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Summer 2013, Volume 4 Research August 2013 and Creative Research at Andrews Scholarship The University is not just a place where knowledge is disseminated from professor to student. Rather, it is where inquisitive minds at Andrews University seek out new knowledge and better understanding of ourselves and the world we inhabit, and where this knowledge may be ap- plied for the benefit of others. At Andrews University, research and Summer 2013, Volume 4 creative scholarship is core to our academic life. Faculty and stu- dents work together to ask questions, seek answers, and apply what they learn. The Adventist Advantage: The following pages present a brief sampling of some of the ongoing research The Health Risk Study and and creative scholarship projects at Andrews. Adventist Influence Psychologist Herb Helm and sociologist Duane McBride explore the relation- Herb Helm ship between the Adventist subculture and risk behavior among students. They Duane McBride are discovering factors that influence risk behaviors among youth, and what may increase the probability they will make smart life choices. One World Tongue: English The linguistic research of English professor Julia Kim explores the rami- as a Lingua Franca fications of English being the global language of communication. What she Julia Kim discovers may transform the way English is taught to second-language Changing the Face of learners. Disability in Bangladesh Care for humanity as well as the basic rights and freedoms that should Lori Walton be available to all are of deep concern to faculty researchers. Research and service combine in the work of physical therapist Lori Walton, who uses her Exploring the Religious Roots research to make a difference in the lives of the disabled and vulnerable in of the First Amendment Bangladesh. Nicholas Miller, associate professor of church history, shows that Nicholas Miller First Amendment principle of separation of church and state was inspired by Rise of the Mutant a long history of Protestant Christian thought. Understanding that the First Zebrafish: Exploring the Amendment has roots in Christian theology is important for current discussions Genes Behind Disease regarding the proper relationship between church and government. Peter Lyons The research of biologist Peter Lyons may occur on the microscopic level, but the implications of his genetic research extend beyond the fish tank. Using ze- Artistic License: The Colorful brafish, he studies the effects of modified carboxypeptidases, which can help World of Greg Constantine us understand how these enzymes function in humans. Greg Constantine The creative scholarship of Greg Constantine, emeritus professor of art, challenges us to rethink the meaning and purpose of art. His “artistic licenses” Investigating the Eurozone: humorously create art out of the sayings of famous artists themselves. Policy, Politics and a Fulbright Political scientist Marcella Myers travelled to Germany as a Fulbright Marcella Myers Scholar. There she learned firsthand the challenges of the European monetary NEWS: crisis to the identity of the European Union, which provides insight for her study • Andrews Hosts Human Subjects on the social impact of economic inequality. Research Conference As shown in these pages, the research and creative scholarship done • Siegfried H. Horn Excellence in Research at Andrews University engages faculty and students to seek out a deeper and Creative Scholarship Awards understanding of ourselves and the world we inhabit. The process of asking questions, seeking answers, and applying what we learn has transformative Editor: Pat Spangler Writer: Samantha Snively power to enhance our teaching and enable us to better serve the world. Please Photographers: Darren Heslop, Karen Hopkins, visit us at andrews.edu/research to learn more about research at Andrews. Marcella Myers, Lori Walton Production: Integrated Marketing & Communication Sincerely,

Gary W. Burdick Associate Dean for Research, School of Graduate Studies & Research Research at andrews

Source Our Sample NHSDA of Survey The Adventist Data CAS MTF 100

90 Advantage: 85 84 84

The Health Risk Study and Adventist Influence 84 80 80 78 75 70

60

In 1989, two former Adventists, Malcolm The Andrews University Health Risk Study

Bull and Keith Lockhart wrote a book began in 1990 and recurs every five years. It Users Alcohol of Percent 50 called Seeking a Sanctuary, which is sponsored and conducted by the Institute proposed that the unique subculture of for Prevention of Addictions (IPA), which 40 37 35 Seventh-day had success- McBride directs. “Over the years, the study 32 fully replicated the American dream, has grown from more of an epidemiology of 30 and had created a world that managed substance abuse behaviors to include more to keep its members protected from health risk behaviors and to be more theoreti- 1993 1995 1999 2000 2002 2005 many of the risks of the outside world— cally directed,” says McBride. The 2012 study Year of Survey economic instability, risk behaviors, included several questions about possibly re- unemployment and crime. lated circumstances, such as family situation, FIGURE 1 Trends in alcohol use. Note. CAS, Harvard exercise levels, and past traumatic experi- School of Public Health College Alcohol Study; MTF, Monitoring the Future; NHSDA, National Household ences, that could help researchers theorize Survey on Drug Abuse. Much of the research currently being possible correlations between risk behaviors conducted in the Department of Behavioral and external factors. Sciences is coming to a similar conclusion: The survey reached a large percentage Past editions of the study suggest that An- there’s something about the Adventist of the Andrews student body—between drews’ use rate is two-thirds lower than the subculture that significantly decreases its 450 and 800 usable responses in the 2012 national average, and initial analysis of last members’ participation in what behavioral edition. The survey asks questions about the year’s study seems to indicate that that trend scientists term “risk behaviors”—drug and students’ health practices such as “Within continues to hold. Past surveys have also alcohol use, unsafe sexual practices—and the past year/30 days, how often have you found that overall, low usage rates exhibit a increases the number of smart life choices used [substance]?” “How many drinks do significant correlation to factors of religion, young Adventists make. you consume a week on average?” The sur- parental bonding, commitment to health and Herb Helm and Duane McBride, pro- vey also asked respondents to indicate their the future, and a lower incidence of traumatic fessors in the Department of Behavioral reasons for not participating in these behav- experiences. Additionally, Andrews’ use rates Sciences, have been working on several iors, with reasons ranging from “Concern tend to parallel national trends, Helm says. studies that demonstrate this phenomenon. about my health/academic success/future When national drug and alcohol use dips or The first is a new iteration of an ongoing occupation” to “My commitment to Christ” peaks slightly, so do Andrews’ use rates. study examining drug and alcohol con- to “Drugs cost too much money.” Another set of behaviors that interests sumption at Andrews University. researchers across the nation is sexual A number of studies have collected data practices and trends associated with the on drug and alcohol use at colleges and hookup culture. Within the last 20 years or universities, but few investigate institutions so, hookup culture has become widespread with prohibitionist drug and alcohol policies. on college campuses, to the point that Prohibitionist policies, such Andrews Uni- 60–80% of North American young adults versity’s, maintain “a conservative, religious report having had some sort of hookup policy against substance use and prohibits experience (Justin R. Garcia, February 2013 use of tobacco, alcohol, or mind-altering Monitor on Psychology). Andrews is the drugs” (H.W. Helm et al., 2009). And while a first Adventist campus to investigate sexual prohibitionist policy radically decreases us- practices on its campus, and may be the age, it understandably will not eliminate all first organization to study sexual behaviors instances of use. Enter the Health Risk Study. Above: Duane McBride, Herb Helm in a prohibitionist environment.

Summer 2013, Volume 4—3 Research at andrews

In 2012, part of the AU Health Risk Source Our Sample MTF of Survey Study included questions about sexual Data NHSDA behaviors. The questions measured actual practices as well as comfort levels, 60 with questions such as “Which of the One listed sexual behaviors would you feel 47 comfortable doing prior to marriage?” 50 46 and “With how many people have you What we know as the English hooked up with?” 40 language started as a handful of 41 Data on sexual behavior is harder to 39 39 Germanic tribes chatting to each

correlate across the nation, Helm says, 30 other about a country called Britain “because researchers are asking the ques- that might be a fun spot to invade. tions in different ways and approaching Now, Julia Kim, associate professor 20 17 it from various angles.” The Andrews re- 16 of English, believes it’s become the 12 searchers approached it from an angle of lingua franca of the world. English Percent of tobacco Users tobacco of Percent risk, investigating possible connections 10 is the language of business, in- between major life trauma and sexual ternational relations and much of practices. Initial analysis of these results 1995 2000 2002 2005 literature. And while English has suggests similar trends as the drug and Year of Survey gone through a number of changes alcohol study—while some behaviors do since the invading Germans first FIGURE 3 Trends in tobacco use. Note. MTF, occur, their incidence rate is much lower Monitoring the Future; NHSDA,National spoke it, it continues to intimidate than the national average of 60–80%. Household Survey on Drug Abuse. many second-language speak- The Health Risk Study investigators ers who fear they may not be originally expected their results to reflect understood. Source Our Sample NHSDA the phenomenon of “cultural leveling,” of Survey CORE MTF which occurs when subcultures within a Data Kim is currently working on research larger society become more like the domi- that might help second-language nant culture. “That doesn’t appear to be 100 learners feel more confident about occurring in terms of substance abuse,” their ability to communicate—and her 34 Helm says. Adventist college students 35 34 findings demonstrate that we manage maintain their low substance abuse rates, to understand each other regardless of 30 even as the American college culture what kind of English we speak. English 30

continues to party. 28 28 is a language used to change, after all. The fact that Adventist college stu- 27 A second-language speaker of Eng- dents consistently seem to be making 25 lish herself, Kim’s research interests in better life choices than many of their 24 social linguistics led her to test wheth- peers suggests that Adventist culture 20 er certain common pronunciation does something to shield its young differences actually affected listener

members from harmful behaviors, an in- Marijuana Users of Percent 15 understanding. Certain languages triguing possibility to both the Adventist such as Korean, Japanese, Chinese church and researchers across the nation. and Russian normally do not include 10 The lack of much cultural leveling in 11 11 articles (a word that specifies the

Adventist college culture is an anomaly 8 definiteness of a noun—the cat, mean- that McBride believes is of further inter- 5 ing the one currently climbing the est: “Sociologically, we’re a functional curtains, or an apple from the orchard). 1995 2000 2002 2005 subculture in a competitive marketplace,” When speakers from these countries he says. “What we’re doing seems to be Year of Survey learn English, they often leave articles

working for us, and spiritual involvement FIGURE 4 Trends in marijuana use. Note. CORE, out and pluralize non-count nouns seems to be the most important factor in Core Institute; MTF, Monitoring the Future; NHSDA, (advices, informations). This is a “mis- many of these behaviors.” National Household Survey on Drug Abuse. take” many English language learners struggle with, but does it really make a “Adventist college students maintain their low difference in whether they can convey their message? substance abuse rates, even as the American She assembled three non-native college culture continues to party.” English speakers: one Korean, one

4—Summer 2013, Volume 4 English as a World Tongue Lingua Franca

Russian, and one such as India, the Philippines, and many similar pronunciation and grammatical Chinese and had countries in Africa. The third or “expanding” simplification occurs.” Speakers seem to them read two circle contains countries that are voluntarily be able to sense what is essential about the standardized pas- adopting English as an additional language language and what’s not important, but sages to six groups but haven’t developed their own English removing the perceived pressure to speak of composition yet—such as China, Korea, Japan, and many an arbitrarily “perfect” form of English students, most of Middle Eastern and South American countries. may lend new speakers a dose of much- whom were native According to Kachru, the inner circle needed confidence. Language teachers speakers. One produces the norm for language speaking. tend to spend the most time on the hardest passage had no This practice still holds traces of colonialism, areas, which are often minor mistakes like Julia Kim grammatical er- when the native people—and their languages article omissions and non-count pluraliza- rors; the other had along with them—were considered backward tion. Realizing these small errors make minor errors such as omitted articles and plu- and forced to adapt to the English way of life. no difference in how well speakers make ralized non-count nouns. Each speaker read Recently, however, many English-language themselves understood, “learners can be to two separate groups: the grammatically learners “resist sounding like inner-circle more confident in their ability to communi- perfect passage as a control, and the changed speakers. They want to retain their own cate,” says Kim. passage to a second group of listeners. identity, and want to colonize English rather After all, if English is a global language, The listeners were then asked several com- than be colonized by it, to make it their own shouldn’t all speakers feel that they own prehension questions as well as perception rather than follow the standard thrust upon it? Unlike French, a previous lingua franca questions: was the speaker accurate, pleas- them,” says Kim. that has its own organization to moder- ant to listen to, and easy to understand? Kim ate it, English has been changing and found some very interesting results: not only In the Classroom and Beyond adapting ever since it first hit the British was there no difference among the speak- A similar movement in the field of linguis- mainland. As English goes global, it has ers in comprehension, there was also very tics has been emphasizing the focus on who the potential to include all its speakers little difference in perception: meaning that “owns” the language and gets to make the rules in the first circle and truly become the each of the speakers was clearly understood from the native speakers to all users of English. language of the world. regardless of minor grammatical errors. The “If we think English is actually a global lan- strength of a speaker’s accent affects how the guage, then we need to level things out so that listener perceives his speech, but not enough those in the expanding circle and outer circle to make a difference in comprehension. are not disadvantaged by the things they have trouble mastering,” says Kim. English, Colonialism In actuality, users of English and Vietnam) ssia and the Three Circles manage to communicate quite ef- , Ru na Much of English-language learners’ fear of fectively “through all these three hi not speaking well enough derives in part from circles,” says Kim. “Research- . C .g a phenomenon linguists have titled Kachru’s ers have been finding (e e e and India) Three Circles of English, named after Braj Ka- common features that l por rc ga chru, a professor emeritus of linguistics at the seem to indicate that i in C . S University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. when English is plant- g g n e. He suggested that there were three different ed in another soil, i ( d le groups of English speakers, who formed a n c and US) a ir UK p g. hierarchy of sorts. The central “circle” com- C e. x r ( prises speakers from countries where English E e le t rc is the first and main language: the United u i C O r Kingdom, the United States, Australia. The e n second circle—called the “outer circle” rep- n Kachru’s Three I resents countries where English became a Circles of English dominant language through colonization,

Summer 2013, Volume 4—5 Research at andrews

Changing the Face of Disability in Bangladesh

In the lowlands of Bangladesh, six hours committed to changing the away from Dhaka on winding dirt roads, face of disability that she Lori Walton walked into a tiny tin-roofed still, in her 70s, lives the hut. Inside, “Ayesha,” a woman with a same life as her patients— spinal cord injury, lived alone in a room staying on the hospital’s just bigger than her bed. Her tin roof campus and refusing was full of holes, and when it rained, the any amenity her patients holes would let in so much water that her wouldn’t have. It began as bed barely kept her above it. Unable to a small spinal cord injury move her legs, the woman could neither facility, and has since grown into a full-ser- disabilities, now treatable, do not doom a move around her house easily nor leave vice rehabilitation center and hospital with person to life as an outcast. it quickly in case of an emergency. “I had nine locations throughout Bangladesh, plus Walton, who first began working with CRP been a student missionary and traveled a school, orphanage, physical therapy school in 2009, learned about the center through Ban- on many volunteer medical missions affiliated with the University of Dhaka, and gladeshi professors she met at the 2009 World before, but I wasn’t prepared for this,” mobile clinic. From the very beginning, CRP Confederation of Physical Therapy Congress in says Walton, professor and research co- had social as well as physical importance: it India. When her colleagues found out that her ordinator in the Department of Physical began as a pediatric spinal cord injury center. research interests centered around maternal Therapy. This was her third time in the Many children climb into mango trees, work- and fetal health issues, they insisted she take country, and she was accompanying a ing from a young age, and falls are disastrous two days to visit the complex. When she saw group of doctors, physiotherapists, and but common. It’s a vicious cycle: the children it, Walton knew, “I had to come back. They’ve other medical volunteers on a home care work because their families need the money, done great things on completely volunteer visit from the mobile clinic of the Centre but if they become disabled they are aban- efforts and help from the outside world.” Since for Rehabilitation of the Paralysed. doned or sent to the streets to beg. 2009, she has returned to Bangladesh roughly Several hundred years ago, physically every six months, teaching classes to physical Walton and her colleagues gave the woman disabled persons in most cultures were therapy students, helping young mothers physical therapy, provided her with forearm social outcasts—condemned, disposed of, learn how best to care for themselves and their crutches and a custom wheelchair, and taught considered possessed by the devil. A similar her how to safely move in and out of her small mentality remains in Bangladesh, India and living space. They also fixed her roof. That other caste-based societies, and as a result, same philosophy of active, practical service disabled persons are often left without care to inspires her ongoing work with rehabilitation suffer alone on the fringes of society. CRP pro- hospitals in Bangladesh, including the Centre vides an alternative to street life by teaching for Rehabilitation of the Paralysed (CRP) in patients a trade and how to be independent Dhaka and the Hope Foundation for Women & even if their families have abandoned them. Children of Bangladesh in Cox’s Bazar. Taylor’s work through the CRP—work that CRP was founded in 1979 by British Walton continues to participate in—has physiotherapist Valerie Taylor, a woman so helped many communities realize that Lori Walton

6—Summer 2013, Volume 4 babies, and continuing her research and proj- Dhaka, but often patients come in to be treat- Facing page: Staff at Cox’s Bazar Hospital for ect development aimed at reducing maternal ed from even longer distances—one student’s Women and Children mortality and morbidity rates for those most mother traveled seven hours by rickshaw. Above, from L–R: Mothers wait with their children; students at the physical therapy school; the Centre vulnerable. She has also developed an online for Rehabilitation of the Paralysed (CRP) in Dhaka education forum in collaboration with other “My research is always professors and Andrews University graduate related to service, because I students to provide much needed educational educational forum for SAARC nations (South instruction in physiotherapy. don’t see a purpose in doing Asian Association for Regional Cooperation, For women of low economic status in research unless it’s going to of which Bangladesh is a member), where Bangladesh, the maternal mortality rate make a difference. Clinically, professors from around the world can post is staggeringly high, 240 deaths for every healthcare-related materials available for 100,000 live births (compared to a 9:100,000 if I’m going to do a research teaching at CRP and similar institutions. “I’m ratio in the United States). Many of the issues project, I want to see that it only one person, but if we each distribute our these women suffer from can be prevented is beneficial and is meeting information and have a lot of people contrib- with “simple education programs or health- ute without having to travel, then we have a care,” Walton says. Poor women of all ages are a particular need.” wealth of information that [these schools] are at risk because of inability to access health- in desperate need of,” says Walton. care, poor living conditions, and nutritional Ten hours south of Dhaka in Cox’s Bazar It’s the contributions of physicians, deficiencies. Walton helps CRP conduct a is the Hope Foundation, a women’s hospital therapists and professors that continue to holistic education program, providing therapy specializing in pediatrics and women’s health- allow CRP and the Hope Foundation to offer and other related maternal health programs to care. Walton recently took several students their life-changing services. Although these the women, many of whom come from hours with her to the Hope Foundation, visiting the hospitals have always had good help, running away to receive care. “My research has been facility and training Hope’s nurses and physi- on volunteer efforts and a shoestring budget a part of the motivation for a new women’s cians. Walton and the directors of the Hope means the hospital doesn’t have as much au- health physiotherapy program. It has been ex- Foundation are also hoping to institute more tonomy as it would like. “I cannot emphasize citing to see other professors from Dhaka and educational sessions for mothers where physi- enough the importance of healthcare profes- across the world becoming actively involved in cal therapy graduates and professionals can sionals going in for research and service,” the development of this initiative.” do long-term volunteer service. encourages Walton, “but also more important- Walton also helped develop curriculum at “My research is always related to service,” ly education to keep this as a lasting effect.” the Bangladeshi Health Professions Institute, says Walton, “because I don’t see a purpose in Centers like CRP and the Hope Foundation affiliated with the University of Dhaka, to tran- doing research unless it’s going to make a dif- don’t just need healthcare professionals—they sition from a bachelor’s to a master’s degree ference. Clinically, if I’m going to do a research welcome anyone: graphic artists for promo- program at the physical therapy school, and project, I want to see that it is beneficial and tion and development, ESL teachers, physical teaches classes there when she is on campus. is meeting a particular need.” And Walton has therapists, speech and language pathologists, In Bangladesh, the working day for Walton chosen to put her skills to good use in a popu- occupational therapists, nurses and more. “If starts at 8 a.m., in meetings with clinicians, lation that desperately needs her help. you want to volunteer, and you’re ready to go, professors and research collaborators, and The more time Walton spends in Bangla- they’re ready to take you,” says Walton. proceeds in a cycle of classes and consulta- desh, the more she becomes attached to its To find out more about these missions and tions that extend until 9 or 10 p.m. CRP’s people, its beauty, and its problems. She and how you can get involved, visit www.hopefor- mobile clinic travels up to six hours from the other teachers at CRP want to open an bangladesh.org and www.crp-bangladesh.org.

Summer 2013, Volume 4—7 Research at andrews

Amidst all the recent debate over the have a rich history, dating back to the Prot- U.S. Constitution’s meaning, one thing estant Reformation or before. Martin Luther, you often don’t hear is a discussion of John Milton, the early Baptists—all these the historical context that prompted leaders championed the idea of “a priest- the Constitution’s authors to write the hood of all believers.” The idea that God was document and its amendments. One directly accessible to every believer carried amendment at the center of much contro- with it a responsibility to study the Bible for versy is the famous First: “Congress shall oneself. Careful study led to decisions about make no law respecting an establishment how to lead one’s life—but that also implied of religion, or prohibiting the free exer- that church leaders making religious rules cise thereof; or abridging the freedom were also basing their decrees on a poten- truths. Because science is led by reason, and of speech, or of the press; or the right of tially fallible interpretation. “The Protestants religious people are led by ancient truths/ the people peaceably to assemble, and believed that no one else had the right to biblical teachings—so popular thought goes— to petition the Government for a redress make religious rules for you, and so left the the Founders wanted to keep them out of of grievances.” Nicholas Miller, associate Catholic church because of it,” says Miller. running the state.” Many people assume the professor of church history and direc- “At least some Protestants realized that if they First Amendment was written for one of two tor of the International Religious Liberty were to try and pass religious laws them- reasons, both of them pragmatic: “either that Institute, published a book last year that selves, they’d be doing the same thing as the there were so many religious groups that it explores just that question, and reframes Catholics.” Many Protestants did establish a was impractical to establish one as official; or the controversy. state religion, Miller notes, but the majority of to avoid state persecution of religious minori- Protestants who came to populate American ties,” he says. The Religious Roots of the First Amendment: churches were what Miller calls “dissenting However, this wasn’t the Founders’ inten- Dissenting Protestants and the Separation of Protestants,” those who believed that church tion at all, Miller argues. Although some, Church and State (Oxford University Press, 2012) and state should remain separate. including Thomas Jefferson, did subscribe began as Miller’s dissertation at the University But this isn’t always the way the First to French Enlightenment beliefs about the of Notre Dame. “I wanted to see if I could point Amendment is understood. Conventional outmoded nature of religion, many of the to specific theological ideas that influenced understanding of the First Amendment’s Founders read deeply in theology and were the founders’ idea of not having a specific state origins place it in the Enlightenment, when religious themselves. “Many of them had this religion,” he says. His book explores those many thinkers proclaimed the triumph of belief in a dissenting theological Protes- religious and theological influences on the reason over the superstition and irrationality tant idea, and understood their reasons as first amendment’s formation, contrary to the of religion. “It’s often thought that separa- theological; a theological idea that can be ex- popular belief that the amendment grew out of tion of church and state is a product of the pressed in philosophical terms,” says Miller. Enlightenment suspicion of religion. Enlightenment’s prioritization of reason over At the University of Notre Dame, Miller The ideas behind the First Amendment the teachings of the ancients and biblical took a series of courses in Reformation and

Exploring the Religious Roots

Oct. 31, 1857 Jan. 28–May 25, 1521 1641 1689 1681 Martin Luther nails 95 Luther’s “Here I Stand” John Milton publishes the John Locke publishes Pennsylvania is founded Theses to the door of speech at the Diet pamphlet “of Reformation” Two Treatises of and William Penn drafts The Wittenberg Church of Worms praising the effects of the Government (his most Frame of Government on Protestant Reformation famous book) the principles of complete religious freedom

8—Summer 2013, Volume 4 American history, where he realized that the view of combined church and state, in 1789 arises from a misunderstanding on both sides First Amendment represented a culmination changed its mind and argued against the of the intent and history of the Amendment. of the history of an idea. “The book contains a combination of church and state to reflect the Many denominations—including Seventh-day certain amount of philosophy, but it also has will of its members. Adventists—believe in the separation of church its share of of action and adventure—Martin But to hear the heads talk, you wouldn’t and state, and “we’ve taken that to mean there Luther and the Diet of Worms; John Milton and know this rich and deeply contextual his- should be a complete separation between the John Locke having to flee England to get away tory existed. “Nowadays, people tend to state and morality. Today, the conventional from the Catholic king,” says Miller. argue either extreme and ignore the central wisdom is that the state has to stay out of mo- He structured his book around 10 individu- position,” says Miller. Working as a lawyer rality altogether, which is both a historical and als, put into contrasting pairs, and traces the in Washington, D.C., Miller often dealt with philosophical misunderstanding.” development of the idea of dissenting Prot- issues of church and state. “I always felt like It’s important to understand the story estantism through their lives and writings. the argument over church and state took behind the First Amendment, Miller says, From Martin Luther and Milton to John Locke “because today religious people ask why we and William Penn—who were actually con- “I wanted to see if I could should separate church and state. If they nected in real life—to James Madison and his think the primary reasons were put forward mentor John Witherspoon, these writers were point to specific theological by secular thinkers, then they see no reason concerned with the role of religion in society, ideas that influenced the to keep that separation, because it doesn’t and their works influenced the way the First founders’ idea of not having have a religious background.” Amendment looks today. Miller’s book has received positive scholar- For example, John Witherspoon, president a specific state religion.” ly attention, including a review in a leading of Princeton University and signatory of the journal of American history. The Religious Declaration of Independence, was a leader place between two extremes—there were the Roots of the First Amendment also made of the Presbyterian church. In 1787, while his religious people who took religion seriously Christian Century Magazine’s list of best- student James Madison was in Philadelphia and wanted to bring the two together; and the selling religious books in the fall of 2012, and drafting the United States Constitution, secular people wanted the two separate, often Miller gave an invited talk at the University Witherspoon was also in Philadelphia writing penalizing church people. There needs to be of Notre Dame on the book’s argument in the Presbyterian Constitution. Witherspoon’s a better understanding that views church and April 2013. “People seem to be accepting the Presbyterian Constitution “said that the civil state as equals, partners keeping a respect- argument, and that’s good. It really makes a [state] magistrates couldn’t be involved with ful distance, rather than the church in the difference in our discussions today—because the church, which actually tells us more shadow of the state.” His book attempts to we can tell other Christians that the separa- about what the common religious people show a “more moderate middle position that tion of church and state isn’t a skeptical, were thinking at the time,” Miller says. Miller avoids extremes of either a theocratic right or religiously hostile idea, but that it actually also notes that churches can change: the a completely skeptical, secular left,” he says. flows out of Christian theology.” Presbyterian church, who held a Calvinist Much of the controversy today, he believes, of the First Amendment

July 4, 1776 1787 1789 Continental Congress James Madison, student U.S. Constitution The Reformed Presbyterian Church adopts the adopts the final draft of John Witherspoon, formally ratified Presbyterian Constitution, which Princeton of the Declaration of helps to draft the U.S. president and Presbyterian clergymen, John Independence Constitution on June 21, 1788 Witherspoon, helped draft

Summer 2013, Volume 4—9 Research at andrews

where do they function, what happens if they’re messed up, and what’s the result in Rise of the an organism?” says Lyons. That’s where the zebrafish step in (or swim in) and serve as model organisms to study the function of Mutant Zebrafish these enzymes.

Exploring the Genes Behind Disease Behold the Zebrafish The tiny zebrafish are remarkable organisms. They’re small and easy to raise, they produce lots of embryos on a weekly basis, and these In the back of Peter Lyons’ office sits a tank of fying neuropeptides, but we haven’t worked embryos contain organ systems that are fully zebrafish. Tiny black-striped fish from the pet out which ones and where.” Carboxypepti- functional in a matter of days. Since zebrafish store. Zebrafish are popular pets, especially dase-O is even more elusive: it seems to have are vertebrates, scientists often use them as the ones that glow, but these aren’t family a function in the digestive system, but Lyons model organisms when exploring genetic func- pets. They’re model organisms for genetic and other researchers are still in the process tion and expression. “They have many of the research that could eventually help cure dis- of narrowing its function down. same organs as we do,” says Lyons, “and sci- eases like epilepsy, and they’re a vital part of For these highly specialized enzymes, these entists use the zebrafish model system to figure the research Lyons is initiating at Andrews. gaps in knowledge are what keep researchers out all aspects of health and development.” Lyons has been working on a set of partic- up at night. “The big question for many of Zebrafish and humans have about 20,000 ular enzymes, the carboxypeptidases, for the these enzymes are what are their substrates, genes in their genomes, and scientists have past few years. He first started working on sequenced both genomes. We share many of the enzymes while completing his doctorate the same genes with the little fish—includ- at Dalhousie University in Nova Scotia, and ing the 25 or so types of carboxypeptidases. continued the research at Albert Einstein Because it’s neither practical nor ethical to do College of Medicine in New York. He then exploratory genetic research on humans, ze- brought his research with him, in the form brafish provide the perfect model organisms of preserved cell lines he brought in liquid to understand more about what carboxypep- nitrogen from Einstein. tidases do. Much genetic research involves isolating a A Brief History of Enzymes + gene, modifying or mutating it in some way, Enzymes catalyze the millions of chemical and returning it to an organism to observe reactions that propel the body, and carboxy- how the changed gene is expressed. The Proteins Proteins are made are made of many of many amino amino acids acids linked linked end end to to end (red and blue balls). A peptidases are a type of enzyme that chop offcarboxypep;dase end (red enzyme and blue (yellow pacmanballs).) A carboxypeptidase cuts specific types enzyme of amino acids (e.g. only “red” expressed mutations help determine what the amino acids) (yellow from pacman) one cuts end specific of a protein, types of thus amino modifying acids the protein’s structure and func;on. little pieces from proteins or break down old (e.g. only “red” amino acids) from one end of a protein, consequences might be if the gene naturally proteins. Carboxypeptidases have a very spe- thus modifying the protein’s structure and function. mutates, but may be analyzed within the cific function—they only clip amino acids at the end of a protein chain, and they’re often found at very specific locations in the body. The carboxypeptidase that scientists know most about is a pancreatic enzyme, mostly involved in digesting your dinner. Although many carboxypeptidases’ molecular function is known, their larger role in the body is still a mystery. Carboxypeptidase-A6, for example, ap- pears to be linked to epilepsy. Researchers have observed a group of families in Morocco that have both temporal-lobe epilepsy and a number of genetic mutations. “We’re quite sure that it’s the mutation of CPA6 that’s causing epilepsy because only the affected family members have the mutation,” he says. “It’s not entirely clear what the regular gene is doing to prevent epilepsy normally—there’s a possibility that it could be involved in modi-

10—Summer 2013, Volume 4 controlled context of a model organism. In general, “enzyme functions in the fish might indicate what it does in the hu- man,” says Lyons. So if Carboxypeptidase-O shows up in a zebrafish’s intestine, researchers know where to begin look- ing for that same enzyme in humans.

In the Lab at Andrews Lyons is in the process of setting up Andrews’ labs to do this kind of genetic work on zebrafish. Zebrafish are quite finicky, and require well-controlled temperature, light and clean water, in addition to a defined night and day cycle. So the zebrafish research is on hold while he sets up the proper equipment. The tank in the back is just to see if his zebra- fish can produce the quantity of embryos he will need—and they’re also fun to watch. Once he gets the zebrafish installed in their research tanks, he’ll begin collecting their embryos. Under a dissecting microscope, he inserts a gene encoding a modified carboxy- peptidase enzyme into the embryo with a fine-tipped glass capillary to create what will become a transgenic zebrafish. Transgenic zebrafish, modified to express a fluorescent gene, are sold as “glofish” in pet stores. Lyons is doing something similar, but his fish express effects of modified carboxypepti- dases rather than fluorescence. At the moment, he’s having some problems with his fish. Every morning, he puts them into a tank with a slotted bot- tom to separate out their eggs. Zebrafish will eat their eggs if they aren’t removed from the tank just after birth, and Lyons’ Artistic fish are managing to get through the slots and eat all the embryos. “I need a finer filter,” he says ruefully, looking at License: the complacent little cannibals. Once the lab is up and running, Lyons can begin investi- gating physical expressions of mutated carboxypeptidase. In The Colorful World of the meantime, he’s doing his experiments on his cell lines. A Greg Constantine cell line is a group of cells that “have been immortalized—in theory,” says Lyons. His cells, all genetically identical, can be stored indefinitely and reproduced in petri dishes. For some Greg Constantine is working on a ransom note. kinds of genetic research, “it’s easier to look at a single cell A very big one, with very specific demands. type in a dish rather than a whole organism,” he says. The open-endedness of his research has always excited Rick DeVos—hand over the $200,000 ArtPrize or Lyons. “There’s no end to the ideas. I have seemingly limitless else—wait 4 further instructions—come alone 2 my ideas of things we could do with the cell-culture system, and transgenic zebrafish available on the market, but there is sadly venue with unmarked $20 bills or else—no cops or an end to the money and hands to pursue it,” he says. Thank- else—the public will vote 4 me anyhow or else fully, Andrews is able to help with some of that: Lyons has been assisted by several biology students over the past year, It’s his submission for this September’s ArtPrize exhibition in and is optimistic about Andrews’ lab capabilities. “The biology Grand Rapids, Mich., and the seasoned ArtPrize participant has department is set up really well for this kind of research,” he gotten to the heart of the competition: “Why else do so many curious says. “We can pretty easily support the research I do—not all people fill the streets of Grand Rapids to observe and enjoy the art of it requires fancy equipment, and the high-tech stuff is often buzz? Why else would I be so open and transparent about my mo- outsourced to larger laboratories.” tives?” he says in his tongue-in-cheek artist statement. “I believe the Lyons’ research has also earned him funding from several voting public will understand. However, if Rick DeVos or the FBI take sources, including the Natural Sciences and Engineering this too seriously, I’m in trouble.” Research Council of Canada, the National Institute of Health, Self-referential, clever, and sometimes outrageous, Greg Constan- and the neuroscience nonprofit The Grass Foundation. tine, emeritus research professor of art and artist-in-residence, has made a career of helping people think about art differently. His three

Summer 2013, Volume 4—11 Research at andrews

children’s books and three humorous “trade “My motto has been never say, ‘I have friends all over the world that books” envision the great artists—and some send them to me,’” he jokes. He then goes lesser-known ones like Artemesia Gentileschi to say no to myself—I’ll let on to explain that he handcrafts each one, and Giotto—on a much more relatable scale. someone else do that. I’ve which usually clears up the confusion and Little Seurat, for example, got measles and was gotten plenty of noes, but leaves the viewer with a greater appreciation forever fascinated with spots; Picasso goes to for the pieces. and everything looks slightly twisted. I’ve also gotten some yeses.” After creating the artist quotes, Constan- His most recent series, “Poetic Licenses,” tine moved on to famous quips from movies: revisits a concept from 30 years ago and ex- ern artists—Picasso is a particular favorite of “Badges? We don’t need no stinkin’ badges.” pands on it in humorous ways. In the 1980s, his, famous for saying things like “Good art- The vanity plates of film, the quotes he’s he created “Artist Licenses,” a series of vanity ists borrow; great artists steal” and “When I chosen stick in our minds and sneak into plates for artists, that display their signature haven’t any blue I use red.” Andy Warhol has our conversation. Most recently, he’s begun style—Christo’s was wrapped in plastic; contributed to the series as well—his famous a license-plate series of quotes about cars, Dali’s plate half-melted; Pollock’s covered statement “In the future, everybody will be including this gem from Henry Youngman: “I in paint splatters. They were a hit when world-famous for 15 minutes” fits rather too drive my wife everywhere but she keeps find- exhibited in New York. Thirty years later, he well with the idea of vanity plates. ing her way back.” had some leftover materials and was thinking To create the pieces, Constantine uses a “I have more ideas than I have time to cre- about vanity license plates. They’re a very vacuum-former to melt plastic over a series of ate them,” he says. His many works over the consciously public medium, and so are used moveable letters and numbers, reminiscent years have been about seeing “old” art in new to say funny or semi-philosophical things of the Gutenberg printing presses. He then ways. He regularly exhibits in about their drivers. Artists, too, are known for paints the plates and proceeds to make them and Chicago, and is an active participant in saying things as well as making them, and look used, painting rust on them, distress- local art exhibitions and contests. “My motto a quick search on the Internet will give you ing or melting them, and even adding bullet has been never to say no to myself—I’ll let pages of artist quips, many of them wry or holes—which he quickly notes “aren’t real.” someone else do that. I’ve gotten plenty of witty. Constantine began using the license The plates are incredibly realistic—they noes, but I’ve also gotten some yeses.” plates to spell out famous and funny quotes, fool many of Constantine’s viewers at first And whether or not he places or gets and quickly had a series of about 45 quotes. glance. “The most common question I get is, arrested at ArtPrize, Constantine loves the Many of the quotes he uses are from mod- ‘Where did you get all these plates?’ I usually art awareness that the annual citywide exhibition generates. During the three-week exhibition, people from all over wander around the city, peek into museums and other venues, and have opinions about art. Last year, he waited two hours in line to see the prizewinner. “I was standing in line with Mr. and Mrs. Joe Blow in bib overalls, and they were curious—they’d probably never been to the museum before.” The exhibitions draw huge crowds, and get comprehensive coverage in local media. He’s currently searching for inspiration for future projects. “I kind of like this ransom note thing,” he says without a hint of a smile, revealing nothing about any questionable possible career intentions. If you want to see this year’s ArtPrize sub- mission before it’s impounded as evidence, Constantine’s piece will hang in the Ford Museum in Grand Rapids. ArtPrize runs from September 18 to October 6, 2013. A full listing of events and participating locations is avail- able at www.artprize.org.

12—Summer 2013, Volume 4 Investigating the Eurozone: Policy, Politics and a Fulbright

For a political science professor with Fulbright Program runs short-term summer Above, from left clockwise: Town Hall is an interest in European politics, nothing seminars for professors, one of which caught located on the famous Grand Place in Brussels;the Stasi files in Berlin, Germany; the European could be more exciting than traveling Myers’ eye in the catalog. She contacted her Commission building in Brussels, Belgium to Germany right in the middle of the professor, who advised her on the applica- Eurozone crisis. That’s exactly what tion process. Marcella Myers did when she received a One stipulation of the seminar was that the common identity,” says Myers. “The sense Fulbright Scholarship to attend a German participants needed to provide evidence of we got from the politicians, academics and studies seminar in June 2012. dissemination. Myers taught a class in com- reporters we talked to was that no matter parative politics in fall 2012 which allowed how bad the crisis was, the European Union Myers and an interdisciplinary group of her to incorporate much of what she learned, was here to stay,” she says. In general, the American scholars traveled to Berlin for a 10- she says, “and the Fulbright group put togeth- European Union is moving towards further in- day German studies seminar organized by the er a proposal for the German Studies Review tegration, although there are some problems Fulbright Institute of International Education. (published by the German Studies Associa- along the way. Most of their time was spent in Berlin, dis- tion). Each of us wrote a short essay about One question on academics’ minds is cussing the viability of the European Union, the European Union crisis in Germany, which whether or not Europeans identify as Europe- the shifting nature of European identity, served as evidence of dissemination.” ans or as citizens of their respective countries: and some of the monetary issues facing the As higher education continues to excise “What’s been happening in the last 10 years or European Union. Myers and her colleagues German language and literature programs, so is that people are identifying less with their also visited Brussels, Belgium, to speak with Fulbright’s German seminars aim to keep an national governments and more with their politicians, representatives, academics and interest in Germany alive among academics. regional governments—so in a way it com- reporters on the issues facing European Given the recent prominence of Germany and pounds the identity problem,” she says. How countries. the rest of Europe in the news, “for better do you get people to think of themselves as Myers first heard about the German studies or worse, it was great timing to be there, in Europeans rather than Berliners or Dubliners? seminar through her professor at Western the middle of the financial crisis and as they “It was very eye-opening to sit there and University, who had participated in negotiated the European Stability Mechanism talk with people who are trying to navigate the summer seminar in 2011. In addition to (ESM),” says Myers. “We spent a lot more time identity, policy semester- or year-long programs for students, discussing monetary issues and the future and crises, and of the European Union than we did talking to get their about European identity.” perspective,” “I’m very interested in For the last four days of the trip, the Ful- says Myers. For issues of inequality, bright scholars spent their time in Brussels, example, the particularly in terms of meeting representatives from EU countries, group asked a states and interest groups. “We talked a lot representative economics, wage inequality, about how European identity developed, and from Ireland and income inequality. how it’s possible for Europeans to create a Marcella Myers why Ireland

Summer 2013, Volume 4—13 Research at andrews

hadn’t yet signed the Schengen policies or modify existing ones to promote Agreement, which allows for the Andrews the wellbeing of their members. free movement of people across The General Conference of Seventh-day borders within member states. He Adventists funded many of the researchers said, “We would love to, but that Hosts Human who presented, a “validation that what we’re would cause us a problem with the doing is important,” says David Sedlacek, pro- United Kingdom [which has not yet Subjects fessor of family ministry and discipleship and signed] so we probably are never director of masters’ programs in the Seventh- going to.” It makes you think about Research day Adventist Theological Seminary. Sedlacek the complexities of the European presented the preliminary results of his own Union, and changes how you view study, titled “Role Demands, Family Stressors, the EU a bit. Conference and Strategies for the Alleviation of Stressors Myers’ time in Germany has in Pastors’ Families.” His research has imme- also influenced her other research diate applications to how the church cares for projects, one of which is a paper for In November 2012, Andrews University its pastors—his study reported a high rate of the Midwest Political Science Asso- hosted the first Conference of depression, anxiety, addictive practices, lone- ciation that examines the effects of Seventh-day Adventist Human-Subject liness and isolation in Seventh-day Adventist privatization of the National Health Researchers, titled “Towards New pastors and their families. With new interest Service in the United Kingdom. Horizons in Adventist Research.” About 50 in Adventist researchers’ work, trends like “In some ways it’s an extension attendees from Andrews University and those Sedlacek has observed can be counter- of the discussion about auster- other Adventist universities gathered for acted. “Our research provides a systematic ity measures,” she says. “When two days on Andrews’ campus for a num- way to make evidence-based changes, and people start talking about austerity ber of presentations in fields including to create best practices for the church,” says measures, they often start looking psychology, sociology, Christian leader- Sedlacek. for private solutions to public prob- ship and informatics. Alina Baltazar, director of the Center for lems, and there’s high pressure to Substance Abuse Education and Master of So- contract out government services.” cial Work program director, What happens when a country also presented the prelimi- runs long-term private contracts nary results of her research, like those of the National Health which investigates the Service, Myers says, is that the reasons for participating— money usually ends up in private or not participating—in hands, thus contributing to income typical risk behaviors. [See inequality. “The Adventist Advantage: Public policy, the system of envi- The Health Risk Study and ronmental, housing, educational, Adventist Influence” on welfare and healthcare policies that page 3.] provide for the public good, has Conference attendees interested Myers since her gradu- reported being inspired ate studies at Western Michigan by the chance to connect University. “I’m very interested in The conference was sponsored by the with other Adventist colleagues and discover issues of inequality, particularly in General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists’ a network of Adventist researchers, and terms of economics, wage inequal- Office of Archives, Statistics & Research and were “happy to know that their research ity, and income inequality. I think organized with the help of Andrews Universi- is becoming a basis for church policy and if we as scholars understand those ty’s Office of Research & Creative Scholarship. decision-making,” says Galina Stele, research things better, then hopefully we The General Conference has commissioned and program evaluation assistant in the Of- can educate people to understand several research projects in the past, but this fice of Archives, Statistics & Research. them,” she says. “It’s very easy as conference marked the first GC-sponsored A second conference has been planned an academic to write to your field, partnership with Adventist researchers for November 2013, to be held at the General but if you can write in a way that around the world. Many of the projects pre- Conference Headquarters in Silver Spring, non-specialists understand what sented focused on describing the behavior of Md. Its focus is “Discipling, Retaining & Re- you’re talking about and educate Adventist youth populations, global church claiming: Summit on Nurture and Retention,” students to understand the real communities, or pastoral families. These proj- and will include Adventist scholars, church consequences of policy choices, ects can provide valuable data for the General leaders, and representatives from all 13 world then you can really make a change. Conference, and can help them institute new divisions of the church.

14—Summer 2013, Volume 4 Siegfried H. Horn Excellence in Research and Creative Scholarship Award Recipients

Fernando L. Canale Winston has authored 20 articles for scholarly a recent publication, “Food Safety Attitudes of Religion & Theology journals and more than 225 nutrition articles for College Students,” published in 2013. He recently health publications. He is a regular contributor to authored an article in the Journal of Research on Fernando Canale, emeritus professor of theology Vibrant Life Magazine and the Lake Union Herald Christian Education entitled “Christian Education and philosophy, joined the Department of Theology and has written seven chapters for various nutri- in Chile: Seventh-day Adventist System at Risk?” & Christian Philosophy at the Seminary in 1985. tion books. In 2009, he coauthored the American Grajales is also a member of the American Edu- Considered by many colleagues as a pioneer Dietetics Association position paper on vegetar- cational Research Association and the National Adventist philosopher, Fernando has dedicated ian diets. He is a regular speaker at national and Educational Council. his academic career to explaining how good bibli- international nutrition conferences. His research Grajales has a reputation for being a very cal and philosophical principles are crucial to interests include the health-promoting properties patient and knowledgeable professor who makes support Adventist doctrines and beliefs. of phytochemicals, the role of plant-based diet graduate-level statistics understandable rather Before coming to Andrews, Canale worked as in preventing chronic diseases, and the disease- than intimidating. One student says he exudes an instructor and then professor at River Plate Ad- preventing properties of herbs and spices. “an excitement for his subject and advocacy that ventist College in Argentina, as well as a pastor for Before coming to Andrews University he was statistics can be conquered.” the Uruguay and Central Argentine Conferences. a faculty member at , He won first place in the State Contest of He has published six scholarly books—three California and at the University of Massachusetts Health Research of Mexico in 2003 and 2004, as of which have been translated into other lan- in Amherst. well as the Juliaca City Medal awarded in 1999, guages—and authored 49 scholarly articles in and several other honorary awards. journals including Andrews University Seminary Studies, Evangelical Quarterly, and the Journal Tevni Grajales of the Adventist Theological Society. Fernando is Arts, Humanities & Education Øystein LaBianca a member of the Adventist Theological Society, Professional Programs Evangelical Theological Society, and American Tevni Grajales Guerra is professor of research and Academy of Religion. statistical methodology in the School of Education Øystein LaBianca, professor of anthropology and With other colleagues he has recently es- and has taught at Andrews University since 2006. associate director of the Institute of Archaeology, tablished the Sola Scriptura Research Group, Prior to teaching at Andrews, Grajales worked has taught at Andrews since 1981. dedicated to assisting the Seventh-day Adventist as secretary of the Panama Conference of Before coming to Andrews, LaBianca worked at Church in the development of a methodology for Seventh-day Adventists from 1980 to 1983. He a number of other universities including Harvard its theological work. Fernando’s desire and dream has also worked as the educational supervisor, lay University, Loma Linda University, Atlantic Union is to provide the church with a desperately needed activities director and ADRA director for the Cen- College, St. Mary’s College in Notre Dame, Ind., and useful tool for the study of theology. tral American Union, and served as president of and the New England Deaconness Hospital in Central American Adventist University until 1995, . He chaired the Department of Behavioral when he became the Educational and Research Sciences for Winston Craig Center Director for Montemorelos University in LaBianca is an active researcher, spending many Pure & Applied Sciences Mexico, where he worked until 2006. of his summers in Jordan at archaeological excava- Grajales has made a reputation as a prolific tion sites like Tall Hisban. He has published almost Winston Craig, professor of nutrition and chair scholar both in Spanish and in English. He has every year since 1975, completing over 100 peer- of the Department of Nutrition & Wellness, has written five books and has a sixth forthcoming. His reviewed articles, one monograph and dozens of taught at Andrews University since 1987. many articles have been published in Spanish- volumes edited and coedited. His work on ancient Under his leadership the department has grown language journals such as Revista Internacional food and water systems has major implications considerably. Craig also directs the dietetics intern- de Estudios en educacion and Enfoques, and he for food systems management today. He has also ship program. He is a registered dietitian and holds has given presentations at conferences around published numerous articles in journals such as membership in the American College of Nutrition, the world. He serves as the statistician on sev- Current Anthropology, Andrews University Seminary the American Society of Nutrition Sciences, the eral Andrews-run health and wellness research Studies, Social Work in Health Care, and Ameri- American Dietetic Association and Sigma Xi. projects, including the walnut study of 2011 and can Journal of Archaeology. He is a member of 12 professional organizations including the American 2013 Recipients, L–R: Øystein LaBianca, Fernando L. Canale, Winston Craig, Tevni Grajales Schools of Oriental Research (ASOR), the Archaeo- logical Institute of America, and the Society for International Development. He has also served as a committee chair for ASOR since 2008. LaBianca has obtained external funding for research and community service from the National Endowment for the Humanities, the McGregor Foundation, the U.S. Department of Education, and the Norwegian Academy of Sciences and Letters. In the classroom, LaBianca encourages his students to engage in productive and innovative research, and teaches both Honors and general education courses. One student says, “His breadth of knowledge is stunning, and he inspires me to the same level of research productivity and excel- lence in teaching.”

Summer 2013, Volume 4—15 Research at andrews

Summer 2013, Volume 4

Samantha Snively, writer of the first four volumes of Research at Andrews, presented her senior Honors project research poster at the National Collegiate Honors Council Conference held in Boston, Mass. It won first place for Best Poster in the Arts & Humanities category.

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