La Ventaja Competitiva De China En El Sector Textil”

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La Ventaja Competitiva De China En El Sector Textil” INSTITUTO POLITÉCNCO NACIONAL ESCUELA SUPERIOR DE ECONOMIA SECCION DE ESTUDIOS DE POSGRADO E INVESTIGACIÓN “ LA VENTAJA COMPETITIVA DE CHINA EN EL SECTOR TEXTIL” T E S I S QUE PARA OBTENER EL GRADO DE MAESTRO EN CIENCIAS ECONÓMICAS ( C O M E R C I O I N T E R N A C I O N A l ) P R E S E N T A MUNKHJARGAL TSERENDORJ TSETSEGEE MÉXICO, D.F. DICIEMBRE 2004 AGRADECIMIENTOS: Este trabajo de tesis ha sido realizado gracias al Gobierno de México que por el conducto de la Secretaria de Relaciones Exteriores ha permitido mi estancia y mi educación en este país. El Instituto Politécnico Nacional, y a la Escuela Superior de la Economía en su Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación por ser una institución que brinda una educación digna y prestigiosa. Especial agradecimiento a: Dr. Federico Reina Sosa, Director de tesis Todos mis profesores, asesores y amigos Rubén Oliver Espinosa del CIECAS Act. Arturo Huerta Ávila de la CANAINTEX Mtro. Mendoza Melken Ovidio de la Escuela Superior de Ingeniería Textil La familia Sarabia Munkhjargal Tserendorj 1 INTRODUCCIÓN En años recientes el eje de la evolución económica mundial ha sido el comercio internacional. En este contexto, la participación creciente de los flujos comerciales mundiales de varios países en desarrollo y economías en transición, sobre la base de la teoría de la ventaja competitiva, ha sido una de las características más significativas. Esas mismas economías revelan cambios en la estructura de exportaciones: de la venta de productos no dinámicos a dinámicos; del enfoque de exportación en actividades de baja intensidad tecnológica a las actividades de mediana y alta intensidad, con la regionalización y la liberación arancelaria de las economías como telón de fondo. Uno de los países que han dado muestra del cambio por la vía de su capacidad comercial mundial es China, país cuyas cuotas de participación en la porción del mercado mundial le han llevado a ubicarse en segundo lugar como socio económico de Estados Unidos de América, apenas detrás de Canadá. Para muchos otros países, China se ha convertido en una amenaza por su grado de competitividad estratégica. El rápido crecimiento de la economía de China, los cuantiosos montos de inversión extranjera y la integración de China a la OMC le han permitido a ese país colocarse cada vez más en una posición comercial más favorable. Dentro del comercio exterior, China ha favorecido exitosamente a su sector textil desde 1980 hasta convertirse en exportador al día de hoy. La industria textil es un pilar tradicional para la economía de China; la tendencia de crecimiento de este sector permite avizorar que cuando finalice el Acuerdo de Multifibras –eliminación de cuotas-, firmado en el contexto de la OMC, el país asiático controlaría el 50 por ciento de la producción mundial de textiles. Actualmente China no es solamente el mayor exportador de textiles y de vestido del mundo, sino también uno de los mayores consumidores al por menor de textiles y prendas de vestir. El éxito de la industria textil de China se remonta a la misma evolución industrial del país. Desde hace muchos siglos la industria textil de China empleaba tecnología textil tradicional, pero era un país especialmente vanguardista en la producción de seda. El origen de la 2 producción de seda y la ruta comercial de la seda, que conectaba medio oriente con Asia del sur, tenía su origen en China. Además de que la base fundamental y la fortaleza del sector textil fue la producción y el uso tradicional y ritual de textiles en ese país. Para los años setenta del siglo XIX empezó la formación de la industria textil moderna de China. En aquel momento la industria textil fue la más desarrollada e importante en la economía de China. Sin embargo, a inicios del siglo XX , como consecuencia de las guerras y la presión del capital extranjero monopólico, el desarrollo industrial se vio retrasado (ver cuadro A). Cuadro A. Principales sucesos que entorpecieron la industrialización de China Años Eventos 1911 La dinastía Qing fue derrocada por La revolución dirigida por Dr. Sun Yat-sen. La Dinastía Qing fue derrocada después de 200 años. 1912 Se estableció una precaria república. 1921 El primer Congreso Nacional organizado por Partido Comunista de China en Shanghai 1927 Se formaron el partido nacionalista y comunista. 1927-1937 10 años guerra civil 1937-1945 China estuvo en guerra con Japón. 1946 Estalló una guerra civil entre comunistas y nacionalistas. 1949 Los nacionalistas huyeron a Taiwán, 1952-1978 Construcción de la economía socialista 1979 Reforma estructural y aceleramiento del crecimiento económico Fuente: Elaboración propia a partir de Anguiano (2002) En ese entonces, la mayoría de las materias primas era insuficiente, mientras la maquinaria y equipos tuvieron que ser importados del extranjero; no existía un sistema alentador en materia de inversión e innovación en el sector, las fábricas textiles se concentraban en muy pocas áreas costeras, con tecnologías muy atrasadas. Asimismo, al comenzar el siglo XX, China era una nación empobrecida y con un sistema político tradicional decadente; las reformas económicas que han llevado a China a jugar un papel protagónico en el comercio mundial se originaron a fines de los setenta del siglo pasado. 3 En el presente trabajo se asume que ese papel protagónico se origina en el desarrollo de capacidades competitivas tal como las sugiere Michael Porter, por lo que es objetivo de la investigación demostrar que detrás de su actual modelo estratégico competitivo, China consolidó un diamante exitoso para su industria textil. La hipótesis que orienta el trabajo se fundamenta al afirmar que, si China tiene ventaja competitiva en el sector textil en el mercado mundial, entonces consolidó fuertemente las determinantes de la estrategia, estructura y rivalidad; y sectores conexos y de apoyo. La estructura del trabajo es la siguiente: en el capítulo uno abordamos los aspectos teóricos del comercio internacional, con énfasis en la teoría porteriana de la ventaja competitiva, la cual será el eje de análisis para el estudio del sector textil de China; asimismo, se realiza una revisión de aspectos relacionados con la economía, la política y la sociedad de ese país, así como un mapa general del sector textil y su trascendencia en el mercado mundial textil. El capítulo dos plasma los aspectos relacionados con la estructura y rivalidad en el sector textil. En particular, los elementos de política e institucionales, que han favorecido el fortalecimiento de la industria textil. Algunos de esos elementos se manifiestan en la reforma estructural, la apertura comercial, la atracción de inversión extranjera y la integración de China a la OMC y su impacto sobre el sector textil. En el capítulo tres se aborda el tema de la condición de los factores productivos en el sector textil de China. En este capítulo se consideran los factores que tradicionalmente han caracterizado a la industria textil china, así como las capacidades que se han construido en aras de alcanzar la ventaja competitiva del sector. El capítulo cuatro analiza las características de la demanda interna: compradores, estructuración de la demanda, su tamaño y su capacidad de internacionalización. Se afirma que con el transcurso del tiempo, en la medida que el poder adquisitivo y la economía china han crecido, los consumidores han tendido a ser exigentes, lo que favorece al sector textil chino para el sostenimiento de la ventaja competitiva basada en la calidad y la innovación. 4 El capítulo cinco trata el tema del desarrollo de sectores conexos y su vinculación con sus industrias proveedoras, así como de las industrias derivadas del sector textil. De este modo, se observa que el sector textil chino muestra una tendencia a integrar de manera creciente la cadena de valor y, en esa medida, ser fuente de generación de ventaja competitiva. Las conclusiónes del trabajo se encuentran a mostrar las ventajas del sector textil chino por cada determinante de la ventaja competitiva. De esta manera se exhiben las ventajas que se han creado, fortalecido y las que falta por desarrollar, en el entendido de que, conforme a Porter, la ventaja competitiva radica en la suma de un conjunto de ventajas, y son ellas las que explican la posición comercial de sectores industriales en particular en el contexto mundial. 5 I. COMERCIO INTERNACIONAL 1.1 Teorías del Comercio Internacional 1.1.1 Teoría clásica A principios del siglo XVIII, los pensamientos alrededor de las actividades económicas empezaron a cambiar. En particular destacaron las ideas de Adam Smith, para quien la riqueza de una nación es la productividad, no es la posesión de metales preciosos. Para tener la mayor productividad las naciones se especializan en la producción de ciertos bienes. Según Adam Smith “el crecimiento en la capacidad productiva era fomentado mejor en un entorno donde la gente era libre para buscar sus propios intereses. El interés propio conduciría a los individuos a especializarse e intercambiar bienes y servicios con base en sus propias habilidades especiales. La tendencia natural ¨a producir, canjear e intercambiar¨ bienes y servicios generaría ganancias de productividad a través de la mayor división y especialización del trabajo” 1. En este contexto aparece el concepto “mano invisible”, la cual es el motor por el cual la gente ejerce su libertad en la consecución de sus propios intereses. En La riqueza de las naciones, Smith explicó que cuando un país se especializa en la producción de un bien y tiene la mayor productividad, realiza el intercambio con otros países. Sobre este razonamiento Smith desarrolló la noción de la ventaja absoluta, idea central de la teoría de comercio internacional clásica. Él explica que los países deberían exportar aquellos bienes en donde tienen ventaja absoluta e importar los bienes donde tienen desventaja absoluta2.
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