Male-Biased Operational Sex Ratios and the Viking Phenomenon: an Evolutionary Anthropological Perspective on Late Iron Age Scandinavian Raiding☆
Evolution and Human Behavior 38 (2017) 315–324 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Evolution and Human Behavior journal homepage: www.ehbonline.org Original Article Male-biased operational sex ratios and the Viking phenomenon: an evolutionary anthropological perspective on Late Iron Age Scandinavian raiding☆ Ben Raffield a,NeilPriceb, Mark Collard a,c,⁎ a Human Evolutionary Studies Program and Department of Archaeology, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada b Department of Archaeology and Ancient History, University of Uppsala, Box 626, SE-751 26 Uppsala, Sweden c Department of Archaeology, University of Aberdeen, St. Mary's Building, Elphinstone Road, Aberdeen, AB24 3UF, United Kingdom article info abstract Article history: In this paper, we use a combination of evolutionary theory, ethnographic data, written sources, and archaeolog- Initial receipt 24 September 2015 ical evidence to develop a new explanation for the origins of Viking raiding. Our argument focuses on the oper- Final revision received 27 October 2016 ational sex ratio, which is the ratio of males to females in a society who are ready to mate at a given time. We propose that a combination of two practices – polygyny and concubinage – and the increase in social inequality Keywords: that occurred in Scandinavia during the Late Iron Age resulted in a male-biased operational sex ratio. This would Vikings have created a pool of unmarried men motivated to engage in risky behaviours that had the potential to increase Late Iron Age Scandinavia Raiding their wealth and status, and therefore their probability of entering the marriage market. With high-status men Polygyny looking to instigate expeditions to acquire plunder and develop their reputations as war leaders, raiding repre- Concubinage sented a mutually beneficial means of achieving social advancement and success.
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