Dual 2-Input Positive-NOR Gate, SN74LVC2G02 Datasheet
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Transistors and Logic Gates
Introduction to Computer Engineering CS/ECE 252, Spring 2013 Prof. Mark D. Hill Computer Sciences Department University of Wisconsin – Madison Chapter 3 Digital Logic Structures Slides based on set prepared by Gregory T. Byrd, North Carolina State University Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Transistor: Building Block of Computers Microprocessors contain millions of transistors • Intel Pentium II: 7 million • Compaq Alpha 21264: 15 million • Intel Pentium III: 28 million Logically, each transistor acts as a switch Combined to implement logic functions • AND, OR, NOT Combined to build higher-level structures • Adder, multiplexer, decoder, register, … Combined to build processor • LC-3 3-3 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Simple Switch Circuit Switch open: • No current through circuit • Light is off • Vout is +2.9V Switch closed: • Short circuit across switch • Current flows • Light is on • Vout is 0V Switch-based circuits can easily represent two states: on/off, open/closed, voltage/no voltage. 3-4 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. N-type MOS Transistor MOS = Metal Oxide Semiconductor • two types: N-type and P-type N-type • when Gate has positive voltage, short circuit between #1 and #2 (switch closed) • when Gate has zero voltage, open circuit between #1 and #2 Gate = 1 (switch open) Gate = 0 Terminal #2 must be connected to GND (0V). 3-5 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. P-type MOS Transistor P-type is complementary to N-type • when Gate has positive voltage, open circuit between #1 and #2 (switch open) • when Gate has zero voltage, short circuit between #1 and #2 (switch closed) Gate = 1 Gate = 0 Terminal #1 must be connected to +2.9V. -
Realization of Morphing Logic Gates in a Repressilator with Quorum Sensing Feedback
Realization of Morphing Logic Gates in a Repressilator with Quorum Sensing Feedback Vidit Agarwal, Shivpal Singh Kang and Sudeshna Sinha Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali, Knowledge City, SAS Nagar, Sector 81, Manauli PO 140 306, Punjab, India Abstract We demonstrate how a genetic ring oscillator network with quorum sensing feedback can operate as a robust logic gate. Specifically we show how a range of logic functions, namely AND/NAND, OR/NOR and XOR/XNOR, can be realized by the system, thus yielding a versatile unit that can morph between different logic operations. We further demonstrate the capacity of this system to yield complementary logic operations in parallel. Our results then indicate the computing potential of this biological system, and may lead to bio-inspired computing devices. arXiv:1310.8267v1 [physics.bio-ph] 30 Oct 2013 1 I. INTRODUCTION The operation of any computing device is necessarily a physical process, and this funda- mentally determines the possibilities and limitations of the computing machine. A common thread in the history of computers is the exploitation and manipulation of different natural phenomena to obtain newer forms of computing paradigms [1]. For instance, chaos comput- ing [2], neurobiologically inspired computing, quantum computing[3], and DNA computing[4] all aim to utilize, at the basic level, some of the computational capabilities inherent in natural systems. In particular, larger understanding of biological systems has triggered the interest- ing question: what new directions do bio-systems offer for understanding and implementing computations? The broad idea then, is to create machines that benefit from natural phenomena and utilize patterns inherent in systems to encode inputs and subsequently obtain a desired output. -
Universal Gate - NOR Digital Electronics 2.2 Intro to NAND & NOR Logic
Universal Gate - NOR Digital Electronics 2.2 Intro to NAND & NOR Logic Universal Gate – NOR This presentation will demonstrate… • The basic function of the NOR gate. • How an NOR gate can be using to replace an AND gate, an OR gate or an INVERTER gate. • How a logic circuit implemented with AOI logic gates Universal Gate – NOR could be re-implemented using only NOR gates • That using a single gate type, in this case NOR, will reduce the number of integrated circuits (IC) required to implement a logic circuit. Digital Electronics AOI Logic NOR Logic 2 More ICs = More $$ Less ICs = Less $$ NOR Gate NOR Gate as an Inverter Gate X X X (Before Bubble) X Z X Y X Y X Z X Y X Y Z X Z 0 0 1 0 1 Equivalent to Inverter 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 3 4 Project Lead The Way, Inc. Copyright 2009 1 Universal Gate - NOR Digital Electronics 2.2 Intro to NAND & NOR Logic NOR Gate as an OR Gate NOR Gate as an AND Gate X X Y Y X X Z X Y X Y Y Z X Y X Y X Y Y NOR Gate “Inverter” “Inverters” NOR Gate X Y Z X Y Z 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 Equivalent to OR Gate Equivalent to AND Gate 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 5 6 NOR Gate Equivalent of AOI Gates Process for NOR Implementation 1. -
EE 434 Lecture 2
EE 330 Lecture 6 • PU and PD Networks • Complex Logic Gates • Pass Transistor Logic • Improved Switch-Level Model • Propagation Delay Review from Last Time MOS Transistor Qualitative Discussion of n-channel Operation Source Gate Drain Drain Bulk Gate n-channel MOSFET Source Equivalent Circuit for n-channel MOSFET D D • Source assumed connected to (or close to) ground • VGS=0 denoted as Boolean gate voltage G=0 G = 0 G = 1 • VGS=VDD denoted as Boolean gate voltage G=1 • Boolean G is relative to ground potential S S This is the first model we have for the n-channel MOSFET ! Ideal switch-level model Review from Last Time MOS Transistor Qualitative Discussion of p-channel Operation Source Gate Drain Drain Bulk Gate Source p-channel MOSFET Equivalent Circuit for p-channel MOSFET D D • Source assumed connected to (or close to) positive G = 0 G = 1 VDD • VGS=0 denoted as Boolean gate voltage G=1 • VGS= -VDD denoted as Boolean gate voltage G=0 S S • Boolean G is relative to ground potential This is the first model we have for the p-channel MOSFET ! Review from Last Time Logic Circuits VDD Truth Table A B A B 0 1 1 0 Inverter Review from Last Time Logic Circuits VDD Truth Table A B C 0 0 1 0 1 0 A C 1 0 0 B 1 1 0 NOR Gate Review from Last Time Logic Circuits VDD Truth Table A B C A C 0 0 1 B 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 NAND Gate Logic Circuits Approach can be extended to arbitrary number of inputs n-input NOR n-input NAND gate gate VDD VDD A1 A1 A2 An A2 F A1 An F A2 A1 A2 An An A1 A 1 A2 F A2 F An An Complete Logic Family Family of n-input NOR gates forms -
Digital IC Listing
BELS Digital IC Report Package BELS Unit PartName Type Location ID # Price Type CMOS 74HC00, Quad 2-Input NAND Gate DIP-14 3 - A 500 0.24 74HCT00, Quad 2-Input NAND Gate DIP-14 3 - A 501 0.36 74HC02, Quad 2 Input NOR DIP-14 3 - A 417 0.24 74HC04, Hex Inverter, buffered DIP-14 3 - A 418 0.24 74HC04, Hex Inverter (buffered) DIP-14 3 - A 511 0.24 74HCT04, Hex Inverter (Open Collector) DIP-14 3 - A 512 0.36 74HC08, Quad 2 Input AND Gate DIP-14 3 - A 408 0.24 74HC10, Triple 3-Input NAND DIP-14 3 - A 419 0.31 74HC32, Quad OR DIP-14 3 - B 409 0.24 74HC32, Quad 2-Input OR Gates DIP-14 3 - B 543 0.24 74HC138, 3-line to 8-line decoder / demultiplexer DIP-16 3 - C 603 1.05 74HCT139, Dual 2-line to 4-line decoders / demultiplexers DIP-16 3 - C 605 0.86 74HC154, 4-16 line decoder/demulitplexer, 0.3 wide DIP - Small none 445 1.49 74HC154W, 4-16 line decoder/demultiplexer, 0.6wide DIP none 446 1.86 74HC190, Synchronous 4-Bit Up/Down Decade and Binary Counters DIP-16 3 - D 637 74HCT240, Octal Buffers and Line Drivers w/ 3-State outputs DIP-20 3 - D 643 1.04 74HC244, Octal Buffers And Line Drivers w/ 3-State outputs DIP-20 3 - D 647 1.43 74HCT245, Octal Bus Transceivers w/ 3-State outputs DIP-20 3 - D 649 1.13 74HCT273, Octal D-Type Flip-Flops w/ Clear DIP-20 3 - D 658 1.35 74HCT373, Octal Transparent D-Type Latches w/ 3-State outputs DIP-20 3 - E 666 1.35 74HCT377, Octal D-Type Flip-Flops w/ Clock Enable DIP-20 3 - E 669 1.50 74HCT573, Octal Transparent D-Type Latches w/ 3-State outputs DIP-20 3 - E 674 0.88 Type CMOS CD4000 Series CD4001, Quad 2-input -
A Noise-Assisted Reprogrammable Nanomechanical Logic Gate
pubs.acs.org/NanoLett A Noise-Assisted Reprogrammable Nanomechanical Logic Gate Diego N. Guerra,† Adi R. Bulsara,‡ William L. Ditto,§ Sudeshna Sinha,| K. Murali,⊥ and P. Mohanty*,† † Department of Physics, Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, ‡ SPAWAR Systems Center Pacific, Code 71, 53560 Hull Street, San Diego, California 92152, § School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, | Institute of Mathematical Sciences, Taramani, Chennai 600 113, India, and ⊥ Physics Department, Anna University, Chennai 600 025, India ABSTRACT We present a nanomechanical device, operating as a reprogrammable logic gate, and performing fundamental logic functions such as AND/OR and NAND/NOR. The logic function can be programmed (e.g., from AND to OR) dynamically, by adjusting the resonator’s operating parameters. The device can access one of two stable steady states, according to a specific logic function; this operation is mediated by the noise floor which can be directly adjusted, or dynamically “tuned” via an adjustment of the underlying nonlinearity of the resonator, i.e., it is not necessary to have direct control over the noise floor. The demonstration of this reprogrammable nanomechanical logic gate affords a path to the practical realization of a new generation of mechanical computers. KEYWORDS Nanomechanical logic, nanomechanical computing, logical stochastic resonance, stochastic resonance, nanomechanical resonator practical realization of a nanomechanical logic applied as input stimuli to a two-state system, the response device, capable of performing fundamental logic can result in a specific logical output with a probability (for operations, is yet to be demonstrated despite a long- obtaining this output) controlled by the noise intensity. -
Additional Gates and Circuits, Other Gate Types, Exclusive-OR Operator and Gates, High-Impedance Outputs 5
Introduction to Digital Logic Course Outline 1. Digital Computers, Number Systems, Arithmetic Operations, Decimal, Alphanumeric, and Gray Codes 2. Binary Logic, Gates, Boolean Algebra, Standard Forms 3. Circuit Optimization, Two-Level Optimization, Map Manipulation, Multi-Level Prof. Nizamettin AYDIN Circuit Optimization 4. Additional Gates and Circuits, Other Gate Types, Exclusive-OR Operator and Gates, High-Impedance Outputs 5. Implementation Technology and Logic Design, Design Concepts and Automation, The Design Space, Design Procedure, The major design steps [email protected] 6. Programmable Implementation Technologies: Read-Only Memories, Programmable Logic Arrays, Programmable Array Logic,Technology mapping to programmable [email protected] logic devices 7. Combinational Functions and Circuits 8. Arithmetic Functions and Circuits 9. Sequential Circuits Storage Elements and Sequential Circuit Analysis 10. Sequential Circuits, Sequential Circuit Design State Diagrams, State Tables 11. Counters, register cells, buses, & serial operations 12. Sequencing and Control, Datapath and Control, Algorithmic State Machines (ASM) 13. Memory Basics 1 2 Introduction to Digital Logic Other Gate Types • Why? – Implementation feasibility and low cost – Power in implementing Boolean functions Lecture 4 – Convenient conceptual representation Additional Gates and Circuits • Gate classifications – Primitive gate - a gate that can be described using a single – Other Gate Types primitive operation type (AND or OR) plus an optional – Exclusive -OR Operator and Gates inversion(s). – High -Impedance Outputs – Complex gate - a gate that requires more than one primitive operation type for its description • Primitive gates will be covered first 3 4 Buffer NAND Gate • A buffer is a gate with the function F = X: • The basic NAND gate has the following symbol, illustrated for three inputs: XF – AND-Invert (NAND) • In terms of Boolean function, a buffer is the X Y (F X, ,Y Z) === X ⋅⋅⋅ Y ⋅⋅⋅ Z same as a connection! Z • So why use it? • NAND represents NOT AND , i. -
Design a 3-Input CMOS NAND Gate (PUN/PDN) with Fan-Out of 3. Total Output Load of the NAND Gate Is Equal to 15Ff and Μn/Μp = 2.5
Tutorial on Transistor Sizing Problem #1 (Static CMOS logic): Design a 3-input CMOS NAND gate (PUN/PDN) with fan-out of 3. Total output load of the NAND gate is equal to 15fF and µn/µp = 2.5. For 0.35µm process technology tox = -9 -12 7.6*10 m, εox = 35*10 F/m. Compare the above design with that of a 3-input NOR (PUN/PDN) gate. State any benefits of one implementation over the other. For the sake of simplicity assume all capacitance is lumped and gate capacitance neglecting diffusion and wiring capacitance. Solution: Cox = εoxWL/ tox = 15fF. So W = 9.2µm. Leff = 0.35µm. Assuming output load is all gate capacitance. This is a simplifying assumption made for this problem. A more realistic approach would be to calculate the diffusion and wiring capacitances as well. Equivalent inverter for fan-out of 3 and µn/µp = 2.5 would result in: A B C 2.23 2.23 2.23 Wp = 2.5*Wn for equal rise and fall times. Also, Wp + Wn = 9.2/3 = 3.16µm for fan-out of 3. A 2.67 B Solving the above equations we have, 2.67 C 2.67 Wp = 2.23µm and Wn = 0.89µm. NAND implementation: NAND implementation Therefore, for the 3-ip NAND gate implementation, each PDN n-MOS transistor will be: 3*0.89µm = 2.67µm A and each p-MOS transistor in the PUN network will be: 2.23µm 6.69 B NOR implementation: 6.69 For a 3-ip NOR gate implementation, each PDN n-MOS transistor C will be: 0.89µm 6.69 A BC Each PUN p-MOS transistor will be 3*2.23µm = 6.69µm 0.89 0.89 0.89 Area comparison: NOR implementation Total gate area of NAND gate is: 3*(2.67+2.23)µm = 14.7µm Total gate area of NOR gate is: 3*(6.69+0.89) µm = 22.7µm Thus we infer that the NAND gate has less area and power compared to the NOR gate for identical loading and fan-out conditions and is the preferred implementation. -
Hardware Abstract the Logic Gates References Results Transistors Through the Years Acknowledgements
The Practical Applications of Logic Gates in Computer Science Courses Presenters: Arash Mahmoudian, Ashley Moser Sponsored by Prof. Heda Samimi ABSTRACT THE LOGIC GATES Logic gates are binary operators used to simulate electronic gates for design of circuits virtually before building them with-real components. These gates are used as an instrumental foundation for digital computers; They help the user control a computer or similar device by controlling the decision making for the hardware. A gate takes in OR GATE AND GATE NOT GATE an input, then it produces an algorithm as to how The OR gate is a logic gate with at least two An AND gate is a consists of at least two A NOT gate, also known as an inverter, has to handle the output. This process prevents the inputs and only one output that performs what inputs and one output that performs what is just a single input with rather simple behavior. user from having to include a microprocessor for is known as logical disjunction, meaning that known as logical conjunction, meaning that A NOT gate performs what is known as logical negation, which means that if its input is true, decision this making. Six of the logic gates used the output of this gate is true when any of its the output of this gate is false if one or more of inputs are true. If all the inputs are false, the an AND gate's inputs are false. Otherwise, if then the output will be false. Likewise, are: the OR gate, AND gate, NOT gate, XOR gate, output of the gate will also be false. -
Voltage Controlled Memristor Threshold Logic Gates, 2016 IEEE APCCAS, Jeju, Korea, October 25-28, 2016
A. Maan, A. P. James, Voltage Controlled Memristor Threshold Logic Gates, 2016 IEEE APCCAS, Jeju, Korea, October 25-28, 2016 Voltage Controlled Memristor Threshold Logic Gates Akshay Kumar Maan Alex Pappachen James Queensland Microelectronic Facility School of Engineering, Nazabayev University Griffith University Astana, Kazakhastan Queensland 4111, Australia Web: www.biomicrosystems.info/alex Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] Abstract—In this paper, we present a resistive switching weights to the inputs, while the CMOS inverter behaves as memristor cell for implementing universal logic gates. The cell a threshold logic device. The weights are programmed via has a weighted control input whose resistance is set based on a the resistive switching phenomenon of the memristor device. control signal that generalizes the operational regime from NAND We show that resistive switching makes it possible to use the to NOR functionality. We further show how threshold logic in same cell architecture to work in the NAND, NOR or XOR the voltage-controlled resistive cell can be used to implement a configuration, and can be implemented in a programmable XOR logic. Building on the same principle we implement a half adder and a 4-bit CLA (Carry Look-ahead Adder) and show array architecture. We hypothesise that if such circuits are that in comparison with CMOS-only logic, the proposed system developed in silicon that can be programmed and reused to shows significant improvements in terms of device area, power generate different logic gate functionalities, we will be able to dissipation and leakage power. move a step closer towards the development of low power and large scale threshold logic applications. -
1 Novel Reconfigurable Logic Gates Using Spin Metal-Oxide
Novel Reconfigurable Logic Gates Using Spin Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistors Satoshi Sugahara1, 2*, Tomohiro Matsuno1, and Masaaki Tanaka1,2** 1 Department of Electronic Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan 2 PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi 332-0012, Japan We propose and numerically simulate novel reconfigurable logic gates employing spin metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors (spin MOSFETs). The output characteristics of the spin MOSFETs depend on the relative magnetization configuration of the ferromagnetic contacts for the source and drain, that is, high current-drive capability in the parallel magnetization and low current-drive capability in the antiparallel magnetization [S. Sugahara and M. Tanaka: Appl. Phys. Lett. 84 (2004) 2307]. A reconfigurable NAND/NOR logic gate can be realized by using a spin MOSFET as a driver or an active load of a complimentary MOS (CMOS) inverter with a neuron MOS input stage. Its logic function can be switched by changing the relative magnetization configuration of the ferromagnetic source and drain of the spin MOSFET. A reconfigurable logic gate for all symmetric Boolean functions can be configured using only five CMOS inverters including four spin MOSFETs. The operation of these reconfigurable logic gates was confirmed by numerical simulations using a simple device model for the spin MOSFETs. KEYWORDS: spintronics, spin transistor, spin MOSFET, reconfigurable logic, FPGA *E-mail address: [email protected] **E-mail address: [email protected] 1 1 Introduction The area of spintronics (or spin electronics) in which uses not only charge transport of electrons but also the spin degree of freedom of electrons is used has generated much interest in recent years. -
Designing Combinational Logic Gates in Cmos
CHAPTER 6 DESIGNING COMBINATIONAL LOGIC GATES IN CMOS In-depth discussion of logic families in CMOS—static and dynamic, pass-transistor, nonra- tioed and ratioed logic n Optimizing a logic gate for area, speed, energy, or robustness n Low-power and high-performance circuit-design techniques 6.1 Introduction 6.3.2 Speed and Power Dissipation of Dynamic Logic 6.2 Static CMOS Design 6.3.3 Issues in Dynamic Design 6.2.1 Complementary CMOS 6.3.4 Cascading Dynamic Gates 6.5 Leakage in Low Voltage Systems 6.2.2 Ratioed Logic 6.4 Perspective: How to Choose a Logic Style 6.2.3 Pass-Transistor Logic 6.6 Summary 6.3 Dynamic CMOS Design 6.7 To Probe Further 6.3.1 Dynamic Logic: Basic Principles 6.8 Exercises and Design Problems 197 198 DESIGNING COMBINATIONAL LOGIC GATES IN CMOS Chapter 6 6.1Introduction The design considerations for a simple inverter circuit were presented in the previous chapter. In this chapter, the design of the inverter will be extended to address the synthesis of arbitrary digital gates such as NOR, NAND and XOR. The focus will be on combina- tional logic (or non-regenerative) circuits that have the property that at any point in time, the output of the circuit is related to its current input signals by some Boolean expression (assuming that the transients through the logic gates have settled). No intentional connec- tion between outputs and inputs is present. In another class of circuits, known as sequential or regenerative circuits —to be dis- cussed in a later chapter—, the output is not only a function of the current input data, but also of previous values of the input signals (Figure 6.1).