COLIN RENFREW PAUL BAHN Theories, Methods, and Practice

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COLLEGE EDITION

SEVENTH EDITION

REVISED & UPDATED

~ Thames & Hudson CONTENTS

Preface to the College Edition 9 BOX FEATURES Experimental Archaeology 53 Introduction Wet Preservation: The Ozette Site 60 The Nature and Aims of Archaeology 12 Dry Preservation: The Tomb of Tutankhamun 64 Cold Preservation 1: Mountain "Mummies" 67 Cold Preservation 2: Snow Patch Archaeology 68 PART I Cold Preservation 3: The Iceman 70 The Framework of Archaeology 19 3 Where? 1 The Searchers Survey and Excavation of Sites and Features 73

The History of Archaeology 21 Discovering Archaeological s.ites The Speculative Phase 22 and Features 74 The Beginnings of Modern Archaeology 26 Assessing the Layout of Sites and Features 98 Classification and Consolidation 32 Excavation 110 A Turning Point in Archaeology 40 Summary 130 World Archaeology 41 Further Reading 130 Summary 48 BOX FEATURES Further Reading 48 The Sydney Cyprus Survey Project 76 Sampling Strategies 79 BOX FEATURES Identifying Archaeological Features from Above 82 Digging Pompeii: Past and Present 24 Interpretation and Mapping From Aerial Images 86 Evolution: Darwin's Great Idea 27 Lasers in the Jungle 89 North American Archaeological Pioneers 30 GIS and the Giza Plateau 96 The Development of Field Techniques 33 Tell Ha lula: Multi-period Surface Investigations JOO Pioneering Women in Archaeology 38 Geophysical Survey at Roman Wroxeter 106 Processual Archaeology 41 Measuring Magnetism 108 Interpretive or Postprocessual Archaeologies 44 Underwater Archaeology 113 ~atalhoyuk: Interpretive Archaeologies in Action 46 Excavating the Red Bay Wreck 114 Jamestown Rediscovery: The Excavation Process 117 2 What is Left? Excavating the Amesbury Archer 120 The Variety of the Evidence 49 Excavating an Urban Site 126

Basic Categories of Archaeological Evidence 49 4 When? Formation Processes 52 Dating Methods and Chronology 131 Cultural Formation Processes - How People Have Affected What Survives in the Relative Dating 732 Archaeological Record 54 Stratigraphy 132 Natural Formation Processes Typological Sequences 133 How Nature Affects What Survives Linguistic Dating 136 in the Archaeological Record 55 Climate and Chronology 136 Summary 72 Absolute Dating 738 Further Reading 72 Calendars and Historical Chronologies 140 Annual Cycles: Varves, Speleothems, Investi ga ti ng Maya Territories 270 8 How Di and Tree-Rings 742 Conspicuous Ranking at Mississippian Spiro 278 I Technol Radioactive Clocks 146 Conflict Archaeology 220 Other Absolute Dating Methods 760 Ea rly In termediate Period Pe ru: Gen der Relations 226 Unalter Genetic Dating 762 6 What Was the Environment? Other U Calibrated Relative Methods 763 Syntheti Environmental Archaeology 233 Chronological Correlations 764 Archaeo World Chronology 767 Investigating Environments on a Global Scale 233 Summan Summary 776 Studying the Landscape: Geoarchaeology 240 Further Further Reading 776 Reconstructing the Plant Environment 249 BOX FEATURES Reconstructing the Animal Environment 256 ArtifactsBOXFEA ol The Maya Ca lendar 740 Reconstructing the Human Environment 264 How Were Refitting a The Principles of Rad ioac tive Decay 747 Summary 272 Woodwor How to Calibrate Radiocarbon Dates 750 Further Reading 272 Bayesian Ana lys is: Improving the Precision of Metallogra Ra diocarbon Chronologies 752 BOX FEATURES Copper Prj Dating the Earliest West Europeans 758 Sea and Ice Cores and Global Warming 235 Early Steel Dating the Thera Eruption 764 El Nino and Global Wa r ming 236 Experirn Cave Se diments 242 Dog gerlan d 246 9 What C Polle n Analysis 250 Trade a PART II Elands Bay Cave 262 Mapping the Ancient Environment: Cahokia The Stud Discovering the Variety of and GIS 266 Finding t Human Experience 777 Anc ient Gard ens at Kuk Swamp 268 Chara The Stud 7 What Did They Eat? 5 How Were Societies Organized? The Stud Social Archaeology 779 Subsistence and Diet 273 The Stud Exchang Establishing the Nature and Scale of the Society 780 What Can Plant Foods Tell Us About Diet? 274 The Co Further Sources of Information Information from Animal Resources 278 for Social Organization 786 Investigating Diet, Seasonality, and Summar: Techniques of Study for Mobile Domestication from Animal Remains 288 Further F Hunter-Gatherer Societies 795 How Were Animal Resources Exploited? 306 BOX FEAT Techniques of Study for Segmentary Societies 798 Assessing Diet from Human Remains 370 Modes of E Techniques of Study for Chiefdoms and States 209 Summary 376 Materials c The Archaeology of the Individual Further Read ing 376 Analyzing, and of Identity 222 Glassware BOX FEATURES I Amber Fro The Emergence of Identity and Society 225 Paleoethnobotany: A Case Study 276 Fall-off An Investigating Gender and Childhood 225 Butser Experimental Iron Age Farm 278 Distributio The Molecular Genetics of In vestigating the Ri se of Farming in Western Asia 284 Prod uction Social Groups and Lineages 230 Seasonality at Star Carr 290 Interaction Summary 232 Ta ph ono my 292 Quantifying Animal Bones 294 Further Reading 232 10 What C Bison Drive Sites 296 BOX FEATURES The Study of Ani mal Teeth 298 Cognitiv1 Network Analys is 785 Farming Orig ins: A Case St udy 300 lnvestiga Ancient Ethnicity and Language 794 Shell Midden Analysis 304 Faculti1 Mon uments, Po lities, and Territories in Early Wessex 204 Working, Interpreti ng Stonehen ge 206 I 210 8 How Did They Make and Use Tools? From Written Source to Cognitive Map 401 218 Technology 317 Establishing Place: The Location of Memory 403 220 Measuring the World 405 226 Unaltered Materials: Stone 319 Planning: Maps for the Future 409 Other Unaltered Materials 334 Symbols of Organization and Power 411 Synthetic Materials 342 Symbols for the Other World: 233 Archaeometallurgy 347 The Archaeology of Religion 413 233 Summary 356 Depiction: Art and Representation 422 240 Further Reading 356 Music and Cognition 428 249 BOX FEATURES Mind and Material Engagement 430 256 Artifacts or "Geofacts" at Pedra Furada? 320 Summary 432 264 How We re Large Stones Raised? 324 Further Reading 432 Refitting and Microwear Studies at Rekem 330 272 Woodwo rking in the Somerset Levels 336 BOX FEATURES 272 Metallographic Examination 348 Clues to Early Thought 396 Copper Production in Ancient Peru 350 Paleolithic Art 398 235 Early Steelmaking: An Ethnoarchaeological The Ness of Brodgar: 236 Experiment 355 At the Heart of Ceremonial Orkney 406 242 Maya Symbols of Power 414 246 9 What Contact Did They Have? The World's Oldest Sanctuary 418 250 Recognizing Cult Activity at Chavfn 420 Trade and Exchange 357 262 Identifying Individual Artists in Ancient Greece 424 Sacrifice and Symbol in Mesoamerica 426 The Study of Interaction 357 Ea rly Musical Behavior 428 266 Finding the Sources of Traded Goods: Cognition and Neuroscience 431 268 Characterization 365 The Study of Distribution 374 11 Who Were They? What Were They Like? The Study of Production 372 273 The Study of Consumption 382 The Bioarchaeology of People 433 274 Exchange and Interaction: Identifying Physical Attributes 435 278 The Complete System 384 Assessing Human Abilities 445 Summary 390 Disease, Deformity, and Death 453 288 Further Reading 390 Assessing Nutrition 466 306 BOX FEATURES Population Studies 467 310 Modes of Exchange 361 Diversity and Evolution 469 316 Materials of Prestige Value 362 Identity and Person hood 475 316 Analyzing Artifact Composition 368 Glassware from the Roman Mediterranean in Japan 372 Summary 475 Amber From the Baltic in the Levant 373 Further Reading 476 276 Fall-off Analysis 377 BOX FEATURES 278 Distribution: The Uluburun Wreck 380 284 Production: Greenstone Artifacts in Australia 383 Spitalfields: Determining Biological Age at Death 438 290 Interaction Spheres: Hopewell 389 Fac ial Reconstructions 442 292 Finding a Neolithic Fam ily 444 294 10 WhatDidTheyThink? Ancient Cann iba ls? 450 296 Exam in ing Bodies 454 298 Cognitive Archaeology, Art, and Religion 391 Grauballe Man: The Body in the Bog 456 300 Life and Death Among the Inuit 460 Investigating How Human Symbolizing 304 Richard Ill 462 Faculties Evolved 393 Genetics and Language Histories 471 Working with Symbols 400 Studying the Origins of New World and Australian Populations 473 12 Why Did Things Change? Archaeological Ethics 551 Explanation in Archaeology 477 Popular Archaeology Versus Pseudoarchaeology 551 Migrationist and Diffusionist Explanations 477 Who Owns the Past? 556 The Processual Approach 481 The Responsibility of Collectors and Museums 560 Applications 483 Summary 564 The Form of Explanation: General or Particular 489 Further Reading 564 Attempts at Explanation: One Cause or Several? 491 BOX FEATURES Postprocessual or Interpretive Explanation 498 The Politics of Destruction 552 Cognitive Archaeology 507 Destruction and Response: Mimbres 561 Agency and Material Engagement 503 Since Summary 506 15 The Future of the Past haver Further Reading 506 How to Manage the Heritage? 565 introdTheoril BOX FEATURES The Destruction of the Past 565 able. It Diffusionist Explanation Rejected: Great Zimbabwe 480 course Molecular Genetics, Population Dynamics The Response: Survey, Conservation, 1 and Climate Change: Europe 482 and Mitigation 568 field~other The Origins of Farming: A Processual Explanation 484 Heritage Management, Display, and Tourism 580 The Marxist Archaeology: Key Features 486 Who Interprets and Presents the Past? 581 thewo Language Families and Language Change 488 The Past for All People and All Peoples aware , Origins of the State: Peru 492 583 methoc The Classic Maya Collapse 496 What Use is the Past? 583 archaec Explaining the European Megaliths 500 Summary 584 in theli The Individual as an Agent of Change 504 Further Reading 584 tures ill BOX FEATURES explain Conservation in Mexico City: The Great Temple The ref of the Aztecs 570 be used PART Ill CRM in Practice: The Metro Rail Project 574 -in th The World of Archaeology 507 Portable Antiquities and the UK "Portable dents Antiquities Scheme" 576 that th 13 Archaeology in Action that it i 16 The New Searchers overvie, Five Case Studies 509 follow t Building a Career in Archaeology 585 Oaxaca: The Origins and Rise of the Weh Zapotec State 510 Lisa J. Lucero: University Professor, USA 586 of cont theory The Calusa of Florida: Gill Hey: Contract Archaeologist, UK 587 nal ide. A Complex Hunter-Gatherer Society 519 Rasmi Shoocongdej: University Professor, our ch, Research Among Hu.nter-Gatherers: Thailand 589 II} offi Upper Mangrove Creek, Australia 525 Douglas C. Comer: CRM Archaeologist, USA 597 and the Khok Phanom Di: Shadreck Chirikure: Archaeometallurgist, ology a1 Rice Farming in Southeast Asia 537 South Africa 593 that pn Yo r k and the Public Presentation cipline Jonathan N. Tubb: Museum Curator, UK of Archaeology 538 594 and we Further Reading 548 at now.

14 Whose Past? Glossary 596 Reso1 Archaeology and the Public 549 Notes and Bibliography 605 With th The Meaning of the Past: Acknowledgments 651 study r The Archaeology of Identity 549 Index 654 chapter