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Sulle Fotografie Danneggiate copertina fotografiedanneggiate:Layout 1 8-01-2015 9:41 Pagina 1 Il testo fornisce informazioni di carattere generale sulle specie animali (principalmente insetti e roditori) che con maggiore frequenza si rintracciano negli ambienti di conservazione delle fotogra,e e sui danni che essi possono arrecare. Una parte è dedicata alle metodologie e alle strategie di prevenzione nonché ai diversi metodi di lotta capaci di limitare le infestazioni. Sono trattate anche le varie tipologie di tecniche fotogra,che e delineate le problematiche del restauro conservativo utili ad arginare gli effetti del deterioramento. Alla realizzazione dell’opera hanno contribuito diversi Autori, specialisti in vari campi disciplinari della biologia applicata e delle attività di studio interessate alla valorizzazione, conservazione, tutela e fruizione dei beni culturali. Presentazione di David Pinniger Contributi di Marianna Adamo, Dario Capizzi, Barbara Cattaneo, SULLE FOTOGRAFIE DANNEGGIATE Ubaldo Cesareo, Massimo Cristofaro, Federica Delìa, Donatella Matè, Luciano Santini, Pasquale Trematerra Gestione degli organismi infestanti a cura di: Marianna Adamo, Donatella Matè, Pasquale Trematerra Sulle fotografie danneggiate Gestione degli organismi infestanti A cura di Marianna Adamo, Donatella Matè, Pasquale Trematerra Presentazione di David Pinniger 2015 ENEA Agenzia nazionale per le nuove tecnologie, l’energia e lo sviluppo economico sostenibile Lungotevere Thaon di Revel, 76 00196 ROMA ISBN: 978-88-8286-311-1 SULLE FOTOGRAFIE DANNEGGIATE Gestione degli organismi infestanti A cura di Marianna Adamo, Donatella Matè, Pasquale Trematerra Presentazione di David Pinniger Il testo fornisce informazioni di carattere generale sulle specie animali (principalmente insetti e roditori) che con maggiore frequenza si rintracciano negli ambienti di conser- vazione delle fotografie e sui danni che essi possono arre- care. Una parte è dedicata alle metodologie e alle strategie di prevenzione nonché ai diversi metodi di lotta capaci di limitare le infestazioni. Sono trattate anche le varie tipologie di tecniche foto- grafiche e delineate le problematiche del restauro conser- vativo utili ad arginare gli effetti del deterioramento. Alla realizzazione dell’opera hanno contribuito diversi Au- tori, specialisti in vari campi disciplinari della biologia appli- cata e delle attività di studio interessate alla valorizzazione, conservazione, tutela e fruizione dei beni culturali. Presentazione di: David Pinniger Contributi di: Marianna Adamo, Dario Capizzi, Barbara Cattaneo, Ubaldo Cesareo, Massimo Cristofaro, Federica Delìa, Donatella Matè, Luciano Santini, Pasquale Trematerra Indice Indice Presentazione di David Pinniger 9 Introduzione 11 PARTE GENERALE Capitolo 1 I danni da Insetti 15 Marianna Adamo, Donatella Matè, Pasquale Trematerra 1.1 Generalità sugli Insetti 15 1.2 Le specie più diffuse e le tipologie di danno 17 1.2.1 Thysanura 17 1.2.2 Psocoptera 24 1.2.3 Blattodea 25 1.2.4 Isoptera 32 1.2.5 Coleoptera 35 Capitolo 2 I danni da Roditori 43 Dario Capizzi, Luciano Santini 2.1 Le specie dannose più diffuse 43 2.2 Tipologie di danno 47 Capitolo 3 Aspetti di conservazione preventiva 53 Massimo Cristofaro, Donatella Matè 3.1 Sistemi di prevenzione e controllo degli infestanti 54 3.2 Azioni di conservazione preventiva 57 3.2.1 Monitoraggio e controllo ambientale 57 3.2.1.a I fattori abiotici - ambientali di influenza sugli insetti 59 3.2.1.b Valori termoigrometrici per la conservazione dei materiali fotografici 62 3.2.2 Predisposizione di alloggiamenti a norma 64 3.2.3 Attività ispettive 65 3.3 Organizzazione di un programma sostenibile 76 3.3.1 Check-list - modulo/questionario 78 5 SULLE FOTOGRAFIE DANNEGGIATE Capitolo 4 Trattamenti disinfestanti contro gli artropodi 81 Marianna Adamo, Massimo Cristofaro 4.1 Metodi fisici 82 4.1.1 Controllo delle condizioni ambientali 82 4.1.2 Trattamenti con le basse e le alte temperature 83 4.1.2.a Il congelamento 83 4.1.2.b Le microonde 85 4.1.2.c Le radiofrequenze 85 4.1.2.d Il calore 86 4.1.3 Le atmosfere controllate e modificate 86 4.1.4 I trattamenti con le radiazioni 90 4.1.4.a I raggi UV 90 4.1.4.b I raggi gamma 90 4.2 Metodi chimici 99 4.2.1 Gli insetticidi 99 4.2.2 La risposta biologica degli artropodi alla lotta chimica 105 4.2.3 Le sostanze repellenti 106 4.2.4 Le sostanze gassose 107 4.2.4.a L’ossido di etilene 108 4.3 Controllo biologico 111 4.4 Orientamenti per l’individuazione del trattamento 112 Capitolo 5 Gestione integrata degli infestanti 115 Dario Capizzi, Ubaldo Cesareo, Luciano Santini, Pasquale Trematerra 5.1 Il controllo degli artropodi 115 5.1.1 Le tecniche di monitoraggio 115 5.1.2 Le strategie di Integrated Pest Management 120 5.1.2.a Evitare la presenza degli infestanti 120 5.1.2.b Identificare gli artropodi infestanti 120 5.1.2.c Individuare i problemi 121 5.1.2.d Metodi di lotta 121 5.2 Gestione della fauna ornitica 124 5.3 Il controllo dei roditori 125 5.3.1 Le tecniche di monitoraggio 126 5.3.2 Le strategie di Integrated Pest Management 127 5.3.2.a Metodi di esclusione 127 5.3.2.b Bonifica delle aree esterne 127 5.3.2.c Interventi di controllo 128 5.3.2.d Dispositivi di cattura 128 5.3.2.e Esche tossiche 129 6 Indice Capitolo 6 Problemi sanitari per gli addetti al settore 131 Marianna Adamo, Ubaldo Cesareo 6.1 La componente biologica dell’aria 132 6.2 Il rischio correlato ad artropodi di interesse 133 6.3 Il rischio da insetticidi 139 6.4 Il rischio da roditori 141 PARTE SPECIALE Capitolo 7 Note morfo-biologiche di Insetti e Roditori: schede di riferimento 145 Dario Capizzi, Luciano Santini, Pasquale Trematerra 7.1 Gli Insetti 145 7.1.1 Ordine Thysanura 146 7.1.2 Ordine Psocoptera 146 7.1.3 Ordine Blattodea 147 7.1.4 Ordine Isoptera 149 7.1.5 Ordine Coleoptera 150 7.2 I Roditori 154 Capitolo 8 Note sulle principali tecniche fotografiche: schede di riferimento 157 Barbara Cattaneo, Donatella Matè 8.1 Processi in bianco e nero e a colori 157 8.2 Procedimenti argentici 160 8.2.1 Procedimenti monocromi 160 8.2.1.a Positivi diretti 160 8.2.1.b Negativi 164 8.2.1.c Positivi 169 8.2.2 Procedimenti a colori 177 8.2.2.a Autocromia 177 8.2.2.b Positivi, negativi e diapositive a sviluppo cromogeno 177 8.2.2.c Positivi e trasparenze a distruzione di coloranti 180 8.2.2.d Procedimenti a sviluppo istantaneo 181 8.2.2.e Processo per imbibizione (Kodak Dye Transfer Process) 182 7 SULLE FOTOGRAFIE DANNEGGIATE 8.3 Procedimenti non argentici 182 8.3.1 Procedimenti ai sali ferrici 182 8.3.2 Processi ai sali di cromo 185 8.3.3 Altri processi ai sali di cromo: processi agli inchiostri grassi 187 8.3.4 I processi di fotoriproduzione 188 8.4 Procedimenti fotomeccanici 189 8.4.1 Processi incavografici 189 8.4.2 Metodi planografici 191 8.4.3 Metodi rilievografici 194 Capitolo 9 Infestanti e problematiche di restauro conservativo 195 Federica Delìa 9.1 Trattamenti sui supporti 196 9.1.1 Pulitura a secco e a umido 197 9.1.2 Risarcimento delle lacune e sutura delle lacerazioni 199 9.2 Recupero dello strato immagine 200 9.2.1 Pulitura a secco e a umido 200 9.2.2 Consolidamento e ritocco 203 9.2.3 Il restauro virtuale 204 Bibliografia generale 207 Riferimenti alle immagini 225 Ringraziamenti 227 Profilo degli Autori 229 8 Presentazione Presentazione Photographic collections form a unique and irreplaceable resource of unique historic value. The delayed recognition of the importance of photographs as part of the collections, has slowed the development of a scientific methodology relating to their conservation. This can be problematic due to the sensitivity and instability of the materials. Unfortunately, the conservation and protection of photographic collections is becoming increasingly difficult, particularly because of the lack of economic resources to protect collections from environmental conditions, biodeteriogens and natural disasters. A strategy must be put in place of the preventive conservation measures which are needed to slow down the degrada- tion processes in order to ensure the long-term preservation of irreplaceable collections. A multidisciplinary approach is needed which takes into account the various chemical, physi- cal and biological factors. It needs to also take account of both the type and the state of preservation of the materials as well as the premises in which they are housed. The growth of metropolitan areas has favoured the development of pests such as fungi, insects, mites, birds and rodents which are best adapted to colonizing buildings. Moreover some other pests are responsible of human diseases. Recently, many facilities have adopted measures to assess the hazards and risks arising from pests presence and damaging activity and have established protocols for effective intervention to limit danger and damage. These Integrated Pest Management (IPM) pro- grams must be planned according to the various needs of an institution and often involve different skills and professions. In this context, the present volume provides a general framework to enable both operators and service providers to monitor and combat infestations. Technical staff responsible for the conservation of photographic collections may need to co-ordinate external companies that provide different services. Successful prevention of damage by pests requires a thorough knowledge of their biology and behaviour. The purpose of this book is therefore to provide general information on pests that can be found in the environments in which photographic materials are stored and to describe the damage that can be caused to collections. A large section is devoted to detection, preventive measures and the different control methods available capable of limit- ing the infestation.
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