys o f its prime it might now be impossible to s a y ; but the re ca n be no doubt th at in respect o f l a nd

a e wa the bb y s very richly endowe d .

" Nor did its wea lth consist in the e xtent o f its

a f a ha d l nd a l one. At the time o the Re form tion it a a a a e a revenue, p rt ltog ther from th t derived from l a o f 0 0 e a a ten a a nd, £ 5 , qu l to bout times th t mount a t a e a o f th con prese nt v a lue . A l rg p rt e evil n ecte d with the m on a stic system wa s the practice o f g i fting to mon a ste ries the revenue s belonging to

a e a a a p rish churches . Wh n p rish church bec me thus a a a ppropri ted to religious house, its revenues went to o f the support the monks, who undertook the spiritu a l oversight o f the pa rish ; a n d for the dis

a o f a a a o ch rge the duty they ppointed vic r, to Often a t a a f e o miser bly insu ﬁcient stip nd , or fr m time to time the y might send on e of their own number to minister at the a lt ar o f the church the revenues o f w which the y enjoyed . It a s a pra ctice which one can 7 2 THE ABBEY OF DUNDRENNAN

well im a gine woul d lea d to much diss a tisfa ction . The duties o f the priesthood in such parishes were often most pe rfunctorily disch a rged : a n d the existence o f the evil w a s on e o f the potent inﬂuences which wrought in the dire ction o f the grea t ch ange a ccom

can be pl ished by the Reform a tion . It well under stood th at the church o f the p a rish in which Dun drenna n Abbey w as situ ated would be on e o f those

a wa s a a ttached to that mona stery . So lso the p rish church o f Kirkm abre ck ; a n d the revenues o f these churches went to swe ll the wea lth o f the D undrennan monks . But there were other abuses which a lso worked up

a a inevit ably to the Re form ation . The v st we lth which the o l d Church w a s a m assing wa s a rousing the envy a n d j ea lousy o f others ; a n d kings an d nobles a n d men o f lesser note bega n to bestir themselve s in the hope o f posse ssing themselves o f some pa rt o f

a o f a a a n a e it . The pr ctice bestowing bb cies d prior t s

in com m en d a m a to be a o c me encour ged, and in c urse

o f e a time the Church even conniv d at it . The person who wa s a ppo inted to an a bba cy in com m en d a m (he wa s ca lled a commenda tor) did not require to be in

holy orders z ’ it wa s not even necess ary th at he should

’ a a a o e a a n h ve re ched m nho d s st te, d there are gross c a ses on record in which mere in fa nts ha d such ofﬁce

n conferred on them . Such a n o e might be ca lled

a an d bbot, he received the revenues o f his abbacy FROM FOUNDATION TO SUP PRESSION 7 3 but a l l the clerica l duties o f his Office ha d to be dis

or a ha charged by the prior below him , , i f he lso p

a a o a the pened to be commend t r, by his subordin te,

- wa s a n a sub prior . It expedient th t came to be

’ l a rgely ta ken a dva nt a ge o f to divert the Church s

a a an d s monies into secul r ch nnels . Kings noble d ared to m ake u se o f it to m ake provision for thei r

o or a o ha younger s ns, to rew rd th se who d rendered

a w as a a a them not ble service . But it pr ctice th t could not be other th a n hurtful to the institution

a an d a e the which toler ted it, it contributed l rg ly to

f a overthrow o the mon a stic system . O f the l ter

“ a bbots o f D undrenna n Seve ra l were commenda tors ; a n d to such a n extent wa s the pra ctice in opera tion a t o f a a ou t e the time the Reform tion, th t , o f tw nty a bbots an d priors who sat in the p a rli a ment o f 1 560

a e o which s nctioned the R formed Con fessi n o f Faith,

e no f wer th a n fourteen were commenda tors . — Closely a ssoci ate d with this practice one might — even call it p art o f it wa s the sh a meful tra fficking

ben eﬁ c e a was in es th at went on . Und rh nd intrigue

e r everywh e busily a t work . The patrona ge o f some

“ import an t sponsor was sought in order to obtain some

be ne ﬁ ce on a a a rich , the underst nding th t proportion o f the spoil should go to the success ful intermediary . We h a ve a gl aring insta nce o f this in the ende a vours tha t were m a de to secure pre ferment for John Ma x f a o . well , bbot Dundrennan He ha d rece ived the 7 4 THE ABBEY OF DUNDRENNAN

a a 1 2 an d a at a ha d bb cy in 5 4, lmost the s me time he

’ b a e o f a een ppoint d prior St M rtin s, Whithorn, the principa l dignity in G a llowa y a fter the bishopric . ”

o f e a . As the church Whithorn, writ s King J mes V t o e e 1 2 Pope Cl ment VII . in Novemb r, 5 4, is much v isited by the English a n d Irish on accou n t o f the m a e o f a a n a a t ir cl s St Nini n, d is situ ted the extrem it o f a m an y the kingdom , it requires who will both s a to a n d o how hospit lity pilgrims, pr tect the country ” “ a a a from pira tic l a ss ults . Therefore he begs th t M a xwe ll m ay be a llowed to reta in the Cisterci an ” 29 a bbacy o f Dundrenna n a long with Whithorn .

B u t a gre ater prize w a s a imed a t for John M a xwel l .

a a o f e a a a n d on e The rich bb cy M lrose was v c nt, no w a s more persistent in her efforts to h a ve the a bbot o f a e a a a D undrenn n promoted th reto th n M rg ret, the

e - a he e a o f r e Q u en Dow ger . T r s n o her k en interest

’ in M a xwell s promotion w a s th at she hersel f wa s to bene ﬁt to the extent o f £ 1 0 0 0 (Scots) ye arly out o f t he e f a e son revenu s o the bb y . She induces her

’ f a (J ames V . ) to take up the cause o M xwell s promo

h e . a n d t ion . S e writes to her brother (H nry VIII ) t o C a rdin a l Wolse y a n d others seeking their a ssist f a a . a o nce in the s me direction In f ct, so sure suc

’ c ess do the promoters o f M a xwell s ca ndida ture s e to a a on 2 n d e 1 2 em h ve been, th t Decemb r, 5 4,

2 ° L e tters a n d P a e s F orein a n d D omestic o the Rein of p r , g , f g H en N 8 2 r VI I I e e o . y . L tt r 5 .

7 6 THE ABBEY OF DUNDRENNAN

an e o f 1 0 0 0 z erl ie will h a ve sped to me pensione £ , qu hilk will h e lp me in su mpa rt ; richt humlie bese kin g ! our Gra ce to help me to ye furthering o f

r m otiou ne M ax we l l is for y at p o to my Lord bruder ,

hil l a rom otiou n e qu ye s id p be sped, I wil nocht get

n n Tharf re e hertl ie at ye s a id pe siou e . o I desir y ! our Grace ger a n sue r M a ister J ohn n e L a uder my

e v a n Amba s iatou ris s r d, being with ye s now in

L on dou n e o f 0 0 , o f ye somme 4 £ Scottis money for

e ex editiou n e o f a e n siou n e : an d fa l z e in y p ye s id p , g o f a a a t m a be a n su erit zour s id b nk, y he y in Rome o f a writtin a s ye somme bone , I dowt nocht bot ! ” 33 our Grace will . F or some considerable time longer the struggle between the two a spira nts or

e o f th ir respective parties continued . In the middle 1 2 5 6 the m a tter is be fore the Scottish P a rliament .

The ha d a a o f King, who gr nted his letters in f vour “ a n d bel ou it a r h n e his devote weil or to , Den e J o

a a o f d u n dr n aﬁ a m xwell bbot y , is nnoyed th a t a

nomination by him in favour o f D urie had bee n “ ” Obta ined be su rreptiou ﬁ : there fore in p arlia ment “ 1 th 1 2 6 e i ( 4 J une, 5 ) he r vok s and a dn u l l is a l l sic liez in this pﬁ t pl iam et gevin in f a vo r o f the

’ a a A d ratif is an d a r vis s id M ist n ro . And y pp e

the liez ge vin in fa vors o f his s a id devote o ra to r

the abbot o f d u n dryn aﬁ And tha t n e w liez be ” a n otwith gevin in f vo rs o f him geif neid be . But

N ta te a ers Hen r vol . . ar . 2 S P p ( y iv , p t iv , p . 95. FROM FOUNDATION TO SUPPRESSION 7 7

a a a a standing a l l this roy l p tron ge, the ppointment

a a n d e - a we nt p a st M xwell , the Qu en Dow ger woul d h a ve to turn her thoughts el se where fo r a pension .

1 2 6 By 2 md Decembe r, 5 , we ﬁnd Sir Christopher 34 a Dru r e a D acre thus writing to Lord D cre y ,

r ha s e o f m on ke o f Mu ou se Abbey, gott n the bulles

e at a n a the s ame Abb y Rome, d c used them be procl am ed ; whiche ha s done grete displea sure to my Lorde M a xwe ll ; for it wil l put his broder from

l ike l ho de a the s ame by y , notwithst nding the King a n d the Lordes a t this P a rli a ment ha s in acted th a t n o Scotism a n sha ll preva le n o be n e ﬁ ce a t the Poppos

a a a an d h nd, excepte th t they h ve licence o f the King the Lordes o f the C ou n sail e .

wa s a e n ot a It buses such as thes , less th n the

’ Church s doctrina l defection from the truth o f Scrip

an o a a ture d ther m ni fest evils, which g ve strength a n d energy to the movement which culminated in

o n the Reform ation o f 1 560 . U lteri r motives u

’ d o ubtedly there were which inﬂuenced some men s

a n d a a a a s a minds ctions at th t gre t crisis ; but, whole,

’ there was revolt on the part o f the Church s members a a a e a a n d g inst patent bus s that were being toler ted, nothing ha d so contributed to the popul a r dem a nd for reform as the deca y o f the monastic institution which by the sixteenth century had long outlived its d a y of u se fulness .

3 ‘ i I b d . V o l . . a . 6 iv , p rt iv , p . 4 1 . 7 8 THE ABBEY OF DUNDRENNAN

While p arlia menta ry s anction w as given in 1 560 to

a e a e the work o f reform tion, some consid r ble tim e l apsed befo re full e ffect co ul d be given to the

a a cha nges which such crisis involved . Summ ry e nactments were p a ssed forbidding the pra ctice o f

l bu t a o f the the o d religious rites, the civil st tus a dherents o f the o l d f a ith wa s n ot SO seriously

a a threatened for a time . We h ve the curious spect cl e

o t f o f a an o n only o bishops, but bbots d pri rs, con tin u in g to sit for m a ny yea rs in the Scottish P a rlia ment an d vote a s the representatives o f the Scottish

- o f a a Church . Moreover, two thirds the ecclesi stic l

a revenues were stil l llowed to the former recipients, while the Re formed Church ha d in the ﬁrst insta nce a ssigned to it only one- third until it shoul d

a a e o gr du l ly becom p ssessed o f its whole pa trimony .

ha d a a n a a a s John Knox , we know, gre t d gr nd ide s

’ t o how the Church s we a lth shoul d be ultim ately use d . It should be devoted to the maintenance o f

o f t the ministry, to the education the young, and o

’ a a the support o f the poor. But l s ! Knox s idea s

e a e a were n ver fully re lised . Ev n before the Reform

wa s a 1 60 a a wa s so tion consumm ted in 5 , its ppro ch evident tha t a considerable tra nsference o f Church

a ha a property into other h nds d lre a dy t aken place . A fter the Re formation the s a me process went o n

8 - a a . 2 th a 1 6 68 a Ma x p ce Thus on J nuary, 5 7 , Edw rd

a well , the commend tor o f D undrennan, granted with

8 0 THE ABBEY OF DUNDRENNAN d eemed on e o f the ea siest w a ys o f replenishing the

e wa s n ot roya l exchequ r . But J ames less guilty o f s a crilege in de spoiling the Church o f her property t h a n he wa s guilty o f folly in disposing o f his spoil . P e rson a lly he did n ot bene ﬁt to such an exte nt a wa s o s might be suppo se d . He fo lish enough to s qu a nder wh at the act gave him on Court fa vourite s

n t 1 60 6 wa s a n . o d others Thus 9 h J uly, , there p assed by p arliament a n act erecting D undrennan

a a avo f o a into tempor l lordship in f ur o J hn Murr y , who ha d succeeded to the comm en datorship o f the a bbey on the de ath o f Edward M a xwell on 2 9th

1 8 : a n a m a a s September, 59 d the ct y be quoted

’ m arking the close o f the mon a stery s history and as a f a ir ex a mple o f the wa y in which the wealth o f the m on a ste ries w a s dispose d o f “ OURE SOUERANE LORD with a dvyse a n d cose n t o f the E sta ittis O f this pﬁ t pl iam en t Remembering the gude trew a n d th ank ful ] se ru ice done be his m a tie s Tru stie and famili a r se ru ito f Johne murray g rome o f his m ati e s bedcha l me r in Continu a l ] a ttendance vpo u n his m a te i s s acrate persone qu hairin he hes behav it himsel f m a ist fa ithfu l l ie a n d den ty fu l l ie As is Noto r an d weill kn awin to the saidis

E staittis THAI RFO I R o f said soue ran e Lord a n d

E sta ittis o f this pﬁ t parliament dissol u is al l sin drie the l a ndis baron eis Touris forta lices maner

M l n i places y s m u l tu ris woddis ﬁ schein gis an u al ren tis FROM FOUNDATION I’ O SUPPRESSION 8 1

c a yn is C u stome s ca su a l iteis em ol u m en tis 81 d u eteis qu hatsu me u ir o f the tempo ra l itie o f the abbacie o f

d ru n dre n n an fra the a ct o f an ex atio u n m a id in his t bienes pl iame n t h a ldin AT Edin bu r the tue n tie m C n yn t day o f J u l ij the z eir o f Go d J V fou rscoir se vin z eiris an ex a n d the tempora l itie o f a l l ben efi ces within this re a l m e To the p atrimonio o f his bienes C rown e with the precinct M on a sterie a n d m a ner pl a ce o f d u n dren an ffra the sa id a bbacie o f dun drena n And be ne fi ce thairo f qu ha irv n to the s a mi pe rten is a n d pe rten it of aul d Togidde r with the ha il l spiritu a l itie o f the kirkis o f the samyn Abbacie viz the kirkis o f d u n dren an e a li a s t irik an d kirkm abrek with al l a n d sin drie te yn dscheves vtheris te yn dis fru ittis rentis proffe ittis proven tis e m ol u m en tis a n d d u ete is qu hatsu m e u ir pten ig a n d bel an gin g thairto And tha t the s aidis E sta ittis o f pa rl iamet ffi n dis it necessar an d expedient that his m ati e be his bi e nes i I n fe ftmet to be m a id with a dvyse o f his m ats !s o rdina r officiaris S a l l gi f gra nt an d dispone to the

’ s a id Johne murra y and his a iris m a il] an d a ss n ais qu hatsu me u ir All an d sin d rie the s a idis landis ba rone is touris fort a lices m an erpl ace s m yl n is Mul turis wo ddis fi schein gis an u a l re n tis C ayn is cu stomes c a su a l ite is em ol u me n tis a n d d ueteis qu hatsu m eu ir o f the tem poral itie o f the s a id Abbacie kirkis o f d u n drén an a n d kirkm abrek Teyn dscheve s thairo f v theris teyn ds fru ittis rentis proffeittis a n d em ol u F 8 2 THE ABBEY OF DUNDRENNAN metis pte n ig tha irto with a l l richt titil l in teres a n d clame of richt qlk his m atte his pre de ce ss ou ris an d s uccessou ris ha d hes or on ywa yes m a y h a ue or cl ame thairto or on y p a irt thairo f be on y m a ner o f wa y in t ym e cfi m ig To be E rectit vnit m a id cre a t a n d in corporat in a l l an d ha il l a n e frie b a ronie To be cal l it in a l l tym e cfi m ig the baronie o f dun drena n And ordinis the m an e rpl ace o f d u n dren an To be the prin 11 Messu age o f the s a id hail l b a ronie o f d u n dren a n for t a king sea sing thairat in a l l tyme

’ cfi m ig And l ykwa yes the s a idis E staittis Suppre ss a n d ex tin gu isclie s perpe tu a l ie in a l l tym e cfi m ig the sa id Abb a y a n d Mon a sterie o f d un dren an And decl aris n a persone nor person es to be pv ydit tha irto in on y tym e cfi m ig he ire ftir And ordinis a n e I n fe ftm et to be p ast vn de r his hiene s great se a l l heirvpou n To be hal din o f o r s a id soue ra n e lord a n d his su ccessou ris in frie bl en che frie hereta ge an d frie baronie for eu ir Ge v an d thairfoir z e irl ie the s a id Johne murra y and his foirsaids TO o r said sou eran e Lord an d his successou ris the sowme o f fourtie pun dis v su al e money o f this real me o f scot l a nd z eirl ie at the feist o f witson day in N ame o f bl e n che ferme al an erl y with a n e specia l l Remitt a n d disch a rge w t cOsen t o f the Collector gnal l o f the hail l thriddis O f the s a id abbacie o f d un dren an e alsweill victu a l l as money And o f the hail l m onkis portion is o f the samyn Abbacie becau s his

8 4 THE ABBEY OF DUNDRENNAN

a a a a a a Murr y, it would ppe r th t by roy l letters p tent

t a 1 60 B (6 h Febru ry, 5) James had bestowed undren n a n Abbey with its property and revenues Upon

a a o n re - G vin H milton, who, the introduction o f

a ha d Sec o f Episcop cy, been promoted to the Gal lo w a a o ha d a y . But the gr nt to H milt n been very soon suppressed in f a vour o f th a t to Murra y . In turn

a n a a n d 1 62 1 a Murr y resigned D undren n, in the bbey wa s a nnexed to the Deanery o f the Ch apel - Royal at

. act wa a Stirling This s r tiﬁed in 1 633 . But from a gra nt m a de in J uly o f th a t yea r in f avour o f

a o f O rchardton a a Robert M xwell , we le rn th t while

’ in Murra y s possession abbey l a nds were a lready

a a 6 a a a p ssing into other h nds . In 1 45 p rli ment r ti

ﬁ e d a a a this gr nt to M xwell , conﬁrming a ch rter gra nted be vm ql e Johne erle o f An n an dail l To l v m q e sf Robert M a xwell o f spottes kn y t fa ther to the s a id Robert M a xwell his a ires an d a ssign eyes

n on s an d ha d a e of an l an s a n d e se ar m a y h our , ch rt r m y d ; in th ch ters his r oyal m aste r m ake s profu se ackn owl e dgm e n t of his inde bte d “ s t o som e ase s e e n to his a n e s him , in c r f rri g lm ost incre dibl e hi al 1 60 6 a s s a l abour s in s beh f. In ( t te d a bov e ) a n d again in 1 61 2 he a a of n e n a a n d o e l an s the a t bb cy Du dr n n th r d , with c stl e of Lo ch

a e e e e e e in his a o n o a e o al l o s 1 6 m b n , w r r ct d f v ur i t t mp r rd hip . In 1 7 h e had al so by the same r oyal favour be stowe d o n him H ol ywood n a of L in cl u de n 1 62 2 he w Abbe y a d p rt . In as created Vi scount

A man an n 1 62 ar o f n n an a l e . He o n e as r d , d i 4 E l A d c nti u d gr o o m of t he be dch amb e r t o C harl e s I a n d in 1 63 8 he w as se n t n orth to ’ c n t ass s the n s a a a n s th e C o en a te s S otl a d o i t Ki g p rty g i t v n r . He ’ id e he cot ee e 1 6 V al o a l s T S s P ra . die d in 4 0 . B f ur P u g FROM FOUNDATION TO SUPPRESSION 8 5 heritabl ie a n d irre de em abl ie Off the daite the fou rt d a y o f N ovember JM i a n d t u e l fe ye e res Off a l l a n d sin drie the l a ndes a n d otheres wn derwrittin e viz — Off a l l a n d ba il l the L a ndes o f Netherl aw eistet a n d wester extending to an e e ightein e pu n d l a nd o f a uld extent with the te yn des there o f in cl u dit whil kes a re n ot se pe rat from the ground All a n d hail l the l a ndes o f over hes sil l feil d extending to an e four merke l a nd o f

‘ke s ol d extent with the teyn des thereo f in cl u dit q a re not sepera t from the ground Al l an d hail l the tua corn em yl n es o f D u n dre n n an e The ane thereo f c a l l it the m yl n e o f Au chin ca irn e And the other the m yl ne o f Nether Reirike with myl ne l an de s mul tores se que l l es and wa tte r ganges thairo f an d h teyn des o f the s amene in cl u dit w c a re not se pa ra t from the ground Al l an d hail l the fi ftie shilling l and o f O l d extent o f Nether Lin kin gs Al l a n d hail l the fou rtie Shilling l a nd o f B a l l ca skie Al l an d hail l the h a l fe merke l a nd o f B al l carie with the fi sh ing ca l l it the fishing z a ir a n d woodes thereo f and te yn des o f the samene in cl u dit Whil kes a re not sepa rat from the ground All a n d hail l ane cro fte o f l a nd ca l l it Tu rn o res cro ft extending to four a ikeres o f land or thereby lyau d be syde the Abbacie o f D un l dre n n an e With the teyn des thereof in cl u dit q ke s are not sepa ra t from the ground With all and sun drie the toures forta lices m a ner pl a ces houss biggings 86 THE ABBEY OF DUNDRENNAN

z a irdes ﬁ shin ges o f salmond and othere s ﬁshes an exis con n exis ou tsettes pairtes pendicles and per tin en tes thairo f whatsom evir L yan d within the

b a ronie o f Du n dren n en e a n d ste wartrie o f kirke ” 39 r t c u db y .

It is not necessa ry to pursue the matter further . These extracts from the a cts of the Scottish P a rli a ment not only decl are the cessation o f mona stic life

a a n d a ctivity a t Dundrenn n, but Show how the wea lth a tta ched to the mona stery ca me to be dis

m a posed o f and passed from one to another . It y be sufficient to concl ude with a statement o f 40 “ Sym son who in 1 684 decl ares : The Bishop o f

Du n bl aine a s a o f a - a a , De n the ch pel roy l , is p tron o f

a o f Rerick or Du n dran en an d bath a the p rish , , part o f his revenue p a id ou t o f the l a nds o f tha t Abb acy

’ a ba il eri heritabl ie exe rc he h th also a e here, d by the

a o f Nithisda l e a E rl , whose j urisdiction re cheth over

a on B ar n ri the whole p rish, except e o e called Kirk

a a c stel , belonging to the L ird o f Broughton .

3 ° Acts a rl t v P . Sco ol . a i. 2 . . 2 , vi , p rt , pp . 4 4 , 4 5. The ol d a n d " ” c o n a e o s of the o s th e e e tr ct d f rm w rd , th r o f a n d th e re by ” a e th e a e e e le v n ov a c e n o de n s e d . of o se h i b xtr t b m r i q , c ur , ” e a n s e e a se a n d l kes or whil ke s m d c d, q , which .

L ar e Descrition o Gall owa g p f y, p . 33 .

8 8 THE ABBEY OF DUNDRENNAN

seemed to think themselves at liberty to supply their

needs .

So fa r a s a D undrenn n is concerned, we have evi dence th a t it wa s in a sta te o f disrepa ir nea rly twenty

rd ye ars be fo re the Reform ation . On 3 November,

1 a a M ak il l a n d 543 , Abbot Ad m granted to J mes g

a a e o f a J net Ad mson, his spouse, a chart r the l nds o f ’ a Gl en u ckin a n d Da r awe l l a L rg, q y g in the bbey s

b a rony o f Ferry - o f - Cree for 60 0 merks (e qu a l to

0 0 a t e a bout £3 the pres nt value o f money), which sum wa s intended for the repa ir o f the church o f the

a t a a a s mon s ery, lready in its western p rt in ruinou ” 1 wa e a a ctiv condition . It s vidently the incre sing ity o f the re form p arty th a t stirred the worthy a bbot to set a bout this work o f restora tion shortly after 2 a a his ppointment to the abb a cy . To wh t extent the western p a rt o f the church m a y h ave been ruinous

sa ha s it is impossible to y, for the western part now

a a a l rgely di sappe red . But the ze l o f the newly

a an d f ppointed abbot, the e forts which the Church bega n to put forth to remedy some o f the more pa tent abuses in the hope o f sta ying the a dv ance o f

a a Protest ntism , incline us to the belief th t the ruin

“ am o e n al a e n ose . Re Gr ea t Sea l v J in ccid t i p rt rui g . , ol .

l 1 - 1 6 2 s 3 54 . P 7 9

9 H abita co n sideratio n e qu o d st atus e ccl es i e in S co ti a mul tum rilit atu t pe c s e s per e os qui he re ticam pra vitatem in se qu en tes s e o h iu m s e qu pr estare De o pu ta ban t s im on asteria cl au stralia o m n in o ” i de stru e ren t . I b d 2 . , p . 7 9 . FROM THE REFORMATION 89

e a a n d a h would be r p ired , the mon stery with its churc woul d a ga in be in good condition when the reform

a n moveme nt came to success . Th t its destructio ca nnot be l a id to the cha rge o f Protesta nt fa na ticism in the early da ys of the Protesta nt ascendency is mani fest from the fa ct th at Queen M a ry is believed to h a ve found Shelter within its wa lls in 1 568 ; but even more impo rtant th a n th a t is the contempora ry e a 1 8 n vidence furnished by Leslie, th t in 57 , eightee

a a a a ha d a s ye rs fter the Reform tion, D undrenn n yet

a at susta ined no d a m age . He m kes express mention “ a a o f Dru n dre n n en Sa l side n Sou l se at o u r th t d te , ( ),

’ L a dys Inche (St M a ry s Isle) quha is kirkis all a n d cl ostiris throuch the wisdom e a n d a u thoritie o f cer ” 3 l l i n n i il l t ane i u st r a d nobill men sta d s zit ha . I f D undrenn a n survive d a Protestant outbreak for

a a to eighteen ye rs, it is not likely to h ve succumbed such at a l ater d a te wh en the origina l pa ssion ha d somewh a t co oled down . At wh a t da te the work o f demolition a ctu a ll y

a a t beg n it is not possible to sa y . We h ve seen tha in 1 60 6 pa rli a ment pa ssed a n a ct forbidding the further appointment o f an y person or persons to the

a a . al l t bb cy In likelihood this a c , m a rking a com

l ete a the a a i a p sever nce from p st, indic tes the t me fter

o Les e The Historie o cotl a n d n l S . 1 o e J h i , f , p 3 (Sc t . T xt ’ Soc e iio . a m l e s ra sla n Adhuc in ta a i ty Ed t n D l ry p t n tio ). ct in the r o igina l . 9 0 THE ABBEY OF DUNDRENNAN

w hich the process o f demolition woul d be begun .

a It has been a sserted by some tha t the bbey church , a n d a a - wa a by others th t the ch pter house, s used for time a s the church o f the pa rish ; but we can ﬁnd no ! c a f r orrobor tion o either a ssertion . At the s ame time

m a e o McKe r they y quit p ssibly have been so used .

’ e a e l li s st t ment is tha t the o d pa rish church (which ,

’ a m a ccording to Timothy Pont s p, stood some little d istance to the north o f the abbey) w as still in use in the a e 1 62 a n d a wa s time o f Ch rl s I . ( 5 th t it a fter this the a bbey served the purpose o f the p a rish c a hurch . But it so h appens th at we know th t in 1 642 the a bbey buil dings were a lrea dy being used

The s ta te m e n t is m a d e in m o re th a n o n e qu a rte r th a t the a e c c w a u 2 a c a n bb y hur h s s e d a s the pa ri sh c hurch til l 1 7 4 . Th t n o t o s s l a e e e h I n 1 the R e v . ll a p ib y h v b n t e c a s e . 743 Wi i m

a m e s o m n s e of the a s e s e n e a e o n to the e s J n , i i t r p ri h , pr t d p titi pr byt e ry o f Kirk c udb right fro m whi c h it is e vid e n t th a t the buildi n g pre vi o u sl y u s e d a s the p a ri s h c hur c h w a s t he o l d c h a p e l a t

R e rrick a l n o n n e t b e s s l w a s a e , bui di g which c ti u d o o u e d unti it t k n d o wn in 1 865 wh e n a n e w p a ri s h c hurch wa s built in the villa ge of

D e n n a M r a m e s o n s o th e e s e t n e o n e undr n . J ught pr byt ry o i t rp e th ir a utho rity with the o bj e c t of h a vi n g th e c hurc h re p a ir e d . In “ his pe titi o n he s t a t e s th a t t he Kirk o f R e rrick h a th b e e n in a rui n ou s c o n ditio n b o th a s t o wa ll s a n d roo lf fo r th e s e se v e ra ll ye a rs

a s o e n e ffin d s e re u diia ll to his e a l p t , which y ur p titio r v ry p j c h th , h a ving pr e a c h e d s e v e ra l l tim e s duri n g th e s e tw o wint e rs p a s t w h e n th e ra i n s a n d s now h a v e by the wind b e a t up o n the pu l pitt ' t o the e a n f hi n e a gr t d a ge r o s l ife a s is w e ll kn own to the c o gr g ti o n . ” “ An d o he c n n e s e e w a s a o n o f s a th ugh , o ti u , th r s a vi it ti id Kirk S u m m e r wa s a ye a r wh e n th e pre s byte ry o rd e re d a r e pa ra ti o n e e o a n d e c o m e n e to the e l e e of the a s to th r f, r m d d it g nt m n p ri h m ul t s tint th e m s e l ve s a n d to a pp oint c ol l e cto rs for uplifti n g the

9 2 THE ABBEY OF DUNDRENNAN

Council o f Kirkcudbright are in need o f some more

a n d are a a a a a stone, they s id to h ve p id man a sm ll coin an d a pint of a l e to throw down the necess a ry

a a materi a l from D undrenna n Abbey . Ne rly nother — century p asses d ark a ges th a t keep concea led the — destroyers a t their work an d when the light begins

a a ha a n d to shine we see the h voc th t s been wrought, the a ncient f a ne a lmost in as ruinous a condition a s it

k o f a in . a Pococ e is now Rich rd , the bishop Me th , cluded D undrenna n in his Scottish Tour o f 1 760 : a n d from his description o f the ruins a s he found them we see how extensive wa s the demolition th a t ha a d a . e a a t ken pl ce A few y rs l ter the Rev . Wil

a a a a a li m Robb, Tongl nd, in communic tion, d ted

1 a a 1 8 to a 3th J nu ry , 7 9, Gener l Hutton, preserved

’ a mong the Hutton M a nuscripts in the Advoca tes

a c Libr ry, Edinburgh , reports thus con erning Dun “ drenn a n : It was tore down to build the present 4 a a n d a a cl auchan f m nse, l rge o houses beside it ,

’ fre ston es a n d a o s built with y , gentleman s house cl s ” by a t Ne wl aw be longing to Mr C a irns Severa l engra vings o f the ruins a bout this period help us to a ppreci ate even better tha n words how far the process

ha ne o f destruction d proceeded . Pococke gives o o f the north tra nsept and ch ancel taken from the north, which corresponds very closely with the exist

a . a C ardon n el s ing rem ins Ad m de , whose drawing

e o s e in 1 8 e a n ew an se was l . D m li h d 74 , wh n m bui t FROM THE REF ORMATION 93

in his P ictu resqu e An tiqu ities of S cotl a n d a re da ted

1 88 the 7 , shows us ruins from three points o f view, a n d they reve a l only a little more o f the buil dings

a a a . a st nding th n is now the c se Fr ncis Grose, too , w hose a ntiqu ari a n inte rests stirred Burns to describe

him in the well - known couplet ’ ’ a a a A chiel d s m ng you t kin notes,

’ ”

And, faith, he ll prent it, ha s likewise le ft on record in two e ngr a vings the s a at i st te o f Dundrennan Abbey the time he visited t .

a s a The visits o f men such these, with their dr w

an d are a o f a ings descriptions, indic tive new spirit th at wa s t aking possession o f men in regard to the

a wa s things o f the p st . Not yet, it is true, this spirit

f a a . a e o very gener l Still, the g w nton destruction w a s a a a a a e o f h ppily p ssing w y, though the g pre

s e rv ation an d restoration ha d not yet fully a rrived . For some years longer the a bbey continued

f . l a to su fer neglect Rubbish y everywhere, a n d in the course o f the intervening centuries the mounds had be come covered with a

a at n a tura l gra ss . C a ttle w ndered wil l among the

’ at ruins, lowing e en where monks were wont to Sing

a a their vespers . Ugly p rojections were r ised ag inst wa lls an d pill ars to shut off the churchya rd beyond

from the intrusion o f such unwelcome visitors . At

a n s l a st in 1 838 the restorer c me . At his own expe e

5 - An tiu ities o Scotla nd 1 8 1 . q f , 7 9 9 94 THE ABBEY OF DUNDRENNAN the Earl o f Selkirk bega n to save the ruin from a o a a a a é s bs lute dil pid ation . A gre t cle r nce o f d bri 6 a a - s u m took pl ce . In the ch pter hou e there were ’ ea rthed what is known as the Abbot s Monument an d

’ the Cell a rer s Stone a s wel l a s the Memori a l Stone o f Sir Willi am Livingstone ; in addition to which there ” was a solid m a ss o f o l d tombstones with which the ﬂoor o f the chapter - house see ms to h a ve be en 7 o p aved . The mem rials were ordered to be covered up a gain an d restored to the position in which they

f ar a a n were found . Not from the pl in oct gon colum th a t stands a lone to the south o f the ch apter - house

’ wa s a fi re - a or a there discovered pl ce, oven s pl ce, with a hea rth - stone o n which most evidently m any a ” ha a a a a a l l a fire d m de its ppe r nce . In prob bility this was the fi re - pl ace o f the ca lefactory or warming

a house. In nother qu a rter the workmen ca me upon a

a a an d a gre t number o f hum n bones, turned up v st

f a f a a o o . qu ntities sl tes coarse description But, in a ddition to this clearance o f débris an d levelling o f

f e a h soil , Lord Selkirk e fect d some rep irs upon t e buil dings themselves .

0 ’ F or a o n o f o l cc u t L rd Se kirk s oper ati o n s see the s h ort History dr e of D u n en n a n Abb y with its R el ies l s e d in 1 8 b , pub i h 3 9 y J . M cDiarmid e s , Dumfri .

s ﬂoo was e a e 1 1 2 n Thi r x min d in 9 , a d c erta in hith erto n u k o ra e sl a s of a o s e e o t “ n wn g v b bb t w r br ught o l ight . The so lid f o m ass o to mbst nes was e vide ntly so m e free ston e p avement which wa s found .

9 6 THE ABBEY OF DUNDRENNAN

l e a m an ft victim to every element, included, by w a a f hich a rchitecture can be e ffaced . Not tr ce o it w a a n ill be discoverable in ﬁ fty ye rs . Arches d win d ows might be rescue d by the l abour o f on e m an for a single d a y ; but it is de a lt with a s i f spite hated it . N o execration ca n do justice to the ca reless or se lﬁsh insensibility th a t can o bstin ate ly pe rsevere in the d a a o f ily perpetr tion such a trocity . My excellent a n d e n ow a m an d steemed host, in whose house I , o n e o t a whos gr und his abbey st nds, is the chief de

a a l in qu en t . And the v lue of the c se is tha t he is a

o a a n d - a a m st liber l right minded gentlem n, bec use t his sho ws tha t the mischie f proceeds from no posi t ive l a a y unproper object, but from th t bsence o f r on ight feeling which , such subjects, seems to be n e a a a rly univers l mong Scotch proprietors . They

a o f g ze on the glorious ruins noble buil dings, over

an d a n d which time history delight to linger, which

a a l l I n it s g ive their est tes the d g y they posses , with e a a a do x ctly the same emotion th t the c ttle , to which these impressive ediﬁces a re genera lly consigned . ”

I t a a a a a a . is humili ting, n tion l sc nd l How much more in simil ar str a in his lordship poured forth upon the hea d o f his host o f C u m stou n

at a history does not rel a te . But it is least signiﬁc nt th a t in the course of a bout a year deﬁnite steps were

f a t aken or the preserv a tion o f the ruins . A memori l wa s a a i i got up, sking th t the Comm ss oners o f Woods

98 THE ABBEY OF DUNDRENNAN actually occupied the site immedi ately in front o f the great west door o f the a bbey . These the heritors

a wa s decided to remove. Me ntime, much progress

was an d being m a de within . The soil levelled tons

a o f débris were clea red awa y . The w lls were care

a n d a . fully examined, judicious rep irs were executed The memorial stones discov ered by Lord Selkirk

a a a were once g in une rthed . Round the whole ruins there was partly repaired an d p a rtly built a sub st a n tia l boundary wall by means o f which a l l ga ps

a n was a were ﬁlled up, d there le ft the gre t west door as the only a venue o f access to the a bbey . Thus wha t Lord Cockburn so greatly desidera ted

a f ha d come to p ss . The expenditure o a few hundred pounds ha d s a ved the a bbey for a t least

a a e a a - h l f c ntury longer . And when th t h l f century ha d el apsed Government a ga in spent a considera ble

a sum o f money upon the ruins . E ch summer since

1 0 6 a are a 9 oper tions, which now ne ring completion,

a e a a h ve b en proceeding at the a bbey . Veget tion th t ha d a an d grown upon the w lls has been removed, even the mantle o f ivy th a t lent for many yea rs such picturesqueness to the ancient ediﬁce ha s suffered in

e . a s these op rations Its removal , however, that o f

wa s a the other form s o f vegetation , necess ry in order to allow of a most thorough ex a min ation o f every p a rt o f the buildings and the ca reful repa ir o f these

has which followed . Foundation work been better FROM THE REFORMATI ON 99

has a a exposed to view . Much soil g in been removed

th a t the proper ﬂ oor- level o f the conventu a l buil d

a a n d a - ings might be re ched, the ch pter house and o a a o a l ther p rtments now sh w to better adv ntage . A

o t gether, much credit is due to those in ch arge for the j udicious m anner in which the operations have been conducted . I f Dundrenna n c annot be completel y

a restored, the bsolute neglect o f former years is now

a h ppily come to an end .

- THE ABBEY F ROM NORTH WEST. CHAPTER V.

D C V C THE x ES RIPTI E A COUNT OF RUINS .

are m a N describing the ruins as they now , we y premise that D undrennan Abbey occupies a n ”

a a . ideal site for a Cisterci n mon stery St Bernard , “ a a observes writer, always loved the v lleys, sur rounded on each side by leafy trees an d pleasa nt

an d a meadows stre ms, but St Benedict loved the

a n ridges d crests swelling to the heavens, from whose

1 a r o m o e s e a l e s o s the s a e e e Ap t fr n tic by r i r vi it r , ruin h v b n

a e l l e s e the Re v . E B . s o m o re c r fu y d crib d by . H utchi n in h Abbe o D u n dren Memoria l s o t e f n a n 1 8 the R e v . G e o e f y , ( 57) by rg

i n s e of Re rrik n n n a h e c 0 b . the a sa o s M c C o c , mi i t r , ( in Tr cti ’ h e e e c e s ol o a o e a n d a r e s o f t e Ab rd n E cl i gic l S ci ty, in H p r

l es in G a l l owa a l s o M a G ibbon a n d o s s in R a mb y, by c R

c l esia stica l Architectu re o S co tla n d an d a ol m e E c f , in v u i s s u e d by the sa m e write rs fo r the Ayr a n d G a l l o wa y Archae ol o

l ss o a on e e The F ive G rea t C hu r hes o G a l l owa g ica A ci ti , ntitl d , c f y , M e n tio n m a y h e re b e m a d e of the fa ct th a t the pre se n t write r ha s r e c e ntl y c a rrie d o u t s o m e e xca va ti o n in the ga rd e n a t

m a o f the s e f h o n a s e R e rrick M a n s e which e bra c e s p rt it o t e m t ry . He ha s be e n fo rtuna te in di s c o ve ri n g a c o n s id e ra bl e e xte nt o f s a n d is a l e to e e r n e the ro la of os fo unda tion , b d t mi g und p n m t

n s n the s o s e o f th e C l o s e n o a l the o f the buildi g o uth id i t r , t b y l re fe cto ry a n d the h o use of the a y bre thre n .

1 0 2 THE ABBEY OF DUNDRENNAN monks themselves ; th at it is thro ugh their artiﬁci a l dra ining o f the l a nd a n d their other a gricultura l Operations that m a ny a dreary swamp ha s become

a a a converted into fertile me dow, and m ny a wilder ness now blossoms as a rose .

o f a The monastery D undrenn n, like others, woul d be surrounded by a l a rge wa ll enclosing a n area o f

a o f a several acres in extent . No tr ce this w ll now

a a exists . Somewhere in this w l l there would be ’ porter s lodge and a ga te wa y by which access woul d be ha d from the outside worl d into the precincts . It may be rem arked here tha t the abbe y is built o f a

a e a h rd, durable freeston , grey in colour but with

f wa a tinge o red in it . The stone s obt ined within the

a a on ethe rl aw parish from qu rry the property o f N ,

Pococke a a a n which , by a mist ke excus ble in Irish

m an a . , calls Lough N dir The present a ccess to the ruins is by the great west

o f a a door the church . Before entering , we rem rk th t

a o f ha the f ce the west front s been much renewed, prob ably a t the time the buildings were ta ken over

a a a - by Government . In m ny bbeys a le n to porch a e o dorn d the west front, but there does not seem t m have been one here . There ay h a ve been two

a on on e on a e sm ller doors the west, e ch side o f th main centre door . The b a se o f the doorwa y o n the

a on a e north side is pl inly discernible, but e c nnot b sure o f a door on the south . The grea t west door ha s ACCOUNT OF THE RUINS 1 0 3

on a pointed arch recessed . The mouldings rested three long detached sha fts, only one o f which is still

a a an in position . The det ched sh ft is indication o f ” a So too a - a a a e rly work . , , is the n il he d orn ment

an d a tion , which will be noticed here at other p rts o f the ruins AvE THE N .

o a P a ssing through the d orw y , we ﬁnd ourselves

a immediately within the N ve . At our left in the recess o f the built - u p sm a l l doorwa y there a re severa l

a f a e memori ls, o which d scription is given in the

a e a 8 succeeding ch pter . (M mori ls numbered 7, , 9, ‘ and The north a n d south wa l ls o f the nave

a a o f or rem in only to height three four feet, and these were rebuilt when Government took over the

a o f h ch rge o f the a bbey . At the junction the nort wa ll with the north tra nsept the rem ains o f a Norm a n

can a n d o a window be seen , pr b bl y there were eight

o f a wa s windows this type in this wa l l . The n ve

an d a furnished with north south isles, and the

' founda tions o f the piers which separate d these a isles

a a from the n ve for the most p rt rem a in . The piers

e on a were s ven in number e ch side, issuing with the

a a tower and west w ll piers in eight , prob bly pointed ,

f - . a o e bays The ch racter these pi rs , twelve clustered

ou t o f a a a m a and rising round Norm n b se, y be ga thered from the surviving portion o f the south

a pier ne rest the door . Indications in the foun d a 1 0 4 THE ABBEY OF DUNDRENNAN tions o f the ﬁ fth piers on ea ch side suggest that the

n choir screen ran across the na ve at this point . O

B O F I N ASE PIER NAVE .

r l a a a o u right, p ced ag inst the south w l l o f the nave,

m a a a e o f there y be seen l rge numb r stones, portions o f a n d a ha s groining , bosses wh t been thought to be

a f p rt o the choir screen . At the eastern extremity o f t an a his wall there is Opening, which indic tes the position o f the doorwa y by which the monks usu a ll y entered the church from the Cloister when proceeding

a to the choir to eng ge in their services .

H T E CROSSING .

wa s a The Crossing surmounted by tower, which tra dition decl a res to h ave be en two hundred feet in

n height . There can be little doubt that this is a e xaggeration . It was quite contra ry to the rule o f the Cisterci a ns to adorn their mona steries with lofty towers . E ven Newabbey and Melrose Show towers o f a a quite moder te proportions, and s Dundrennan

1 0 6 THE ABBEY OF DUNDRENNAN we ﬁnd in this position m a y very prob ably h a ve been removed there merely to supply a worn thresh o l d stone ; but the inst ances in which we ﬁnd them

are an a a thus very numerous, d in m ny c ses the stone ha s a l l the a ppe arance o f being in its origina l posi ” has tion . In the present insta nce the stone evi den tl e y b en subsequently pl aced here . Above the north doorwa y are two l a rge Norm a n windows deeply spl a yed an d recesse d within two semi - c ir cu l a r a rches which e xtend the full width o f the wa ll . Above these windows a ga in a re two sm a ller pointed

o f on e a windows, part , however, h ving been blown

a o f a a down by storm in I 839. In the portion w ll c rried a wa y by this storm there wa s a bove these pointed

o a a a wind ws sm ll window which, in the dr wings o f Pococke C ardon n e l a n d o e , Gr s , is shown to be

a rect angul a r . The west side o f the north tr nsept is

e a o light d by four Norm n wind ws, the two clerestory w indows being ra ther l arger th an the two below . A complete pointed a rch spa nning the entra nce to the north a isle o f the na ve a lso rem a ins on this side .

The a o f a o e a e st side the tr nsept Sh ws thre b ys, rising

a a a a n d a a the from piers h ving Norm n b ses c pit ls, a a rches being extremely pointed . Above these rches

a a e Nor is the tri forium , and over this g in are thr e m an a s clerestory windows, only h l f the size o f tho e 4 o n e M ibb n n the w st side. acG o a d Ross describe the

hes a wa he F ive hu o G ll o . 61 . T C rc f y , p ACCOUNT OF THE RUINS 1 0 7 e ast side o f the tra nse pt a s the most rem arka ble part “ o f the ediﬁce . The windows o f the clerestory are the s ame in design a s those o f the rem a inder o f the

n a n d are tra sept the choir, but they reduced in height by the introduction o f the triforium above the string course which goes round the other sides below the sills o f the upper windows . The string course is

f a 1 0 a as r a ised by three steps o bout inches e ch , so to m ake room for the arche s o f the m a in arca dch the

a t - a o f a ﬁrst step is the north west ngle the tr nsept,

e the a an the s cond in the centre o f north w ll , d the

- other in the north ea st angle o f the m a in wa lls . There has evidently been some difficulty a n d hesita I t tion about the introduction o f the tri forium . ” looks a s i f it ha d been an a fterthought .

a e The north tr ns pt, like the south , is furnished

a n a a e a a ha s a with e st isle, the st w ll of which lmost a l l a e a e e a to a o f dis pp r d , but nough rem ins Show p rt

a . a ha d a a Norm n window The isle, which groined

a o f a as a roo f, p rt which rem ins, woul d be used

a or a e ch pel ch p ls, furnished with two , i f not three, a lt ars ; an d its northern a n d southern se ctions were proba bly partitioned off from the tra nse pt by wooden

a e the a o f screens, inserted into the ch nn ls cut in b ses

an e the responds d piers . Und r the Norma n window in the north wa ll o f the a isle there is a niche with a

a - rounded rch , in which is a much mutil ated ﬁgure in a a recumbent ttitude . This monument is loca lly 1 0 8 THE ABBEY OF DUNDRENNAN

known as The Belted Knight . It will be noticed th a t the ﬁgure is represented as cl a d in a ha ube rk o f c a a ‘ h in mail over which there is long surcoat . There

a a n d a is a belt round the w ist, nother over the right

Shoul der . The right h and seems to h ave gra sped the h f a o l a . ilt long sword, which y upon the body A shield woul d prob ably have adorned the left side o f

. a a U n for the ﬁgure The he d rests upon pillow . t u n atel a f y , the f ce o the ﬁgure ha s bee n ruthlessly d a n a an r . estroyed, d the rms d the legs a e w a nting But enough o f the l atter rem ains to revea l two most

a . a interesting f cts First, the rmour is o f pure chain m — ail , there being no plate armour on the knee s an d

F L D G L W Y O L O F L . MONUMENT A AN , OR A O A plates on the knees were among the ea rliest o f the e xtra de fences to be introduced in armour . That t ook pl ace about 1 2 50 ; a n d therefore the da te o f this

1 1 0 THE ABBEY OF DUNDRENNAN

position o f Al a n among the great b arons o f the l and m a y in some degree be j udge d by the fa ct th a t the n ames o f only four tempora l l ords prece de his na me

o o f in that historic document, while th se eleven

a a o thers follow it . L ter he ssisted the King in his

to a a o pposition the rebel , Hugh de L cy, w tching him

with his ga lleys o ff the co a st o f Irel and . Lacy sub

m itt 1 2 2 a a a e s e d in 4, and next ye r Al n Obt ined p rmi s ion to lea se his l ands in Irel a nd and pl ace tena nts

a a 1 2 2 8 o n them . He m rried s his third wi fe in

’ a a a a a wa s L cy s d ughter . By previous m rri ge he

t he Dev or il l a o o f a father o f g , f under Sweethe rt

a n d e o f a o f Abbey moth r John B lliol , King

a . 1 2 a e Scotl nd He died in 34, h ving exercis d in his

d a a an d a a a y gre t inﬂuence, h ving been l rge bene 5 ’ a a f a ctor o f the Church . In front o f Al n s tomb l arge ﬁ at Sl a b on the ground be ars the following in

M em ria o to c s o o ls . a s t th Acc rding Hut hi n ( , p vi ito r o e ruin s in 1 7 2 2 d e c l a re d th a t the re wa s th e n in e xi s te n ce a m o nu m e nt of fre e st on e with a s ta tue a s big a s l ife liav in g upo n it the fol l owing i n scription in gr ea t R oma n c a pita l s HI C JAC ET V I R HO NO RAB I LI S DOMINUS PATR I C I US MAC L O LANUS DOMINUS D E WIG TON ET VICE - CO MES G AL LAV I DI E Q UI OBIIT ANNO DOMINI MI L L ESIMO Q UAD RAG ENTESI M O Q UINQUAG ESIMO C I N . C L L S ECUNDO CUJ US ANIMA REQ UIESCAT PACE M EL AN . — Sir Pa trick M a cl e ll a n ge n e ra l l y know n a s t he T uto r of

c —wa s e a se of his l o a l to the n a n d o o s B o mbi , b c u y ty Ki g pp itio n

u la se s sa t o a e e e e z e h f t o the Do g , id h v b n s i d in t e C a s tl e o Ra e

e rr a n d a r e off to th e C a s e of e a e e e c om b y , c r i d tl Thr v , wh r by m a n f l l a a o la s he wa s 1 2 l d o Wi i m , E rl D u g , in 45 fou ly put to e e e e w a s n e a d e a th . If v r th r in Du dr nn n Abb e y s uch a n in s crip o e e is e r a n o e s e of n w n ti n , th r c t inly v tig it o ; a d the pure cha in ACCOUNT OF THE RUINS 1 1 1

— scription ELI ! ABETH VANS SOMETIME LADY BROV GHTOV N QWHAV DEPARTED THI S

. HIR AGE 63 . The stone is now very much worn

P a rt o f a Shiel d can be traced in the upper part and the letters EW on on e Side o f it . On the opposite side o f the door in the north tra n

a sept there is a nother niche, but with pointed and not

C ardon n el a rounded a rch . states th t in this niche

a o f a a there wa s formerly ﬁgure the l dy of Al n, Lord

a a a o f G a ll owa y, who is lso s id to h ve been buried at Dundrenna n : but at the time o f his visit ( 1 788)

ﬂ at a . e t here wa s no vestige o f it rem ining The ston ,

th e a level with ground , th t now occupies the niche h a s the following inscription round the border

m a of the m on m e e o e u s a e s the m e of l a a n il u nt b f r indic t ti A n , d n l n t a of tw o e n e s l a e c e rta i y o th t c turi t r . It m a y be inte re s ti n g to a dd h e re tha t fo ur ye a rs a fte r Sir ’ a M a c l e l la n s e a e n the o e of the D l P trick d th , wh p w r o u g a se s ha d

e o e ol e a l e n a m e s I I . e n e e G a l l o a e b c m int r b , Ki g J t r d w y , r ducing

to o e e n e a n d s e s s l a a c n e a e C a it b di c ucc fu ly tt ki g Thr v s tl e , the The a gre a t Dougl a s s tro ngho ld . bbo t of T o n gl a n d re ce ived c o mpe n sa ti on fo r the d e s tructio n of his gra in by the h ors e s of the Kin g wh e n a t tha t re l igio u s h o u s e a t the tim e of the s ie ge a n d , ea e w a s a e the n l e e n him a fte r Thr v t k n , Ki g ft b hi d fifte e n pe rso n s il l a t th e m o a s e e s of o n l a n a n d e n n a n t ri T g d Dundr n , pro ba bly in th ifi rma rie s f or tre a tm e n t e n . An o th e r e ntry in the Ex c h e qu e r w n n Ro ll s sh ows ho the Kig w a s k e e pi g himse l f i nfo rm e d a t thi s m f the o e m e of e e n s the s t i e o m v nt v t in di trict . A s u m of fi ve “ shill ings is e nte re d a s h a ving be e n pa id to a m e s se n ge r fo r ca rry in g l e tt e rs fro m Du n dre nna n t o Fa lkl a n d to the Lo rd the Ki n g ” o f t he a e s Re iv ou i with n e ws n vi . ( g . P r y C nc l ; a n d Ex che quer

Rol l s v ol . . , vi ) 1 1 2 THE ABBEY OF DUNDRENNAN

HEIR LYI S MARGARET LUNDIE LATE SPOUSE " TO MASTER ROBERT BOWI S M I NR RERIK WHO

DEPARTED SEPT 2 1 1 68 1 [ ETAT 45. Robert B owis wa s the second l a st Episcopal curate o f

r i the p arish o f Re r ck.

THE CHOIR .

a Leaving the north tra nsept we p ss to the Choir,

ha s a . a which, it will be Observed, no isles The sp ce

a a the is largely occupied by gr ves . Ap rt from a e a o f a d bb y memori ls, the oldest stone the whole joining churchya rd lies here . It is a plain stone, embedded in the ground an d broken through the

a o f an middle, lying bout the centre the choir, d very t nea r the north wa ll . The inscription is beginning o be s a a I t omewh t worn , but is still quite decipher ble . rea ds : HERE LYES EDWARD CULTANE SOMTI ME MALTSTER I N G ILL WHO DEPARTED THIS LIFE THE 1 9 DAY O F SEPTEMBER AND OF HI S AGE 60 AND THE YEI RE OF

GOD 1 667 .

Erected ag a inst the south wa ll there stands an

a other stone, d ted I 77 5, with these lines upon it

’ a f a F rewell , r il world , I ve seen enough of thee ,

Nor d o a a a sa o f I c re wh t thou c nst y me .

n o t f a Thy smiles I court , nor thy rowns I dre d ,

a is a an d at a My he rt e sy, rest my he d .

for f a Grieve not me, my wi e nor children de r, ’ " tis o f God a a For the will th t I lie he r .

ACCOUNT OF THE RUINS 1 1 3

an on To the e ast o f this stone, d lying its side, there

1 80 0 e the is another, d a ted , er cted to memory o f his “ a o e a p arents by son in New Y rk , In t stimony th t n either Time nor Foreign Clime coul d remove Fili a l ” Affection .

The choir a ppea rs to ha ve ha d a v a ulted roo f .

o Nothing rem a ins o f the e a st wa l l . In the n rth and south wa lls there were three l a rge Norm a n deeply s a a re n o pl yed clerestory windows . There windows

a a a in the lower p rts o f the w lls . In the south w l l n ea r its e a st end there a re the rem ains o f a double

iscin a o r a n re trefoil p sink, d a t its west end there a three pointed a rches which covered the sedil ia or

a e for se ts res rved the chie f ofﬁci a ting priests . The

O F D POSITION THE SE I L IA .

sa wa s choir, needless to y, the most s acred pa rt o f the whole building . Properly, it shoul d be con sid 1 1 4 THE ABBEY OF DUNDRENNAN ered as ex ten din g in to the na ve to those piers a lready indicated a g a inst which the choir screen wa s

o o a n d e o f erecte d . Al ng the n rth south sid s the choir there woul d be a row o f sta ll s for the a ecom m o atin o f d o the monks . Here they would come for

a da a eight services e ch y, the ﬁrst commencing so e rly ’ a s two O clock in the morning . Two doors will be

on e a n d Observed, in the north the other in the south

o f a re o f e wall the choir . These rec nt construction ,

’ h a ving bee n inserted a t the time o f Lord Selkirk s

- he a rep airs . The m ake u p o f that in t south w ll is very a a a a pp rent . It is rched by be uti ful portions o f a r

adin c g . It is worth while p a ssing through the door wa y to ex amine the ornament ation on the a rcading on — the fa rther side the n ail - h e a d orn a ment being a s

a s a w distinct the d y the stone a s chise lled .

THE SOUTH TRANSEPT .

There is an ea st a isle in the South Tra nsept cor

a e the responding to th t in the north tra nsept . Lik

ha s a o f f choir, it been m de use or buri a l purposes in modern times . A stone a t the north end o f the a isle

e t o f - e comm mora tes he wi fe Lieut . Colonel Georg

B a l car who on a a Johnstone o f y , died her p ss ge home

8 2 - a n from India in 1 5 . The sorely stricken d deso l ate hea rt o f the husb and procl a ims its irrepa rabl e loss thus Heu qu a nto minus est cum rel iqu is ” h ve rsari a m em in isse . ow qu m tui (Ah, little is

1 1 6 THE ABBEY OF DUNDRENNAN

- in a south wa ll is to be seen a sm a ll tre foil a rched pisc .

oh The tri forium in the south transept, it will be

r . se ved, is different from th a t in the north transept Over each a rch o f the m a inarca de there a re only two

I N S PISCINA SOUTH TRAN EPT . pointed windows instead o f the group of four in the

a s north tra nse pt, and, in ddition , the e windows are

a open an d n ot blind as in the other . Only com parative l y sm a ll portion o f the south wa ll o f the tra nsept rem a ins ; in the centre o f it is a doorwa y o f modern construction . On the right o f this doorway

o f the a is seen a portion stone jutting out from w ll . As this corner ha s evidently been a good dea l

a on a a ff a p tched up, e c nnot irm th t the stone in ques

a . is a l l tion is in its origin l position I f it , it is in prob ability p art o f the support o f the sta ir which ran ACC OUNT OF THE RUINS 1 1 7

from this transept to a height o f ten o r twelve feet up

wa s to a doorwa y in the south wa ll . It by this door way an d sta ir the monks ga ined access from their dormitory to the church when proceeding to their AM a e at 2 . e rly s rvice in the choir . At all other ser vices the monks entered the church from the Cloister

“ a a a a t a by the door, lre dy indic ted, the e stern end o f

a a m a the n ve . Be fore le ving this corner, notice y be

a taken o f pa rt o f the m a trix o f a bra ss memori l .

HE T SACRI STY .

P a ssing through the d oorwa y in the south wa ll we

a a a en ter wh t wa s formerly v a ulted ch mber. Much

doubt exists a s to the ex a ct purpose it served . Some

a wa s a a have thought th t it mortuary ch mber, or the

a a trea sury or a penite nti a l ce ll . Others g in consider

a a n d a it to h ve been the Sacristy, this view is prob bl y

o n a wa s o f a ha d the correct e . The s crist the ﬁci l who

a o f a o f a ch rge the f bric the church , the c re o f the

a a n d a - alt rs their furnishings, the s fe keeping o f

a n d a n d wa s vessel s vestments, to him committed

o f the duty attending to the lighting o f the buil ding .

HE T CLOI STERS .

Le aving by the doorw a y on the west (which Grose depicts with a n a rch o f tre foil sh a pe) we enter the

- a a . Cloister court , which is very ne rly squ re This wa s a o the busy centre o f the d ily c nventual li fe . It 1 1 8 THE ABBEY OF DUNDRENNAN

a m ay he rem arked that the Cloister, with the v rious

a s buil dings surrounding it, usu l ly occupied the outh

o u r ern position a ssigned to it a t D undrenna n . In col d northern clima te we are gl a d to get as much

a n a a s an d sunshine d he t possible, these ends were kept in view in the choice o f a southern exposure for

a re the Cloister. But there exceptions to this rule, as,

a n d con ven for example, Melrose, where the Cloister tu a l buildings were a l l on the north side o f the church . B ut such departures from the common rule were determined by the p articul a r circumsta nces o f each f a . e o a mon stery There wer , course, four w lks run

a o f a 1 0 or 1 2 e ning long the sides the Cloister, e ch fe t

a wa s a r a wide . E ch walk covered by pentice o le n

a n d wa s n to roo f, separated from the court by a

a a . w a s rc de, possibly wooden The northern Cloister a busy centre o f the conventu a l li fe . Along the wa ll

e a there were s ts ﬁxed, which were occupied by the monks in the interv a ls between their services in the

a n d n ot choir, when employed in any othe r duty .

sat Here they , giving themselves to study or em ploying themselves in any a cts o f obedience enjoined

a n them . There c be seen in the wall a number o f co rbels which might indic ate the position o f the

a . se ts These corbels, however, were found among the rubbish when Government took over the build

a n d a a a ings, they were ppropri tely pl ced in this wall

w te - a a s . rt when it rebuilt The clois r g h in the centre,

1 2 0 THE ABBEY OF DUNDRENNAN

The doorway especi a lly is o f el a bora te workm a n

ship : the ﬁ ve - l obed cusping shows considerable de

- coration a a e . , though now somewh t we th r worn The windows on each Side o f the doorwa y a ppear to ha ve been restored a n d perh a ps even reduced from the

a a o f origin l size . They are e ch two lights

a a (pointed), the centr l round sh ft, however, which

a a disa divided the window, h ving in both c ses p

eare - p d . There is much nail head decoration to be

n a Observed o these windows . It woul d lmost seem a s i f the prese nt ch a pter - house ha d been preceded

on o f a a by e e rlier da te . Right long the front there is exposed wh a t looks like the founda tion o f a n

O f t earlier building . In front the north window here

an a e a a s lies inscribed sl b , which is g ner lly known

’ o o the Pri or s Stone . It is the m nument f Prior

Bl akom or at , who lived the beginning o f the four tee n th century . It . is described more fully in the

a No . fol lowing Ch pter . (Monument

a we P ssing through the doorway, descend into the

f - inte rio r o the ch a pter house by three steps . The

a a or north w ll st nds to a height o f four feet so, two

i o f the a a to a an d th rds e st w ll the s me height, little

a the a f more th n found tions o the s o uth wa ll rem a in .

ha d a a a s a n The building v ulted roo f, c be seen from

a on e a an d was the indic tions the w st w ll , the roo f supported in the middle by Six piers in two rows o f

e . a a a f thr e AS lre dy st ted, the tower O the Ol d ACCOUNT OF THE RUINS 1 2 1

Courthouse o f Kirkcudbright wa s built o f stones

a n d - t aken from Dundrenna n Abbey, the top stone

o f the spire on which the v ane rests is the ca pital o f

- on e o f these piers o f the chapter house . Recently a good dea l o f soil has been removed from the chap

ter - house : the origin a l hoor- level ha s been once

a a a n g in reached, d the stone benching round the

sides ha s been repa ire d .

The ch apte r - house wa s tha t p a rt o f the mona stic buildings where the a ffa irs o f the mona stery were

a n wa s e . supervised, d where its discipline enforc d

a a wa s the a D ily ch pter hel d, monks g thering

’ here a bout nine O clock a fter morning m a ss . They

e a ran took their s ts on the stone benches, which

the an d a an d a a along north south w lls, w ited the

o f a a a coming the bbot, who, on his rriv l , proceeded

up the middle o f the ch a pte r - ho use to his sea t in the w f a wa s n o e . centre o the e a st wa ll . The ch pter b gun

m a o e a The buil ding, it y be here n t d , derives its n me from the fa ct tha t a t this mee ting th e re was rea d

a a a o f the e o f the a e An d ily Ch pter Rul mon st ry . n iversa ries O f the s aints were a nno unced : the bless ing O f God wa s invoked upon the specia l duties o f the d ay such work a s the monks performe d in turn woul d now be a ssigned to e a ch : intim ations were received o f the dea th o f a n y members o f the neighbouring

a n a f r religious houses, d pr yers o the repose o f their souls were ordered . Any action to be taken in the 1 2 2 THE ABBEY OF DUNDRENNAN

n a me o f the community, such as the giving o f char

a a ters, was now s nctioned . A m in purpose for which

a wa s wa s ch pter hel d the exercise o f discipline . Any

ha d e a monk who b en guilty, even in dvertently, o f a n y infra ction o f the rul e o f the Order might be in

a a an d formed g inst, punishmen t more or less severe

a would be pportioned him by the supe rior. The c h a pter - h ouse wa s use d in a dditio n a s a buri a l - pl a ce

a for the bbots . Their gra ves were indica ted by

a a s a on e sepulchr l sl b pl ced a l vel with the ﬂoo r . In the summer o f 1 9 1 2 discovery wa s m a de o f ﬁve

a - a a e o f such gr ve sl bs, besides numerous fr gm nts

’ o a ther bbots mem ori a ls . These a re a l l ful ly de

e in a . scrib d the succeeding ch pter (See Monuments,

N0 3 . 2 a n d e a the a r I , , 3 , 4, 5, Before l ving ch pte house attention m ay be dra wn to the sh a ttered fra g ments o f a stone which must a t on e time h ave been a a a dorned with a m gniﬁcent br ss, upon which two

e f o a an d a o a . ﬁgur s, knight O f his l dy, were p rtr yed The memori a l ha s been a ssigned to the close o f the

. a thirteenth century (See next ch pter, Monument

No . C THE S RIPTORIUM .

Over the v a ult e d roo f o f the Ch a pter - house wa s the

a Scriptorium . A sm ll portion o f wa ll conta ining

a o f a a l l p rt window is tha t is left o f it . The ledge u a pon which the ﬂoor rested is pl inly visible . As its

a a wa s n me indic tes, the Scriptorium used by the

1 2 4. THE ABBEY OF DUNDRENNAN

Inﬁrm ary was the most ea sterly o f fourlong build ings running north and south . Down either Side o f A CCOUNT OF T HE RUINS 1 2 5

the long h a ll would be ranged the beds, and in the centre there wa s ample sp a ce for p artaking o f mea ls . The younger monks a ssisted the in ﬁ rm aria n in min i n a n d a too sterig to the sick to the ged , who, when feeble to undergo the regul a r discipline o f the mon

a e a a . a st ry, were ccommod ted here Here lso were a ccommod ated the monks during their pe riod o f con v a l e scen ce a fter h a ving undergone the operation o f

- an a wa s ~ blood letting, oper tion which deemed bene

ﬁ ia l to a a n c their he lth , d to which from time to time they ha d to submit themselves .

LATRINES .

e a a -s a a l a Thr e p rtment , prob bly L trines, y to the

o f in ﬁ rm ar . a west the y Portions o f these rem in, with sma ll windows in two o f them .

HE M AY- T COM ON D ROOM .

Sta nding a t the west o f these a p a rtments there is a a a o a wa s n e solit ry oct g n l column . This o , the

a row a a . ﬁrst, o f of columns th t stretched southw rd The columns were the centra l row o f piers which sup

o the a f o e the Da - o p rted v ulted roo v r Common y R om . Much dubiety exists a s to wha t ex a ct u se the Day

o wa s a Ro m put to . Some h ve held tha t I t wa s the

a a o f a mon stery workshop, where m ny forms m nu a l l a bour were eng a ged in . Others h ave m a inta ine d th a t it was a room m a de u se o f by the novices ; while o thers a ga in a re o f the be lief tha t it wa s a room 1 2 6 THE ABBEY OF DUNDRENNAN

e to wh re the monks a t times were a t liberty come , it being the o nly pl ace where it wa s possible for them

a at a . a to w rm themselves ﬁre Perh ps the, dubiety that exists points to the fact th at it m a y h a ve been

f r l l a ou t a used o a these purposes . As be ring the l st

a t a n a o f t a suggestion y r te, it is interest to no e th t during the opera tions conducted by the E a rl o f Sel kirk in 1 83 8 there wa s discovered near the pl a in

’ a a ﬁ re - a or e a oct gon column pl ce ov n s pl ce , with

a a on a ﬁ re he rth stone, which most evidently m ny a ” ha a a a 3 in d m de its a ppea r nce . Abbot G squet

t o Rites o clines this use of the room . He quotes the f

D u rha m a : a s , in which it is s id On the right hand ,

o u t in ﬁ rm ar wa you go o f the Cloisters into the y, s the

a n d a a . Common House, m ster thereo f This house w a s intended to h a ve this end to ha ve a ﬁre ke pt in it

a l l for an d a the winter, the monks to come w rm them

a t a a , being llowed no ﬁre but th t only, except the

a an d fﬁ ha d r m sters o cers o f the house, who thei ” a sever l ﬁres .

’ HE T MONKS DORMITORY .

Immedi a tely over the common d a y - room wa s the

’ wa s a a a Monks D ormitory . It usu lly situ ted in positio n where ea sy a ccess could be had to the church . It will be remembe red th at the ﬁrst service in the

ih M on a stic ife E n l s L . . g , p 3 4

1 2 8 THE ABBEY OF DUNDRENNAN

E THE BUTT RY . There can be no doubt th a t the next Ch amber ha d

a door a fﬁxed to its entra nce . The holes for bolts a re so numerous that on e might be excused for think

- ing this the strong room o f the mona stery . In point

o f a wa s . a e f ct, it the Buttery It djoin d the refectory,

r - a ha d comm u n ica o dining h ll , with which it direct

a a a tion by mea ns O f a common doorw y . In this p rt ment the re fectorer kept his dishes an d other utensils n a to e o f ecess ry the fe ding the community .

C THE REFE TORY.

a a Moving westw rd , we h ve the misfortune to lose the indica tions o f the a partments th a t occupied the rem a ining portion o f the site on the south o f the

. a a re a s a Cloister But, h ppily, we in no doubt to wh t

e for e a a o a they w re, rec nt exc v ti ns, undert ken in the M a nse g a rden on the farther side o f the bound a ry

a a a a e e w ll th t f ces us, h ve be n succ ss ful in revea ling the founda tions o f the buil dings an d determining

a a n d . a their pl n extent First c me the Refectory, or

a on e o Dining H l l , f the chie f buildings of a mona s

r f t e y . The refectory o Dundrenna n wa s a noble a pa rtment whose inside me asurement wa s 88 fee t 9 o l ng by 34 feet wide . From the spot where we

9 The o un d a o n s of the wa lls e e c a f ti , 5 f t thi k , h ve be e n l e a e n e it s c rly d ﬁ d . On e a s t s id e b e l ow its jun cti o n with the

e w a s a s e a n e to b e 2 e e in l e n butt ry (which c rt i d 5 f t gth , i n s id e m m n the ea s u e e ), wa ll wa s s e n e n e d w ou u e s r t tr gth ith f r b ttr se s, ACCOUNT OF THE RUINS 1 2 9

stand the width o f the re fectory m a y be judged as e xtending from the buttery to the commencement o f

the l a rge broken wa ll to the west o f us . The entrance

wa e to the refectory s in the centre, b tween the second

a n fﬁ o f d third buttresses, and there is just su cient the e ntrance remaining to show tha t a ccess to the h a l l

w a on e or as had by scending two steps . The lava

a a a a tory, in which the monks lw ys w shed their h nds

e a befor proceeding to dinner, gener lly stood right in front o f the refectory on the other side o f the Cloister

a a a . w lk, encro ching upon the Cloister g rth

a on a The prior gener lly presided, though speci l

a a t e o ccasions the bbot would preside dinn r, which

m n 2 w 1 1 a . a d 1 as partaken o f some time between . n oo o f the a h n . During the ringing bell which n o u n ce d the me a l the prio r took up his po sition at

e a n a the entra nc to the refectory, d the monks , h ving

a a n d e e a a duly w shed dri d th ir h nds, p ssed in before him to their respective pl aces . Any guests for the

t he o n a on s of c a re e e e a n d 1 n e s b r f u d ti whi h 5 f t wid 3 i ch e a d ,

t he e c e on of t he e m n a l e s s is 2 e e with x pti t r i buttr which f t broa d .

its s o e n d e e e e a s o o e At uth th r w r l f ur buttr s s e s . On its we s t s e a t it s so e n e n d e e e e o n l t wo e s s e s a id , uth r , th r w r y buttr , but t a d i s ta n c e o f 2 5 fe e t n o rth o f the s o uth wa ll thi s e a s t wa ll incre a s e d in o e 2 e e n c e s a n d s o al width by th r f t 4 i h , thi t t width of w a ll

o f e e c e s c o n n e fo r 2 8 e e . n o e 7 f t 4 in h ti u d f t U d ubt dly , within t h e width o f thi s wa ll wo uld b e c o n ta i n e d the ﬂight o f s t e p s which l e d u to the ul w w c e ve e e c o w a s ov d e d p p pit ith hi h ry r f t ry pr i .

The a l a o e a a n to its n o m a l o f e e a n d c on w l n rr w d g i r width 5 f t , t in u e d c a n e to the C o s e un h g d l i t r . 1 30 THE ABBEY OF DUNDRENNAN time being in the monastery woul d also ha ve pl a ces

a a ssigned them . The t bles stretched lengthwise, the monks sitting with their b acks to the walls . The

ffi a the e a a chief o ci ls occupied s ts f rthest up the room , the ordinary monks sat next in the sa me orde r as th a t

sat an in which they in choir, d the novices were near

a est the door . All having entered, the prior g ve the

Signal for the summoning bell to cease being rung, a n to d then he himsel f entered . The brethren stood

' receive him an d returned the how he gave them as he p assed up to his t a ble a t the south end o f the

. a . e a hall Dinner was very silent meal Ind ed, th t

a the minds o f the brethren might be suit bly occupied , one o f them wa s a ppointe d to read all the time o f dinner out o f the Holy Scriptures or other edi fying book ; an d for the better perform a nce of this duty a little pulpit wa s inserted in the middle of the west

a a a a s wall . In bout h l f an hour the me l , which w w on e a s . a very simple , over It concluded with the

a a a the a ch nting o f gr ce, sung by monks s they ﬁled out an d oc to the went in pr ession the church, where

wa Chant s ﬁnished .

THE KITCHEN . Behind the considera ble portion o f wal l to the west o f was a a ha d the re fectory the Kitchen, which n tur lly

- a to be in close proximity to the dining h ll . The

m a he a w a s a kitchen, it y rem rked, , as here, usu lly situated in a position a s f ar removed a s possible from

1 3 2 THE ABBEY OF DUNDRENNAN

wa s tion o f this building, however, not divided into

e a e a va ults, but form d one l rge chamb r, which prob bly se rved the purpo se o f a refectory for such o f the l ay brethren a s were occupied at work in or about the

a ha d mona stery . The doorway by which ccess was to this ch amber from the cloister is to be seen in the

the a was southernmost va ult . In s me vault there found during recent opera tions some twelve feet o f

a o l d jointed le d piping, the medium by which a

1 1 w ater supply was introduced into the cloister .

THE DORMITORY OF THE L AY BRETHREN .

The upper store y o ver these v aults a n d wh at ha s

’ b ee n described a s the l a y brethre n s re fectory wa s f L the Dormitory o the a y Brethren . The dormitory

1 1 Exca va tio n o f the fo unda ti o n s ha s re ve a l e d the fa ct th a t ’ a t s om e ti m e or o th e r in the m o n a s te ry s hi s to ry s o m e c h a n ge w a s i n trodu c e d in th e c o n s tru cti o n o f th e s o uth e rn p a rt of th e

l n . a e a s to a e e e n a l e fo r a t a s a n e of bui di g It pp r h v b curt i d , di t c 2 0 fe e t fro m its s outh e rn e n d a wa l l 5 fe e t thi c k h a s b e e n run a c os s the e a of the n a n d is c a e n s e the r br dth buildi g , rri d up i id e a s a l l c n Th n n f w t w with a thi k e ss of 1 8 i n c h e s . e j u cti o o th e t o wa ll s on the e a s t is pl a i n l y vi s ibl e n ot o nly is the l i n e o f divi si o n

l e a a e s the o n a l e a s a l c is f the s a c rly m nif t . but rigi t w l , whi h o u u l

e e c n e s s on s s s o f e e s on e e the 1 8 - n c a 5 f t thi k , c i t fr t , whil i h ddi t io a l a i n w ll s o f whi n s to n e . The curta il m e n t of the buil di n g l e ft a t th e s o e n e n d a c a m e 2 e e n c e s 2 0 e e uth r h b r a b o ut 1 f t 6 i h by f t .

o m e o e s on e o o e c s s o a t oo l l e a n d too S th r t w rk pr j t uthw rd , but itt

o e n to s n I t e h ol d an s e br k ig ify mu c h . m a y b a dd e d th a t t e M O o f R e rric k oc c upi e d the s it e o f th e c e n tr e o f thi s l o n g buil di n g it s o n a o n s l e s e e m a n e a in o the m o n a s e f u d ti ik wi r i , br king up n t ry

o n a o n s an d e n n to c a s e s o e o n s o . f u d ti , t di g u m c fu i n ACCOUNT OF THE RUINS 1 3 3

- o f has division wa lls in it, some which give evidence o f having been erected a t a d a te subsequent to tha t

- a a t o f the origina l buil ding . The division w ll the north end o f the dormitory revea ls the existence o f a

ﬁ re - a an d a s e r pl ce ; , ﬁres were luxuries not p m itt a a a e d to the ordin ry inm tes o f the mon stery, this northernmost a partment m a y ha ve served the purpose

— a o f a guest chamber . All mon steries were provided

—a o f a with guest ch mbers, for the exercise hospit lity was regarded by the monks a s a prima ry virtue .

Guests, however, were expected not to prolong their

re stay much beyond three da ys . It is interesting to mark th a t when in 1 9 1 3 this apartment wa s clea red o f a a é wa s ccumul ted d bris, there found adhering to the wa ll a portion o f the origina l pl a ster with which the

a m a walls were covered . The w lls o f the Church , it y

a a here be stated , were covered with thin co ting o f

a o f a a n d h rd lime, which, owing to the action we ther

a has a a successive rep irs, lmost entirely dis ppeared

a a e r the western w ll o f the north tr nsept being, p

a a haps, the only place where any indic tion o f it m y be seen .

an e a The whole building, upper d lower storeys, b rs

a a f wa s v rious n mes, from the di ferent uses to which it

e a C el l arium put, b ing c lled the , and , more commonly,

C on versorum the Domus , the House o f the Conversi L a . a w or y Brethren Its tot l length as 2 0 0 feet . Grose ( 1 789) is responsible for the statement that 1 34 THE ABBEY OF DUNDRENNAN

towards the south end of the western side o f these buildings wa s a small projecting erection in shape o f a cross, exactly Similar to the church, but inverted, those parts which fronted the ea st in one fa cing the ” I a west in the other . t is not very clear wh t is the “ ex act position here indicated . I f it is the south end ” o f the western side in its present length , then the buil ding was prob a bly the House o f the M a ster o f the Lay Brethren, which (when there was one) abutted

a upon their house a t this point . A small broken w ll

a a a over the southernmost v ult, with wh t ppears to be

a a r a a a m a the rem ins o f a doorw y o o f p ss ge in it, y f a vour the idea th a t this is the po sition referred to by Grose. o V RETURN T THE NA E .

We ha ve now described and explained the uses o f

a a a s such p rts O f the mon stery stil l exist, or to which

a e we h ve found reference . Oth r buildings there

a a would be, but, as we c nnot loc te them , no explana

r a a tion is called fo . We p ss long the western

an d e - a cloister, therefore, t enter the n ve o f the Church by a doorway at its western end . Arrived inside the

a a o nave, we see th t p rt f the wall at the end o f the ’ l a bre thren s y dormitory is built up . There was formerly a ﬂight o f steps here by which there wa s dir ect communica tion between the dormitory an d the church . The lay brethren, it may be added, occupied

a the n ve when at service .

1 36 THE ABBEY OF DUNDRENNAN

- Length o f common day room (approximately),

1 2 0 fee t .

- f o a 2 6 . Width o comm n d y room , feet

o f a a 2 . Length p ss ge, 5 feet

o f a a 8 e e . Width p ss ge, f t

o f 2 . Length buttery, 5 feet

1 6 . Width o f buttery, feet

o f 88 . Length refectory, feet

o f . Width refectory, 34 feet

2 Length o f kitchen, 5 feet .

2 . Width O f kitchen, 9 feet

f l a Extreme length o the house o f the y brethren ,

2 0 0 feet .

o f o f l a 2 2 Width the house the y brethren, feet

6 inches .

a n a 1 0 e 8 Cloister, North d West w lks, 3 fe t

inches .

a 1 0 2 1 0 e . South w lk, feet inch s 0 8 a a 1 . E st w lk, 5 feet inches

a a o f The m in w lls the buildings are 5 feet thick .

D W Y I N T OOR A NORTH TRAN S EP . CHAPTER VI .

MONUMENTS AND MEMORIALS .

UNDRENNAN ABBEY is riche r th a n m any

ha s mona steries in Memori a ls . Attention a lready be en directed to a number o f these in the

has course o f ou r investigation o f the ruins . It been

descri thought well , however, to reserve the fuller p l o f . a tion o f them , as some others, til l now As

a a a - a o f a n d a re dy st ted, ﬁve gr ve sl bs abbots fr g ments o f other gra ve - Sl abs were discovered in 1 9 1 2

- a s . in the chapter house . We sh ll de cribe these ﬁrst

- OF I . GRAVE SLAB ABBOT WILLIAM .

The oldest o f the stones which lie in the chapter house (an d indeed the Oldest o f any in the whol e a bbey) is that which commemora tes Abbot Willi am .

6 a 2 0 at In length it is feet, in bre dth inches the top,

a 1 a t t pering to 7 inches the bottom , and in thickness

6 . on it is inches The inscription it, in rude Lom

a a a a b rdic ch r cters, is now, especi lly the end o f it,

o e a a s m wh t f int . The ﬁrst word, which occurs

a sever l times in the inscriptions, is o f course a con trac 1 38 THE ABBEY or DUNDRENNAN

DOMPNU tion for S, commonly use d in ecclesias tica l L a tin o f the m edimval period for the more classical DOMINUS . The sign at the end o f the

a a a word (the contr ction for US) appe rs in v ried form , but a good - sized a postrophe m ay be taken as a

’ a a ne r appro ch . The inscription on Abbot Willi a m s stone is as follows :

DOPN 3 WILL 0 0 DE 5 DVN Below the inscription and occupying the centre of the

’ - T a stone is a rudely executed abbot s staff . he he d

o f the stone is adorned with a sm al l ﬂoriated cross o f

eu r- d e- l is a ﬂ p ttern, enclosed within a very roughly

aw a t a dr n circle . There were le st two abbots o f

a a D undrenn n who bore the n me o f William , the second o f whom lived in the third qu a rter o f the

a i ﬁ fteenth century . But by th t t me the use o f Lom

a wa s c c b rdic lettering dis ontinued in ins riptions, and memorials genera lly were much more elaborate a n d ornamenta l than this . There can be little doubt that the stone before us is the grave - slab o f the

a a D e rlier William , the second bbot o f undrennan,

1 40 THE ABBEY OF DUNDRENNAN

an d a s main , much dubiety exists to the correct rea d

a ha s a s ing . Beyond this stone, no record wh tever

f o f yet been found o this abbot . But the Simplicity its inscription a n d the crudeness o f the Lomb ardic lettering incline us to the be lie f that it com m em o

a on a o f r tes e o f the e rlier abbots . The beginning the thirteenth century m a y be given a s its a pproxim a te date .

- OF 3 . GRAVE SLAB ABBOT BRIAN .

The third stone in the ch a pter - house in the order — — o f d a te th at lying farthest ea st is that o f Abbot

a . L a re . Bri n ike the other two, its edges bevelled

6 e o 2 a a t to a n 1 at It is fe t l ng, 3 inches bro d p d 9

a n d ha s a ic f o a o 6 c . bottom , th kness b ut in hes It is

- a e e . cr ck d through the middl The inscription, once a a a a a is g in in the Lomb rdic Ch r cter, is deeply Inc ed,

a a n a c a very cle r d qu int . Pre eded by M a ltese

Cross, it runs

’ >X< DO PN 3 BRIAN 5 ABBAS 2 X I I

’ Bri a n s n a m e appe a rs a s th at o f a witness to a Charter o f certa in l ands in Kirkpa trick - Durh am granted by MONUMENTS AND MEMORIALS 1 4 1

Devorgil l a in her widowhood to God an d the Church o f St M a ry o f Sweetheart a n d the monks t here o f the Cisterci a n Order o f the Conve nt o f D undrenna n for the a bbe y to be built in hono ur o f

a G od an d St Mary the Virgin . Sweethe rt Abbey w a s the l a st o f the Cisterci an founda tions in Scot

l a an d the a a a 1 2 . a nd, bove ch rter is d ted 73 Bri n the refore ruled in Dundrenn a n be fore the period o f d e ha d se t a n d was cline in, when the institution su f

ﬁ cien tl o to o a a y vig rous c lonise nother mon stery .

- . O F G 4 GRAVE SLAB ABBOT E IDIUS .

The fourth stone in the cha pter - house is the gra ve

a o f a a r sl b nother Egidius (Giles) . Its edges e not b evell e d a n d it does n ot t ape r towa rds the b ottom as t he o e do . 6 ee 2 th r stones In length it is f t inches ,

e a 2 an d 6 in br dth 3 inches, in thickness inches . The g rea ter amount o f o rn a menta tion on the stone shows th a t Ciste rcia nism w a s le a ving behind it the seve rer s o f a a implicity e rlier ye rs . The orn ament a tio n is o f r a ised work . The full length o f the st one is 1 42 THE ABBEY OF DUNDRENNAN

ﬂoriate d adorned in the centre with a cross, four ﬂowers (roses) o f eight peta ls ea ch ra di ating from

e the int rsection o f the cross, and enclosed within the

Circle which surrounds the head o f it . The cross

a a st nds upon base or calva ry . On the one Side o f

the sh a ft is a beauti ful p astora l staff a dorned with

- a e e a re a a four eight pet lled ros s, thr e O f which tt ched

a to the staff. On the other side o f the sh ft are three

an a f eu r- d - l is d o e . roses, four represent tions the ﬂ

o a n d Al ng the sinister dexter Sides there runs, still in

a a a a n the Lomb rdic ch r cter, incised Inscription, pre ceded by the usu a l M a ltese Cross

’I‘ HIC E IACET EDO PN f EGI DI V S

° ° ’ ‘ X X I I E ABBS D E D 3 Q s OBIIT ° I ° O F F I C O

a fﬁ The l st word is very di cult to decipher . As the ’ e a wa s ce ngr ver pro eding with the inscription, he found himsel f left with a very limited sp ace for its completion, with the result th a t he not only con tracted the last word but ran the letters into one

1 44 THE ABBEY OF DUNDRENNAN

- 1 1 2 a a o f ch apter house in 9 sever l fr gments stones,

too with lettering upon them , but little to determine

h on e o f t e a b ts commemorated . On these frag m ents there can be m a de out in the Lombardic ch ar a cter the letters

ERU S 5 IA

l r a which may be part of the words Gau te u s j ce t . Abbot Wa lter is believed to have bee n the a bbot who wa s at a a a a e at a present gre t p rli m nt met Brigh m ,

1 a 1 2 0 a o f 4th M rch , 9 , which conﬁrmed the Tre ty

a S a lisbury by which Edwa rd I . sought to ccomplish

o f a a a the betrothal his son, Prince E dw rd, to M rg ret,

’ - f a a a o the girl queen o Scotl a nd . W lter s n me ls a ppea rs on the Ra gm an Rol l as swearing fea lty to

2 8t 1 2 6. re a . at h Edw rd I Berwick, August , 9 The m a ining fra gments h a ve Ol d English lettering on

a n d are o f a e a n d them , parts prob bly ﬁ ft enth six te en th e c ntury memori a ls . S ome o f these h ave been

- a e e b ut a - highly orn m nt d stones, the Cle r cut letters u pon them are too few to permit o f t he identiﬁc ation o f the abbots commemora ted . One fra gment is p a rt o f a stone th a t ha s ha d ca rved upon it a full - sized

o f an a for f ﬁgure bbot, the folds o his robe an d the

’ o f the a a f a re a point bbot s st f pl inly disce rnible . The o n e mutil ated word on this fragment is Du n dra y ” ” n a n . a can a a a On nother stone be re d yn , pa rt o f

a the s me word . ' Y B B D D B B . THE A O T S M O N U M ENT . U N REN NAN A E

1 46 THE ABBEY OF DUNDRENNAN

round the thickness o f the stone . There are shoes

a a on the feet . The only orn ment tion or emblem on the monument is th a t of a n excised rose in the top

’ dexter corner on a level with the head o f the a bbot s staff in the opposite corner . The posture o f the a bbot, standing on the little kilted ﬁgure, may

a a symbolise the triumph, perh ps the ultim te triumph , o f Christianity over the n ative paganism o f the dis

e a n d a - a a tri t, the h l f conce led d gger may suggest

a a a th t this bbot himsel f , in contributing to th t

’

a . triumph, met martyr s death The piercing o f the ’ hea d o f the little human ﬁgure by the abbot s staff

’ a n d the gra sping o f the abbot s foot by the little

m a f a ﬁgure y convey something o the s me idea, such symbolism being reminiscent o f the ﬁrst Messianic

1 promise in Genesis iii . 5, It (the seed o f the woman) ”

a a . sh l l bruise thy head, and thou sh lt bruise his heel The monument ha s no date n or writing o f a n y kind upon it .

’ HE T . 8 . CELLARER S MONUMENT Placed beside the Abbot’ s Monument (and dis covered in the ch apter- house at the s a me time) is

’ a —a a the Cell rer s Monument sl b fractured, but

e 6 2 nearly complet , 5 feet inches in length and feet

a . 9 inches in bre dth The carving is in low relief, and represents a tonsured monk with his arms ra ised and with the open palms o f his hands crossed and MONUMENTS AND MEMORIALS 1 47

lying upon his brea st . At his feet are two creatures o f reptile form with t a ils crossed and with heads up

o f o f t u rned, out o f the mouth one which there rises erect on the Sinister Side o f the stone a rod with oak

o f leaves, and out the mouth o f the other a rod with,

a a . a re a perhaps, p lm le ves There v rious other

a a emblems on the stone, the ex ct me ning o f which 1 48 THE ABBEY OF DUNDRENNAN

fﬁ the exce it is somewh a t di cult to determine, with p

a a o f o tion o f large ch lice, one the recognised symb ls

a a o f the priestly office . The fr gment so long aw nting in the upper dexter corne r was fortunately discovered

a - 1 0 8 an d durin g opera tions in the ch pter house in 9 , its recovery ena bles us to complete the inscription .

The a o f E inscription, in r ised letters Ol d nglish

a e a a n d char cter, is very b uti fully executed runs round the entire border . It is preceded by a hand with outstretched foreﬁnger, and at the other three

in cri corners, interjected between the words o f the s p

a o f a tion, there are bunch leaves , rose and a falling bird respectively . It reads as follows HIC IACE T DO PN PA O GLAS QU ONDA CELLERARI ’ D E DU N DRAYNA QU I O L BI I T ANNO DNI MC C C C L X X X ORATE P AIA EI ’

a Tr nslated , it is Here lies Master Patrick

a o f a who Douglas, formerly cell rer Dundrenn n, died ”

D 1 80 . a A. . 4 Pr y for his soul .

OF 9 . MONUMENT A LADY.

o f e A little to the left the stone j ust describ d, set up a gainst the wa ll an d erected on the base o f the

a has w ll pier, is a monument which be en styled the

’ a N un s Monument . There is re son, however, to doubt

wa s whether it intended to commemorate a nun . I f

1 50 THE ABBEY OF DUNDRENNAN

a merly stood in the south tr nsept, and its broken fragments were then arra nged in a slightly different way from th a t in which they are now placed .

a a Moreover, small fr gment, with letters U SI upon

e ha s a . T it, oh e known to exist, since dis ppeared he

e 2 1 0 broken slab, 5 f et 3 inches in length and feet

a inches in breadth, is dorned with the ﬁgure o f a ’ woma n dressed in wimple and widow s wee ds . Her a rms a re ra ised a n d her ope n h ands are crossed

a e upon her bre a st . She st nds with her feet plac d

a . on two dogs, sitting t il to tail There is no orna mentation other tha n quatrefoils in the corne rs .

far i The inscription is defective . So as it rema ns it is HIC IACE T U O NDAM D OMINA ORCHE BI I T ANO D MC C C C X L

Making use o f the po rtion o f the monument which has d isappeared since Hutchison m a de his drawing o f 1 8 a a the stone in 57, we h ve h d the following in 1 scription suggested Hic j acet in Jesu Sibyll a

' ” h 11 quondam domina O rc ea qu a obiit 51 0 D MCCCCX L .

a e Transl ted, it is H re rests in Jesus, Sibyl , for

o f O rchea O rchardton merly lady ), who died

D . A. There is a good dea l o f conjecture a a s a a a s can ff bout this, but it is s tis f ctory be o ered in present circumsta nces .

So M c C on a chie . MONUMENTS AND MEMORIALS 1 51

K O ’ 1 0 BLA OM R S . . PRIOR STONE

’ Prior Bl akom or s Stone lies below the north

- window in the west front o f the chapter house .

a o The sl a b is of freestone, like lm st all the other

a a memori ls . A scaling has come aw y from the middle o f it . It measures 5 feet 9 inches in length ,

2 a t a 1 feet in breadth the top, t pering to 9 inches

in o f . at the bottom, with a thickness 5 inches Its

a a e an d scription is in qu int Lomb rdic charact rs , , preceded by a Maltese Cross, runs

>X< F RATER S E DE 5 BLAKOMO R PRIOR 5 HU I V D OM

Bl akom r o . (Brother S de , Prior o f this House )

In the Calendar O f Documents rel ating to Scotland 2

a on 1 0 o we ﬁnd th t I st September, 3 5, John , abb t o f a Dundrennan, ppointed friar John de Blak hou m ore an d another attorneys in Irel and for three

V ol . 1 1. p . 464. 1 52 THE ABBEY OF DUNDRENNAN

a yea rs . There can be little doubt th t this is the m an commemorated by this stone .

1 N OF D OF W . I . MO UMENT ALAN, LOR GALLO AY

' This monument which occupies a niche in the north tra nsept has been a lrea dy fully described and illustra ted in the preceding chapter (p ages 1 0 8

t an d The niche mea sures 7 fee 4 inches in length ,

woul d be fully occupied, but the ﬁgure is now dismembered and the legs below the knees are wa nting .

OF . 1 2 . REMAINS MEMORIAL BRAS SES

In the north - west corner o f the chapter - house there

a a lies a l rge stone in a fr ctured condition, which mea sured in its unbroken st ate 9 feet 6 inches by

a a 4 feet 6 inches . It is the m trix o f a memori l

a da a a a br ss, which in its y must h ve been m gni f heent memori a l o a knight and his lady . The d a te o f the memori a l can be a pproximately deter mined from the military costume worn by the knight . — Ail ettes the protecting pl ates th a t stood up from the Shoulders an d that were a ttached to the cha in — m a il h a uberk were in fashion for a very brief pe riod at the end o f the thirteenth century a n d the be ginning o f the fourteenth . What knight o f that period can he be who is commemora ted here ! Who

e can ever he may have b en, there be no doubt, both

1 54 THE ABBEY OF DUNDRENNAN

Reading consecutivel y, and ﬁlling up the missing letters, we have this inscription

HEIR LY I S AN E RICHT HONORABLE [M]AN SIR WILL[IAM L I ]WI NGSTOV N O F C V LTER KNIGHT BROTHE[R] TO THE N OBLE EARLE ALE[X ] EARLE OF L I NLI THGOV QV HA D IED 2 M[A]Y ANNO [ 1 ]6O7 C HRI ST ALON[E Is] LYF AND G DEATH I S [MY] AINE .

Above a n d on the dexter a n d sinister sides o f the

a r Livingstone shiel d e the letters S V L . The B a illie Shiel d is sa id to have be en similarly a dorned

are with the letters M B . The Livingstone a rms ,

an d th a 2 n d Qua rterly, I st 4 Argent, three st rs Gules, a n d rd a a T 3 S ble, bend betwixt six billets Or . he

a B illie arms are, Azure, nine stars Argent .

a o Sir Willi m Livingstone f Culter, here com m emorate a a a an d, m rried M rgaret, d ughter d heiress o f f a wa Sir William Baillie o L mington . She s the

o f a a f widow Edward M xwell , the commend tor o

’

D . a undrennan Sir Willi m s father, the sixth Lord

n Livingstone, though a Protestant, was an arde t

a supporter o f Queen Mary . He negoti ted at Edin

E o f a burgh with the arl Mor y for her release, and o n the sensational escape o f Ma ry from Lochleven

wa a a he s quickly at her side . When dis ster at l st

s e overtook her cau e, he was one o f the thr e noble MONUMENTS AND MEMORIALS 1 55

men who led her from the stricken ﬁel d o f L ang and brought her in sa fety to the parish o f

Re rrick e she for a , whenc left Engl nd, destined never to return . 1 56 THE ABBEY OF DUNDRENNAN

It is ra ther a curious f act that the date of Sir

’ William Livingstone s death shoul d be given on his

1 60 r monument as 7 , for, from the Registe o f the

-we a a 1 61 0 a n d 1 6 1 1 Privy Council , le rn th t in there were compl a ints lodged by him a n d D ame M a rgaret

s a a e Baillie, his spou e, ag inst cert in p rsons for non ’ p a yment o f sums o f money due to them .

’

1 . G 4 LADY BROU HTON S MEMORIAL.

’ In front o f Al a n s monument in the north transept

cil n 1 e iv ou n l . 1 a d . . 2 l P r v . . R g . y C , o ix pp 9 54 Edin , 4 J u y ,

v in s t u n f l d 1 61 0 . l a n a L e o o C o e a n C o mp i t by Sir Willi m g u t r ,

a e M a a e a e his s o s e a oh n n e o He re is d m rg r t B illi , p u , th t J , L rd , re ma i n s u n re l a xe d fro m a h o m i n g of 2 9th M ay l a s t for n ot p a ying the m £ 1 3 2 1 3 3 4d fo r the duplica tion o f the fe u m a ill s of the l a n d s — o f Kirkpa tri c k ca ll e d To u c ha da m B a l s a ssie Purs u e rs a pp e a ring

o n n a Ma e ll e e n e is to be a e e n e the C a a by J h xw , d f d r ppr h d d by pt in ” f the G a for n o t a e n . 1 61 1 o a . . C m u rd pp ri g Edin , 4 April , o pl a i n t by Sir Willi a m L e v in g sto u n e o f C ou l tir a n d d a m e M a rga r e t

B a l e his s o s e a c o s in r h e i li , p u , f t r e m s ua m t o t gift of p e n s i o n o f the fe u m a s a n d e s o f the a a c f D u n d re n n a n e a ill duti bb y o , th t the fol l owing p e rs on s r e m a i n u n re l a x e d fro m h o m i n gs of i4th J a n u a ry l a s e e c e d a a n s f he ft rm e n in e o r t c a s e s a e t o ed : v iz . t x ut g i t th m u , Sir D a vid M urra y o f C l o nya ird fo r n ot p a yi n g the c o mpla in e rs

1 for the e n o f the 0 3 a n o f B a rl a k w f r he r £ 9 t i d duty 4 . l d o o t ye a 1 60 1 s d f t h f 9 , with £ 4 3 4 o r e e u m a ill s of th e s a id l a n d s fo r 1 61 0 ;

D a M a e l e c a l e o f C l o n a ird fo r n ot a n e vid urr y , d r , l d y , p yi g th m

6 a s the e of 1 2 ol s of e n e a l for th e e a 1 60 8 a n d £ 4 pric b l t i d m y r , £60 a s the pri c e of oth e r 1 2 bol l s of m e a l fo r 1 60 9 ; a n d J ohn n e

M e of C a s s in c a rie for n ot a e 1 5 d a th fe u ur , , p ying th m £ 35 3 4 s e m a ll s of his l a s a n e for 1 61 — s e s i nd within the b ro y of Fe rri 0 . Pur u r a e a n A a o l as e e e a s a o e a a s the pp ri g by rchib ld D ug , d cr b v g in t " d e e e s for n ot a e a n f nd r pp ri g .

1 58 THE ABBEY OF DUNDRENNAN found the monument o f the wi fe o f John Murray who got a grant o f the abbe y a n d l ands from James

. a VI The identiﬁc tion o f the monument, however,

a seems h rdly j ustiﬁed .

- a - A well preserved gr ve sl ab with bevelled edges ,

2 a n d 1 6 5 feet inches in length, inches in breadth

to 1 0 a at p and at bottom, is erected gainst the wall a t the west end o f the south a isle o f the na ve .

’ There is nothing on it sa ve a knight s sword and a sm a ll squ are o r book in the uppe r dexter corner. Among the stones placed along the wall in this south a isle there a re two with shields engraven on

a . a rl ies them ; the ﬁrst is th t O f Stewart o f G , the a rms being, Or, a fess chequy o f four rows Azure and Argent surmounted o f a bend engra iled Gu les ; MONUMENTS AND MEMORIALS 1 59

and the second is a Maxwell shield , the arms being,

a a . Argent , a s ltire S ble Mention may be m a de here

a 1 0 also o f stone, 33 inches by inches, built into

- the coa ch house at Rerrick Manse . It bears upon it

: 1 t h three shields ( ) The Shield o f Walter, e High

a a Stew rd, his arms being, Or, fess chequy Azure

2 and Argent . ( ) The shiel d o f John Balliol , the

a a successful claim nt for the Crown, his rms being,

. a Gules, an orle Argent (3) The shield o f Maclell n o f Bomby, his arms being, Or, two Chevrons Sable .

In the cott a ge o f High B a ren d in Rerrick pa rish there is built in over the ﬁreplace an o l d abbe y

a 6 2 e a memori l , feet long by f et bro d, which is

’ a dorned once again in its full length with a knight s sword .

I 6. SEALS . In Kirkcudbright Museum is the onl y existing s a a a wa e l o f the bbot o f D undrenn n . It s found

a a o Rerrick a at some ye rs g in p rish Mullock, which once formed part o f the l ands belonging to the

a - a bbey . It is m de from a smooth water wo rn 1 60 THE ABBEY OF DUNDRENNAN

2 1 . pebble, inches long by 3 inches broad The a a s a a - a ctu l e l itse l f, which is ov l sh ped, is a little more tha n an inch in length and about ﬁ ve-eighths o f an inch in breadth . Round the border runs the inscription

>X< SI GI LLV M ABBATIS DE DV NDRAY NAN

Except the inscription there is nothing on the stone, the centre being tota lly unadorned and quite

smooth . It is not a t a l l improb able tha t t his may

a e a h ve been the earliest s l used in the abbey, its pl a inness being quite characteristic o f Cistercian

a a a simplicity in its e rlier pe riod . The se l may h ve been disc arde d when the more el aborate se a ls de scribed below came to be a dopted .

’ In the Chapter- house o f Westm in ster Abbe y there is preserved the impress o f a sea l o f the abbot o f

a - Dundrennan . In the centre is full length ﬁgure o f n a a a a o n a a bbot, pp rently mitred, st nding

or a a n d ﬁgure corbel , with book in his right hand,

crock o f with a crozier in his left, the which is

a turned outwards . At e ch Side o f the ﬁgure o f the

MONUM ENTS AND MEMORIALS 1 6 1

a a bbot is a rose or cinquefoil . The se l is pointed at

a an d a a a n e ch end, within the m rgin l border there is inscription in a l l respects identica l with th a t o f the se a l a lrea dy describe d :

>X< SI GI L LV M ABBATIS DE DV NDRAYNAN

Hutchison in his M em oria l s a ssigns the sea l to the close o f the thirteenth century . The excellent illus tration o f it which we give is from a c a st in the

f a o e o . R e a a . p ss ssion Mr W M cdon ld, Edinburgh In the Tre asury o f the Dea n an d Ch apte r o f D ur ham there is preserved a n impression o f a counter

f a a o . an m se l Dundrenn n It, too, is pointed d ea sures 1 § inch in length a n d three - qu a rters o f an inch in brea dth . The design in the centre is th a t o f

a e a h nd vest d , issuing from the dexter, hol ding a

e e e o crozi r . Other mbl ms ccupying the centre are a n e o f or a a o f stoile ﬁve points ( sun), st r six points a n d a crescent moon . The m argina l border bears the inscription

S ’ >X< CONTRA DE DV NDRAY NAN

Histor o Scottish S ea l s . 8 In his y f (vol . ii , p . 5) Dr Wa lter de Gra y Birch a ssigns the se a l to the four teen th century . The illustration o f the se a l which we give is, by kind permission o f the Dea n and

a Ch pter o f Durham, from a photograph by Mr C .

Hunter Blair . CHAPTER VII .

O AND F C . MARY, QUEEN S OTS , DUNDRENNAN

NE ca nnot a ltogether le a ve the ol d order o f things which p assed a wa y with the dissolu

o a a n d tion f the mon steries, with the overthrow o f

a a a Rom n C tholic predomin nce in this country, without a brief reference to the visit o f Queen M a ry

a at to D undrennan, which took pl ce the very close

’ o f a a a the bbey s history . Considering the comp r tive shortness o f her residence in Scotland, it is re m a rk able how m a ny pl aces can cl a im a ssoci ation

- a a . with the ill f ted M ry, Queen o f Scots But surely there are few tha t a re o f such p athetic in te rest a s a o f Rerrick the p rish , which witnessed her

a ﬁn a l dep a rture from her nce stra l kingdom . N o o n e can withhol d from M ary some mea sure o f sympathy when a ccount is t a ken o f her e arly up

' an d in bringing and li fe, o f the crisis Scottish history tha t synchronised with her reign . Whether she wa s more sinned a ga inst than sinning is a ques tion in regard to which there will alwa ys be ra dica l

if . a d ference o f opinion At any rate, her marri ge

1 62

1 64 THE ABBEY OF DUNDRENNAN

’ the pl a ce where they were kept . The Queen s door

an d a a wa s unlocked, securely shut g in from the

a wa s a other side. George Dougl s in w iting to receive the Que en when she ha d been speedily rowed

a in a bo at to the opposite shore . L ord Se ton (who chieﬂy ha d bee n taken into conﬁdence) wa s a lso

a there, in re diness with ten swi ft horses to convey

a a a for the fugitive w y . First they m de Queens

Niddrie e a e f or ferry, then , wher they h lt d two hours,

e o f s a wa s then on to H amilton . The n ws her e c pe everywhere h a iled with delight by her a dherents .

a There w a s an insta nt ra lly to her side . In few

a she wa s at a a n d d ys hol ding court H milton, she ha d a o f 6 0 0 a ﬁghting body 5 men round her . A bond was dra wn up a n d signed at H a milton on 8th

M a a y, the sign tories promising to defend their Queen a ga inst her disobedient a n d unn atura l ” subjects ; an d a mong others who signed were the

o f a e a n d Abbot D undrenn n, the Lords Herri s

a o f a M xwell , Gordon Lochinv r, M aclell a n o f

— a a Bomby indeed, the gre t m jority o f the leading

- o f men in the south west were supporters her c a use.

n ot a at a an But the Queen coul d rem in H milton, d it was de termined to seek grea ter security in Dumb a r ton a . a C stle The Regent Mor y, however, ha d not

a wa s been idle while M ry holding court at Hamilton .

ha d a He, too, g thered together a force, an d, though ’ it was smaller than Mary s, he determined to oppose A OF C 1 6 M RY, QUEEN S OTS 5

her when she made her move on D umb a rton . On

f M a a a a at a the 1 3th o y her rmy dv nced, but L ng

a ha d side it met with irretrievable disa ster . Mor y est ablished his musketeers a n d a rchers in the

e the e a n d the ditches, b hind hedg s, within houses

' a an the dis osition a o f the vill ge, d p not less th n the v a lour o f his force proved success ful in the routing

a saw a ha d o f the enemy . When M ry th t fortune

a a t gone aga inst her she retired in precipit te h s e, accomp anied by a few fa ith ful followers . It was to a a a n d G llow y they directed their ﬂight, ulti i n m ately to D u n dre n an itse l f . The route which was followe d is n ow genera l ly supposed to be th a t de “ 1 e . sc on e scrib d by Lord Herries So , he writes,

a s saw d a wa s a the Queen the y lost, she c rried from

He rreis an d the ﬁeld by the Lords , Fleming,

n Pretti L iv istou e . e George Dougl a s a n d Willi a m

F n l in s a the u d e c pt a lso with the Que en . She rode

a n d a al l night, did not h lt untill she came to the

n hi Sa u r. Te rre l es q From thence she went to g , the

Herreis hou s she a Lord , where rested some few d yes, a n d a a dv ce then, ag inst her friends y , she resolved

a an d l to goe to Engl nd , commit herse fe to the pro tection o f Queen Elisabeth ; in hopes, by her a ssist

be a a kin m O ance, to repossessed g in in her gdo e . S

a at a she imb rked a creek neer Dundrenn n, in Gallo

1 Historica l M emois o the Rein o M a r u een o S cots r f g f y , Q f ,

1 0 . p . 3 1 66 THE ABBEY OF DUNDRENNAN

Herreis e way, and carried the Lord to att nd her

a n a a t with his counsel ; d l nded Cockermouth, in

a a n d L Cumberl and . Heer she st yed, sent the ord

Herre s e reCe ave d i to London , in hopes to be with ” a honor . It shoul d be noted th t the Lord Herries who gives this account is not he who ﬂed with Mary, but one o f his immedia te successors in the title ; but it is mani fest th a t he must have ha d m ateri a ls at

a h nd for constructing his history, and in the main 2 we a re justiﬁed in a ccepting his account as correct .

' dou bt fu l whether a s a a Yet it is , he sserts, M ry

a Ter e l es stayed some few dayes t r g . It was only three d a ys a ltogether from the time o f her defea t till she was out o f the kingdom ; an d however loyal

wa s Te rre l es a to her Herries , g could not be reg rded

a a as a pl ce o f bsolute security . The probability is that She moved on towards D undrenn an with little

a del y . Whether she pa ssed the l a st night o f her residence in Scotl a nd within the mona stery (a s is commonly asse rted) or lodged in a hou se in its

V m a a icinity ust rem in a m tter o f dispute . A short Hist ory of Du n d ren n a n Abbey was published by

M cDiarm id 1 8 a ir in 39, in which the writer gives C

’ c um stan tial account o f the Queen s p a ssing the n ight outside the abbey . In te lling his story he

e a d clares th t it had never appe ared in print before ,

The M emoirs e e not l s e l l 1 8 6 w r pub i h d ti 3 .

1 68 THE ABBEY OF DUNDRENNAN

5 porary Historie of Kin g [ a m es the Sen t a sse rts th a t she during her rem an yin g a t Du n dren an sent

e n e f I n an d de s rin a messinge r to the Q u y o gl , y g hir

to a s a cu n trie a e p asport, p throw th t in Fr nc , whilk imm e diatl ie wa s gra nted : And the Queyn o f I n gl an d thairwithal l sent to the Queyn o f Scotl and

m on t a a o f fre n dshi a s a fa yre dya ring, in t kin y p, ” a a the use o f th a t cu n trie is . Th t M ry shoul d h a ve communicated with Eliza beth a sking for per mission to pa ss into Engl and m a y be re a dily

a a a a gr nted . But th t messenger shoul d h ve visited the Queen o f Engl a nd an d should h a ve returne d to ” D undre nna n bea ring a fa yre dy a m on t ring from her a s a token o f friendship s ee ms o u t o f the ques

wa s n ot for a tion . There time such lengthy return

r a journey to be undertaken . We know fo cert in th at M a ry p a ssed over to Engl and on the a fternoon

o f l 6th o f M a n ot o a e a a e the y, m re th n thr e d ys ft r

a a the L a ngside defe at . It seems prob ble therefore th t on her a rriv a l a t Dundrenna n she entered into com

m u n ication a . with Queen Eliz beth Indeed, the “ letter which she is s a id to h a ve se nt from Dun drenna n on the 1 5th cont ains the following

appea l : I am n ow forced ou t o f my kingdom an d

to a a a n o driven such str its th t, next to God, I h ve ” 6 hope but in your goodne ss . And i f there wa s a n y

5 a n n a n e C l on 2 B ty ub Editi , p . 7 .

“ e e is s o e o as t o the a en of s l Th r m d ubt uth ticity thi e tte r . It n t n h d oes o app e ar am o g t e State pa pers . C 1 MARY, QUEEN OF S OTS 69 exch ange o f a diamond ring it is more in rea son to be lieve th at it wa s M a ry who sent b ack to Eliza beth a ring which she ha d previously received from the

ee e o f e English Qu n in tok n fri ndship . The Sight o f

e a n d this ring with its pledge o f fri ndship, the

c o f e o a re eipt her lett r w uld, M ry believed, secure

a e e e . for her from Eliz b th the succou r sh d sired But , before there wa s an y time for receiving a n answer to

a o had a a t her communic ti n, other supporters rrived

a a a D undrenn n, bringing with them the l test p rti c u l ars o f a o f the ﬁght . On he ring from them the state o f a ffa irs she resolved without del a y to ca st her

’ on e a o was sel f Elizabeth s mercy . This d termin ti n

’ “ contrary to her supporte rs wishes The Nobles o f

a wha war on n i a t D n dran an Scotl nd c ve t with hir u ,

a m n a I n l a n d underst nding hir bent y d to p s in g , they w f l l ithstu de hir or many rea sons . Bot a ” 7 wa s a f a a ro . on 1 6th o M in v yne So, the y , M ry p cee de d a to c rry her resolve into execution . From “ ” a e a a s a cr ek neer Dundrenn n, Lord Herries s ys ,

o u t e she set for the English co a st . This cre k is very “ likely Burnfoot B a y (which is one o f three free

a ba ports in the p rish), though the y which genera lly is spoken o f a s th a t from which the Queen took her

a P ortm ar a a - a - dep rture is y, bout h l f mile to the

a . Portm ar B a e st o f Burn foot Indeed, in y y a

7 Histo ie o K in a mes the Sex t J . 2 8 2 r f g , pp , 9 . 1 70 THE ABBEY OF DUNDRENNAN boul der is still pointed out as th at from which the h apless Queen stepped into the ﬁ shin g- smack which

a was to hear her a wa y for ever from Scotl a nd . Wh t a sa d a n d dejected compa ny they must h a ve been

a a a a a th t d y, both those who s iled w y and those who ba de a dieu upon the shore ! Only one Short fort

a night ha d el apsed Since the esc pe from Lochleven, a n a e d now, this Sund y a fternoon, Mary is se king

! a exile Only three d ys since, she was cherishing

o f a a a the highest hopes restor tion, with bodygu rd o f 6 an 50 0 trusty men around her, d now her hopes a re bl a sted ; she is a fugitive ; a n d with a f a ith ful

o f a retinue bout twenty persons, including Lord

a a 5 0 11 Chate l herau l t Cl ud H milton, o f the D uke o f , an d r a n d Lo ds Herries F leming, she is directing her 8 for to a course Workington, where she is rrive ’ ! “ about seven o clock in the evening Truly, the contemplative stra nger who visits it (Portm ary) in the stillness o f evening is apt to imagine th a t the wa ves fa ll here with a more mourn ful da sh upon the

a n d a shore, th t the cadence o f the autumn wind is

a n d a a a more low mel ncholy th n elsewhere, s i f

’ N ature s sel f were conscious o f a n d l amented the unhappy event she had seen ta ke pl ace upon the ” 9 a spot . Poor cre ture ! Do we remember th at she was only twenty - six years o f a ge when this crisis in

3 Not C o e o as asse e o e es ck rm uth , rt d by L rd H rri .

New a tis tica l u n t St Acco . 60 , p 3 .

1 7 2 THE ABBEY OF DUNDRENNAN ness o f li fe must h ave been to her m ay be gathered , a a from this touching pr yer, s id to have been written by her in a book o f devotions j ust shortly before her execution

O Domine Deus ! Spe ravi in Te

0 a c re mi Jesu ! nunc libera me.

’ a e a a o a In dura c t n , in miser p en , desidero Te .

a e t en u ﬂe cten do L nguendo, gemendo , g , ” u t ! Adoro , imploro, liberes me I N D E X .

m em o a T th e 22. asses 1 52 . ABBO , , Br , ri l , ’ M m 1 22 1 ec in o n s o of 51 o s e o al s 37 . . Abb t ri , , Br h , J h bi h p , o ’ Mon m n the 94 1 B retneston ur on Es on 9 Abb s u e , , 45. ( ), 6 , 70 . t t , B t— t - Achin l ek 7 9 . an a o 40 a e S a of 140 . , Bri , bb t , gr v l b , - iam Act of nn e a on 7 9 . am s il en t at 41 . A x ti , Brigh , p , h on am a o 40 . o a 60 . Ad , bb t, Br ug t , L dy , E z a e a o mde B lackader . ans 1 1 1 1 56 bb t ( ) li b th V , , . ” A hencarn e c enca n 68 79 o n l am e a s g (Au h ir ), , Br w , Wil i , l g tu

co n m l o f 8 5 . D a I . 3 4 . r il , vid , m o A hen o rl e 68 . n s of D n 3 4 . g g , Bru ru b ,

h n . B uittl e B ot ll e 4 Ag e kippe, 68 ( y ) , 2, 1 43 .

Ailred a o o f R e a l 3 6. u n oo 3 2 1 7 0 . , bb t i v u x , B r f t , ,

an o of a l o a 1 2 3 7 57 e th e 128 . Al , L rd G l w y , , , Butt ry, ,

m on m en of 1 08 1 52 . u t , , e a o of e x I RN T om as of N c a 6. ewlaw 92 Alb ri , bb t Cit u , CA S, h , , . ’ i l an s oss 60 . a s o e 56 . Al Cr , C l xtu , P p ,

m one the 26. a l l am Levinax o n e 0 1 Al r , , C lly, Wi i , y u g r , Arriadeus of Savoy (Pope F elix 61 . m an ll s4 . Cal e us c of , Chur h St , C ard onn el m de n o 3 911 . a A w th , , Ad ,

o N c o as o f 51 . a s 3 4 . Ath l, i h l , C r luith , in i Auble en de mon 57 . C ass car e o n Mut e 0 1 1 56n . y, H ry , k, , J h ,

Auch in n ab n e 9 . e l a e th e 25 . y , 7 C l r r , , am e a n th e 26 Ch b rl i , , .

L I E Ma are of amin on Ch a el t oun 7 9 . BAI L , rg t, L gt , p , - 46 1 54 1 56 . a e o se the 1 19 . , , Ch pt r h u , , i o t B all caskie B archos k e 85. h e 1 12 . ( ), Ch ir , , B al l arie al s e c an a e c ( ce y). 8 5 . i i bb ys in Sco l an 9 . B r C t r t— d, E 9 . s e an sm al lio l, wa , 6 c , its o n 5 o ess i i i igi , p g B d rd C t—r r— r r , o n 1 2 65 . 8 ea es 1 4 ec ne 1 8 J h , , f tur , d li ,

o n 66 67 1 59. esen os on 1 8 . J h (n ), , , pr t p iti ,

B al ma achan e 61 . ea Ciste aux 6 7 9 1 0 1 g , Cit ux ( ), , , , .

man an 9 . a a a e B al 7 7 9 10 1 . g , Cl irv ux bb y , , ,

al me in o a e 9 . o s e s th e 1 1 7 . B r bb y, Cl i t r , , B rl o kw od C l on aird M a c o 68 . a of 1 5611 . , y , urr y ,

B arl o u o 61 68 l 56n . C o burn o s s un rennan q , , . , L rd, vi it D d , 2 gg a na as e 1 65 . B r rd C tl , ,

B arn cail z ie 62 7 1 . o n am o 45 , , C ldi gh pri ry, .

as e o n c l o f 51 . omm en a o s 72 . B l , C u i , C d t r , - i . o 1 . omm on D o m en e c X I I e 7 a o the 125. B d t , P p , C y r , , n of N sia 5 00 e e c ur 4 1 . ee F e o f 88 1 5611 B di t , , , Cr , rry , , .

ene c in e m onas e es 1 4 . Wa e 0 1 63 . B di t t ri , t r , f ith e e na o a r a 6 7 1 5 1 00 . C r os a o f 68 . B r rd Cl i v ux , , , , , h pit l ,

e n a ines 9 . o s 7 1 . B r rd , Cr ft ,

B iskeb 68 . C ro ssr el e y , agu abb y, 63 .

B lackad er am a o 45 62 88 . ossin t he 1 0 4 , Ad , bb t, , , Cr g , , . mor o n de o d r B lako 41 57 Cul och 7 9 . , J h , pri r , , ,

m on men of 1 20 1 51 . C ul enes Cardoness 38 u t , , ( ),

oece ec o 3 3 . Cul fal don 68 . B , H t r , ,

on ace St . the co 58 . Cul lindach 7 0 . B if , , S t, , ’ w m mot l oss a e 9 owis Rev . Ro e B e s e . , b rt, if Cu r bb y,

ial 1 12. Cul n o l in 70 . , y (C l ), 1 74 THE ABBEY OF DUNDRENNAN

nnin am n e m on 62. Dunrod c c 3 7 1 39 Cu gh , A dr w, k , hur h , , . a n s ) a e 9 4 4 u e n re a o of Me ose Cup r (A gu bb y, , D ri , A d w, bb t lr , m in on 4 o o as s e a 5 7 5 . Abb t Th Liv g t p ,

o n e to 55 . am a e a 1 61 p i t d , Durh C th dr l, .

C utl ar en y, of t t olan , 4371 . , H r O d — E R I . 65 66 1 44 an ts DWA D , , , gr RE o 7 7 . DAC , L rd , c a e t o a e 68 . h rt r bb y, Si C is op e , 77 . r hr t h r E a I I . I 68 . dw rd , Dar awell 7071 88 . g , , E is a o 3 7— a e-s a '1 39 gid u , bb t , gr v l b . a ac 7 0 . D v h , a o 42— a e-s a 1 41 bb t , gr v l b , . a 3 3 3 4 . D vid , E z a e een 1 li b , u , 65 1 68 . 11 7 0 th Q , , E sth olm s e of Hesto , i l , ( n ), 68 . a - eans of e o a 8 6. D Ch p l r y l , n E e s I V . o ug iu , p pe, 53 . ee a e D r bb y , ’ n e o s se an en is , A w, abb , 60 . D dr t rv t AWGRA 9 F 7 . l l 4 1 1 41 , Devorgi a , 1 2, 0 , 1 0 , , 1 49 . - el V . an o ix , i p pe , 54 . om s C onv ersorum 1 33 . t D u , e s o o f o gu , Gall way 3 3 34 . Don al s on Da m on 62 . r L rd , , d , vid, k , ’ F e - oi- y ee, 88 , l 56n . o m o th e Mon s 1 26. rr Cr D r it ry , k , ’ F emin o l g , , 1 65 1 7 0 . th e L a B reth ren s 1 32 . L rd , y ,

F ores 7 9 . o as Geo e ass s s een Ma t , D ugl , rg , i t Qu ry o n F e i g ay, 1 71 . t o esca e 1 63 1 65 . th r h p , , P a ick el la e of Dun dren t—r , C r r n an 57 m on m en o f 94 1 46 . , u t , , a e 3 7 1 3 9 . GALA W t r , , W ie as s s s Ma t o esca e ill , i t ry p , airstan e Girdstin g ( gwood), 68 . 1 63 1 65 . , idus a Gauf r o 3 7 . , bb t , Drybu rgh abbey , 87 . las o o n s o of 51 . G g w, J h bi h p , m a on as e 1 64 . Du b rt C tl , Gl en u kin 11 q yc , 7 0 , 88 . n an e s o of 8 6 . Du bl , Bi h p , en ce a e 9 1 1 4 Gl lu bb y , , , 0 , 58 , 63 . n en n an — a ous o ms of Du dr v ri f r Gl en shin n och Cl o ﬁ n h ( n ag e), 68 .

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