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Valorisation Des Activités Biologiques De Certaines Espèces Végétales Sahariennes Nord-Africaines Ionut-Florin Palici

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Valorisation Des Activités Biologiques De Certaines Espèces Végétales Sahariennes Nord-Africaines Ionut-Florin Palici Valorisation des activités biologiques de certaines espèces végétales sahariennes nord-africaines Ionut-Florin Palici To cite this version: Ionut-Florin Palici. Valorisation des activités biologiques de certaines espèces végétales sahariennes nord-africaines. Biologie végétale. Université de Bordeaux, 2016. Français. NNT : 2016BORD0321. tel-01515319 HAL Id: tel-01515319 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01515319 Submitted on 27 Apr 2017 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Ecole Doctorale Sciences de l’Environnement Thèse de Doctorat en Sciences Agronomiques, Biotechnologies Agro- alimentaires Présentée par Ionut-Florin Palici Docteur en Pharmacie, Assistant en Botanique Université de Médecine & de Pharmacie de Timisoara, Roumanie Titre Valorisation des Activités biologiques de certaines espèces végétales sahariennes Nord-africaines Soutenue publiquement le 30 Novembre 2016, devant le jury : Pierre Waffo-Téguo, Pr. Université de Bordeaux; Président Bernard Amiaud, Pr. Université de Lorraine; Rapporteur Jean-Christophe Clément, Pr. Université Savoie Mont-Blanc; Rapporteur Blaise Touzard, M. de Conf. ; HDR, Université de Bordeaux; Directeur Mohamed Chaieb, Prof., Université de Sfax, Tunisie; Membre Année Universitaire : 2015-2016 Résumé La région sahariennne est une des zones les plus défavorables à la croissance et développement des espèces animales. Cependant, peu d’espèces possèdent à la fois des mécanismes morphologiques et écophysiologiques, assurant leur survie dans les sols arides et sur les dunes de sable. En effet, on peut estimer que le métabolisme secondaire biosynthétise des quantités considérables de composés bioactifs, destinés à assurer le développement et la continuité de ces espèces, notamment leur survie dans ces conditions sahariennes précaires. Les propriétés pharmacologiques des extraits de plantes sahariennes peuvent apporter des bénéfices dans la guérison de certaines maladies microbiennes ou prolifératives ou également contribuer au développement de certaines activités antioxydantes. L'étude des propriétés toxiques vise donc à enrichir la connaissance du potentiel bioactif des plantes sahariennes. Ces aspects de la puissance du métabolisme furent étudiés chez certaines espèces végétales strictement sajhariennes. Il s’agit de : Anthyllis henoniana Coss., Centropodia forskalii (Vahl) Cope, Cornulaca monacantha Delile, Ephedra alata var. alenda (Stapf.) Trabut, Euphorbia guyoniana Boiss & Reut., Henophyton deserti Coss. & Durieu, Hélianthemum confertum Dunal, Moltkiopsis ciliata (Forssk.) I.M.Johnst. et Spartidium saharae (Coss. & Durieu) Pomel. Les principaux résultats obtenus montrent que ces espèces possèdent des propriétés intéressantes, susceptibles d’être utiles pour le traitement de certaines maladies humaines. En revanche, parfois à certaines concentrations, des extraits de ces espèces peuvent présenter des effets toxiques sur les organismes. En dépit des conditions extrêmes, le Sahara représente la zone de développement d'une certaine diversité biologique, et principalement des espèces de plantes précieuses dont dont une meilleure connaissance scientifique de leur propriétés phytochimiques se révèle indispensable. Mots clés: plantes sahariennes, activités biologiques, activité antitumorale, effet toxique, stress antioxydant, Afrique du Nord. Abstract The Saharan desert is one of the most unfavorable areas, to the plant life. However, a small number of plants possesses both morphological and ecophysiological mechanisms ensuring their survival in the arid soil and on the sand dunes. It can be estimated that the secondary metabolism biosynthesizes considerable amounts of bioactive compounds, meant to ensure the development and the continuity of these species. The pharmacological properties of saharan plant extracts may bring benefits in the healing of certain microbial or proliferative diseases or contributes to the supply of antioxidants activities. The study of toxic properties is meant to enrich the knowledge of Saharan plants’ bioactive potential. The biological activities of Anthyllis henoniana Coss., Centropodia forskalii (Vahl) Cope, Cornulaca monacantha Delile, Ephedra alata var. alenda (Stapf.) Trabut, Euphorbia guyoniana Boiss & Reut., Henophyton deserti Coss. & Durieu, Helianthemum confertum Dunal, Moltkiopsis ciliata (Forssk.) I.M.Johnst. and Spartidium saharae (Coss. & Durieu) Pomel have been studied. It can be seen that these species possess interesting properties, capitalized in the treatment of some human diseases. But, on the other hand in certain concentrations, extracts from these species may exhibit toxic effects on organisms. Despite the extreme conditions, the Saharan desert represents the area of development for some valuable plant species, whose scientific knowledge is necessary. Key words : saharan plants, Biological activities, antitumoal activity, toxic effect, stree antioxydant, North Africa. Sommaire PARTIE I : L’ENVIRONNEMENT SAHARIEN & INTERÊT PHARMACOLOGIQUE DES ESPÈCES VÉGÉTALES ................................................................................................ 12 CHAPITRE I : BREF RAPPEL SUR LA VEGETATION NATURELLE & SON MILIEU EN ZONE SAHARIENNE TUNISIENNE ............................................................................ 13 1.Généralités sur la zone saharienne ................................................................................ 13 2. Le milieu saharien en Tunisie ....................................................................................... 14 2.1. Climat....................................................................................................................... 15 2.2. Couverture Pédologique........................................................................................... 16 2.3. Paysage Naturel........................................................................................................ 17 2.4. La couverture géologique......................................................................................... 21 2.5. Conclusion ................................................................................................................ 24 CHAPITRE II: REVUE BIBLIOGRAPHIQUE SUR LES INTERÊTS PHARMACOLOGIQUES & BIOLOGIQUES DES ESPÈCES VEGETALES ..................... 25 1.Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 25 2.Rappel sur les métabolites secondaires des végétaux .................................................. 26 3.Rappel sur les perturbations métaboliques liées au stress .......................................... 30 3.1.Stress oxydatif :.......................................................................................................... 30 3.2. Infections bactériennes et antibiothérapie................................................................. 31 3.3. Rappel des principes de la toxicologie...................................................................... 32 3.4. Activité anticancéreuse des substances naturelles .................................................... 35 PARTIE II : MATÉRIEL VÉGÉTAL ÉTUDIÉ & APPROCHE METHODOLOGIQUE ADOPTEE ............................................................................................................................... 36 CHAPITRE I : BOTANIQUE & ECOLOGIE DES ESPÈCES RETENUES ........................ 37 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................... 37 2. Index synonymique des espèces étudiées ..................................................................... 38 3. Caractéristiques botaniques et classification systématique des espèces étudiées.... 40 3.1. Anthyllis henoniana Coss.......................................................................................... 40 3.2. Centropodia forsskaolii ............................................................................................ 42 3.3. Cornulaca monacantha............................................................................................. 44 3.4. Ephedra alata subsp. alenda (Stapf) Batt. & Trab..................................................... 45 3.5. Euphorbia guyoniana Boiss. & Reut ........................................................................ 47 3.6. Helianthemum confertum Dunal ............................................................................... 50 3.7. Henophyton deserti Coss. & Durieu ......................................................................... 51 3.8. Motkiopsis ciliate (Forssk.) I. M. Johnston............................................................... 53 1 3.9. Spartidium saharae (Coss.) Pomel ........................................................................... 55 CHAPITRE II : PHYTOCHIMIE & ACTIVITÉ BIOLOGIQUE .......................................... 57 1. Introduction .................................................................................................................... 57 2. Valorisation et intérêt biologique
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