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Dan gerousAs si gn ments covering the global press freedom struggle Fall | Winter 2006 www.cpj.org Special Anniversary Edition Featuring stories by Victor Navasky • Geraldine Fabrikant Metz • Jane Arraf • Richard Pyle • Jim Muir • Roy Gutman • Joel Campagna • Carlos Lauría • Sauro González Rodríguez • Michael Massing • Josh Friedman • Dave Marash • Ann Cooper • Eight years after Norbert Zongo’s murder, his killers are unpunished. He is among hundreds of journalists slain worldwide, many on the orders of government officials. … Deadly News • A CPJ Investigation From the Executive Director Dangerous Assignments Twenty-five years ago a couple of young journalists in New York had an Bill Sweeney unlikely idea. They would assemble a group of well-known American Editorial Director journalists and write letters on their behalf urging dictators and despots Robert Mahoney to stop persecuting the press. They composed the first letters on a type - Senior Editor writer, stuffed them in envelopes, licked the stamps, and dumped them in a mailbox. Virginia Anstett The dictators didn’t generally send replies, but the letters also went to reporters Designer around the world who wrote stories about the abuses. Some jailed journalists, as it Photo Arts Limited turned out, were released as a result. Printer Today, press freedom is a worldwide movement, and CPJ is a leader among dozens Joe Sullivan of international, regional, and local organizations fighting for the rights of journalists Proofreader in cities and villages across the globe. Local journalists played critical roles in each of Justin Goldberg Graphics the great transformations of the last quarter century—the collapse of the Iron Curtain, the restoration of democracy in Latin America, the economic opening of Asia—and CPJ Published by the Committee to was there to support them. Protect Journalists 330 Seventh Avenue, 11th Floor On these pages, you’ll see stories by the guardians of this movement, people who New York, N.Y. 10001 have devoted much of their professional careers to furthering freedom of the press. On the Web: www.cpj.org And you’ll read about the front-line journalists who are the heroes of our story. E-mail: [email protected] Phone: (212) 465-1004 They are people like Norbert Zongo, the Burkinabé journalist featured on the cover of this issue, who was slain while investigating government wrongdoing. They include CPJ Staff Zeljko Kopanja, an editor who lost both legs in a bombing that sought, unsuccessfully, Joel Simon to silence his coverage of the murders of Bosnian Muslims. And they are people such Executive Director as Anna Politkovskaya, the tough-minded Russian reporter whose contract-style mur - John Weis der this October shocked people around the world. Many of the writers, photogra - Development and Outreach Director phers, editors, producers, and camera operators described in these pages didn’t set Abi Wright out to change the world. They wanted, simply, to cover the news, and they ended up Communications Director risking their lives, their liberty, and their reputations. Lade Kadejo Because of the dedication of all of these people, most governments today recog - Finance and Administration Director nize that international legitimacy requires some level of press freedom. That is a major step in just 25 years. But many governments pay only lip service to a free press. Staff Members China and Cuba, the world’s top two jailers of journalists, call the people they hold in Joel Campagna, Julia Crawford, Bob Dietz, Alexandra Hay, prison “mercenaries” and “subversives.” Worldwide, journalists are killed for their Heidi Hoogerbeets, Kristin work more than three times every month. This 25th anniversary edition of Dangerous Jones, Ivan Karakashian, Mohamed Keita, Carlos Lauría, Assignments , while celebrating the successes of the press freedom movement, should Janet Mason, Nina Ognianova, also remind us that its gains are tenuous. Tara Ornstein, Karen Phillips, María Salazar, Bharat Shah, Frank Smyth, Elena Snyder, Mick Stern, Maya Taal, and Elisabeth Witchel. Joel Simon International Program Consultants Shawn W. Crispin, Sauro González Rodríguez, Kamel The Committee James C. Goodale, Cheryl On the cover: Labidi, Tidiane Sy, and Masha Gould, Charlayne Hunter-Gault, In a poster first Yulikova. Paul E. Steiger Gwen Ifill, Steven L. Isenberg, printed in 2000, Chairman Jane Kramer, David Laventhol, the Media Anthony Lewis, David Marash, Foundation for Walter Cronkite and Kati Marton, Michael Massing, West Africa Terry Anderson Geraldine Fabrikant Metz, demanded to know who killed Honorary Co-Chairmen Victor Navasky, Andres the Burkinabé editor Norbert Oppenheimer, Burl Osborne, Zongo. The question posed by Directors Charles L. Overby, Clarence the press freedom group has Page, Norman Pearlstine, Erwin yet to be addressed by the Andrew Alexander, Franz Potts, Dan Rather, Gene Roberts, government in Burkina Faso. Allina, Christiane Amanpour, Sandra Mims Rowe, John Dean Baquet, Tom Brokaw, Seigenthaler, Paul C. Tash, and Poster courtesy of the Media Josh Friedman, Anne Garrels, Foundation for West Africa Mark Whitaker. Dangerous Assignments 1 Contents Dangerous Assignments Fall | Winter 2006 44 Four on War No conflict in CPJ’s 25-year history has proved deadlier for journalists than Iraq. Four veteran war correspondents examine the history and lessons of war cover - age, from Iraq and Cambodia to Lebanon and Bosnia. 45 Shoot the Messenger By Jane Arraf 50 The Arc of War By Richard Pyle 52 Four Weeks in Lebanon By Jim Muir P A 54 A New Course By Roy Gutman 30 Cover Story More than three times every month, a journalist is killed. Seven out of 10 are 56 Behind Prison Walls murdered, many on the orders of government officials. Few cases are solved. At the U.S. base in Guantanamo Bay, Al-Jazeera’s Sami al-Haj is called an enemy 30 Deadly News: A CPJ Investigation By Matthew Hansen combatant. After five years without charge or trial, will he get to defend himself? CPJ also examines prison writings, Eritrea’s secret jails, and how the Internet has Three Portraits led to more imprisoned journalists. 38 The Last Story: Hayatullah Khan By Bob Dietz 40 Justice on Trial: Dmitry Kholodov By Heidi Hoogerbeets 56 The Enemy? By Joel Campagna P 62 Words Unchained By Andy McCord A 42 A Flickering Flame: Norbert Zongo By Tidiane Sy s 64 By Alexis Arieff r Slipping from Sight e t u e R 66 Virtual Reach of Faraway Jails By Kristin Jones 70 4 The Committee, Then and Now Mission Journal A Paraguayan editor’s arrest helped spawn the international press freedom As politicians take over radio news in Brazil’s remote Northeast, commentators movement a quarter century ago. CPJ also looks at a Bosnian Serb journalist’s and independent journalism are victims. CPJ also looks back at missions to five resolve, the new challenges posed by terrorism and the Internet, and how Vietnam countries over three decades. led a trusted colleague to join the movement. 70 Radio Rage By Carlos Lauriá and Sauro Gonzáles Rodríguez 74 By Michael Massing o The First Trip 4 By Victor Navasky v The Third Signature o P O 77 By Josh Friedman 6 25 Milestones Press freedom, 1981 to 2006 A Matter of Commitment 8 Dinner at the Waldorf By Geraldine Fabrikant Metz 10 Challenges in a Dangerous World CPJ leaders look ahead J P C 12 A Trusted Colleague Q&A with Walter Cronkite 79 Changing Landscape Satellites, the Web, and the 24-hour news cycle: Technology may have improved news gathering but not the quality of reporting. CPJ also examines the newly 13 Faces of Freedom tempered view of media development aid and the plight of exiled journalists. Carlos Cardoso and Anna Politkovskaya gave their lives in pursuit of the news. 79 The Drive to Go Live By Dave Marash Akbar Ganji staked his freedom with his daring investigations. CPJ profiles these 82 Sowing Seeds By Ann Cooper p o o P s s C journalists and 15 other men and women who have put everything on the line to A 86 By Elisabeth Witchel r r Returning Home a e e i t t d u u e e e M R R further freedom of the press over the past 25 years. 88 Drawing the Line Press freedom through the eyes of cartoonist Mick Stern. 2 Fall | Winter 2006 Dangerous Assignments 3 The Committee | First Person The Third Signature British journalists, from left, Ian Mather, When Michael Massing came calling, an editor became an advocate. Tony Prime, and Simon Winchester in a police station in Ushuaia after their arrest By Victor S. Navasky during the Falklands war in 1982. A note from Mather r e thanks the committee t s e h for its advocacy. c n i W n n early 1980, during my third year o a Paraguayan journalist who was tour - As Joel Simon, CPJ’s executive m i S y as editor of The Nation , I received a ing the United States under the aus - director, recently pointed out in an s e t r call from Michael Massing, the 27- u I pices of the U.S. Information Service, article in World Policy Journal , Hoge o C year-old executive editor of the an arm of the State Department. The quoted González’s attorney as saying, Columbia Journalism Review . He had peg: While here, the 43-year-old jour - “Pressure from abroad is the only tion found some temporary space (the London’s Observer and an idea, and could we talk? nalist was served with a warrant for power the (Stroessner) dictatorship Alicia Patterson offices, opposite Simon Winchester of The We could and did, and the basic his arrest. The charge: “Undermining respects.” Nadel wrote her story for Grand Central Terminal). Eventually, Sunday Times —had been idea was this: In the United States, Paraguay’s legal system by writing an CJR .