RMZ - Materials and Geoenvironment, Vol 50, No 3, pp 663-685, 2003 665

Geologic Structure of Kozjansko between River and Rudnica Mountain Part one: Younger Paleozoic and Mesozoic

Geološka zgradba Kozjanskega med Savinjo in Rudnico Prvi del: mlajši paleozoik in mezozoik

STEVO DOZET

Geološki zavod Slovenije, Dimièeva 14, 1001 Ljubljana, Slovenija, E – mail: stevo dozet@geo-zs si

Received: October 15, 2003 Accepted:December 10, 2003

Abstract: The geological structure of the area between the Savinja River and Loka at Žusem, comprising the Tertiary complex and its Pre-Tertiary basement, has been described in this paper" Geologically, this area belongs to the Sava Folds, and with regard to geogra- phy to the western and central part of Kozjansko" The area between the Savinja River and Loka at Žusem is built of the Younger Paleozoic, Mesozoic, Tertiary and Quater- nary rocks" The most extended are the synclinally folded Tertiary beds, whereas the Paleozoic and Mesozoic rocks crop out along the edge of the Tertiary synclines" Among the Paleozoic rocks only the Younger Paleozoic ones have been ascertained at the sur- face" The Triassic system is more or less completely developed, while the Cretaceous and Jurassic rocks are preserved only in part and locally" The Tertiary system consists of the Pseudo-Socka, Egerian, Badenian and Sarmatian beds" The geological and geophysical investigations showed an extremely strong tectonic displacement of the whole area" Such structure is a consequence of folding and later cutting of the area with numerous faults in various directions" Tectonics reached generally as the Tertiary as the Quater- nary beds and the Pre-Tertiary basement" The rocks were subjected to several types of deformations" The strongest folding was in Ottnangian and Karpatian" Strong deforma- tions of the Tertiary beds also originated after the deposition of the Sarmatian beds during the Attic orogenetic phase, which was active in the Lower Pliocene" The main folding was caused by forces taking an active part in direction from north to south"

Izvleèek: V tem èlanku opisujemo geološko zgradbo ozemlja med reko Savinjo in Loko pri Žusmu, ki obsega terciarni kompleks in njegovo predterciarno podlago" Geološko pripada to ozemlje Posavskim gubam, geografsko pa zahodnemu in osrednjemu delu Kozjanskega" Ozemlje med Savinjo in Loko pri Žusmu je zgrajeno iz mlajšepaleozojskih, mezozojskih, terciarnih in kvartarnih kamnin" Najbolj razširjene so sinklinalno nagubane terciarne plasti, paleozojske in mezozojske kamnine pa izdanjajo v jedrih antiklinal in na obrobju terciarnih sinklinal" Med paleozojskimi kamninami so na površini ugotovljene le mlajšepaleozojske" Triasni sistem je bolj ali manj popolno razvit, kredne in jurske kamnine pa so ohranjene le delno in lokalno" Terciarni sistem sestavljajo psevdosoteške, egerijske, badenijske in sarmatijske plasti" Geološke in geofizikalne raziskave so pokazale izredno moèno tektonsko dislociranost celotnega ozemlja" Taka zgradba je posledica gubanja in naknadnega razkosanja ozemlja z množico prelomov razliènih smeri" Tektonika Scientific paper 666 DOZET, S

je zajela v splošnem tako terciarne kot kvartarne plasti in predterciarno podlago" Kamnine so bile podvržene veè vrstam deformacij" Najveèje gubanje je bilo v ottnangiju in karpatiju" Moène deformacije terciarnih plasti so nastale tudi po odložitvi sarmatijskih plasti v èasu attiške orogenetske faze, ki je delovala v spodnjem pliocenu" Glavno gubanje so povzroèili pritiski, ki so delovali v smeri od severa proti jugu"

Key words: Stratigraphy, tectonics, environment, paleogeography, Sava Folds, Eastern " Kljuène besede: stratigrafija, tektonika, okolje, paleogeografija, Posavske gube, vzhodna Slovenija"

INTRODUCTION REVIEW OF PREVIOUS INVESTIGATIONS

The Kozjansko area between the Savinja The ZOLLIKOFER’S (1861/62) description of River and the Rudnica Mountain was the Tertiary beds among the Konjiška Gora, mapped in detail on the scale of 1:10 000 in Macelj, the Sotla and the Savinja River was the frame of the investigation programme for one of the first and most important geologi- the underground gas storage! According to cal publications! This work was the basis for the Petrol Ljubljana order several localities the BITTNER’S (1884) and other subdivisions in Slovenia were proposed by the Geologi- of the Tertiary in this area! STUR (1871a, b) cal Survey of Ljubljana! In accordance with described the Neogene beds of the wider afore mentioned Petrol Ljubljana, DO area! He noticed that the “Socka” Beds of Zemeljski Plin and Geological Survey Laško originated in the fresh water Ljubljana made a contract to do a geological enviroment and that toward the east a brack- and geophysical prospection among other of ish and marine fauna prevails! Bittner divided two following localities: Šmarjeta-Lahomno the Tertiary beds between Laško and Zagorje and the Rudnica Anticline! A detailed geo- into the: 1!) “Socka” Beds with coal, 2!) the logical mapping of the Šmarjeta-Lahomno marine Miocene beds (Marine Clay and area was carried out in the year 1983! As the Green Sandstone, the Lower Leitha basis of our mapping served the Geological Limenstone, the Laško Marl and the Upper Map of Slovenia S 1:100 000 (BUSER, 1978), Leitha Limestone) as well as 3!) the brack- made by Geological Survey of Ljubljana! ish Sarmatian beds! TELLER (1889) brought With the scope of underground gas storage into the geological terminology the name construction fundamental geologic, Pseudo-Zilian Beds! With this name he des- geoelectric and magnetometric investiga- ignated the shales and claystones from the tions for reconnaissance of underground geo- castle, for which the previous research- logic structure of the area between Šentjur, ers beleived, they were of the Carboniferous Planina, and Loka at Žusem were age! PETRASCHECK (1926/29) assigned the performed in the years 1985 and 1986! ”Socka” Beds to Chattian! Within the Ter- tiary beds he distinguished two coal horizons: (1) – older, from the limnic and brackish “Socka” Beds and (2) – younger, from the Aquitanian marine beds! He quoted two dis-

RMZ-M&G 2003, 50 Geologic Structure of Kozjansko between Savinja River and Rudnica Mountain 667 cordances within the Tertiary succession! the tectonic structure of the Tertiary belt in MUNDA (1939, 1942, 1953) correlated the the Laško Syncline, composed of several “Socka” Beds of Senovo, Trobni Dol, parallel synclines and separated by anticlines Zagorje, Medvode and Bohinj! Taking into and dislocations, he used the name account their fossil contents, he came to the synclinorium PLENIÈAR (1971) wrote the conclusion, that the coal formation cannot explanatory text of the Celje Map Sheet be of Miocene age! HAMRLA (1954, 1955) 1:100 000 describing the geological struc- described in detail the Pre-Tertiary basement ture of this area PREMRU (1975) exposed the as well as Oligocene and Miocene beds along nappe structure of the central part of the Sava the northern border of the Laško Syncline Folds He gave another informations prov- east of the Savinja River! In the second ar- ing the nappe structure of the Sava Folds ticle, he described the geology of the Rudnica KUŠÈER (1975) did not agree with the area with regard to the occurrence of some Premru’s nappe interpretation of this area, ores! NOSAN (1956) distinguished three fa- disagreeing especially with the existence of cial types of the “Socka” Beds: a) – the larger nappe structures BABIÆ (1979) exam- “Socka” Beds at Zagorje-Hrastnik-Trbovlje, ined the limestones with calpionellids in sev- b) the “Socka” Beds in the Senovo Basin and eral small outcrops on the Rudnica Moun- c) – the “Socka” Beds between Pohorje and tain The Calpionella alpina and Calpionella Bohor! PLENIÈAR AND NOSAN (1958) pre- elliptica subzones and the Calpionellopsis sented the paleogeography of the Pannonian zone have been recognized corresponding to borderland in Slovenia According to the the Uppermost Tithonian and Berriasian authors the Pannnonian Sea transgressed the central part of Slovenia during the Upper Most of field and laboratorial data have been Oligocene RIJAVEC (1958, 1959, 1965, 1966, obtained so far at systematic geological in- 1970, 1971, 1974, 1976 a, b, 1983) deter- vestigations in the frame of the Basic Geo- mined the Tertiary microfauna between the logical Map of SFRY S 1:100 000 on the Map Rudnica and Boè Mt, Loka at Žusem, Sheet Celje In the manuscript and printed Šmarje at Jelše, in the Trobni Dol area as materials of the Map Sheet Celje various well as between Laško and Grahovše NOSAN lithological developments, lithostratigraphic (1960) reported on the geological mapping units and members, fossil findings, traces of of the area between the Konjiška Gora and volcanic activity, mineral deposits and the Sava River He emphasized that the fold- tectonical structures of the area have been ing affected the Tertiary sediments as well represented and described in detail Hower, as the Tertiary basement GRAD (1961, 1967) the data of the systematic regional mapping described geological conditions between the and investigations contributed most informa- Rudnica Mountain and the Sava River as well tions to the knowledge of the geological as the geology of the Kozjansko area He structure of Kozjansko and wider considered that the main folding in the area neighbourhood The results of this mapping was Post-Pannonian KUŠÈER (1962, 1967) are presented in the explanatory text written wrote a dissertation about Zagorje Tertiary by BUSER (1978, 1979 a) The above-men- He attributed the main folding to the Lower tioned author combined the results of the Miocene Attic phase For the designation of geological mapping and reconnaissance in

RMZ-M&G 2003, 50 668 DOZET, S the Celje Map Sheet area 1:100 000 and gave well as the area between Trobni Dol, Breze the most detailed description of all mapping and Pojerje With this purpose about 16 km2 units He attributed the main folding to of the terrain among Breze, Trobni Dol and Ottnangian and Karpatian Since the Pojerje was mapped in detail (PETRICA, 1983) Sarmatian and Mio-Pliocene beds were In the year 1984 two deep explorations bore- folded as well, he considered, there was an- holes were bored west and north of the aban- other folding phase in the Middle Pliocene, doned coal mine Trobni Dol For understand- but not so strong as in Ottnangian and ing lithostratigraphic conditions of the wider Karpatian The geologic structure of the area the borehole Tdp-1/84 with the deep- neighbouring Map Sheet Ljubljana 1:100 000 ness of 385 metres reaching the Tertiary base- has been described by PREMRU (1983 a, b) ment is important Due to tectonic conditions the second borehole (Tdp-2/84), being bored In connection with problematics of gas stor- up to 400 m, did not reach the Pre-Tertiary age in Slovenia geological and geophysical basement Simultaneously with the geologi- investigations in the area of 40 km2 between cal mapping the sampling of the Tertiary Šmarjeta and Lahomno were performed in rocks and coal was performed The Tertiary 1983 These investigations comprised a de- microfauna was determined by L RIJAVEC tailed geological mapping on the scale of (1983, 1984 a, b, 1986) Petrographic analy- 1:10 000, a geoelectric sounding down to the ses of the Oligocene and Miocene rocks were Pre-Tertiary basement, a data interpretation carried out by S OREHEK AND P KOVIÈ (1984) and previously evaluation of the locality per- X-Ray analysis was done by M MIŠIÈ spective The detailed geological mapping (1984) Chemical analysis of the coal of the investigated area was carried out by samples has been executed in the laboratory S Dozet, B Stojanoviè, M Žnidarèiè and of REK Trbovlje by T Žuža The Tertiary M Demšar The annual geological report was macrofauna has been revised by V Mikuž made by S DOZET (1983) The final report M MIŠIÈ (1984) analysed with X-Ray (MIOÈ ET AL, 1983) was compiled by P Mioè method the volcanic succession from the (geology), D Ravnik (geophysics) and M borehole Tdp-1/84 in the hanging wall of the Hamrla (summary and conclusion) The de- “Socka“ Beds B JELEN (1984) examined tailed geological map of the area between palinologically the samples of the Oligocene Šmarjeta and Lahomno on the scale of 1:10 Marine Clay and the “Socka” Beds from the 000, made by S Dozet, P Mioè, M borehole Tdp-1/84 P KOVIÈ (1984, 1985) Žnidarèiè, B Stojanoviè and M Demšar, is described and sistematically classified the enclosed to the final report (MIOÈ ET AL, Tertiary rocks of the Trobni Dol area by 1983) Micropaleontological determination means of microscopic examination of thin of the Tertiary microfauna was made by L sections JURKOVŠEK (1983, 1984) defined the Rijavec Geologic investigations in the Fassanian beds with daonellas as well as Trobni Dol area were carried out in the frame Langobardian beds with daonellas and of the coal exploration programme in posidonias in Slovenia The geologic struc- Slovenia as well The scope of these investi- ture of the neighbouring Map Sheet Rogatec gations was to study the geology of the aban- area has been described by ANIÈIÆ AND JURIŠA doned Trobni Dol and Pojerje coal mines as (1984, 1985) The geologic structure of the

RMZ-M&G 2003, 50 Geologic Structure of Kozjansko between Savinja River and Rudnica Mountain 669

Sava Folds between Vaèe and Litija has been sedimentary succession with coal and pyro- studied by MLAKAR (1985/86, 1993) and clastic rocks in the Trobni Dol area were MLAKAR ET AL (1992) Most of their atten- studied by GRAD ET AL (1996) Every atten- tion has been accorded to the Carboniferous tion was given to the stratigraphic problems beds bearing Pb, Zn, Cu and Ba ores The of the Egerian succession as well as to the dark clastic rocks succession has been gen- coal, its stratigraphic position and age DOZET erally subdivided in three lithostratigraphic ET AL (1998) gave a summarized description units of results of detailed and regional geologi- cal investigations in the Krško-Brežice Plain With the scope of underground gas storage and its wider surroundings KRALJ (1998) construction fundamental geologic, examined the volcanoclastic rocks in the geoelectric and magnetometric investiga- borehole Tdp-1/84 Trobni Dol She estab- tions for reconnaissance of underground geo- lished, that the uppermost 160 metres in the logic structure of the area between Šentjur, cored borehole mainly consist of Planina, Trobni Dol and Loka at Žusem were volcanoclastic rocks, deposited entirely in a carried out in 1985 and 1986 In the investi- marine environment Two phases of volca- gation programme for the underground gas nic activity have been recognized DOZET ET storage in 1985 and 1986 (DOZET & AL (1999) gave a lithologic description and STOJANOVIÈ, 1985/86 a, b) one of the planned biostratigraphic subdivision of the Tertiary localities was also the area of the Rudnica sediments on the basis of data resulting from Anticline On the basis of geological and geological mappings in the area between the geophysical explorations in the wider Savinja River and Pojerje PLACER (1999 a, Rudnica Anticline area DOZET ET AL (1994 b) considered the Sava Folds as a triangle a) came to draw the conclusion, the feasibil- between the Periadriatic, Idrija and Central ity of the reservoir in the Pre-Tertiary base- Hungarian tectonic zones According to him ment (dolomite) was problematic DOZET AND the Southern Alps are thrusted on the Exter- RIJAVEC (1994 b) described the geological nal Dinarides and the Adriatic or Apulian relationships in the area between Šentjur, foreland DOZET AND ANIÈIÆ (2000) as well Planina, Trobni Dol and Loka at Žusem On as ANIÈIÆ AND DOZET (2000) discussed the the basis of results of the previous geologi- Pre-Tertiary basement of the Krško depres- cal mapping PETRICA ET AL (1995) sion The authors arrive at a decision that the stratigrafically dismembered the Tertiary Pre-Tertiary basement of the Krško depres- sediments in the Trobni Dol area and wider sion is built of the Carboniferous, Permian, surroundings DOZET ET AL (1996) discussed Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous rocks the geological relationships of the Laško RAMOVŠ ET AL (2001) made a comparision Synclinorium in the area between Grahovše of the Lower Triassic developments in the and Lahomno RIJAVEC AND DOZET (1996) Eastern Sava Folds and the Northern Julian presented the lithostratigraphy and biostratig- Alps On the basis of own geological map- raphy of the Egerian, Eggenburgian, pings RIJAVEC AND DOZET (2002) gave a Badenian and Sarmatian beds in the lithological description and biostrati-graphi- Kozjansko area between the Trobni Dol in cal subdivision of the Oligocene and Mi- the west and Rudnica Mt in the east The ocene sediments in the about 50 km2 area

RMZ-M&G 2003, 50 670 DOZET, S between the Savinja River in the west, are preserved only in minor areas in larger Pojerje in the east, Laško, Ojstro, Breze in valleys and on slopes Although the geologic the north and Graènica Valley in the south structure of the Pre-Tertiary basement was The Tertiary biostratigraphy of adjacent ar- influenced by the Pre-Tertiary tectonics, the eas and the considered area has been corre- study area was mostly affected by the Ter- lated as well ANIÈIÆ ET AL (2002) described tiary tectonic forces Consequently, the Ter- lithological characteristics of the Tertiary tiary succession, which discordantly overlies beds in the Kozjansko area The Tertiary the Pre-Tertiary basement, consists of stratigraphic sequence consists of Oligocene strongly folded Upper Oligocene and Mi- and Miocene beds, and two emersion phases ocene beds From the geotectonic point of developed in the time span ranging from view the study area belongs to the Sava Kiscellian to Pannonian; the first in Folds Ottnangian, Karpatian and partially Badenian, and the second in Badenian and Sarmatian STRATIGRAPHY

In the study area the Younger Paleozoic rocks GEOLOGICAL AND GEOGRAPHYCAL are composed of shaly, sandy and conglom- SETTING eratic clastic rocks originated prevalently in the river delta area The Mesozoic rocks were The above-mentioned investigations com- formed on the Slovenian (prevalently), Julian prise the terrains of the western and central and Dinaric Carbonate Platforms as well as part of Kozjansko The western boundary of in the Slovenian Basin They are composed the investigated area is represented by the of rocks of sedimentary and volcanic origin Savinja River on the section between Celje The Tertiary rocks originated in the and  Furtheron, the investi- Pannonian Sea The most common and char- gated area borders to the south on the rivulet acteristic feature of the Tertiary deposits oc- Graènica, to the north on Šentjur and to the curring in the investigated area is, that the east on the Rudnica Mountain oldest sediments are pretty shaly and after- wards more and more sandy Upon that, Generally speaking, the geological structure marly and limy sedimentation predominated of the terrains between the Savinja River and The younger deposits, containing clayey and the Rudnica Mountain consists of two parts: marly interlayers, grow again and again the bellow-lying Pre-Tertiary basement and sandy passing finally into a gravel Gener- the above-lying Tertiary stratigraphic se- ally speaking, the larger the size of grains, quence Far most extended are the Tertiary the younger the sediments are sediments building except a minor area at Grahovše the Tertiary synclines On the other Carboniferous and Lower Permian hand, the Younger Paleozoic and Mesozoic rocks compose the marginal parts of the con- The Younger Paleozoic rocks crop out chiefly sidered synclines The Quaternary deposits along the northern edge of the eastern part of the Tertiary Laško Syncline area, but they

RMZ-M&G 2003, 50 Geologic Structure of Kozjansko between Savinja River and Rudnica Mountain 671 are visible above the surface of the ground dark grey, platy (5-10 cm), medium – and at Grahovše east of St Lenart (Vrh nad coarse-grained, very micaceous quartz sand- Laškim) and at Trobni Dol as well These stone, whereas in the uppermost part of the rocks occur still in outcrops at Svetina and succession dark grey and black, platy Kanjuce claystone and shale alternate In the Younger Paleozoic stratigraphic sequence from the The dark Younger Paleozoic succession of area between Laško and Svetina prevails a clastic rocks is composed of shale, claystone, dark grey to silver grey, bedded (10-50 cm), micaceous quartz sandstone, siltstone and platy (2-5 cm), very shaly (decomposing in conglomerate (subordinate) The above-enu- more and more thin plates and leaves), rather merated non-oxidized sediments are dark metamorphized and thin-folded, phyllite- grey, greyish black and black, but at weath- like, strongly micaceous, pretty compact, ering they become firstly olive grey, then fine- to coarse-grained quartz sandstone with brown and finally even reddish brown Gen- more or lesser shale and claystone intercala- erally, these sediments contain a relatively tions The described sandstone grades up- large ammount of mica In the considered wards into the brownish grey, top inky sedimentary succession the quartz sandstone brown, very micaceous, platy (0,5-2 cm) prevail The sandstone consists of about shale and still upwards into a dark, bluish, 70 % of quartz, 10 % of mica (muscovite, silver and olive grey, platy (1- 5 cm) or shaly biotite), 5 % of feldspars and 15 % of con- claystone with a dark brown to dark reddish tact cement The conglomerate is rare crop- brown oxide cover ping out in the Trobni Dol and V Grahovše area At some places, claystone, shale, silt- In the block of coarse-grained micaceous stone and quartz sandstone alternate in the quartz sandstone east of Trbovlje BITTNER same proportion Within the clastic rocks at (1884) found plant remains of the genus Brezlovšek southeast of Svetina 0 5 metre Calamites sp In the limestone pebbles north- thick lense of black crinoidal limestone with east of Podlipoglav fossil remains of corals, numerous white calcitic veinlets occurs pelecypods, gastropods, cephalopods and (BUSER, 1979a) The thickness of the dark brachiopods have been found (RAMOVŠ, grey clastic rocks, we added to Carbonifer- 1954) In the pebbles of light grey limestone ous and Permian, is more than 500 metres, with numerous corals and crinoids the fol- but their real thickness is very probably much lowing corals and stromatopores have been bigger The Carboniferous-Permian sedimen- determined (FLÜGEL, 1958): Macyeea tary succession in the M Grahovše area is (Thamnophyllum) stachei, Favistella separable in three lithostratigraphic units In (Dendrostella) sp , Favosites (Favosites) the lowermost part of the succession there is alpinus ottiliae, and Clathrodictyon sp The a brownish grey to dark grey, thick-platy, above-enumerated fossils indicate Upper very compact, fine-pebbled, micaceous Emsian and probably Middle Devonian quartz conglomerate passing at some places RAMOVŠ (1965) came to the conclusion that into a conglomeratic and coarse-grained, the clastic-developed Paleozoic rocks in the micaceous, quartz sandstone In the middle Sava Folds belong to the Trogkofelian stage part of the succession lies brownish grey to Since the above-described sedimentary suc-

RMZ-M&G 2003, 50 672 DOZET, S cession passes upwards gradually into the Val ous conodonts, namely: Belodella sp , Gardena formation BUSER (1979 a) con- Panderodus cf unicostatus, Polygnathus sp , cluded, that the uppermost part of the dark Pseudoneotodus beckmanni, Roundya sp , sedimentary succession belongs in fact to Gnathodus cf symmutatus as well as G& the Ratendorfian and Trogkofelian stage praebilineates and Spathognathodus Extra large thickness of these rocks speaks campbelli Accordingly, in the Lower Per- against the supposition, they belong to Per- mian conglomerate northeast of Podlipoglav mian only Namely, they envolve still the the blocks and pebbles of the Upper Silurian, whole Upper Carboniferous or even a part Lower Devonian and Middle Carboniferous of the Lower Carboniferous However, at limestones have been evidenced so far Ortnek it was proved (ŠLEBINGER, 1955; KOLAR-JURKOVŠEK AND JURKOVŠEK (1985, RAMOVŠ, 1962), that lithologically equally 1986, 1990) found numerous new finds of developed beds in the Sava Folds belong to plant fossils in the Ljubljana–Polšnik area Permian and not to Carboniferous Conse- proving the Upper Carboniferous age In two quently, it is most probable, that a pretty con- localities along the motorway between siderable part of the Carboniferous beds in Bizovik and northern Golovec tunnel en- the Sava Folds is of the Permian age In the trance a rich plant fossils have been collected dark shaly beds, occasionally, lenses of lime- and determined (KOLAR-JURKOVŠEK AND stone breccias and sandstones as well as JURKOVŠEK, 2002) Considering the entire limestones occur, in which RAMOVŠ (1965) assemblage composition and the presence of mentioned at Lanišèe and Podlipoglav the some calamite-like forms, a lower part of the fusulinids Quasifusulina ex aff longissima Westphalian is indicated and Rugosofusulina alpina as well as algae Antracoporella spectabilis and Tubiphytes Gröden sp , which were extended in the Upper Car- Into the Middle Permian are ranged the red boniferous and Permian sediments In the and greenish grey clastic sediments, which limestone breccias at Podlipoglav and are in our opinion an equivalent in age of Lanišèe the corals Cyataxonia cornu and the Gröden beds, Val Gardena Formation in numerous crinoids still have been found The the Southern Tyrol respectively In the study Trogkofelian quartz conglomerate in the area these rocks build the Sava Folds be- Sava Folds comprises at Lipoglav pebbles tween Reèica, and Svetina, north and blocks of limestone as well (RAMOVŠ & of Kum at Laško, in the and at JURKOVŠEK, 1976) Beside crinoid remains, Vrabèeva peè These beds of the Middle Per- molluscs and problematical fossils (bryo- mian lie concordantly without any signs of zoan) the fusulinid Pseudostaffella sp and interrupted sedimentation upon the dark clas- foraminifer Bradyina sp are very important tic sediments, we ranged to Carboniferous there, proving that a part of conglomerate and the Lower Permian The Gröden sedi- material was brought from the limestone of mentary succession is composed of red the Moscovian stage (Middle Carbonifer- claystone, shale, siltstone, sandstone and ous) In the pebbles of the Lower Permian conglomerate alternating rhythmically be- conglomerate RAMOVŠ (1988/89) discovered tween themselves In the considered succes- the Lower Devonian and Lower Carbonifer- sion of red sediments, here and there, rare

RMZ-M&G 2003, 50 Geologic Structure of Kozjansko between Savinja River and Rudnica Mountain 673

interbeds of greyish and greenish grey clas- (BUSER, 1989) this platform was disintegrated tic sediments of the same mineral composi- on several blocks The Central Slovenia tion occur In the mineral composition of the block was sank and Slovenian Basin origi- above-enumerated medium- and coarse- nated At the beginning of Carnian, grained sediments quartz and quarzite pre- Cordevolian respectively, north of the dominate Micas (muscovite and biotite) oc- Slovenian Basin the Julian Carbonate Plat- cur in pretty quantity, while plagioclase, form originated, while south of the men- ortoclase and clay minerals are rather subor- tioned basin the Dinaric Carbonate Platform dinate The cement consists of fine-grained was formed Accordingly, the Triassic, Ju- quartz, sericite and limonite The red and rassic and Cretaceous sediments of the stud- greenish grey sediments are massive to ied part of the Sava Folds were deposited on poorly bedded In coarse-grained sediments the carbonate platforms of Outer Dinarides more or less expressive cross-lamination and and in the Slovenian Basin (Inner Dinarides) rare gradation could be seen The thickness of the described red sediments ranges com- monly from 200 to 400 metres Actually, in TRIASSIC the Sava Folds the thickness of the Gröden beds varies considerably In the investigated The Triassic stratigraphic sequence area the thickness of the desribed rocks var- is built of clastic, carbonate and volcanic ies from 50 m to 400 m, whereas towards rocks Carbonate rocks compose the Lower the south in the Pleše area they are wedging Triassic, Upper Triassic and Jurassic preva- out (BUSER, 1974, 1979b; DOZET, 1985) In lently shallow marine rock column In the the study area the desribed sediments do not pelagic development Middle Triassic, Upper contain fossil remains They are referred to Triassic, Upper Jurassic and Lower Creta- the Middle Permian according to the strati- ceous beds occur graphic position, lithological composition, sediment properties and analogy with simi- Lower Triassic lar red sediments in the Sava Folds and wider surroundings Scythian The Scythian rocks crop out at several places In the Kozjansko area the Upper Permian along the southern borderland of the eastern beds are commonly absent They are found part of the Laško Syncline As a rule, they only in the 10 m wide belt west of Zgornja lie discordantly upon the Younger Paleozoic Reèica at Laško (BUSER, 1979b) clastic rocks passing upwards continually into the Anisian dolomite

MESOZOIC At Mišji Dol in the Kozjansko area the low- ermost part of the Scythian beds is most prob- In the Upper Permian period the Sava Fold ably cut off by a fault, so that the Lower Tri- area was in greater part a dry land, whereas assic beds border with underlying platy and the Mesozoic deposits originated on the very micaceous marlstone and marly lime- Slovenian Carbonate Platform In Ladinian stone tectonically Reddish, greenish and

RMZ-M&G 2003, 50 674 DOZET, S greyish sandy marlstones, shales and sand- ceous-marly-sandy Scythian beds the pele- stones with poorly preserved indeterminable cypod Anadontophora fassaensis and the pelecypods belong most probably to the Seis gastropod Holopella gracilior have been Beds In the lowermost part occurs a medium collected In the uppermost beds of the grey to medium dark grey and yellowish, Scythian sedimentary succession in the Mišji bedded (10-50 cm), poorly sandy, fine- Dol at Jurklošter the gastropods Natira grained lower dolomite The lower dolomite costata and at Svetina the foraminifer contains up to 1 cm thick intercalations of Meandrospira pusilla have been found brownish, bluish and greenish grey mica- (BUSER, 1979 a) The previously mentioned ceous marlstone with Fe and Mn dendrites foraminifer has been determined in the up- At some places it may be even oolitic Over permost part of the Mišji Dol Scythian sedi- the described dolomite lie yellowish, bluish, mentary succession by RAMOVŠ AND ANIÈIÆ greenish, pink, orange and reddish grey, bed- (1995) as well According to these two au- ded (20-70 cm), platy and shaly, commonly thors the lower dolomite succession with laminated and banded limy dolomite, oolitic oolitic dolomite and the gastropod dolomite and strongly dolomitized and re- Coelostylina werfensis corresponds to the crystallized oolitic limestone with mollusc Gastropod Oolite Member, whereas the top- imprints Upwards alternate greenish grey to most limestone sequence with the foramini- yellowish grey, sometimes very micaceous fer Meandrospira pusilla corresponds to the dolomites and shaly dolomitic marlstones Cencenighe Member in the dolomites (predominant) Still higher in the lithologic column occurs a yellowish grey and greyish With reference to the lithologic composition yellow, platy (3-10 cm), micaceous dolomite and according to superpositional members as well as a bedded (10-35 cm), rarely platy the described sedimentary succession with (5-10 cm), medium grey to grey, in spots very the determined fauna corresponds to the micaceous dolomite Over these beds lies Southern Tyrol Dolomites Werfen Forma- without any signs of interruption of sedimen- tion tation a greenish grey to dark grey and grey- ish black, bedded (10-40 cm), platy (2-10 Middle Triassic cm) and shaly, micritic and fine-grained limestone with white calcitic veinlets The Anisian Scythian lithologic column in the Mišji Dol In the study area the Anisian stage is charac- cross-section is terminated by a dark grey terized by a monotonous dolomite develop- and greyish black, platy, rarely bedded, fine- ment with scarse fossil contents The dolo- grained micritic limestone and limy shale mite, which according to its clear strati- (predominant) Upon the beds, we ranged in graphic position between the Scythian and the Scythian series, lies an about 15 m thick Ladinian beds we range in Anisian, lies con- succession of a dark grey to moderate dark cordantly upon the Scythian beds As a rule, grey and extremely stromatolitic and it is pretty darker than other Triassic dolo- loferitic, platy (3-10 cm) sparitic dolomite; mites, especially in the lower part But this we beleive it is an equivalent in age of the rule is not reliable everywhere The colour Lušnica Member (Anisian) In the mica- of the dolomite could be tolerably changed

RMZ-M&G 2003, 50 Geologic Structure of Kozjansko between Savinja River and Rudnica Mountain 675 from place to place as vertically as horizon- Diplopora annulatissima The massive do- tally rendering more difficult the ascertain- lomite is mostly pretty recrystallized The ing of its stratigraphic appartenance The recrystallization destroys usually the struc- Anisian dolomite column can be tures and textures of the previous sediment lithostratigraphically divided into four mem- The entirely recrystallized dolomite has a bers, namely: 1) – lower platy dolomite, 2) – “saharoid” texture However, at several bedded dolomite, 3) – massive dolomite and places in the Sava Folds you can observe 4) – upper platy dolomite clearly thick-bedding (100-250 cm) of the Upper Anisian dolomite as well The lower platy dolomite is dark grey, a little clayey, and prevalently microsparitic and The upper platy dolomite does not represent pelsparitic In the lower part of the dark a continual horizon Laterally, it may wedge sparitic dolomite in the Žusem area up to 7,5 out In the uppermost part of the Anisian car- meters thick interlayers of a greyish black bonate succession there is a dark grey platy and black, platy (1-7,5 cm) dolomitic marl- dolomite with intercalations of clayey dolo- stone occur mite and dolomitic marl at some places In The bedded dolomite is dark bluish grey, very the study area the upper platy dolomite is up dark grey, fine-grained and chiefly thick-bed- to 20 metres thick ded (15-60 cm) In the bedded dolomite sedi- mentary structures occur, which are charac- The Anisian dolomite is usually poor in fos- teristic for origin in a neritic environment of sils In the dolomitized limestone of the basal shelf sea Occasionally, the bedded dolomite lithostratigraphic unit, the lower platy dolo- is characteristically fine-laminated and thin- mite respectively, at the road Reèica-Šmohor bedded containing algal stromatolites, BUSER (1979a) quoted the following micro- dessication pores, and corosion cavities just fossils: Meandrospira dinarica, Glomospira like the Main Dolomite or the Dachstein senensis, Earlandinita sp and Aeolisaccus Limestone The beds with the structures enu- duningtoni The thickness of the considered merated above originated in a supratidal en- carbonate succession ranges in the study area vironment A dolomite with intraclasts and from 200 to 300 metres very fine-grained dolomite, originated in in- tertidal and subtidal environments, occur there as well Ladinian

The massive dolomite is bluish grey carbon- The rocks of the Ladinian stage crop out in ate rock with an absence of layering Here the area between Celje and Štore, at Svetina and there, a poorly defined bedding can be and between Resevna and Rifnik The main observed An indistinct stratification in the characteristics of the Ladinian beds in the dolomite also occur at some places, where considered area are great variety of sedimen- stromatolites are present The massive dolo- tation as well as rapid, lateral and vertical mite is pretty porous Oval and roundish cavi- changes of lithological composition already ties, usually fulfilled by fine dolomite crys- at short distances, what is in close connec- tals, are most probably remains of alga tion with vivacious volcanic and tectonic

RMZ-M&G 2003, 50 676 DOZET, S activity in that period In the Žusem area cal direction The Ladinian beds contain vari- the Ladinian beds are composed of a dark ous magmatic rocks as well They are grey to greyish black, prevalently dark olive keratophyre, quartz kerathophyre, spilitized grey claystone with rare intercalations of diabase and their tuffs The Pseudo-Zilian black marly limestone, fine-grained silicified Beds were denominated by TELLER (1889) limestone and platy limestone with chert On In the grey slate of the hill he the Resevna Mt the Ladinian succession found the lamellibranch Daonella lommeli consists in the lower part of the succession proving the Langobardian age of the slate of greenish grey, grass-grey and dark green- succession On the Celje castle hill ish grey, if wheathered brown and dark red- JURKOVŠEK (1984) found 10 m bellow the dish brown tuff with several ten metres thick slate with D lommeli and towards the reef interbeds of a dark grey to black, platy, rather limestone, within the light grey tuff and tuff compact marlstone and pretty thinner slate, another 10 cm thick layer containing interbeds of a dark grey to black micritic and exclusively juvenile specimens of the spe- sparitic limestone In the upper part of the cies D lommeli From 3 m to 10 m bellow considered succession appears greenish grey, the lower layer with daonellas there is a 3 m more or less compact, prevalently massive thick bed of brown grey massive limestone and only here and there platy and bedded with corrosion vugs underlain by a grey lime- keratophyre tuff with an up to 50 m thick stone containing porifera and corals of the greenish and olive grey, rarely dark grey and species Craspedophyllia cristata, black claystone, which is lithologically simi- Omphalophyllia recondita and Dictyocoelia lar to the Carboniferous one manon

Pseudo-Zilian Beds On the northern bor- Keratophyre, quartz keratophyre, tuff derland of the eastern part of the Laško Syn- These rocks are extended in the area between cline lie concordantly upon the Anisian do- Celje and Štore, south of Svetina, on the lomite the so-called Pseudo-Zilian rocks In Resevna Mountain, in the Tremerje area, the region east of the Sava River the Pseudo- south of Šentjur, as well as in the Gorice and Zilian Beds can be followed in a narrow belt Laško area The volcanic rocks of the Middle from Laško towards the east on the slopes of Triassic age belong in the investigated area Hum (585 m) and Brdo as far as Slatna In to a kerathophyre-porphyre-spilite magma the Pseudo-Zilian Beds several centimetres They were examined and described in detail to several metres thick intercalations of by Nikitin (MUNDA, 1953), HAMRLA (1954), claystone, shale, siltstone, sandstone, con- as well as M Dimiè and A Hinterlechner- glomerate, tuff, micritic limestone with chert Ravnik (BUSER, 1979a) These rocks are and keratophyre alternate The sandstone is brownish, greenish, greenish grey, dark a little more extended in the Žikovica area greenish grey and spotted reddish They con- In the sandstone and conglomerate quarz sist of quartz and plagioclase phenochrists grains prevail, while mica and plagioclase as well as microchrystal and fine-grained are pretty subordinate However, the granu- groundmass In rare minor flakes occur a larity of the clastic Pseudo-Zilian rocks biotite as well Feldspars are generally fresh changes relatively fastly especially in verti- and replaced by calcite Beside keratophyre

RMZ-M&G 2003, 50 Geologic Structure of Kozjansko between Savinja River and Rudnica Mountain 677 in the volcanic rock complex light grey and phenochrysts of feldspars and mafic miner- bluish, very compact, fine- and medium- als, calcite, chlorite and clay minerals The grained tuffs and tuffites also occur Tuff rock is most commonly strongly calcified, breccia, where fragments of a greenish quartz chloritized and sericitized On the basis of rock are bounded by tuff groundmass, oc- own microscopic examinations, quantitative curs very rarely Characteristical volcanic chemical analysis of several keratophyre and breccias crop out in an abandoned quarry east augite-porphyrite specimens HAMRLA (1954) of Štore (BUSER, 1979 a) Tuffs of the above- confirmed the view of some previous geolo- enumerated rocks belong to lithoclastic and gists, that in the district of eastern Slovenia lithoclastic-crystalloclastic tuffs In their there were at least two stages of eruptions in compositon prevail microchrystal silicate, the Wengen period The features of contact mostly very kaolinizied and sericitized rock metamorphism in adjacent rocks are not ob- fragments, however, quartz and plagioclase served The gently silification and pyritisation fragments are pretty numerous as well of some carbonate blocks in the Ladinian slates might be effected by post-volcanic Pilitized diabase and tuff Both rocks crop hydrotermal activity out in the area south of Svetina However, the spilitized diabase and tuff are most extended Upper Triassic in the Koprivnik area Generally speaking, the diabase rocks are less extended than the Carnian keratophyre ones The diabase rock is nor- The Carnian stage comprises three substages, mally of distinctively dark green colour Non- namely: Cordevolian, Julian and Tuvalian weathered it is very compact and it is charac- The common characteristic of the beds of all terized by an intersertal and ophitic texture three substages is, they are poor in fossils HAMRLA (1954) described the spilitized dia- base immediately at Laško as augite Cordevolian porphyrite The macroscopically grey-blue rock is fine-grained and nearly without any The Cordevolian beds are exposed especially phenochrysts In spots, the white and green- along the southern border of the Tertiary ish amygdales can be observed Among the complex of the Laško Syncline; but minor mafic minerals augite strongly prevails Oli- outcrops of the Cordevolian carbonate rocks vine is an accessory mineral The quartz are preserved along the northern border of grains are very rare as well In such varie- the Laško Syncline in the Žusem and gated groundmass rare bigger plagiclase-phe- Rudnica Mt region as well The northern belt nocrysts occur The mineral composition of of the Cordevolian rocks extends in the area the plagioclase phenocrysts and plagioclases from Tremerje towards Peèovnik, from in matrix is the same The amygdales in the where it can be traced at the surface still for- rocks are fulfilled by calcite (white) and ward as far as Svetina spherolitic chlorite (dark), and they are up to several milimetres in size Spilitized diabase The Cordevolian dolomite, lying at Žusem tuff is grenish grey and fine-grained consist- concordantly upon the Ladinian beds, is light ing of more or less altered and changed grey, very light grey, white and bluish grey

RMZ-M&G 2003, 50 678 DOZET, S

It is most characterized by a “saharoid” tex- recognizable fossil remains of alga ture Normally, it is massive and rarely poorly Diplopora annulata are preserved The thick- bedded Within the dolomite irregular ness of the Cordevolian beds varies from 200 patches of very strong dolomitized intra- to 300 meters sparitic and micritic limestones are pre- served It is obvious, that the described do- Julian and Tuvalian lomite originated at late diagenetic dolomiti- zation of previously deposited limestones Since in the beds of the considered interval The Cordevolian dolomite is always more of the Triassic stratigraphic sequence there or less porous Oval and roundish holes are are no fossils for separation of the Julian from fulfilled by fine dolomite crystals and the Tuvalian substage, these beds are pre- strongly recrystallized organic remains, be- sented together They are exposed in most longing most probably to the alga Diplopora complete development in the Voluš area, annulata In the dolomite beds at Šmarjeta where the Julian-Tuvalian beds lie concor- near Rimske Toplice small megalodontids dantly upon the Cordevolian bluish grey, indicate, that the upper part of the consid- medium-grained, massive, commonly more ered dolomite belongs to Julian and Tuvalian or less porous dolomite The Julian-Tuvalian (BUSER, 1979a) In the area between Lipoglav sedimentary succession begins there with a and Pance in the extremely southern edge of medium dark grey to greyish black, platy (1- the Sava Folds DOZET (1966, 1985) found in 5 cm), fine-nodular limestone with one the Cordevolian dolomite well-preserved al- interbed of a greyish black, if weathered dark gae of the species Diplopora annulata olive grey claystone Upwards follows a Schafhäutl with two subspecies, namely: medium grey to greyish black (1-5 cm), fine- trichopora Pia and vesiculifera Pia nodular limestone with interlayers of bed- The Cordevolian limestone is medium grey, ded (10-35 cm), fine-grained, black lime- pink, massive and rarely thick-bedded In the stone and marlstone Here and there the lime- Cordevolian belt between the Peèovnik and stone contains chert In the upper part of the Svetina the basal Cordevolian carbonate considered succession there is a greyish black rocks lie without any sign of interruption of to black, platy claystone disintegrating in thin sedimentation over the Ladinian keratophyre plates and leaves and passing upwards con- Only at Zaroviše the Cordevolian limestone tinually into the Baèa Dolomite The de- breccia lies directly upon the keratophyre scribed sedimentary succession indicates pointing at a short-lived local dry land and characteristics of a pelagic development an interruption of sedimentation The men- North of Henina as well as at Jurklošter and tioned limestone was occasionally late di- Šentjanž a very extended conodont species agenetically dolomitized, so that in these Gondolella polygnatiformis has been deter- places a more or less dolomitized limestone mined in the limestone Furtheron, in the and coarse-grained dolomite could be ob- limestone that alternates in the uppermost served The limestone is generally rather re- part with the Baèa Dolomite north of Henina crystallized Diagenetic processes and and at Šentjanž, beside the earlier mentioned tectonical changes destroyed organic struc- species still another species Epigondella tures in the rock to that extent that only poorly nodosa occurs The latter ranges these beds

RMZ-M&G 2003, 50 Geologic Structure of Kozjansko between Savinja River and Rudnica Mountain 679 into the Tuvalian substage showing in fact the Baèa Dolomite The Norian and Rhaetian (BUSER, 1979a), that the higher lying dolo- rocks occur at the surface in the form of some mite with chert (“Baèa Dolomite”) belongs square kilometres large complex between the to the Norian and Rhaetian stage The middle Vel Kozje and Voluš Mt The bedded dolo- and upper part of the Carnian beds in the in- mite with chert in the Voluš Mt area lies vestigated area is still developed on the Špica concordantly upon the pelagic Carnian sedi- Mt south of Globoko There is a platy and ments The thickness of the pelagic Norian- bedded, dark grey to greyish black, micritic Rhaetian rocks varies there from a 100 to limestone with interbeds of calcarenite and 150 metres In the wider Jurklošter area a marly claystone and shale, which are thrusted platy and bedded sparitic dolomite interca- over the older Anisian and Scythian sedi- lated with 5 to 25 centimetres thick beds of ments The described rocks pass upwards dark grey, greyish black and black chert crops gradually into the Upper Triassic dolomite out The dolomite, which is with reference with chert (Baèa Dolomite) BUSER (1979a) to the stratigraphic position and lithological beleived that the Anisian, Ladinian and composition pretty similar to the Baèa Do- Carnian beds in the Central Sava Folds were lomite, passes downwards gradually into the developed as a dolomite with some rare pas- platy Tuvalian limestone In the beds of the sages into a limestone Between Tremerje platy limestone within the dolomite along the and Peèovnik a shallow marine development road Reèica-Šmohor (BUSER, 1979a) the con- of the Julian and Tuvalian beds is well ex- odonts Paragondolella navicula and posed In the limestone the algae Neogondolella mombergensis have been de- Poikiloporella duplicata and Clypeina besici termined (POLJAK, 1973) occur, proving the Middle and Upper Carnian age of the succession These In the Šibenik quarry at Rifnik, the light grey fossils proved, that in the middle and upper to very light grey, dark bluish grey, micritic, part of the Carnian period in the Kozjansko intrasparitic, here and there pretty dolo- area shallow water carbonate sedimentation mitized Dachstein Limestone with numerous continued from Cordevolian (BUSER, 1979a) corosion cavities fulfilled with calcite is ex- The thickness of the described pelagic de- ploited With reference to the stratigraphic velopment range from 115 to 150 metres; on position and sedimentary properties this the other hand, the shallow water carbonate limestone belongs to the uppermost part of sediments are up to 200 metres thick the Dachstein Formation In the quarry of the Main Dolomite (Hauptdolomit) at Norian and Rhaetian Lanišèe southeast of Ljubljana at the Sava In the investigated area of Kozjansko the Folds/Dolenjsko Karst contact Sedlar, Petrov Norian and Rhetian stages occur, first of all, and Èadež found fossils determined by Ivan in a pelagic development, represented by a Rakovec as Megalodus cf triqueter var grey, very fine-grained and sparitic dolomite dolomitica, Megalodus gümbeli and others containing up to several centimetres thick In the same quarry BERCE (1955) and BUSER plates and beds of a grey, dark grey and black (1974) found the pelecypod Neomegalodon chert According to the lithological compo- gümbeli, Dicerocardium curionii respec- sition these beds are an equivalent in age of tively At the detailed geological mapping of

RMZ-M&G 2003, 50 680 DOZET, S the Lanišèe-Polica area, lying on the passage and defining the age of these sediments The of the Sava Folds into the Dolenjsko Karst, greater part of sediments is represented by DOZET (1966, 1985) ascertained that the Main thin-bedded, fine-grained pelagic limestones Dolomite (Hauptdolomit) was overlain by with chert nodules and bands comparable to 250 to 300 metres thick lithostratigraphic the Biancone and other similar Mediterra- sequence of the Dachstein Limestone, in nean formations of the same age The micrite which megalodontids occur as well The is partly recrystallized to microsparite In the dolomite and the limestone show typical pelagic limestone succession the calcarenites properties of the Lofer development (stro- occur as rare intercalations The grains of the matolites, lamination, megalodontids, calcarenites and rudites are prevalently echi- intraformational breccias and conglomerates, noderm calcite grains and molluscan frag- corosion cavities) ments In the fine-grained, brecciated and conglomeratic limestones beside echinoderm Jurassic and Cretaceous and molluscan fragments as well as calpionellid, radiolarian, foraminifer, Upper Tithonian and Berriasian aptychi, echinoid, ostracod, bryozoan and The rocks of the Upper Tithonian, Berriasian algal remains ooids and various lithoclasts and probably Valanginian age are preserved are present Among calpionellids the follow- in the form of erosional patches upon the light ing species have been determined so far grey Triassic dolomite in the Loka at Žusem (BABIÆ, 1979): Calpionella alpina, C surroundings Along the contact breccias elliptica, C alpina-elliptica, Calpionellopsis with limonitic groundmass and Mn traces simplex, Cps oblonga, Tintinopsella occur In the pelagic succession platy and carpatica, Remaniella cadischiana and thin-bedded (2-20 cm), yellowish and light Calpionella sp The determined fossils prove grey micritic limestones prevail; however, the Upper Tithonian, Berriasian and very greyish, greenish and pinkish micrites with probably Valanginian age of described sedi- thin plates, lenses and nodules of a dark grey ments In the groundmass there are numer- to greyish black chert as well as shaly ous radiolarians, as well as “sphares” claystones, marlstones and limy marlstones Cadosina lapidosa and Stomiosphaera sp of erlier enumerated colours occur as well Among foraminifers the species For the considered sedimentary succession Protopeneroplis striata and Nautiloculina sp rare intercalations of more or less silicified occur The mixed fauna testifies, that pretty fine-grained limestones with chert as well as part of fragments are resedimented from a calcarenites are also characteristic In the shallow marine into deeper marine environ- calcarenites a gradation, as well as parallel ment The conglomeratic limestone consists and cross-bedding can be sporadically ob- of pebbles, pelagic limestones with radiolar- served The outcrops of the rocks in the ians and calpionellids, as well as shallow Rudnica Mt area were described by HAMRLA water carbonate particles ŠRIBAR (1981) (1955) He beleived they are of Carnian age devided biostratigrafically the succession of platy, porcelain-like limestones with chert Later, the same outcrops were worked out in into two biozones The lower part of the lime- detail by BABIÆ (1979), describing the facies stone succession comprising numerous

RMZ-M&G 2003, 50 Geologic Structure of Kozjansko between Savinja River and Rudnica Mountain 681 calpionellids is referred to the biozone with east of Jurklošter at Njivice and at Henina calpionellids The biozone evidenced by South of Planina and at Henina the Lower calpionellids is transitional in character and Cretaceous sediments lie discordantly upon its stratigraphic range is the Upper Tithonian the “Baèa” Dolomite The sedimentary suc- to Valanginian In the uppermost part of the cession, we ranged to the Aptian and Albian, platy limestone succession there are nothing consists of claystone, marlstone, marly lime- but radiolarians, calcisphaeras and sponge stone, calcarenite, limestone breccia and spicules Calpionellids disappear totally This chert The breccia consists of the Jurassic and part of the platy limestones is assigned to Lower Ceretaceous rocks In the breccia and the biozone with radiolarians, correspond- calcarenite orbitolinids and other foramini- ing in her opinion mostly to the Hauterivian fers have been found Furthermore, a grada- stage tion, parallel, convolute and cross-stratifica- tion can be observed in the breccia and South of Sevnica at Sava between Boštanj calcarenite indicating a turbiditic deeper- and Telèe, along the road Konjsko-Križ water sedimentation The Jurassic and Cre- OGORELEC AND DOZET (1997) researched the taceous beds in the Sava Folds were previ- deeper water pelagic sedimentary ously researched by GRAD (1960, 1961) succcession of the Upper Triassic, Jurassic LAPAJNE AND ŠRIBAR (1973) ranged the beds and Lower Cretaceous age in detail The au- at Njivice southeast of Jurklošter into the thors came to the following conclusions: The Upper Cretaceous In the limestone breccia lower part of the stratigraphic sequence, southeast of Jurklošter orbitolinids, composed of thick-bedded dolomites with trocholinas as well as crinoid and echinod chert, conodonts Neogondolella stein- remains have been found Between Sevnica bergensis and elements of Misikella and Brestanica BUSER AND PAVŠIÈ (1978) dis- hernsteini, comparable with the Baèa Dolo- covered in similar sediments a nannoplank- mite, is of Upper Triassic age This dolomite ton association ranging the above-described is overlain by several beds of limestone brec- pelagic sedimentary succession into the cias, silicified limestones and shales all be- Lower Cretaceous The index-species longing to the lower and Middle Jurassic Parhabdolithus angustus ranges the discov- Upwards follows a radiolarite interval, in- ered nannoplankton association into the up- tercalated with marly limestone and overlain permost part of the Lower Cretaceous, by the upper limestone breccia The de- whereas the species Nannoconus colomi, scribed succession is ended by almost white, showing at somewhat older part of Aptian, porcelain-like, thin-bedded and platy lime- has also been found in these sediments The stones with chert and calpionellids, known species Rucinolithus irregularis occurs only under the name Biancone and Maiolica, in Aptian and Albian With reference to the which are in that area of the Upper Tithonian, whole fossil association and the fossils enu- Berriasian and probably Valanginian age merated above, the mentioned authors came to the conclusion, that the examined samples Aptian and Albian of the marl belong to the span of time from The Lower Cretaceous beds are exposed in the Lower Aptian to Albian the Sevnièna Valley south of Planina, south-

RMZ-M&G 2003, 50 682 DOZET, S

SUMMARY beds& The main characteristics of the Ladinian beds in the considered area are a The oldest beds of the area between the great variety of sedimentation as well as rapid Savinja River and the Rudnica Mountain lateral and vertical changes of lithological belong to the Carboniferous and Permian composition already at short distances, what system, the Younger Paleozoic respectively, is in close connection with vivacious volca- composed exclusively of clastic rocks nic and tectonic activity in that period& The (clayey shale, claystone, quartz siltstone, volcanic rocks of the Middle Triassic age sandstone and conglomerate)& Generally belong to a kerathophyre-porphyre-spilite speaking, the Younger Paleozoic complex magma& The Cordevolian carbonate rocks lie could be divided in two lithostratigraphic without any sign of interruption concordantly units: the dark Carboniferous and Lower over the Ladinian rocks& The Julian and Permian beds and the overlying red and Tuvalian succession indicate characteristics greenish continental and lagoonal Gröden of pelagic development& Occasionally, a shal- beds& Sedimentary structures and other low-marine development of the Julian and characteristics indicate that the underlying Tuvalian beds can be seen& In the considered dark formation, which is in the M& Grahovše area the Norian and Rhaetian occur in a pe- area separable in three lithostratigraphical lagic and shallow-marine development& Ac- units, has been deposited in a rather shal- cording to lithology the dolomite is an low-water environment& In the Upper Per- equivalent of the Baèa Dolomite and the mian period the considered area was in limestone of the Dachstein Limestone& The greater part a dry land& rocks of the Upper Tithonian, Berriasian and probably Valanginian age are preserved in The Mesozoic stratigraphic sequence of the the form of erosional patches upon the light study area has been formed on the carbonate gray Triassic dolomite& The greater part of platforms of Outer Dinarides and in the the Tithonian-Valanginian succession be- Slovenian Basin& The Triassic lithological longs to the so-called Biancone Limestone; column is composed of clastic, carbonate and a porcelainlike, thin-bedded and occasion- volcanic rocks& Carbonate rocks compose the ally laminated carbonate sediment contain- Lower and Upper Triassic as well as Juras- ing pelagic fossils as well as numerous nod- sic prevalently shallow-marine rock column& ules and thin layers of chert& Discordantly The Middle and Upper Triassic, Upper Ju- upon the Biancone sediments and older rocks rassic and Lower Cretaceous beds occur in a lie the beds composed of claystone, marl- pelagic environment& The Scythian series in stone, marly limestone, calcarenite, lime- the considered area can be compared with stone breccia and chert forming the so-called the Werfen Beds in the Southern Tyrol Do- Lower Cretaceous carbonate flysch& Sedi- lomites& The Anisian stage is characterized mentary structures and textures as well as by a monotonous dolomite development with lithologic composition of the carbonate scarce fossil contents& The lower part of the flysch point at turbidity’s current origin& The Middle Triassic lithological column is di- Aptian-Albian age of the described sedimen- vided in four members& The Anisian dolo- tary succession is defined by nannoplankton mite is conformly overlain by the Ladinian and foraminifers&

RMZ-M&G 2003, 50 Geologic Structure of Kozjansko between Savinja River and Rudnica Mountain 683

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