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Mythologies of the World: a Guide to Sources

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Mythologies of the World: a Guide to Sources DOCUMENT RESUME ED 198 541 CS 206 121 AUTHOR Smith, Ron TITLE Mythologies of the World: A Guide toSources. INSTITUTICN National Council of Teachers of English, Urbana, Ill. TEPORT NO ISBN-0-8141-3222-7 PUB DATE 81 NOTE 358p. AVAILABLE FRCM National Council of Teachers of English, 1111Kenyon Rd., Urbana, IL 61801 (Stock No. 32227, $9.75 non-member, $8.50 member). EDRS PRICE MF01/PC15 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS *Cultural Awareness: *Cultural Background: Cultural Interrelationships: *Folk Culture: Higher Education: *Mythology: Popular Culture: Resource Materials: Secondary Education: *Symbols (Literary) : *World Literature ABSTRACT This book surveys the important available bockson mythologies cf all parts of the globe and thecultural contexts from which the mythological traditions emerged.Written as a series of bibliographic essays, the guide opens witha description of major reference sources encompassing many cultures,as well as those tracing particular themes (such as that of thecreation) across cultures. The other bibliographicessays discuss sources for studying prehistoric mythologies, the mythologies of West Asianpeoples (Mesopotamian, Biblical, Islamic, and others),South and East Asian mythologies, European mythologies, American Indianmythologies (North, Central, and South American), African mythologies, and the mythologies cf the Pacific and Australia.An appendix on contemporary mythology--mainly American--discussesa wide range of works that examine the beliefs, traditions, and dreams thatmanifest themselves in spectator .sports, politics, advertising,and forms of popular culture in the United States. (RL) *********************************************************************** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best thatcan be made from the original document. *********************************************************************** Mythologies ofthe World U S DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH. EDUCATION & WELFARE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF EDUCATION TH,5Docun.AE N'HAS BEEN R EPRO- DIJCED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED FROM THE PERSON OR ORGANIZATION ORIGIN- A Guide to Sources ATING IT POINTS OF VIEW OR OPINIONS STATED DO NOT NECESSARrLy REPRE- SENT OFF ICIAL NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF EDUCATION POSITION OR poL ICY Ron Smith Utah State University "PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE THIS MATERIAL HAS BEEN GRANTED BY National Council of Teachers of English TO THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC)." National Council of Teachers of English 1111 Kenyon Road, Urbana, Illinois61801 NCTE Editorial Board: Paul T. Bryant, Marilyn Hanf Buckley, Thomas J. Creswell, C. Kermeen Fristrom, Jane M. Hornburger, Robert F. Hogan, ex officio, Paul O'Dea, ex officio Book Design: Tom Kovacs, interior; V. Martin, cover NCTE Stock Number 32227 0 1981 by the National Council of Teachers of English. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. It is the policy of NCTE in its journals and other publications to provide a forum for the open discussion of ideas concerning the content and the teaching of English and the language arts. Publicity accorded to any particular point of view does not imply endorsement by the Executive Committee, the Board of Directors, or the membership at large, except in announcements of policy where such endorsement is clearly specified. Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Smith, Ron, 1937 - Mythologies of the world. 1. MythologyBibliography.I. Title. Z7836.S63 [BL311] 016.2911'3 81-666 ISBN 0-8141-3222-7 AACR2 Contents Acknowledgments vii Introduction ix Worldwide Mythologies 3 Prehistoric Mythologies 18 West Asian Mythologies 25 Mesopotamian Mythologies 34 Hittite Mythologies 48 Canaanite Mythologies 52 Persian Mythologies 59 Biblical Mythologies 66 Islamic Mythologies 96 South and East Asian Mythologies 101 Indian Mythologies 1.04 Chinese Mythologies 120 Japanese Mythologies 128 European Mythologies 135 Greek and Roman Mythologies 138 Etruscan Mythologies 182 Celtic Mythologies 185 Norse/Teutonic Mythologies 194 Arthurian Mythology 206 Other European Mythologies Ancient and Medieval 213 vi Contents American Indian Mythologies 221 North American Indian MyWologies 226 Middle American Indian Myttologies 247 South American Indian Mytb.ologies 267 African Mythologies 281 Ancient Egyptian Mythologies 283 Later African Mythologies 302 Oceanic Mythologies 317 Appendix: Contemporary Mytiology Mainly American 331 Acknowledgments At a dinner I attendednot long before writingthese words,a friend asked, "Whatbook are you writingnow?" "Thesame one I was last timeyou asked" was the only replypossible. As the months I planned forcompletion of the guidedragged on into years, I felt a growing responsibilityto those who had beenof so much help just inmaking the guide possibleat all. They, above all others, deserve, in lieuof an end to it all,at least this evidenceof what they've helpedme to doand by allmeans they are due my sincere thanks. First,there's Kathryn,my wife. She will never be the same after all thecard catalogs sheworshiped before. Then there's Lee,my daughter, whose question"Where's Daddy?" always had (andcontinues to have) thesame dismaying answer. Then there'smy college dean, Bill Lye,who surely has wondered more than once to what end he'dventured money to enableme to spend time for researchat the University ofCalifornia at Berkeley. My department head,Ken Hunsaker, who foundthe money to get me to Berkeley and back,too has no doubt hadreason since to think a hundred andfifty or soreams of ditto paper at 1976 prices would've beena wiser investment. Finally,Paul O'Dea, Director of Publicationsat NCTE, is in linefor special thanks for his encouragementand just for remembering the years. who I am over vii Introduction As Brian Branston said at thestart of his book, Gods of the North, "Mythology is every man'sbusiness." Indeed it is. Asa teacher, I have become firmly convincedthat any subject that dealswith basic concernsas mythology commonly doeswherewe came from, why we're here, whator who started itall, how we're supposed to act, wherewe go when we dieis a subjectno student can afford to miss. That, however, is onlymy own reason why anyone should study mythology. I'm not foolishenough to believe it is thesame reason that so many students enroll in thecourse. I've known scores of students, for instance, who,upon entering my basic mythology course,were startled to discover somethingmore than three hours of laughsa week in class and three of hilarity assigned as homework. Theyhad come tome with the cone-- tional notion that mythologyis a well-charted realm offrivolous and uninformed beliefs,with innumerable and repetitivestories that told the wild speculationsof peoples too remote intime and place ever to be taken seriously.Certainly there is entertainment in the study of myths and,for that matter,some genuine belly laughs. But were the study ofmythology no more thana simple and dilettantishgame, there would be little need forstudying it, and none at all for this guide. On the Study of Mythology Even if mythology needsa new image, its legitimacy asan area of study needs nonew defense. H.R. Ellis Davidson, in her Godsand Myths of Northern Europe,comments, "the study of mythology need no longer be lookedon as an escape from reality into the fantasies of primitive peoples, butas a search for the deeper under- standing of the human mind. Inreaching out to explore the distam, hills where the gods dwelland the deeps where themonsters are lurking, we are perhaps discovering theway home." Given the contributions of psychology, thepath to the way home ismore ix Introduction clearly marked than ever before. Maps and guidance are also offered us by anthropologists, archaeologists, sociologists, linguists, philologists, comparative religionists, and folklorists. We have discovered that what once was the case in the study of mythology a puddle-sized pool of reliable information and oceans of ill- conceived theoryno longer satisfies any serious student. Today, the study of mythology is an interdisciplinary effort in pursuit of the broadest of intellectual goalsunderstanding. And for the first time in its long and uneven history, we have the variety of methods equal to the task. Before 1825, the available pool of myths from around the world was about one percent of the present size of that pool. Archaeology, which was just starting then, by today has given us an incredible amount of new information, including countless myths from civilizations we had known about only second hand through the records of other, usually neighboring civilizations. Most of the myths we now have of the ancient Egyptians, Phoe- nicians, Hittites, and Mesopotamian-area cultures, for example, are the result of archaeological finds and subsequent work by philologists andepigraphers.Like archaeology, anthropology began in the last century. Although prior explorations had brought some myths into the pool, it wasn't until anthropologists (or ethnographers) began systematically studying newly discovered cultures that new riches in the form of whole belief and myth "systems" were put before us. The nineteenth century also saw the birth of psychology, sociology, the comparative study of religions, folklore, and many of the natural and physical sciences. Each made a contribution to the study of mythology. We learned that many of the myths of the ancient Near East were part of the heritage of western civili- zation. We learned how cultures grow and interact, not only in adjacent regions but around the world. Psychology taught us to consider myth by thinking about attitude.
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