Some Documented Cases of Linguistic Change
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U.S. Relations with Burma: Key Issues in 2019
Updated May 8, 2019 U.S. Relations with Burma: Key Issues in 2019 In 2018, the 115th Congress was generally critical of the Figure 1. Map of Burma (Myanmar) Trump Administration’s Burma policy, particularly its limited response to atrocities committed by the Burmese military, intensifying conflict with ethnic insurgencies, and rising concerns about political repression and civil rights. In December 2018, Congress passed the Asia Reassurance Initiative Act of 2018 (P.L. 115-409), which prohibits funding for International Military Education and Training (IMET) and Foreign Military Financing (FMF) Program in Burma for fiscal years 2019 through 2023. Major Developments in Burma At the end of 2018, an estimated one million Rohingya, most of whom fled atrocities committed by Burma’s military (Tatmadaw) in late 2017, remained in refugee camps in Bangladesh, unable and unwilling to return to Burma’s Rakhine State given the current policies of the Burmese government. Also in 2018, fighting between Burma’s military and various ethnic armed organizations (EAOs) escalated in Kachin and Shan States, and spread into Chin, Karen (Kayin), and Rakhine States, while efforts to negotiate a nationwide ceasefire stalled. The Rohingya Crises Continue More than 700,000 Sunni Rohingya fled to Bangladesh in late 2017, seeking to escape Tatmadaw forces that destroyed almost 400 Rohingya villages, killed at least 6,700 Rohingya (according to human rights groups and Doctors Without Borders), and sexually assaulted hundreds of Rohingya women and girls. Repatriation under an October 2018 agreement between the two nations is stalled as the Burmese government is unable or unwilling to Source: CRS establish conditions that would allow the voluntary, safe, dignified, and sustainable return of the Rohingya. -
Myanmar Exodus from the Shan State
MYANMAR EXODUS FROM THE SHAN STATE “For your own good, don’t destroy others.” Traditional Shan song INTRODUCTION Civilians in the central Shan State are suffering the enormous consequences of internal armed conflict, as fighting between the tatmadaw, or Myanmar army, and the Shan State Army-South (SSA-South) continues. The vast majority of affected people are rice farmers who have been deprived of their lands and their livelihoods as a result of the State Peace and Development Council’s (SPDC, Myanmar’s military government) counter-insurgency tactics. In the last four years over 300,000 civilians have been displaced by the tatmadaw, hundreds have been killed when they attempted to return to their farms, and thousands have been seized by the army to work without pay on roads and other projects. Over 100,000 civilians have fled to neighbouring Thailand, where they work as day labourers, risking arrest for “illegal immigration” by the Thai authorities. In February 2000 Amnesty International interviewed Shan refugees from Laikha, Murngpan, Kunhing, and Namsan townships, central Shan State. All except one stated that they had been forcibly relocated by the tatmadaw. The refugees consistently stated that they had fled from the Shan State because of forced labour and relocations, and because they were afraid of the Myanmar army. They reported instances of the army killing their friends and relatives if they were found trying to forage for food or harvest crops outside of relocation sites. Every refugee interviewed by Amnesty International said that they were forced to build roads, military buildings and carry equipment for the tatmadaw, and many reported that they worked alongside children as young as 10. -
Thai-Burmese Warfare During the Sixteenth Century and the Growth of the First Toungoo Empire1
Thai-Burmese warfare during the sixteenth century 69 THAI-BURMESE WARFARE DURING THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY AND THE GROWTH OF THE FIRST TOUNGOO EMPIRE1 Pamaree Surakiat Abstract A new historical interpretation of the pre-modern relations between Thailand and Burma is proposed here by analyzing these relations within the wider historical context of the formation of mainland Southeast Asian states. The focus is on how Thai- Burmese warfare during the sixteenth century was connected to the growth and development of the first Toungoo empire. An attempt is made to answer the questions: how and why sixteenth century Thai-Burmese warfare is distinguished from previous warfare, and which fundamental factors and conditions made possible the invasion of Ayutthaya by the first Toungoo empire. Introduction As neighbouring countries, Thailand and Burma not only share a long border but also have a profoundly interrelated history. During the first Toungoo empire in the mid-sixteenth century and during the early Konbaung empire from the mid-eighteenth to early nineteenth centuries, the two major kingdoms of mainland Southeast Asia waged wars against each other numerous times. This warfare was very important to the growth and development of both kingdoms and to other mainland Southeast Asian polities as well. 1 This article is a revision of the presentations in the 18th IAHA Conference, Academia Sinica (December 2004, Taipei) and The Golden Jubilee International Conference (January 2005, Yangon). A great debt of gratitude is owed to Dr. Sunait Chutintaranond, Professor John Okell, Sarah Rooney, Dr. Michael W. Charney, Saya U Myint Thein, Dr. Dhiravat na Pombejra and Professor Michael Smithies. -
THE STATE of LOCAL GOVERNANCE: TRENDS in KACHIN Photo Credits
Local Governance Mapping THE STATE OF LOCAL GOVERNANCE: TRENDS IN KACHIN Photo credits Mike Adair Emilie Röell Myanmar Survey Research A photo record of the UNDP Governance Mapping Trip for Kachin State. Travel to Tanai, Putao, Momauk and Myitkyina townships from Jan 6 to Jan 23, 2015 is available here: http://tinyurl.com/Kachin-Trip-2015 The views expressed in this publication are those of the author, and do not necessarily represent the views of UNDP. Local Governance Mapping THE STATE OF LOCAL GOVERNANCE: TRENDS IN KACHIN UNDP MYANMAR Table of Contents Acknowledgements II Acronyms III Executive Summary 1 1. Introduction 5 2. Kachin State 7 2.1 Kachin geography 9 2.2 Population distribution 10 2.3 Socio-economic dimensions 11 2.4 Some historical perspectives 13 2.5 Current security situation 18 2.6 State institutions 18 3. Methodology 24 3.1 Objectives of mapping 25 3.2 Mapping tools 25 3.3 Selected townships in Kachin 26 4. Governance at the front line – Findings on participation, responsiveness and accountability for service provision 27 4.1 Introduction to the townships 28 4.1.1 Overarching development priorities 33 4.1.2 Safety and security perceptions 34 4.1.3 Citizens’ views on overall improvements 36 4.1.4 Service Provider’s and people’s views on improvements and challenges in selected basic services 37 4.1.5 Issues pertaining to access services 54 4.2 Development planning and participation 57 4.2.1 Development committees 58 4.2.2 Planning and use of development funds 61 4.2.3 Challenges to township planning and participatory development 65 4.3 Information, transparency and accountability 67 4.3.1 Information at township level 67 4.3.2 TDSCs and TMACs as accountability mechanisms 69 4.3.3 WA/VTAs and W/VTSDCs 70 4.3.4 Grievances and disputes 75 4.3.5 Citizens’ awareness and freedom to express 78 4.3.6 Role of civil society organisations 81 5. -
Analysis of Drivers of Deforestation and Forest Degradation in Shan State and Strategic Options to Address Those
Analysis of drivers of deforestation and forest degradation in Shan State and strategic options to address those Author: Aung Aung Myint, National Consultant on analysis of drivers of deforestation and forest degradation in Shan State, ICIMOD-GIZ REDD+ project. [email protected]: +95 9420705116. Table of Contents Executive Summary 1 Acknowledgement 2 Abbreviation and Acronyms 3 List of Figures 5 List of Tables 8 1. Introduction 9 1.1. Description of the assignment 12 1.2. Study area: brief description 12 1.3. Scope of the study 14 1.4. Objectives of the assignment 15 1.5. Expected outputs 15 2 Methodology 16 2.1. Data collection and analysis 16 2.1.1. Secondary data collection 16 2.1.2. Primary data collection 16 2.1.3. Spatial data analysis 17 2.1.4. Socio-economic data collection and analysis 19 2.2. Forest resources and their contributions in Myanmar and Shan State 27 2.3. Forest resources assessment 27 2.3.1. Major Forest Types 27 2.3.2. Forest cover change 29 2.3.3. National LULC categories and definitions 30 2.3.4. The NDVI composite maps for 2005 and 2015 43 2.3.5. Estimated magnitude of carbon emission due to deforestation and forest degradation (2005 to 2015) 47 2.3.6. Global Forest Watch were used to compare with international data 50 A. Identification of Deforestation and Forest Degradation 52 (i) Direct Drivers of deforestation and forest degradation 53 (ii) Indirect Drivers of deforestation and forest degradation 54 B. Determining co-relations between (i) Direst Drivers and (ii) Indirect Drivers of Deforestation and Forest -
Burma's Northern Shan State and Prospects for Peace
UNITED STATES INSTITUTE OF PEACE PEACEBRIEF234 United States Institute of Peace • www.usip.org • Tel. 202.457.1700 • @usip September 2017 DAVID SCOTT MATHIESON Burma’s Northern Shan State Email: [email protected] and Prospects for Peace Summary • Increased armed conflict between the Burmese Army and several ethnic armed organizations in northern Shan State threaten the nationwide peace process. • Thousands of civilians have been displaced, human rights violations have been perpetrated by all parties, and humanitarian assistance is being increasingly blocked by Burmese security forces. • Illicit economic activity—including extensive opium and heroin production as well as transport of amphetamine stimulants to China and to other parts of Burma—has helped fuel the conflict. • The role of China as interlocutor between the government, the military, and armed actors in the north has increased markedly in recent months. • Reconciliation will require diverse advocacy approaches on the part of international actors toward the civilian government, the Tatmadaw, ethnic armed groups, and civil society. To facili- tate a genuinely inclusive peace process, all parties need to be encouraged to expand dialogue and approach talks without precondition. Even as Burma has “transitioned from decades Introduction of civil war and military rule Even as Burma has transitioned—beginning in late 2010—from decades of civil war and military to greater democracy, long- rule to greater democracy, long-standing and widespread armed conflict has resumed between several ethnic armed organizations (EAOs) and the Burmese armed forces (Tatmadaw). Early in standing and widespread 2011, a 1994 ceasefire agreement broke down as relations deterioriated in the wake of the National armed conflict has resumed.” League for Democracy government’s refusal to permit Kachin political parties to participate in the elections that ended the era of military rule in the country. -
Gazetteer of Upper Burma and the Shan States. in Five
GAZETTEER OF UPPER BURMA AND THE SHAN STATES. IN FIVE VOLUMES. COMPILED FROM OFFICIAL PAPERS BY J. GEORGE SCOTT. BARRISTER-AT-LAW, C.I.E., M.R.A.S., F.R.G.S., ASSISTED BY J. P. HARDIMAN, I.C.S. PART II.--VOL. III. RANGOON: PRINTED BY THE SUPERINTENDENT, GOVERNMENT PRINTING, BURMA. 1901. [PART II, VOLS. I, II & III,--PRICE: Rs. 12-0-0=18s.] CONTENTS. VOLUME III. Page. Page. Page. Ralang 1 Sagaing 36 Sa-le-ywe 83 Ralôn or Ralawn ib -- 64 Sa-li ib. Rapum ib -- ib. Sa-lim ib. Ratanapura ib -- 65 Sa-lin ib. Rawa ib. Saga Tingsa 76 -- 84 Rawkwa ib. Sagônwa or Sagong ib. Salin ib. Rawtu or Maika ib. Sa-gu ib. Sa-lin chaung 86 Rawva 2 -- ib. Sa-lin-daung 89 Rawvan ib. Sagun ib -- ib. Raw-ywa ib. Sa-gwe ib. Sa-lin-gan ib. Reshen ib. Sa-gyan ib. Sa-lin-ga-thu ib. Rimpi ib. Sa-gyet ib. Sa-lin-gôn ib. Rimpe ib. Sagyilain or Limkai 77 Sa-lin-gyi ib. Rosshi or Warrshi 3 Sa-gyin ib -- 90 Ruby Mines ib. Sa-gyin North ib. Sallavati ib. Ruibu 32 Sa-gyin South ib. Sa-lun ib. Rumklao ib. a-gyin San-baing ib. Salween ib. Rumshe ib. Sa-gyin-wa ib. Sama 103 Rutong ib. Sa-gyu ib. Sama or Suma ib. Sai Lein ib. Sa-me-gan-gôn ib. Sa-ba-dwin ib. Saileng 78 Sa-meik ib. Sa-ba-hmyaw 33 Saing-byin North ib. Sa-meik-kôn ib. Sa-ban ib. -
Uva-DARE (Digital Academic Repository)
UvA-DARE (Digital Academic Repository) Living with four polities States and cross-border flows in the Myanmar-Thailand borderland Lertchavalitsakul, B. Publication date 2017 Document Version Final published version License Other Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): Lertchavalitsakul, B. (2017). Living with four polities: States and cross-border flows in the Myanmar-Thailand borderland. General rights It is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), other than for strictly personal, individual use, unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). Disclaimer/Complaints regulations If you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the Library will make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please Ask the Library: https://uba.uva.nl/en/contact, or a letter to: Library of the University of Amsterdam, Secretariat, Singel 425, 1012 WP Amsterdam, The Netherlands. You will be contacted as soon as possible. UvA-DARE is a service provided by the library of the University of Amsterdam (https://dare.uva.nl) Download date:23 Sep 2021 Living with Four Polities: States and Cross-border Flows in the Myanmar-Thailand Borderland Busarin Lertchavalitsakul © Busarin Lertchavalitsakul Cover Design: Nuankhanit Phromchanya ([email protected]) Graphic Design: Nuankhanit Phromchanya Photo: Busarin Lertchavalitsakul, otherwise credited Diagram & Table: Busarin Lertchavalitsakul Print: Ipskamp Printing Amsterdam ISBN: 978-94-028-0859-9 Living with Four Polities: States and Cross-border Flows in the Myanmar-Thailand Borderland ACADEMISCH PROEFSCHRIFT ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Universiteit van Amsterdam op gezag van de Rector Magnificus prof. -
Heritage in the Myanmar Frontier: Shan State, Haws, and Conditions for Public Participation
HERITAGE IN THE MYANMAR FRONTIER: SHAN STATE, HAWS, AND CONDITIONS FOR PUBLIC PARTICIPATION Zaw Lin Myat Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Science in Historic Preservation Graduate School of Architecture, Planning and Preservation Columbia University May 2016 For the Union ZAW LIN MYAT COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my advisor, Dr. Erica Avrami, in guiding me through this process since the beginning. This thesis would not have been possible without her support, encouragement, and understanding. I would also like to thank my readers, Prof. Paul Bentel, and Prof. William Logan, for offering me insights and criticisms for improvement. Many thanks to my professors at the Graduate School of Architecture, Planning and Preservation for an amazing academic experience at Columbia University. I would also like to acknowledge the support provided by GSAPP’s Kinne Fund and Dorothy Miner Fund, which enabled my thesis travel. During the research trip in Shan State, many local residents helped me in finding sources, accompanied me to visit many places, and invited me warmly to their homes. I am very grateful for their hospitality and support. I would like to thank my grandparents in Taunggyi especially, U Tin Win and Daw Shu Fong, for their support although grandpa was very much concerned about my travel as he called me every few hours on the phone to check on my travel route. I apologize for the worries I might have caused. My beloved aunts, Kyu Kyu and Chun Nyunt from Yawnghwe, not only supported me enormously in planning the travel routes but also took care of every accommodation and meal during the trip in Shan State so that I could concentrate on this thesis. -
Gazetteer of Upper Burma. and the Shan States. in Five Volumes. Compiled from Official Papers by J. George Scott, Barrister-At-L
GAZETTEER OF UPPER BURMA. AND THE SHAN STATES. IN FIVE VOLUMES. COMPILED FROM OFFICIAL PAPERS BY J. GEORGE SCOTT, BARRISTER-AT-LAW, C.I.E,M.R.A.S., F.R.G.S., ASSISTED BY J. P. HARDIMAN, I.C.S. PART II.--VOL. I. RANGOON: PRINTRD BY THE SUPERINTENDENT GOVERNMENT PRINTING, BURMA. 1901. [PART II, VOLS. I, II & III,--PRICE: Rs. 12-0-0=18s.] CONTENTS. VOLUME I Page. Page. Page. A-eng 1 A-lôn-gyi 8 Auk-kyin 29 Ah Hmun 2 A-Ma ib ib. A-hlè-ywa ib. Amarapura ib. Auk-myin ib. Ai-bur ib. 23 Auk-o-a-nauk 30 Ai-fang ib. Amarapura Myoma 24 Auk-o-a-she ib. Ai-ka ib. A-meik ib. Auk-sa-tha ib. Aik-gyi ib. A-mi-hkaw ib. Auk-seik ib. Ai-la ib. A-myauk-bôn-o ib. Auk-taung ib. Aing-daing ib. A-myin ib. Auk-ye-dwin ib. Aing-daung ib. Anauk-dônma 25 Auk-yo ib. Aing-gaing 3 A-nauk-gôn ib. Aung ib. Aing-gyi ib. A-nsuk-ka-byu ib. Aung-ban-chaung ib. -- ib. A-nauk-kaing ib. Aung-bin-le ib. Aing-ma ib. A-nauk-kyat-o ib. Aung-bôn ib. -- ib. A-nauk-let-tha-ma ib. Aung-ga-lein-kan ib. -- ib. A-nauk-pet ib. Aung-kè-zin ib. -- ib. A-nauk-su ib. Aung-tha 31 -- ib ib ib. Aing-she ib. A-nauk-taw ib ib. Aing-tha ib ib ib. Aing-ya ib. A-nauk-yat ib. -
Exposing the Geopolitics of Myanmar's Borderlands with Critical Remote Sensing
remote sensing Article Uneven Frontiers: Exposing the Geopolitics of Myanmar’s Borderlands with Critical Remote Sensing Mia M. Bennett 1,* and Hilary Oliva Faxon 2 1 Department of Geography, Room 10.23, Jockey Club Tower, Centennial Campus, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China 2 Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, 130 Mulford Hall, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94709, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: A critical remote sensing approach illuminates the geopolitics of development within Myanmar and across its ethnic minority borderlands. By integrating nighttime light (NTL) data from 1992–2020, long-term ethnographic fieldwork, and a review of scholarly and gray literature, we analyzed how Myanmar’s economic geography defies official policy, attesting to persistent inequality and the complex relationships between state-sponsored and militia-led violence, resource extraction, and trade. While analysis of DMSP-OLS data (1992–2013) and VIIRS data (2013–2020) reveals that Myanmar brightened overall, especially since the 2010s in line with its now-halting liberalization, growth in lights was unequally distributed. Although ethnic minority states brightened more rapidly than urbanized ethnic majority lowland regions, in 2020, the latter still emitted 5.6-fold more radiance per km2. Moreover, between 2013 and 2020, Myanmar’s borderlands were on average just 13% as bright as those of its five neighboring countries. Hot spot analysis of radiance within a 50 km-wide area spanning both sides of the border confirmed that most significant clusters of light lay outside Myanmar. Among the few hot spots on Myanmar’s side, many were associated Citation: Bennett, M.M.; Faxon, H.O. -
Phonological Inventories of Seven Jingphoish Languages and Dialects Author(S)
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Kyoto University Research Information Repository <Article>Phonological inventories of seven Jingphoish Title languages and dialects Author(s) KURABE, Keita 京都大学言語学研究 = Kyoto University Linguistic Research Citation (2014), 33: 57-88 Issue Date 2014 URL http://dx.doi.org/10.14989/196278 Right © Department of Linguistics Graduate School of Letters 2014 Type Departmental Bulletin Paper Textversion publisher Kyoto University 京都大学言語学研究 (Kyoto University Linguistic Research) 33 (2014), 57 –88 Phonological inventories of seven Jingphoish languages and dialects∗ Keita Kurabe 1 Introduction The Jingphoish1 languages are Tibeto-Burman languages spoken in northern Burma and adjacent areas of China and India. Genetically, they belong to the Jingpho-Asakian (Jingpho-Luish) branch of Tibeto-Burman (Matisoff 2013). While the exact number of Jingpho speakers is unknown due to a lack of accurate census data, estimates range be- tween 630,000 (Bradley 1996) and 940,000 (Lewis et al. 2014). The Jingpho, together with such peoples as the Lhaovo, Lachid, Zaiwa, Rawang and Lisu, form an ethnic group in Burma called the “Kachin”. Although the standard dialect of Jingpho is widely used by both native and non-native speakers, many of the other Jingphoish languages and dialects are in danger of disappearing due to speakers shifting to the dominant languages in the area, such as Standard Jingpho, Burmese in Burma, Chinese in China and Assamese in India. This paper provides the phonological inventories and syllable structures of seven Jing- phoish languages and dialects from northern Burma, southwestern China and northeastern India.