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Energy Optimisation of a Solar Vehicle for South African Conditions Christiaan C Energy optimisation of a solar vehicle for South African conditions Christiaan C. Oosthuizen To cite this version: Christiaan C. Oosthuizen. Energy optimisation of a solar vehicle for South African conditions. Other. Université Paris-Saclay; Tshwane University of Technology, 2020. English. NNT : 2020UPASG003. tel-03150589 HAL Id: tel-03150589 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-03150589 Submitted on 23 Feb 2021 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Optimisation énergétique pour une voiture solaire dans les conditions de l'Afrique du Sud Thèse de doctorat de l'université Paris-Saclay et de Tshwane University of Technology École doctorale n°580: Sciences et technologies de l'information et de la communication (STIC) Spécialité de doctorat: Mathématiques et Informatique Unité de recherche : Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, LISV, 78124, Vélizy - Villacoublay, France Référent : Université de Versailles -Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines Thèse présentée et soutenue à Pretoria le 06/10/2020 Christiaan C. OOSTHUIZEN Composition du Jury François ROCARIES Président Professeur, Tshwane University of Technology Dong ENZENG Rapporteur & Examinateur Professeur, Tianjin University of Technology Patrick HENAFF Rapporteur & Examinateur Professeur, Ecole des Mines de Nancy Anish KURIEN Examinateur Professeur, Tshwane University of Technology Fadila MAROTEAUX Examinatrice Professeur, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin Yasser ALAYLI Directeur de thèse Professeur, Université Paris-Saclay Barend VAN WYK Directeur de thèse Professeur, Tshwane University of Technology Yskandar HAMAM Co-Encadrant & Examinateur Professeur, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin Dawood DESAI Invité Chargé de recherche, Tshwane University of Technology 2020UPASG003 NNT: NNT: Thèse de doctorat Thèse de Titre : Optimisation énergétique pour une voiture solaire dans les conditions de l'Afrique du Sud Mots clés : gestion de l'énergie, modélisation mathématique, Sasol Solar Challenge, simulation, irradiation solaire, véhicule solaire Résumé : Les batteries généralement Les premiers chapitres de l'ouvrage jettent utilisées dans les véhicules électriques ont les bases sur l'état actuel de la technique lors un rapport énergie-poids jusqu'à cent fois de l'examen de la modélisation des plus faible (pouvoir calorifique net, Wh / véhicules et de l'interprétation des kg) que la plupart des combustibles fossiles prévisions météorologiques. Un modèle utilisés dans les moteurs à combustion détaillé d'énergie solaire de voiture est interne. De plus, les véhicules électriques à conçu et des statistiques de sortie de modèle énergie solaire dépendent principalement de (MOS) sont utilisées pour améliorer la la récupération de l'énergie provenant de précision et l'intervalle de confiance des l'irradiation solaire (émise par le soleil) qui prévisions météorologiques locales requises dépend des conditions météorologiques. La par le modèle énergétique. De vastes nécessité d'optimiser la consommation expériences dans le monde réel ont validé la d'énergie des véhicules électriques à batterie robustesse et la précision du modèle fonctionnant à l'énergie solaire est cruciale énergétique. Le problème d'optimisation est pour maximiser la portée d'un tel véhicule. formulé comme un problème d'optimisation Si la distance est fixe, les conditions à deux niveaux qui utilise des techniques de météorologiques constantes et la solveur de programmation quadratique topographie plate, on peut séquentielle (SQP) et de programmation approximativement optimiser la dynamique (DP). Le problème consommation d'énergie d'une voiture d'optimisation à deux niveaux est mis en solaire en trouvant la vitesse, qui optimise œuvre sous la forme d'une interface en moyenne la consommation d'énergie sur utilisateur (UI) pour une facilité d'utilisation tout un trajet. Une telle approche fournit une par le gestionnaire d'énergie. bonne estimation par exemple pour le La nouvelle technique d'optimisation à Bridgestone World Solar Challenge deux niveaux à distance variable a été mise (BWSC) en Australie (qui se déroule en œuvre pendant les huit jours du Sasol principalement dans les régions arides de Solar Challenge 2018. Elle a fourni à l'arrière-pays) où la topographie est l'équipe automobile solaire de TUT principalement plate et les conditions l'avantage technologique nécessaire pour météorologiques sont relativement obtenir une 1ère place locale ainsi qu'une constantes et donc très prévisibles. En 4ème place au classement général revanche, la route Sasol Solar Challenge (international ). La mise en œuvre a mis en (SSC) en Afrique du Sud contient une évidence la supériorité de la technique à topographie complexe, qui comprend deux niveaux par rapport aux techniques diverses régions montagneuses avec des classiques de gestion de l'énergie à diverses pentes abruptes et des changements occasions, en particulier dans des fréquents dans le gradient de la route. En conditions météorologiques extrêmes. Université Paris-Saclay Espace Technologique / Immeuble Discovery Route de l’Orme aux Merisiers RD 128 / 91190 Saint-Aubin, France outre, des événements tels que le BWSC La précision et les performances de la sont des itinéraires à distance fixe, alors que technique d'optimisation à deux niveaux ont le SSC est un itinéraire à distance variable. été soigneusement évaluées et analysées. Il Diverses méthodes pour optimiser a été constaté qu'en moyenne, 94% de la l'utilisation d'énergie d'une voiture solaire variation de l'erreur de simulation dans un environnement BWSC ont été énergétique (état de charge) peut s'expliquer proposées. Cependant, aucune de ces par les variables contenues dans le modèle méthodes ne convient au contexte SSC. Ce énergétique dérivé. La variation restante de travail est consacré à la fois à la recherche 6% de l'erreur de simulation énergétique théorique et aux nouvelles applications des peut être due à la petite dynamique non techniques d'optimisation à deux niveaux, modélisée du véhicule (y compris les forces pour minimiser la consommation d'énergie de Coriolis), à la non-linéarité des cycles de et maximiser la distance parcourue par une charge et de décharge de la batterie et aux voiture solaire participant à un événement effets de la température. SSC en Afrique du Sud. Title : Energy optimisation of a solar vehicle for South African conditions Keywords : energy management, mathematical modelling, Sasol Solar Challenge, simulation, solar irradiation, solar vehicle Abstract : Batteries typically used in The early chapters of the work create a electric vehicles have up to one hundred foundation in terms of the current state-of- times lower energy-to-weight ratios (net the-art when considering vehicle modelling calorific value, Wh/kg) than most fossil and interpretation of weather forecasts. A fuels used in internal combustion engines. detailed solar car energy model is devised, Furthermore, solar-powered electric and Model Output Statistics (MOS) are vehicles rely mostly on harvesting energy employed to improve the accuracy and from solar irradiation (emitted by the sun) confidence interval of local weather which is weather dependant. The need to forecasts required by the energy model. optimise the energy usage of battery Extensive real-world experiments validated assisted solar-powered electric vehicles is the robustness and accuracy of the energy crucial to maximise the range of such a model. The optimisation problem is vehicle. If the distance is fixed, weather formulated as a bi-level optimisation conditions constant, and the topography problem which makes use of Sequential flat, one can approximately optimise the Quadratic Programming (SQP) and energy usage of a solar car by finding the Dynamic Programming (DP) solver speed, which on average optimises energy techniques. The bi-level optimisation usage over an entire journey. Such an problem is implemented in the form of a approach provides a good guestimate for User Interface (UI) for ease of use by the example for the Bridgestone World Solar energy manager. Université Paris-Saclay Espace Technologique / Immeuble Discovery Route de l’Orme aux Merisiers RD 128 / 91190 Saint-Aubin, France Challenge (BWSC) in Australia (taking The novel variable distance bi-level place primarily in the desolate outback optimisation technique was implemented regions) where the topography is during the eight days of the Sasol Solar predominantly flat, and the weather Challenge 2018. It provided the solar car conditions are relatively constant and team from TUT with the technological therefore very predictable. Contrastingly, advantage required to obtain a local 1st the Sasol Solar Challenge (SSC) route in place as well as a 4th place overall South Africa contains complex topography, (internationally). The implementation which includes various mountainous highlighted the superiority of the bi-level regions with steep slopes and frequent technique when compared to conventional changes in the gradient of the road. Also, energy management techniques on various events such as the BWSC,
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