2 International Workshop Thin Films in the Photovoltaic Industry
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Workshop Proceedings of the “2nd International Workshop Thin Films in the Photovoltaic Industry” 9/10 November 2006 Editor: A. Jäger-Waldau 2007 EUR 22630 EN II Workshop Proceedings of the “2nd International Workshop Thin Films in the Photovoltaic Industry” held at the EC JRC Ispra, 9/10 November 2006 Chairperson: Bernhard Dimmler and Arnulf Jäger-Waldau Editor: A. Jäger-Waldau Co-organised by EUR 22630 EN III LEGAL NOTICE Neither the European Commission nor any person acting on behalf of the Commission is responsible for the use, which might be made of the following information. The report does not represent any official position of the European Commission, nor do its contents prejudge any future Commission proposals in any areas of Community policy. A great deal of additional information on the European Union is available on the Internet. It can be accessed through the Europa server (http://europa.eu). Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 2007 © European Communities, 2007 Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged Printed in Italy ISSN 1018-5593 - EUR 22630 EN IV PREFACE This are the minutes of the 2nd International Workshop "Thin Films in the Photovoltaic Industry" held at the European Commission's Joint Research Centre in Ispra, Italy on 09/10 November 2006. The workshop was a follow up of the 2005 workshop, which was initiated and chaired by Bernhard Dimmler, Würth Solar, Germany. It was co-organized by EPIA in the framework of the FP6 project "Creating Markets for RES" and the Renewable Energies Unit of IES. Aim of the workshop In the past 5 years, the yearly world market growth rate for Photovoltaics was an average of more than 40%, which makes it one of the fastest growing industries at present. Business analysts predict the market volume to increase to € 40 billion in 2010 and expect rising profit margins and lower prices for consumers at the same time. Today PV is still dominated by wafer based Crystalline Silicon Technology as the “working horse” in the global market with more than 90% market share in 2005. The current silicon shortage has kept prices higher than anticipated from the learning curve experience and has widened the windows of opportunities for thin film solar modules. Current production capacity estimates for thin films vary between 1 GW and 2 GW in 2010, representing a 20% market share for these technologies. The different thin film technologies (TF) have the highest cost reduction potential of all PV technologies in middle and long term. Equally, competitive technologies are amorphous/microcrystalline Silicon, CdTe and the material family of Cu(In,Ga)(Se,S)2 – thin films. One of the main disadvantages of thin Film Technologies in comparison to Crystalline Silicon Technologies is still the not very advanced scientific database (at least for CdTe and CIS) and the missing maturity in production technology. In addition, the current testing standards were not developed for the new thin film modules on the market. To overcome these obstacles more efforts on further scientific R&D with respect to PV quality and stability on the one hand and on the establishment of professional and standardized production equipment under industrial circumstances bringing down manufacturing cost on the other hand are needed. This participants of this years workshop came from Thin Film Photovoltaic companies already producing or just starting production, testing and certification laboratories and equipment manufacturers. The key points of this workshop and the topics presented and discussed were: • Preconditioning, Measurements and Testing of Thin Film Modules. • Performance, calibration, traceability and energy rating. • Module Sealing, Lamination. • To find common future RTD topics that may result in RTD programs either in bi-lateral or multi lateral collaborations on a national or rather European level. It is my strong believe that this workshop series will develop into a platform for future, fruitful exchange of ideas to accelerate the development and manufacturing capabilities of thin film technologies. Ispra, December 2006 Arnulf Jäger-Waldau Renewable Energies European Commission – Joint Research Centre 1 2 TABLE OF CONTENT Preface.............................................................................................................................................1 Table of Content .............................................................................................................................3 List of Participants..........................................................................................................................4 Agenda.............................................................................................................................................9 Executive Summary......................................................................................................................10 Workshop Proceedings .................................................................................................................12 Introduction..............................................................................................................................12 Summary of presentations ......................................................................................................13 Discussion .....................................................................................................................................16 Issues and future RTD projects..............................................................................................16 Annex: Workshop Presentations..................................................................................................17 Bernhard Dimmler Introduction 18 Heinz Ossenbrink TC 82 Activities – Thin Films 23 Ralf Wendt Calyxo, Company Presentation 31 Axel Straub Accelerated Durability Testing 34 Johannes Meier Introduction to Oerlikon Solar 39 Paul Grunow Photovoltaik Institut Berlin 46 Johann Wenerberg Brilliant 234 51 Roland Van Zolingen Problems experienced in industry during the peak power and energy yield determination of thin-film modules 59 Peter Neretnieks Solibro, Company Presentation 63 Alexander Meeder Pilot Production of Large-Area CuInS2-Based Solar Modules 70 Bernhard Dimmler Industrialisation of CIS Technology at Würth Solar 76 Tony Sample Thin Film Module Testing 79 Hermann Werner Thin Film Deposition: Manufacturing Equipment 84 Patrick Hofer-Noser Solar Simulator 91 Detlev Berger Pulsed Solar Simulators and Measuring Systems for the Photovoltaic Industry 96 Keith Emery Performance of Thin Film Modules 104 Robert Kenny Energy Rating 113 Ewan Dunlop Integrated Project "Performance" 131 Herbert Ehlting Economical Laminating -Today and Tomorrow 138 Patrick Hofer-Noser Laminators 145 3 LIST OF PARTICIPANTS 1) Detlev BERGER Berger Lichttechnik GmbH & Co. KG Isarstrasse; D - 82065 Baierbrunn tel. :0049/89/79355266 - fax: e mail: [email protected] 2) Eleni DESPOTOU EPIA Rue d'Arlon 63-65 B - 1040 BRUSSELS tel. :+32 2 465 3884 - fax: +32 2 400 1010 e mail: [email protected] 3) Bernhard DIMMLER Würth Solar GmbH&Co.KG Reinhold-Wuerth-Str. 4 D- Marbach am Neckar D - 71672 Marbach am Neckar tel. :++49-7144-9414-11 - fax: e mail: [email protected] 4) Ewan DUNLOP I.E.S. - Renewable Energies Unit JRC - Via Enrico Fermi I - 21020 ISPRA tel. :+39-0332-789090 - fax: +39-0332-789268 e mail: [email protected] 5) David EAGLESHAM First Solar 28101 Cedar Park Blvd USA - 43551 Perrysburg, Ohio tel. :419 490 5966 - fax: e mail: [email protected] 6) Herbert EHLTING Meier Vakuumtechnik GmbH Vennweg D - 46395 Bocholt tel. :00492871246019 - fax: 00492871246042 e mail: [email protected] 7) Keith EMERY National Renewable Energy Laboratory 1617 Cole Blvd. USA - CO80401 GOLDEN tel. :+303 384 6675 - fax: +303 880 6604 e mail: [email protected] 8) Gunnar FLENNER IFE Projekt- und Beteiligungsmanagement GmbH & Co. KG Rosenstr. D - 26122 Oldenburg tel. :+49-441-9256151 - fax: +49-441-9256121 e mail: [email protected] 9) Volker GEYER Scheuten Solar van Heemskerckweg NL 5928 LL Venlo tel. :+31 77 3247 500 - fax: e mail: [email protected] 10) Frank GROMBALL Saint-Gobain Glass Deutschland GmbH Glasstrasse 1 D-51234 Herzogenrath tel. :++492406911222 - fax: ++492406911462 e mail: [email protected] 11) Paul GRUNOW Photovoltaic Institute Berlin Einsteinufer D - 10587 Berlin tel. :+49 30 3142 5977 - fax: +49 30 3142 6617 e mail: [email protected] 4 12) Frank HEINMEYER ANTEC Solar Energy International AG Emil-Paßburg-Straße 1 D - 99310 Arnstadt tel: +49 3628 5 89 86 00, fax: +49 3628 5 89 86 99 e-mail: [email protected] 13) Claas HELMKE United Solar Ovonic Europe GmbH Trakehner Str. 7-9 D - 60487 FRANKFURT/MAIN tel. :+49-69-713 76670 - fax: +49-69-713 766 767 e-mail: [email protected] 14) Werner HERRMANN TÜV Rheinland Am Grauen Stein D - 51105 Cologne tel. :+49/221/806 2272 - fax: e mail: [email protected] 15) Patrick HOFER-NOSER 3S Swiss Solar Systems AG Schachenweg CH - 3250 Lyss tel. :++41323871010 - fax: ++41323871011 e mail: [email protected] 16) Arnulf JÄGER-WALDAU I.E.S.- Renewable Energies Unit JRC - Via Enrico Fermi I - 21020 ISPRA tel. :+39-0332-789119 - fax: +39-0332-789268 e mail: [email protected] 17) Robert KENNY I.E.S. - Renewable Energies Unit JRC - Via Enrico Fermi I - 21020 ISPRA tel. :+39-0332-789287 - fax: +39-0332-789268 e mail: [email protected] 18) Alexander MEEDER Sulfurcell Solartechnik