Newsletter of the Tacis Information Office November 1995 news a tl#-M{W ~ Giving the people a voice When the Georgian President Eduard Shevardnadze escaped death by a hair's breadth in a failed assassination attempt in August, many dismissed the incident as yet another violent episode in the turbulence pervading the Caucasus. Although Georgia may be "only a heartbeat from total anarchy" as reported by ''The Economist", it is by no means the only country where the power struggle is sometimes determined by the sword rather than the pen. The champions of democracy, whether politicians or the media, have been having a hard time of late. The Journalist Safety Service based in Amsterdam reports dozens of journalists in the NIS murdered or attacked for exposing corruption, including the shooting of Vladislav Listyev, the head of Russian Public Television. Violence is not the only way in which the media is compromised. Journalists, like the police, are so badly paid that it is often easier for them to accept bribes, rather than publish and be damned, especially when their families are hungry. But there is some light at the end of the tunnel: the Tacis Democracy Programme has been bringing together journalists and politicians from Georgia and Ukraine to prepare the ground for active cooperation to ensure a free press. Public protest following the murder of Dmitry Kholodov, who was investi­ (continued on page 2 ~) gating corruption at a senior level in the Russian Army. In this issue ~ Sector insight Focus Giving the people a voice ~ Converting for Sector insight Converting for the future Country profile: Kyrgyzstan the future The pros and cons of independence 3 Belarus was at the military heart of the Interview former Soviet Union for 70 years. More A new Director for Tacis and relations with NIS 5 C C than 600 factories employing 400,000 <1l In-depth news E trained specialists fed the might of the ·o5 1994 - a year of change for Tacis I Red Army at the height of the Soviet ·Q)c Prevention better than cure 6 <1l .s::: c. Tacis in action empire. But the break-up of the USSR Q) ci5 Saving the Arai Sea 10 spelled disaster for the military industry iii ~ Encouraging an entrepreneurial spirit 11 ::::, as demand for weaponry dropped 0 (/) Newsflash 12 overnight. The 150,000-strong popula­ Your views tion of the industrial town of Borisov, Dismanting tanks under the anns reduction treaty. Share progress on Tacis projects 12 which was largely employed by the New publications 12 town's two military factories, was plunged into economic uncertainty. (continued on page 7 ~) 1 (~ continued from page 1) Communism's heirs set their sights on new objectives "Truth was an early casualty in the early days of freedom ''Training journalists to question what they are told is a long-term following the overthrow of communism", says Professor process", said Professor Gachechiladze, who also teaches at Zaza Gachechiladze, editor of the Georgian Times, an inde­ the Institute for Caucasian Strategic Studies. Journalists, media pendent newspaper. With wages for journalists at little more lecturers and politicians are all "sons and daughters" of commu­ than $3 a month compared with a breadline minimum of nism and need new visions and objectives if the transition to $20-30, "a democratic, independent press cannot possibly democracy is to become a reality. "No quick fixes exist," he said. flourish until journalists' incomes are raised to a decent level." "But we are trying to adapt. " And success may not be too far off. Under the Soviet regime, journalists were civil servants who ''The involvement of politicians in our media workshop was churned out the Party line with neither objectivity nor analy­ crucial; including political aides to both Georgian and Ukrainian sis. Competition for readership did not exist, resulting ih dull leaders", said Dr Stratenschulte, explaining how this event laid propaganda that made for compulsory rather than compul­ the corner-stone for a democratic partnership to replace the sive reading. dictatorial system inherited from 70 years of communism. "If journalists are learning to analyse official statements, politicians Notwithstanding attempts by governments and the Mafia to also have a new role to play in their relationship with the media. control the media, journalists are still acquiring the art of writ­ It is not easy for them to accept that criticism can be construc­ ing to entertain as well as to inform. Nevertheless, the tive and does not spell ruin. " outlook is promising, says Dr Eckart Stratenschulte, director of the European Academy of Berlin, which is leading a Tacis­ To date, the feedback has been highly encouraging. Leonid funded project on press freedom in Georgia and Ukraine. Kuchma, the Ukrainian president, told Dr Stratenschulte that Within the Tacis Democracy Programme, Dr Stratenschulte the Democracy Programme had his full support, while brought politicians and journalists from both countries to President Eduard Schevardnadze welcomed the work of T acis Berlin to discuss the practicalities of press freedom in and the Berlin Academy in laying the foundations of democracy December 1994. through the media freedom programme: ''This is one of the most important elements in building an open society because Tacis chose to involve the key players with the aim of the suppression of the mass media is a clear sign that human reaching realistic conclusions - and stimulating action. The rights are being abused. I welcome your efforts to create a free first indication that the project had been successful came press in Georgia - even though at times the process of change shortly after the Georgian politicians had returned home, can be extremely painful." when they persuaded Mr Schevardnadze's government to exempt all newspapers from taxation. Such a move The confidence of the media must increase and the quality of brought immediate financial relief to the papers without writing must improve. Professor Gachechiladze believes that compromising their editorial freedom. Currently under Georgian journalists will soon be in a position to enhance their government discussion is the thornier issue of dismantling incomes by selling their stories to western newspapers to coun­ television and radio from direct state intervention. Both terbalance Russian dominance of the market for news, "Further British and German public broadcasting systems presented support from the west is essential to give non-Russian journal­ in the Tacis workshops are currently being investigated as ists a chance to fulfil their potential and truly understand the potential models to follow. value of their freedom. " • Russian television stations interrupted their programming on March 2 to condemn the shooting of Vladimir Listyev, the head of Russian Public Television. The Moscow Charter of Journalists called the killing "one more link in a chain of attempts to intimidate mass media ... to try to turn it into a political and mafiosi mouth­ piece once again". 2 ..,._ Country profile: Kyrgyzstan ...,. The pros and cons of independence Kyrgyzstan is one of the poorest and most remote countries in central Asia - yet it is one in which the democratic rule of law seems to have taken root naturally. "Long before the Soviets came, we lived in nomadic tribes where all adults, men and women, had a voice in decision-making. Democratic behaviour is an integral part of our culture", explains Mr Sarygulov, the strategy to eliminate distortions in the marketplace, revise the Tacis National Coordinator for Kyrgyzstan. A strong literary privatisation strategy and reduce state interference in the econ­ intelligentsia was pressing for the establishment of opposition omy. Support from Tacis experts has been invaluable, political parties as early as 1991, shortly after President Akayev particularly for the privatisation programme." The freedom to won a considerable degree of notoriety by publicly supporting run a business is one of the basic tenets of the democratic soci­ Gorbachov during the August putsch. Now there are nine polit­ ety that the Kyrgyzs have worked so hard to achieve. The threat ical parties, over 100 newspapers, and individual human rights of destablilisation should the programme misfire is a major and collective rights are protected by law. However, the outlook cause for concern. "We need huge amounts of investment to for the future is not entirely problem-free. help us create an environment in which we can attract the right The formation of Kyrgyzstan kind of foreign business partners. At the moment, we are work­ Stalin carved up the region of central Asia during the 1920s into ing on tax privileges and other incentives with the help of Tacis separate units along broad ethno-linguistic lines. The 'Kyrgyz experts, but we need much more, particularly in the way of Autonomous Province' was created in 1925 from a group of feasibility studies." nomadic tribes, who did not take kindly to enforced settlement. Many fled to China rather than lose livestock to the collectives and their way of life to autocratic rule. Nonetheless, Kyrgyzstan did benefit from certain aspects of the Moscow-centric approach. Compulsory Russian language teaching in schools pushed up literacy rates and every job was guaranteed for life. Heavily subsidised by Russia (to the tune of 13 per cent of GDP), Kyrgyzstan enjoyed a lifestyle that it could never have afforded on its own. Everything changed in 1991. With little in the way of natural resources, cut adrift from its lifeline, the economy and living standards plummeted, leading to increasing discontent Traditional folk music and costumes at a state reception for a visiting head among the population; 70 per cent of which is now living below of state. the national poverty line. Adapting markets to environments The right to do business However, the problems of foreign markets are a far cry from the "We acted quickly", says Mr Sarygulov.