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Criminal Liability for Cruelty to Animals Under the Legislation of Ukraine: Features of Theory and Practice

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Criminal Liability for Cruelty to Animals Under the Legislation of Ukraine: Features of Theory and Practice Hrytenko, O., Prymachenko, V., Shablystyi, V., Karikh, I. / Volume 10 - Issue 42: 264-273 / June, 2021 264 DOI: https://doi.org/10.34069/AI/2021.42.06.25 How to Cite: Hrytenko, O., Prymachenko, V., Shablystyi, V., & Karikh, I. (2021). Criminal liability for cruelty to animals under the legislation of Ukraine: features of theory and practice. Amazonia Investiga, 10(42), 264-273. https://doi.org/10.34069/AI/2021.42.06.25 Criminal liability for cruelty to animals under the legislation of Ukraine: features of theory and practice Кримінальна відповідальність за жорстоке поводження з тваринами за законодавством України: особливості теорії та практики Received: June 3, 2021 Accepted: July 10, 2021 Written by: Oksana Hrytenko112 https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1376-6956 Web of Science researcher code: AAQ-5672-2021 Vitaliy Prymachenko113 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9907-0820 Web of Science researcher code: AAQ-5686-2021 Volodymyr Shablystyi114 https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0210-1772 Web of Science researcher code: AAI-6473-2020 Ihor Karikh115 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8209-2743 Web of Science researcher code: AAR-2469-2021 Abstract Анотація The study aimed to determine the characteristics Метою дослідження стало визначення of criminal liability for cruelty to animals. The особливостей кримінальної відповідальності за object of the study is social relations arising in жорстоке поводження з тваринами. Об’єктом the field of morality protection. We used the дослідження є суспільні відносини, що виникають following general scientific methods: dialectical, у сфері захисту моральності. Предметом historical, descriptive, methods of scientific дослідження є кримінальна відповідальність за analysis and generalization. In addition to жорстоке поводження з тваринами. Нами було general scientific methods, we also used special використано наступні загальнонаукові методи: methods: comparative legal and statistical. діалектичний, історичний, описовий, метод Having performed a retrospective analysis of наукового аналізу та узагальнення. Крім criminal liability for cruelty to animals, we загальнонаукових методів, ми використовували identified four historical stages in the formation також спеціальні методи: порівняльно-правовий і статистичний. Здійснивши ретроспективний and development of criminal legal standards for аналіз кримінальної відповідальності за жорстоке cruelty to animals. Having investigated the поводження з тваринами, ми виділили чотири reasons for the social conditioning of історичні етапи формування та розвитку criminalization for cruelty to animals, the кримінально-правових стандартів щодо authors identified a range of problems in the жорстокого ставлення до тварин. Дослідивши field of humane treatment of animals that require причини соціальної обумовленості криміналізації immediate solutions: the use of animals in за жорстоке поводження з тваринами, було scientific experiments, the manufacture of виявлено низку проблем у сфері гуманного clothing from leather and animal fur, the ставлення до тварин, що потребують негайного 112 Doctor of Law, Associate Professor, Professor of the Department of Criminal Law and Criminology, Odesa State University of Internal Affairs, Ukraine. 113 Candidate of Law Sciences, Associate Professor, Head of the Department of Criminal Law and Criminology, Dnipropetrovsk State University of Internal Affairs, Ukraine. 114 Doctor of Law Sciences, Professor, Head of the Department of Criminal Law Disciplines, Dnipropetrovsk State University of Internal Affairs, Ukraine. 115 PhD in basics of national security (political science), Senior Lecturer, Department of Criminal Legal Disciplines and Procedure, Sumy State University, Ukraine. www.amazoniainvestiga.info ISSN 2322 - 6307 Volume 10 - Issue 42 / June 2021 265 activities of dog hunters and the use of animals вирішення: використання тварин в наукових in circuses. Factors affecting the cruelty of a дослідах, виготовлення одягу з шкіри та хутра person have been also identified. The звірів, діяльність догхантерів та використання delimitation of corpus delicti from an тварин в цирках. Також визначено чинники, що administrative offense is carried out according to впливають на жорстокість особи. Відмежування several main criteria: the degree of public danger складу злочину від адміністративного and consequences. International experience in правопорушення здійснюється за декількома the context of criminal liability for cruelty to основними критеріями: ступінь суспільної небезпеки та наслідки. Міжнародний досвід animals is diverse. особливостей кримінальної відповідальності за жорстоке поводження з тваринами є Keywords: cruelty to animals, cruelty, criminal різноманітним. Зокрема, українське liability, international experience, delineation of законодавство істотно відрізняється покаранням offenses. та віком суб’єкта злочину. Суворість покарання в майбутньому забезпечить не лише меншу кількість випадків жорстокого поводження з тваринами, а й дозволить максимально наблизити вітчизняне кримінальне законодавство у сфері захисту тварин до європейського. Ключові слова: жорстоке поводження з тваринами, жорстокість, кримінальна відповідальність, міжнародний досвід, відмежування правопорушень. Introduction Theoretical framework Hunting is a widespread practice among human The study’s theoretical framework is the communities (Barbosa de Lima, de Oliveira scientific works of domestic and foreign Rebouças & Batista Santos, 2021). At the same scientists who reveal the essence of cruelty to time, humane treatment of animals is an animals. In particular, according to Sinclair L, obligation in most countries. This testifies both Lockwood R., cruelty to animals is a to the high moral values of society and to the widespread phenomenon entailing serious sense of responsibility towards the environment. consequences both for animal welfare and for Unfortunately, the idea of protecting animals, individual and public welfare (Sinclair & which found its expression both in public Lockwood, 2005). speeches of citizens and in the clear steps of the domestic legislator, has not yet found its R. Lockwood and P. Arkow note that acts of expression. Almost every day, social media violence against animals in many cases are posts containing signs of cruelty to animals are modeled on the same dynamics of power and posted. Children with an immature psyche, control, which often denotes a trajectory of taking an example, perceive violence against intimate partner violence, sexual violence, child fauna as a common thing, which in the future abuse, and other violent antisocial behavior often leads to serious problems. The focus on behaviors (Lockwood and Arkow, 2016). cruelty to animals is not accidental. Since 2017, the rate of registered crimes against animals has R. Osokin and A. Chibizov reveal the essence of almost doubled. In addition, the reasons for the cruelty to animals in more detail. They define prevalence of this phenomenon include the lack them as beatings, torture, destruction of habitats, of legislative regulation of this crime violation of zootechnical, zoohygienic, (Bayrachnaya, Nadtochiy, Isaev & Surenovna, veterinary and sanitary rules, other actions 2018). Although cruelty to animals is common (inaction) that entail injury, exhaustion from throughout the world, its true extent is largely prolonged starvation or death of animals, the unknown. (Glanville, Ford & Coleman, 2019). cruel killing of animals, and other actions that Therefore, research on criminal liability for contradict the rules established by law and the cruelty to animals is important and relevant. The norms of humane treatment of animals accepted study aimed to determine the characteristics of in society (Osokin & Chibizov, 2011). criminal liability for cruelty to animals. The object of the study is social relations arising in It is feasible to focus on the study by R. the field of morality protection. The subject of Veresha, who concludes that cruelty to animals the study is the criminal liability for cruelty to creates an even more dangerous phenomenon – animals. cruelty to humans. This approach fundamentally http:// www.amazoniainvestiga.info ISSN 2322- 6307 266 changes the idea of the public danger of such an ancient philosophers also influenced the act, thus necessitating the application and development of relevant criminal science. One development of the relevant norms of the of the most striking examples is the hero of criminal law (Veresha, 2014b). ancient myths – Triptolemus, guided by three commandments of a dignified life: treating Methodology parents with respect, giving gifts to the gods, preserving and protecting animals (Clark, 2000). We used the following general scientific The famous Greek philosopher Pythagoras methods: dialectical (to determine the subject of believed that the souls of people and animals the crime under investigation); historical have a common origin from the spirit that method (to study the process of formation of permeates the whole world, and his students liability for cruelty to animals), descriptive called on for observing the principles of method (to reveal some concepts, conduct a humanity and moderation, self-restraint and general description of the elements of the believed that a good attitude towards animals is crime); method of scientific analysis and the basis of human morality (Ziegler, 1995). generalization (to distinguish between crime and misconduct). In addition to general scientific Thus, the first stage in the specification of methods, we used special methods: the liability
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