Restaur. 2017; 38(2): 153–179
Giorgia Fizialetti, Alessandra Ventura, Mirella Fidomanzo and Maria Grazia Filippucci* Entomological and Thermo-Hygrometric Monitoring at the Angelica Library in Rome (Italy)
DOI 10.1515/res-2016-0026 Received October 14, 2016; revised February 22, 2017; accepted April 7, 2017; previously published online May 11, 2017
Abstract: Results of entomological and thermo-hygrometric monitoring carried out at the Angelica Library in Rome are presented and discussed. Monitoring was carried out for a whole year, from April 2015 to March 2016. The purpose was to verify the possible presence of infestations of the stored goods within the building by pest species and to evaluate the possible correlation between environmental parameters found within the various areas examined and the density of the pest species found. Several pest insects were found in the library but only the beetles of the family Dermestidae can be regarded as particularly harmful and dangerous. This family was present with the genera Attagenus and Anthrenus. The presence and the frequency of other pest organisms (silverfish, booklice and isopods) can be kept under control by monitoring the environ- mental parameters. Psocottera were represented by the genera Liposcelis and Dorypteryx. More dangerous pest species such as anobiids, termites, cockroaches or rodents were not found in the library.
Keywords: Insect monitoring, thermo-hygrometric monitoring, preventive conservation, integrated pest management
1 Introduction
Within conservation areas it is important to limit the natural deterioration of stored goods and the consequent restoration. Prevention is the essential task for the most
*Corresponding author: Maria Grazia Filippucci, Università degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata Dipartimento di Biologia, Roma, Italy, E-mail: [email protected] Giorgia Fizialetti, Dipartimento di Studi Letterari Filosofici e di Storia dell’Arte, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, Roma, Italy, E-mail: [email protected] Alessandra Ventura, Università degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata Dipartimento di Biologia, Roma, Italy, E-mail: [email protected] Mirella Fidomanzo, Biblioteca Angelica, Roma, Italy, E-mail: [email protected]
Brought to you by | Biblioteca Biomedica Authenticated | [email protected] author's copy Download Date | 6/13/17 2:11 PM 154 G. Fizialetti et al. efficient protection and conservation of cultural heritage (Chiappini et al. 2001; Florian 1997; Gallo 1951, 1980; Kingsolver 1993; Montanari and Pinzari 2004). The adoption of integrated pest management is necessary to guarantee what is called Preventive Conservation (Montanari et al. 2008). A successful strategy for prevention depends upon the integration of inspection, exclusion and environmental manage- ment (Pinniger 1994, 2015). According to Berzolla et al. (2013), restoration in Italy is considered more important than conservation, and prevention is often not applied. For a cultural heritage organization, a restoration project ensures greater visibility than correct management by conservation or prevention projects. Chemical and physical treatments and restoration are carried out more frequently than monitoring, general prevention or Integrated Pest Management (IPM). The trend is to repair rather than to prevent damage. Only in recent years has the concept of preven- tion begun to spread in Italy. Pest insects cause irreversible damage to museum collections, libraries and archives. Among Coleoptera, Anobiidae and Dermestidae perform the entire life cycle within the paper material on which they feed. Dermestidae often cause great damage to the skin or parchment bindings of books and animal components in general. The attack is not visible during the entire life cycle, and the infestation is manifested only with flickering holes and simultaneous presence of frass. Representatives of Blattaria, Zygentoma and Isoptera orders live in the environ- ment and feed on paper, leather, parchment and other materials such as glues of both plant and animal origin. Psocoptera, although very small, are common in the degradation of the books and feed in particular on micromolds present on media. Often, pest presence is detected only after the infestation has reached high levels with the presence of frass, faecal pellets, and exuviae, by adults leaving the material during the period of flickering, etc. Most of the damaging activities of pest insects is internal, thus hidden from cursory examination, and the delay in identifying an infestation leads to further destruction and the spread of the infestation (Child and Pinniger 1994; Harmon 1993; Hickin 1985). To avoid these late responses and the consequent use of large amounts of chemical products, it is necessary to proceed with regular insect monitoring. Insect control in conserva- tion areas depends upon accurate identification of pest species and a knowledge of their food preference habits. Recognition of potential trouble spots is important in forestalling future infestations and in designing preventive strategies. Therefore it is necessary that entomological monitoring is carried out with the aid of adhesive traps suitably chosen according to the type of environment in which they must be placed and the type of organism to be captured. The preventive conservation should also include the control of environmental parameters through the use of air conditioning systems
Brought to you by | Biblioteca Biomedica Authenticated | [email protected] author's copy Download Date | 6/13/17 2:11 PM Entomological and Thermo-Hygrometric Monitoring 155 monitored by data loggers to maintain relative humidity and temperature within the recommended values for the proper storage of library materials: a tempera- ture between 16 °C and 20 °C, and a relative humidity of 45–60 % (Gallo 1992; Montanari et al. 2008). By controlling and maintaining these values, it is possible to limit the proliferation of pest species that have a life cycle strongly influenced by environmental conditions (Caneva and Mandrioli 1998). Besides, it is necessary to verify the presence of any points of access to prevent the entry of rodents and place screens on the windows to block even smaller insects. To avoid the occurrence of infestations, it is also recommended to provide a quarantined room to store newly acquired material to prevent any currently present biological agents from spreading throughout the entire area. Several actions should be regularly carried out (Arruzzolo 2002): the cleaning of the premises to eliminate the presence of organic material that attracts biological agents; dusting the shelves and stored material as well as allowing periodic monitoring of the same. For archives and libraries, preventive conservation has the purpose of limiting: (i) the inherent chemical and physical degradation of the materials, and the environmental conditions in which they are preserved; (ii) the attack by biological agents that include, in addition to molds and bacteria, a large variety of species of arthropods that feed on paper, leather, parchment, glues (Fizialetti 2016). Although numerous publications about the insect species that are poten- tially responsible for the deterioration of cultural heritage exist, there are few records of species which are actually present in libraries, archives or museums (Liotta and Agrò 1999; Lucarelli and Minelli 2008; Marinucci et al. 1998; Ruschioni and Veca 2002). Entomologists who in the past have studied the urban entomofauna have not turned their attention to the building interiors that house cultural heritage. Therefore, little is known about the presence of insects, the frequency of infestations, and the amount of damage caused. Thusly, the scarcity of available data does not allow faunistic comparisons, only the presence of damage does sometime indicate previous entomological attacks which are not historically placeable. Between 2000 and 2004 Lucarelli and Minelli (2008) monitored Roman libraries and public and private archives collecting data on weather conditions, presence of species, population sizes, and the extent of any damage caused to the books, documents and furnishings. In some cases, they could determine the presence of previous infestations from clues such as the characterization of the damage, and the recovery of cells or pupal remains of individuals. Besides, they hypothesized that the altered microclimate conditions, due to climatization or heating systems, induced a change in the composition of the pest fauna in Roman libraries and archives.
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Here, we present the results of entomological and thermo-hygrometric monitoring carried out from April 2015 to March 2016 at the Angelica Library in Rome, Italy.
1.1 Angelica library
History – The Biblioteca Angelica is named for the Augustinian Bishop Angelo Rocca (1546–1620), an erudite writer and keen collector of rare editions (Munafò and Muratore 1989). He was in charge of the Vatican Printing House under the pontificate of Pope Sixtus V. Bishop Angelo Rocca entrusted his collection of about 20,000 volumes to the friars at the convent of St. Augustine in Rome at the end of the sixteenth century. Over the previous centuries the Augustinian collection has acquired valuable manuscripts donated by Roman nobles who had left them to the monastery when they died. Angelo Rocca provided the new Library with a suitable building, an annuity, and a set of regulations. He wanted the Library to be open to everyone regardless of income or social standing. This novelty gave rise to an ever-increasing interest by the general public and soon the library’s fame spread to scholars around the world. In 1762, the huge library of Cardinal Domenico Passionei was acquired. This acquisition doubled Angelica’s collection and above all, enriched it with texts that the Cardinal had obtained during his travels as papal envoy in Protestant Europe. During those years, architect Luigi Vanvitelli was commissioned by the monks to rebuild the monastery, and he completed the current reading room in 1765. In 1873 the Biblioteca Angelica became property of the Italian State. Since 1940, Biblioteca Angelica has in deposit 10,000 volumes belonging to the Accademia Letteraria dell’Arcadia. The Angelica Library became a part of the Ministero per i Beni Culturali e Ambientali in 1975. Location – The Library is situated in the former convent of the Augustinian Fathers at the Church of St. Augustine in Rome’s historic center. The current layout dates back to the mid-eighteenth century, when the Prior General Vasquez commissioned Luigi Vanvitelli to restructure the Convent. The work also affected the Library environments that had become insufficient to hold the ever increasing volumes. The reading room (Figure 1), the so-called Vanvitelli’s “vase”, is surrounded by a high wooden shelf by Nicola Fagioli and holds approximately 100,000 volumes of an ancient book collection. Heritage – Today, the Angelica Library holds and protects over 200,000 volumes. The Antique Book Collection has more than 100,000 volumes pub- lished between the Fifteenth and Nineteenth centuries and more than 1,100 incunabula. The Manuscript Fund consists of nearly 24,000 unbound documents and 2,800 Latin, Greek and Oriental volumes. The richest sectors which are still
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Figure 1: Reading Hall (Salone) of Angelica Library. growing through purchases and donations, include texts on the thoughts of St. Augustine, on the Augustinian Order, on the history of the Reformation and Counter-Reformation, and on works by Dante, Petrarca and Boccaccio.
2 Material and methods
2.1 Collecting site
The monitoring affected almost the entire building forming the Angelica Library with the exception of the first floor in which the offices and the exhibition areas are located. Differences between the deposits and the consultation areas determine the shelving materials and the type of air conditioning system. The monitoring was conducted in: (i) Deposits (400 m2, more than 100.000 volumes) – In the deposits which are located in the basement, there is a prevalence of metal material used for the Compactus shelves for placement of the volumes. There is also some open metallic shelving along the walls. The air conditioning system which is completely metal coated is available to all rooms, but it has never been activated because of technical problems. The deposits are therefore subject to daily and seasonal changes in temperature. The basement is particularly warm in winter as it is impacted by the use of heating systems on the upper floors. While windows could create the correct circulation of air within the
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environment, there are only two located in two contiguous rooms: Fondo Continuazioni and Fondo Bocelli. These windows are placed at the height of about 3 meters from the ground and open to the street, and thusly they are kept closed. Therefore, there is no air circulation and air exchange in the deposits. (ii) Fondo Frati (70 m2, about 9000 volumes) – This room is located on the ground floor and is characterized by the presence of Compactus and metal shelving. There are no windows and consequently there is no air circula- tion. There is no proper air conditioning system except a few grids located in the upper part of a wall that allows hot air to move from heated rooms of administrative offices. (iii) Salone (Reading Hall; 400 m2, more than 100.000 volumes) – Located on the second floor, this room includes two balconies that run the perimeter of the racks that are arranged along the four walls of the hall itself. The entire hall perimeter is covered by wooden shelves extending from floor to ceiling. The shelves are lined by two wooden galleries that allow access to all volumes in the Reading Hall. The books are all kept with direct contact to the external environment as they are open, classic shelves. Only the lowest two rows of shelves are protected by metal fenced doors. The heating system, active in the winter months, consists of six radiators located at floor level and locked in cabinets with metal fencing to allow the passage of heat. There is no air conditioning system for the summer months. Six big windows are present in the hall. (iv) Sala Manoscritti (45 m2, about 2.800 volumes plus 24,000 unbound documents) – The room preserving the manuscripts is located at the first balcony landing of the Reading Hall. It is separated from the rest of the environment by two doors, one of which is armoured. The room is equipped with metal shelves. Two large gated windows are located respectively on the walls facing north and south. Only the north facing window is opened occasionally to allow air circulation. There is no air conditioning for this room. (v) Entrance (33 m2, about 1000 volumes) – The entrance leads to the Reading Hall and has wooden cabinets and a window.
2.2 Entomological monitoring
The monitoring was conducted for twelve months from April 2015 to March 2016. The surveys were carried out monthly except for the period between July and November when monitoring was bi-monthly due to the higher number of
Brought to you by | Biblioteca Biomedica Authenticated | [email protected] author's copy Download Date | 6/13/17 2:11 PM Entomological and Thermo-Hygrometric Monitoring 159 collected specimens. During the inspections, all of the traps were checked, removed when samples were present, and replaced. In the case of a clean trap, we simply rehydrated cotton with red vinegar to renew the attractiveness. Traps – Overall, three different types of traps were used for sample collection. Cardboard glue traps were used for crawling insects (Bio Control S.r.l. Roma) and yellow chromotropic sticky traps were used for flying insects (TEMO-O-CID by VerdeVivo). Both traps were effective and allowed us to collect several insects belonging to different groups. However, we soon faced identification difficulties due to the strong glue present on both trap types and the nature of the very thick base of the traps (cardboard or plastic). Psocoptera was the most frequent group in the library. The very small specimens of this order were severely damaged by the glue. Even dissolving the glue rendered a very poor specimen. Therefore, we decided to design a different type of trap described by Fizialetti and Filippucci (2017) made from a transparent rectangular plastic layer on which we attached a strip of entomological double adhesive tape. A small piece of cotton wool soaked in red wine vinegar was added to the center of the trap as a lure (Fontana et al. 2002). The transparent plastic layer allowed us to determine each single animal with no need of removing the specimen from the glue. The microscopic observa- tion of the animal body was possible from both sides of the transparent plastic layer. A total of 42 traps were placed in the various rooms of the library. (i) Deposits: In total, nine traps were placed. One trap for crawling insects in Fondo Arcadia, Fondo Moderno, Fondo Mezzanino, Fondo Periodici, Fondo Collezioni; two traps in Fondo Bocelli, and two traps in Fondo Continuazioni (one for crawling insects and one for flying insects in front of the window). (ii) Fondo Frati: A total of three traps for crawling insects were placed. (iii) Salone: In the Reading Hall, a total of twenty traps were placed. Four traps for crawling insects were placed near the radiators on the ground level near the consultation desks. Another four traps were placed in closets on all four sides of the room. Six traps were placed (four for crawling insects and two for flying insects) in front of the windows of the two galleries. (iv) Sala Manoscritti: A total of eight traps for crawling insects were placed in this room. (v) Entrance: Four traps for crawling insects were placed inside the cabinets located near the front door. They were added after an inspection (August 18, 2015) by the library staff who reported finding adult beetles in one of the cabinets.
Insect identification – We used the stereo microscope Wild Heerbrugg M3B Switzerland for observation and identification of the collected specimens. To
Brought to you by | Biblioteca Biomedica Authenticated | [email protected] author's copy Download Date | 6/13/17 2:11 PM 160 G. Fizialetti et al. identify some species, dissections were performed to highlight taxonomic cha- racteristics useful for the identification (Kucerova 1997; Lienhard 1998; Lienhard and Smithers 2002; Molero-Baltanás et al. 2000; Smithers 2000; Yoshizawa 2005). Before the dissection, we used ethyl acetate for the detachment of the sample from the adhesive trap. Several parts of the animals (e. g. mandibles, wings, legs, antennas, etc.) were removed by entomological needles, then placed on glass slides and fixed on the substrate by drops of Euparal. Finally, we created photos using the stereo microscope Leica MZ 12 and the camera Leica DFC 29 with various samples and slides to allow an easier specimen determination.
2.3 Thermo-hygrometric monitoring
We used the Ebro data logger (mod. EBI 20 TH1) to determine the temperature and relative humidity conditions; while using Winlog basic software to analyze the data. Temperature and humidity were measured every six hours. With the exception of the entrance a data logger was located in each of the monitored rooms and data was collected monthly.
2.4 Statistical analysis
We used the PAST software (Version 3.14) to estimate the correlation coefficient, a statistical measure of the degree of linear association between two variables. The variables analyzed were the number of pest specimens and values of relative humidity (rH) and temperature (T) observed in the different areas of the Library. Correlation coefficients are expressed as values between + 1 and −1. If the correlation coefficient is close to 1, it would indicate that the variables are positively related, for −1, it indicates that the variables are negatively related. A coefficient of zero indicates there is no discernable relationship between fluctuations of the variables.
3 Results
3.1 Entomological monitoring
During the twelve months of entomological monitoring, dangerous pest species such as anobiids, termites, cockroaches or rodents were not found
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Table 1: Pests and occasional guest found in the deposits at the basement of the library.
Fondo Fondo Fondo Fondo Fondo Fondo Fondo Arcadia Moderno Mezzanino Periodici Continuazioni Bocelli Collezioni
Pests Porcellionides pruinosus Lepisma saccharina Liposcelis sp Dorypteryx domestica Occasional guests Euscorpios aquilejensis Orchestina sp Scytodes sp Pritha nana Pholcidae gen Acarina Lithobius forficatus Aedes albopictus Muscidae Chironomidae Sciaridae Calcididae Formicidae
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Table 2: Pests and occasional guest found in Fondo Frati at the ground level and in Entrance, Reading Hall and Sala Manoscritti of the second floor.
Fondo Frati Entrance Reading Hall Sala Manoscritti
Pests Porcellionides pruinosus Lepisma saccharina Liposcelis sp Dorypteryx domestica Anthrenus sp Attagenus sp Occasional guests Euscorpios aquilejensis Orchestina sp Scytodes sp Pritha nana Pholcidae gen Acarina Lithobius forficatus Aedes albopictus Muscidae Chironomidae Sciaridae Calcididae Formicidae
Book pests found in the library belong to the following taxa: – Isopoda (Woodlice). This crustacean order is present in the library with the species Porcellionides pruinosus Miers, 1877 (fam. Porcellionidae). Even if not found frequently in libraries, isopods feed on very moist paper, deterio- rated wood and vegetable waste, and leave a large amount of faeces (Magaudda 1994). – Zygentoma. Silverfish are represented by the species Lepisma saccharina Linnaeus, 1758 (Fam. Lepismatidae). – Psocoptera (Booklice). This is the most common order represented by specimens of two distinct genera, belonging to different families: Dorypteryx Aaron, 1883 (Fam. Psyllipsocidae) and Liposcelis Motschulsky, 1852 (Fam. Liposcelididae). Whereas specimens of the genus Liposcelis could be easily recognized by the peculiarity of their hind legs and by the lack of wings, we needed to dissect and extract body parts of the genus Dorypteryx specimens to display taxonomic characteristics like wings, jaws and the number of segments (tarsomeres) on the tarsus of the limbs. The wings are
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characterized by a basic model of veins, display four different patterns, and sometimes the pattern differs even within the same specimen (New 1974). The specimens found in the Library belong to the species Dorypteryx domes- tica (Smithers). – Coleoptera. The beetles found were represented by the Dermestidae family; numerous adult and mostly larva specimens of the genera Anthrenus Casey, 1900 and Attagenus Latreille, 1802 were found. Occasional guests belong to the following taxa: – Diptera. We found several specimens belonging to the families Culicidae (represented by Aedes albopictus) (Skuse, 1894), Muscidae, Chironomidae, and Sciaridae as determined by wing vein pattern. – Hymenoptera was represented by the families Chalcididae and Formicidae. – Arachnida. This class was represented by specimens belonging to several families of the following orders: (i) Araneidae: Pholcidae, Oonopidae (Orchestina sp), Scytodoidea (Scytodes sp.) and Filistatidae (Pritha nana (Simon, 1868); (ii) Scorpionida of the family Euscorpiidae with Euscorpius aquilejensis (C. L. Koch, 1837); (iii) two specimens of the order Acarina were also found. – Chilopoda. This class was represented by a specimen of Lithobiomorpha, Lithobius forficatus (Linnaeus, 1758).
In the deposits, Fondo Moderno displayed a higher number of pests, including Lepisma saccharina, than other rooms of the same floor. Even “occasional guests” were more abundant in Fondo Moderno than in the other rooms. In particular, the presence of the spider Orchestina sp is significantly higher than the other orders and genera. On the second floor of the building, the Reading Room displayed a situation similar to that of the deposits with regards to the variability of the fauna found.
3.2 Thermo-hygrometric monitoring
Figures 2 and 3 summarize the results of the average values of T and rH found in the different areas of the library. Deposits – the average values of rH in the deposits ranged from 30.8 % (Fondo Mezzanino, March 2016) to 76.7 % (Fondo Bocelli, July 2015). Mean tem- perature values ranged from 21.4 °C (Fondo Bocelli, January 2016) to 29.0 °C (Fondo Mezzanino and Fondo Collezioni, August 2015). Fondo Frati – Average rH values ranged from 30.3 % in January 2016 to 57.3 % in July 2015; average T values ranged from 24.1° C in April 2015 to 28.2° C in August 2015.
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Figure 2: Graphs of the average monthly Temperature (T°C; minimum, average and maximum values) observed in each monitored area of the Angelica Library.
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Figure 3: Graphs of the average monthly relative Humidity (%rH; minimum, average and maximum values) observed in each monitored area of the Angelica Library.
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Sala Manoscritti – Average values of relative humidity ranged from a minimum of 54.9 % in December 2015 to a maximum of 63.4 % in July 2015; average T values were between 16.3° C in January 2016 and 28.3 °C in August 2015. Salone – In the Reading Hall the average rH values ranged from a minimum of 42.1 % in March 2016 and a maximum of 51.7 % in July 2015. The average T values between 20.4° C in January 2016 and 30.1° C in August 2015.
4 Discussion
4.1 Faunistic data
The twelve months of monitoring showed a considerable variety of fauna repre- sented by three Subphyla: Chelicerata, Crustacea and Atelocerata. On the ground floor, Fondo Frati was less inhabited by Arthropoda, whereas the basement and the second floor displayed a greater variety of wildlife. The most frequent pest species in the library belong to the orders Psocoptera, Coleoptera and Zygentoma. Occasional guests were generally few, with the most prominent being the spiders of the genus Orchestina. However, this organ- ism is not harmful and generally very common in urban environments, in houses and in buildings. Basement – The deposits housed in the basement revealed a remarkable wealth of fauna, represented by both pests and occasional guest insects. This area of the library is characterized by a prevalence of the order Psocoptera with the genera Dorypteryx and Liposcelis. These insects were very common in Fondo Collezioni, Fondo Arcadia, Fondo Bocelli and Fondo Moderno. This “localized” presence of Psocoptera can be related to the temperature and humidity conditions in these rooms. Especially in Fondo Moderno and Fondo Bocelli, the lack of air circulation and the particularly high relative humidity can create favorable environmental conditions that promote infestations by these organisms. In Fondo Moderno, Fondo Continuazioni and Fondo Bocelli the average rH and T displayed high values in summer: 46.7 % ≤ rH ≤ 76.7 % and 24.6 °C ≤ T ≤ 28.8 °C. These values, especially the temperature, are far from those indicated as optimal for the pre- servation of library and archival goods: 45 % ≤ rH ≤ 60 % and 16 °C ≤ T ≤ 20 °C (Gallo 1992; Montanari et al. 2008). The presence of spiders, scorpions and centipedes in the building can be considered positive, as they prey and feed on insects and therefore may contribute to a partial control of pest density. The presence of Diptera could be due to an accidental introduction through the
Brought to you by | Biblioteca Biomedica Authenticated | [email protected] author's copy Download Date | 6/13/17 2:11 PM Entomological and Thermo-Hygrometric Monitoring 167 open entrance door to the deposits. The considerable presence of specimens closely linked to the high levels of humidity and the presence of micromolds (used as food) within the environment could be considered an alarm bell. Ground floor – Most of the ground floor is used as offices and has entrance doors that open directly to the street. The monitoring was carried out only in the room that hosts Fondo Frati and showed a very different trend in comparison with the deposits. No occasional guests were found in this room. The presence of pest insects consisted of a few specimens of Psocoptera and of Lepisma sacchar- ina. despite the presence of organisms related to moisture, their quantity is so minimal that it does not represent a problem or a danger to the stored volumes. Their presence could simply be due to an indirect entry into the room rather than to an infestation from the inside. Second floor – The second floor includes the Reading Hall (Salone) where there are volume consultation tables, two balconies, the entrance, and Sala Manoscritti. Each environment of the second floor was predominantly character- ized by a different insect order. Entrance – The entrance was characterized by the presence of beetle larvae belonging to the genus Anthrenus (Fam. Dermestidae) in two closets. In particular, in closet IX we found a volume that presented the typical signs of attack by the larvae of Dermestidae and a considerable amount of frass to the base, and hence the decision to place an adhesive trap for crawling insects just at the back of the book. This trap has caught most of the larvae found in the entrance suggesting that the outbreak is precisely from this volume (Figure 4). Salone – In particular, the prevalence of Lepisma saccharina was evident in the Reading Hall (including the two galleries) with almost 100 specimens. Silverfish could represent a serious problem for the volumes stored in the Salone. Many specimens were found inside the housing of the radiators, but also in the cabinets containing the volumes and in the balcony shelves. The room also had a non-negligible amount of beetles of the genera Anthrenus and Attagenus (Fam. Dermestidae). Here, two adult beetle specimens (Attagenus sp) were found in sticky traps placed in front of the first landing window – probably because they were attracted by the light. The third adult specimen (Anthrenus sp) was instead found in a trap for crawling insects in one of the cabinets that house the radiators. Sala Manoscritti – In Sala Manoscritti, a prevalence of Psocoptera and of Isopoda (P. pruinosus) was found. Isopods were collected mostly in August 2015. Isopods, which eat damp paper, could represent a danger for the particularly prestigious books stored inside this room.
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Figure 4: Detail of the damage present on the volume stored in the closet IX of the entrance.
4.2 Thermo-hygrometric data
In Tables 3 and 4 we summarize the average seasonal values of relative humidity and temperature respectively observed in the different areas of the library. The thermo-hygrometric conditions recorded in the Library throughout the year are rather complex. The deposits, located in the basement of the building, and Fondo Frati are devoid of an air conditioning system, yet they experience changes in temperature and seasonal moisture due to the heating systems for other floors of the building. Sala Frati, however, displays a different pattern probably due to the location of the room on the ground floor rather than below the street level. In the Salone and Sala Manoscritti the thermo-hygrometric
Table 3: Average seasonal values and range (minimum and maximum) of relative Humidity (%rH) observed in the different areas of the Library.
Deposits Fondo Frati Sala Manoscritti Salone
Spring . . . . .–..–..–..–. Summer . . . . .–..–..–.. -. Autumn . . .. .–..–..–..–. Winter . . . . .–..–..–..–.
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Table 4: Average seasonal values and range (minimum and maximum) of Temperature (T) observed in the different areas of the Library.
Deposits Fondo Frati Sala Manoscritti Salone
Spring . . . . .–..–..–..–. Summer . . . . .-..–..–..–. Autumn . . . . .–..–..–..–. Winter . . . . .–..–..–..–.
conditions are better even if the first displayed values are not suitable for conservation. Basement – Data was recorded in all seven rooms and displayed homo- geneity in both relative humidity and temperature values. Both parameters reach the highest values in summer and decline during the autumn season and increase again in the spring. During the summer, the relative humidity reaches particularly high values in Fondo Continuazioni, Fondo Moderno, Fondo Arcadia and Fondo Bocelli, probably due to their lack of air circulation (46.7 % ≤ rH ≤ 76.7 %). During the winter, humidity values are lower, reaching the most appropriate values for conservation (32.6 % ≤ rH ≤ 60.5 %). The tempera- ture values remain fairly high throughout the year. In winter, the temperature does not fall below 21.4° C due to the influence of the heating system of the upper floors. During the summer, the temperature displays maximum mean values ranging from 24.5 °C to 28.8 °C. Fondo Frati – In the room that houses the Fondo Frati, thermo-hygrometric data displayed a different trend. The average values of relative humidity recorded during the year always fell within the recommended range for the correct conservation of the library materials. However, the temperature values were excessively high and associated with low values of relative humidity (the lowest value of relative humidity, rH = 18.6 %, was recorded in winter) which lead to an extremely dry environment causing visible damage to the stored material. The wooden axes and the scrolls were deformed by contact with an environment that does not provide enough moisture to maintain the proper water content in the material (Figure 5). The temperature reached the maximum value of 29.4 °C in July 2015; however the values recorded in January 2016 displayed a maximum temperature of 28.9 °C and a maximum relative humidity of 41.8 %.
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Figure 5: Detail of the deformation of the covers of the books kept in Fondo Frati.
Sala Manoscritti – Average relative humidity values recorded during the year are rather uniform. The relative humidity is kept constant even if slightly above the recommended maximum values for the conservation of library materials (46.4 % ≤ rH ≤ 64.1 %). It is evident that temperatures reached their peak during the summer months, with temperatures above the appropriate values, but then decreased rapidly in the cooler seasons. In this room, temperatures fell within the recommended range during the months from December 2015 to March 2016. The environment in winter is particularly cool compared to the other areas of the library, displaying rather low temperature values matched to overly high values of relative humidity. Salone – The recorded average values of relative humidity fit perfectly within the range recommended for storage. Excluding some peaks of the maximum values during the months of June 2015 and October 2015, the values can be considered optimal. The temperature, however, reached excessive levels during the summer months. Mean values exceeded the recommended upper limit from May 2015 and returned to acceptable values in November 2015. The temperature in winter months is kept under control by the heating system.
4.3 Seasonal presence of pest insects
Table 5 displays the total number of pest specimens collected monthly in the library.
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Table 5: Total number of pest specimens monthly collected in the Library.
Porcellionides Lepisma Dorypteryx Liposcelis Attagenus Anthrenus
April May June July August September October November December January February March
Isopods were limited to a few rooms (Sala Manoscritti and Fondo Arcadia), and only in spring and summer. The population, already numerically small, was probably eliminated thanks to the presence of the adhesive traps in the two rooms because there were not any more individuals collected in the following months. Most of Lepisma saccharina were found in the Reading Hall. Their amount increased in autumn and then stabilized and decreased in winter. A peak was observed in March 2016, but it should be stressed that most of the specimens caught in that period came from the traps housed under the radiators of the Reading Hall. The highest concentration of the order Psocoptera was found in the deposits, particularly in the rooms of Fondo Moderno, Fondo Arcadia, and Fondo Collezioni. The population of Dorypteryx domestica generally increased in summer months and then decreased in winter. Looking at the graphics of the relative humidity in these three rooms (Figure 2), the increase in collecting could be associated with high values of relative humidity and the consequent drop in temperatures registered with the cold season. These insects feed on micromolds found on media when the climatic conditions are characterized by high relative humidity and low tempera- tures. For Fondo Moderno, the results of the statistical analysis showed the exis- tence of a positive and statistically significant correlation between the presence of the genus Dorypteryx and the values of rH and T. The correlation coefficient was 0.83 for rH and 0.82 for T, thus indicating a tendency for D. domestica to covariate with temperature-humidity variables. No significant correlation was found between the other pest species and the two microclimatic variables. There was a noticeable absence of the genus Liposcelis during the first months of monitoring. This genus
Brought to you by | Biblioteca Biomedica Authenticated | [email protected] author's copy Download Date | 6/13/17 2:11 PM 172 G. Fizialetti et al. first appeared in June 2015; its presence increased in autumn and then decreased in winter. Liposcelis sp increased again in spring. The danger of these animals should not be underscored. Despite their small size, Psocoptera have a very high repro- ductive potential, linked to reproductive modes, thus leading quickly to substantial infestations. They are parthenogenetic animals. A single female, which does not need a male for fertilization of her eggs, is able to lay 100–200 eggs that hatch within 5–20 days; the development ends in a month through an incomplete meta- morphosis (heterometabolous). These animals hatch several generations per year and the domestic species can breed continuously (Richards and Davies 1977). Interesting is the consistent presence of Psocoptera of the genus Dorypteryx. These insects are not mentioned in the literature as biological agents of deteriora- tion inside conservation areas. The only reference found is included in a graduate thesis. However, the reference only mentions the discovery of specimens belonging to the Psyllipsocidae family (present in Italy with three genera and four species) without specifying the genus or the species (Di Paolo 2008). The same applies to the isopod findings which are rarely reported in the literature as biodeteriogens for archival and library goods (Magaudda 1994). All Dermestidae collected came from the second floor of the building. Only two specimens of Attagenus sp and one of Anthrenus sp were caught in the adult stage – all the other specimens were larvae. Attagenus sp was mostly captured in the Reading Hall (including the two adult specimen), and a specimen in Sala Manoscritti. This genus is totally absent in the entrance. Its presence was detected in the summer, autumn (with the exception of November and December), and winter months. The specimens collected in July and August 2015 are adults who obviously reached the flickering period. Anthrenus sp was mostly found in the entrance of the library at the base of a volume with evident traces of infestation. The first specimen of this genus was an adult found in the Reading Hall in June 2015, while all other specimens were larvae and were found both in the Reading Hall and in the entrance. Even if no Anobidae were found during the monitoring year, some volumes kept in the Salone and in the Sala Manoscritti displayed damage attributable to previous infestations by woodworms. Tunnels were observed in a volume from Sala Manoscritti, whose restoration was the subject of a thesis (Giunta 2015). The tunnels observed on the manuscript had a diameter of between 1 and 2 mm. Inside the book, the remains of an adult female of Stegobium paniceum (Linnaeus, 1758) were found. It has been suggested that an entomological attack took place approximately around the 1950s because it was during this period that a restoration of these volumes (belonging to Fondo Passionei) was completed. Careful study of the manu- script allowed to speculate that this restoration approximately in the 1950s was an antecedent to the attack of S. paniceum. The analysis of frass revealed the presence
Brought to you by | Biblioteca Biomedica Authenticated | [email protected] author's copy Download Date | 6/13/17 2:11 PM Entomological and Thermo-Hygrometric Monitoring 173 of numerous larvae of S. paniceum and specimens of Hymenoptera of the family Bethylidae, identified as Sclerodermus domesticus (Klug, 1809). This wasp is the parasitoid of beetle and moth larvae and particularly attacks species belonging to the Anobidae family. The female penetrates the tunnels created by the woodworms and lays eggs inside the host’s body. The wasp larvae use the paralyzed larva as a source of food and after reaching maturity, close themselves up in small cocoons to emerge as adults. The presence of several adult individuals of Sclerodermus domes- ticus in frass confirms that in the past there has been a massive infestation of Stegobium paniceum. Fortunately, S. domesticus is not harmful to the bibliographic and documentary material. Occasionally though, humans may experience painful stings and allergic reactions. The Italian fauna of Bethylidae is poorly known from a systematic point of view. Biological and chorological information about S. domes- ticus is also lacking. In Italy, the first observation of this wasp dates back to 1932, but only after 1950 does the problem with S. domesticus emerge more dramatically (Mazza et al. 2013). The presence of numerous adults of S. domesticus and numerous larvae of S. paniceum suggests a major attack by Anobidae in the years following the restoration of Fondo Passionei’s volumes during the 1950s. In another volume found in the Reading Hall, tunnels and exit holes attributable to anobiids were found, but presented a different diameter mea- suring 1 mm and a few other larger tunnels as wide as 3 mm (Coletti 2014). The damage was related to two past entomological attacks. Tunnels and exit holes with a 1 mm diameter were attributed to Stegobium paniceum; those with the larger diameters were hypothesized to be attributable to Nicobium castaneum. According to Lucarelli and Minelli (2008), N. castaneum was replaced by another anobiid in recent years: it is a species belonging to the genus Gastrallus not listed in the checklist of Italian fauna. This species is extremely harmful, sometimes present with abundant populations in the archives and libraries of the city of Messina, Catania and Rome but could have a much wider distribution than currently known. The study of material collected and pre- served at the Centro di Fotoriproduzione, Legatoria e Restauro degli Archivi di Stato allowed the Authors to date the first Italian report to 1986 in the State Archives of Messina.
5 Conclusions
The overall situation that has emerged during our year of monitoring is mostly positive. Several orders of pest insects were captured but only the beetles of the family Dermestidae can be regarded as particularly harmful and dangerous. Other pest organisms can be kept under control by managing the environmental
Brought to you by | Biblioteca Biomedica Authenticated | [email protected] author's copy Download Date | 6/13/17 2:11 PM 174 G. Fizialetti et al. parameters. More dangerous pest species such as anobiids, termites, cock- roaches or rodents were not found in the library. The damage of some books stored in the library was due to prior infestations by anobiids. It is necessary to restore suitable thermo-hygrometric values for the con- servation of library artifacts in the deposits. The use of dehumidifiers appropriate for the room size is recommended to manage the high relative humidity values recorded that contribute to the proliferation of substrates for pest species found in these environments (Psocoptera and Lepismatidae). By restoring the optimal relative humidity parameters for conservation, the populations of these species will decline without a suitable environment for their life cycles. It is also recommended to undertake extraordinary dusting operations in the deposits (including both the volumes and the racks) to elim- inate eggs and various organic debris that inevitably accumulate on the various surfaces. The location of the dehumidifier is indispensable for Fondo Moderno, Fondo Continuazioni and Fondo Bocelli. The latter, according to reports by the library staff (Bronzi, Fidomanzo, pers. com.) is subject to fungal infestation found on some volumes stored in Compactus. Instead, in Fondo Frati, the low values of relative humidity observed and the very dry climate are leading to deformations of the blankets of the stored volumes. Relative humidity values fell below 30 % and temperatures reaching 29 °C were observed. It is therefore necessary to intervene and manage environmental parameters by following two different interventions: i) create a drop in temperature with an air conditioning system that would lead to a slight rise in air humidity; ii) create a rise in the relative humidity through a portable humidifier. Both interventions should be carried out to maintain strict control of the environmental parameters. The Reading Hall is mostly populated by Lepisma saccharina and occa- sional guests like Diptera and spiders. However, some specimens of Dermestidae were found and belong to the genera Anthrenus and Attagenus in larval and adult stage. It is therefore recommended to clean the shelves and cabinets near the radiators where several specimens were found. In the case of particularly damaged volumes, the timely removal of the books from the shelves or cabinets and an infestation treatment in a modified atmosphere is highly recommended. It is also advisable to proceed with the disinfestation of affected shelves and cabinets through the use of powdery insecticides based on synthetic or natural compounds. Finally, it is strongly recommended that tightly woven nets be installed on all windows of the salon that are opened for air circulation. The entrance displays markers of infestation by Dermestidae. At the time of our monitoring, larvae were confined to closets IX and X and should therefore be
Brought to you by | Biblioteca Biomedica Authenticated | [email protected] author's copy Download Date | 6/13/17 2:11 PM Entomological and Thermo-Hygrometric Monitoring 175 promptly disinfested, including the volumes contained within them and the cabinets themselves. In particular, a volume with evident traces of damage caused by larvae of Dermestidae found in the closet IX can be considered the origin of the infestation. Quarantined environments should be used for the treatment of the volumes. Powdery insecticides based on synthetic or natural compounds could be useful for the treatment of the cabinets to eliminate any remaining eggs or larvae. In addition, it is appropriate to install a tightly woven mosquito net on entrance windows to prevent the entry of small insects even when opening the window for air circulation. In Sala Manoscritti the only problem found is linked to the presence of Isopoda caught in non-negligible quantities which are an index of high humid- ity. Therefore, it is appropriate to lower the relative humidity with a portable dehumidifier (with a capacity proportionate to the size of the room) that is easily available at reasonable prices. Finally, it would be appropriate to continue entomological monitoring with adhesive traps, both to verify the presence of pest species within the Angelica Library, and to compare and contrast results with management protocols in place.
Acknowledgements: This survey was possible thanks to the availability and the support of the Director of the Biblioteca Angelica, Dr. Fiammetta Terlizzi, who allowed us to monitor the various deposits and halls of the library. We want also to thank Prof. Paolo Audisio, Prof. Gabriele Gentile, and Prof. Marzio Zapparoli for suggestions and helping us to identify some specimen. A special thanks to Leandra Darcy for English revisions.
References
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Zusammenfassung Entomologisches und thermo-hygrometrisches Monitoring in der Angelica Bibliothek in Rom
In diesem Beitrag werden die Ergebnisse eines entomologischen und thermo- hygrometrischen Monitorings vorgestellt, das in der Angelica Bibliothek in Rom vom April 2015 bis März 2016 durchgeführt wurde. Ziel des Monitorings war, einen möglichen Befall des Bestandes mit Schädlingen festzustellen. Weiters sollte eine Korrelation zwischen Umweltparametern in den verschiedenen Bereichen der Bibliothek und der Häufigkeit des Auftretens von Schädlingen überprüft werden. Es wurden unterschiedliche Schädlinge gefunden, aber nur ein Käfer aus der Familie der Dermestidae stellt tatsächlich eine Gefahr für das Sammlungsgut dar. Diese Familie war durch die Gattungen Attagenus und Anthrenus vertreten. Das Vorkommen von anderen Schädlingen wie Silberfischchen, Staubläusen und Asseln kann durch eine Überwachung der Umweltbedingungen kontrolliert werden. Psocottera waren durch die Gattungen Liposcelis und Dorypteryx repräsentiert. Potentiell schädlichere Arten wie Nagekäfer, Termiten, Schaben oder Nagetiere wurden in der Bibliothek nicht nachgewiesen.
Résumé Le contrôle entomologique et thermo-hygrométrique à la Bibliothèque Angélica de Rome
Nous présenterons et traiterons les résultats du contrôle entomologique et thermo-hygrométrique réalisé à la Bibliothèque Angélica de Rome. Le contrôle a duré toute une année d´avril 2015 à mars 2016. Le but était de vérifier la possibilité d´une infestation des biens emmagasinés dans le bâtiment par des espèces d´insectes nuisibles et d´évaluer la possible corrélation entre les paramètres environnementaux des différentes aires examinées et la densité d´espèces d´insectes nuisibles trouvés. Plusieurs insectes nuisibles ont été trouvés dans la bibliothèque mais seuls les scarabés de la famille Dermestidae peuvent être considérés comme étant particulièrement nuisibles et dangereux. Cette famille était présente sous les genres Attagenus et Anthrenus. La présence et la fréquence d´autres insectes nuisibles (poissons d´argent, vrillettes et
Brought to you by | Biblioteca Biomedica Authenticated | [email protected] author's copy Download Date | 6/13/17 2:11 PM Entomological and Thermo-Hygrometric Monitoring 179 isopodes) peuvent être contenues par le contrôle des paramètres environnemen- taux. Les Psocotères étaient représentés par le genre Liposcelis et Dorypteryx. D´autres éléments nuisibles plus dangereux tels que les anobiums, les termites, les blattes ou des rongeurs n´ont pas été trouvés dans la bibliothèque.
Authors
Giorgia Fizialetti (Email: [email protected]) holds a Degree in Conservation and Restoration of Book and Paper, Faculty of Literature and Philosophy, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Italy. Her main scientific interests are documents preservation, management and protection.
Dr Alessandra Ventura (Email: [email protected]) is PhD in Evolutionary Biology and Ecology, University of Rome Tor Vergata. Her main research field is Biology, Ecology, and genetic structure of Amphibians. Moreover she works in the field of Bats inventory in the Special Protection Areas of Latium at the Laboratory of Zoology & Evolutionary Biology (University of Rome Tor Vergata).
Dr Mirella Fidomanzo (Email: [email protected]) is Head of Conservation, liable for the prevention, safeguarding and restoration at the Biblioteca Angelica in Rome Ministero dei Beni e delle Attivita’ Culturali e del Turismo.
Dr Maria Grazia Filippucci (Email: [email protected]) is researcher in Zoology at the Department of Biology of the University of Rome Tor Vergata. Her main research field is Evolutionary Biology and Systematics of Western Palaearctic small mammals. Since three years she is teaching Microbiology and Entomology for Library Heritage for the Degree in Conservation and Restoration of Cultural Heritage at the Faculty of Literature and Philosophy, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Italy.
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