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AL/Fl1 I I L 99 Universite de Montdal Faculte des etudes superieures Cette these intitulee : Organisation fonciere et comportements konomiques dans I'agriculture de temir au Niger pdsentee par : lbrahim Sabou a ete evalqee par un jury compose des personnes suivantes : 7 president-rapporteur directeur de recherche membre du jury examinateur exteme ~ac~uxBemier representant du doyen These acceptee le : AL/fl1 i I L99 - iii Sommaire Au Niger, cmme au Sahel et ailleurs en Afrique. la generalisation de la propri6te priv& du sol s'avere impossible; un nouveau systeme diametralement oppos6 a ia tradition a peu de chance d'gtre adopte (Le Roy.1996). La situation appelle une question de fond. Vu le blocage de I'agriculture malgre les stimuli a ce secteur et I'absence d'evolution des rapports fanciers, n'y a-141 pas un lien entre le probleme de transformation du comporternent konomique paysan et la question de mutation de I'organisation foncihre? Notre recherche porte justement sur I'evaluation du r6le de I'organisation fonciere dans la transformation du comportement des paysans en agricuture de terroir. La these s'inscrit donc dans le cadre de I'etude du changement economique et social applique a I'amenagement agricole. Nous cherchons a comprendre le rBle de I'organisation fonciere dans I'attitude du paysan en matiere d'investissement et de rendement agricoles. Chypothese est que I'organisation fonciere patrimoniale limite I'investissement et le rendement en agncuture. La methodologie a consiste definir d'abord la place du rapport a la propri6te (notamment du sol) dans les rapports sociaux constitutifs d'un mode de production, en particulier dans le systeme agricole OD se pose la question du r61e de I'organisation fonciere. En effet, la crise agricole au Sahel pose d'abord le probleme de definitisn d'un cadre d'etude du changement social chez le paysan. Notre revue de lierature revele qu'a I'instar du mode de production capitaliste oO le mode d'action econornique depend du rapport au capital (ou au fief dans le feodalisrne). en mode de production dii tradiiionnel, le mode d'action depend du rapport a I'objet economique qu'est le patrimoine. En Afrique les terres, proprietes d'un loose group (clan, lignage. famille). constituent un patrimoine foncier &late en tenures; autour de ce patrimoine se structure I'organisation fonciere. La production agricole a lieu dans les tenures octroy6es selon des r&gles patrimoniales predetermin6es. Le comportement Bconomique en agriculture de tenoir dependra donc de ce que nous appelons le mode de production patrimonial. cadre dans lequel its doivent htre &dies. Cette articulation a QB possible grzice a une demarche en trois &apes :une Qude generale. bas& sur I'incontoumable critique de I'konomie capitaliste (I'analyse maociste et ses critiques); une revue documentaire sur la question agricole en Afrique et une &ude de cas exemplaires portant sur le Tchad et le Sn6gaI afin devaluer les acquis relatifs a I'etude du comportement paysan. les ruptures et les permanences; et. une enquhte-terrain pour la cueillette dc rlonn6es empiriques (histoire. societe, faits fonciers, production) sur le terroir de Gardi (Niger). Nos resultats revelent que I'organisation fonciere, dont le r6le est sous- estim6, ne favorise pas la mutation du comportement paysan. Corganisation fonciere patrimoniale, caractbriste par un faible niveau de skurite demise en valeur (SMV), s'avere un facteur de blocage de I'essor agricole : elle nivelle le rendernerd agricole, limite la mutation des attitudes paysannes en matiere d'investissement, freine les mesures de lutte contre la desertification et de gestion efficace des resources naturelles. En conclusion, il y a lieu de considerer alors deux lois dans I'etude du changement bconomique et social en agriculture: 1) L'organisation fonciere est une des lois do la transformation du mode de production agricole. Feodale, capitaliste ou patrimoniale. I'organisation fonciere a une fonction de transformation dont I'etude est digne d'intert5t. 2) Le mode de production patrimonial est le mode d'action Bconomique des societes tradiiionnelles. Au mode de production patrimonial repond par definition une Bconomie r6gressive OD la logique economique patrimoniale tend B limiter le volume de la production (Badouin. 1985). A niveler le revenu, comme le surplus et son accumulation. et a freiner la mise en euvre des moyens de production. La prise en compte de ces deux lois parait incontoumable pour une meilleure gestion des resources naturelles dans le cadre de I'amenagement des terroirs en Afrique sahelienne. Table des matihres identification du jury ---- ii iii Table des matieres ................................ v viii Liste des figures ---,-----,I------------------------------- X xi xii Remerciements ------..,----------------....--..-....-"-..---......-....-......- xiv INTRODUCTION .----+--..---,..--------------..-----....-....-..-....-.... 1 CHAPITRE I MODE DE PRODUCTION. RAPPORTS FONCIERS ET AGRICULTURE .... 1.1 Contexte : un bref etat des lieux ............................................. 1.2 Concepts structurants et probleme de recherche .......................... 1.3 Notion de mode de production patrimoniale et hypothese.................... CHAPITRE I1 M~ODOLOGIE -....-..,.......... -............................................................ 2.1 Cadre foncier et skurite de mise en valeur (SMV) ................................ 2.2 CBtude historique et structurelle du r61e du regime foncier ...........-..... 2.3 Enquetes B Gardi: cueillelle de donnhs et Btude des resultats ...,... 2.4 Conclusion ......................................................................................... CHAPITRE Ill ORGANISATION FONCIERE ET AGRICULTURE DE TERROIR AU NIGER- 3.1 AperGu des r6gions agriwles du Niger ...- ........... -........... -. 3.2 Peuplement, r6gime foncier et agriculture patrimoniale -...... 3.2.1 Luttes d'acds aux ressources naturelles et patrimonisme .-. 32Le dgime patrimonial sous le systbme colonial ----- 3.3.1 Paysans. aleas et incitations agricoles des d-nnies '60-80- 3-32 Paysans. aleas et incitations agricoles des dkennies '80-90 - 3.3.3 L'organisation fonciere patrimoniale. frein au changement , 4.1 Mutations agricoles au Tchad: staM du sol et agriculture --.-...--- 4.1.1 Conditions de depart et mutations sous le r6gime colonial ....- 4.1.2 Projets de developpement et mutations post-coloniales ,....-. 4.2 R6gime foncier rnouride et mutations agricoles au Sen6gal .-........ 4.2.1. Le mouridisme, masque idblogique d'un rapport de production .............................................................. 42.2. Organisation foncibre et limites de I'essor agricole rnouride .... 4.2.3 Mobilisation du travail et des moyens : le blocage foncier ...... 4.3 Conclusion ............................................ .................................. CHAPITRE V LE COMPORTEMENT ECONOMIQUE DES PAYSANS DE GARDl ......-... 5.1 Organisation foncibre et conditions de la production agricole ......... 5.1.1 Situation gbgraphique et organisation socio-foncibre .-....... 5.1.2. Patrimoine foncier. st~cturationsociale et r6gime agraire -. 5.1.3. Conditions agraires de la production agricole B Gardi .........- 5.2 Tenures. SMV et rationaliies agricoles ...... -... 5.2.1 Cadre foncier et stratification socio-6conomique ..-...........-..... 5.2.2 Nature des moyens mis en aeuvre et niveau d'amenagement, 5.3. Permanence des comportements Bconomiques paysans ................ 5.3.1 Production v6getale et revenus agricoles ............................ vii Annexe A. Tables des analyses statistiques par logiciel SPSS Annexe B. Acte de conciliation: p.v de r6glement de litige de champ Annexe C. Deux lettrescirwlaires de 1975 et 1980 du Ministre de I'lnterieur Annexe D. Jugement de revendication d'un champ au Tribunal de Dosso viii Uste des tableaux Tableau nO1. Propri136 pri* et propriete patrimoniale du sol Tableau n02 Comportements du producteur selon le milieu hnomique Tableau n03. Modes de produdion capitaliie, f-l et patrimonial Tableau n04. Cadre foncier: tenures et mise en aeuvre des richesses Tableau n05. Relation entre mode de tenure et forme d'amenagement Tableau n06. Schema de la demarche de recherche Tableau n07. Caracteristiques des trois zones climatiques Tableau n08. Zones kologiques et habitats naturels Tableau n09. Permanences et ruptures des rapports fonciers jusqu'en 1960 Tcibleau nOIO.Permanences et ruptures socio4cologiques jusqu'en 1960 Tableau nO11. Permanences et ruptures sociales jusqu'en 1960 Tableau n012. Permanences et ruptures economiques jusqu'en 1960 Tableau n013. Progression des surfaces cultivees 1986-1995 Tableau n014. Opr5ration productivite agricole: objectifs. diicult6s. impacts Tableau n015. Presentation des resultats chez Magnant Tableau n016. Itineraire mQhodologique et thkrique de Copans Tableau n016A. Repartition du travail Tableau n017. Rapport dominants Idomines a Koygolo en 1955 Tableau n018. Situation des champs de Gardi exploites en 1994 Tableau n019. Liste et repartition des champs du quartier Bassi-Koina Tableau n020. Liste et repartition des champs du quartier Bata-Koina Tableau n021. Liste et repartition des champs du quartier Xguiri Tableau n022. Liste et repartition des champs du clan Alfa-Windi Tableau n023. Liste et repartition des champs du hameau Handou-Koira Tableau n024. Champs exploites et UPAF actives a Gardi en 1994 Tableau n025. Tenures par quartier, groupe social et UPAF Tableau n026. Situation socio-fonciere: UPAF a tenure directe (A) Tableau n027. Sluation ssci+fonci&re:
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