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VIL: a Visual Inter Lingua VIL: A Visual Inter Lingua by Neil Edwin Michael (Paul) Leemans A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the WORCESTER POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Computer Science by ____________________ April 2001 APPROVED: _____________________________________________ Dr. Lee A. Becker, Major Advisor _____________________________________________ Dr. David C. Brown, Committee Member _____________________________________________ Dr. Norman Wittels, Committee Member, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering _____________________________________________ Dr. Stanley S. Selkow, Committee Member __________________________________________________ Dr. Micha Hofri, Head of Department VIL: A Visual Inter Lingua _____________________________________________________________________ 1. Introduction __________________________________________9 1.1 A Brief History ______________________________________________________ 9 1.1.1 Artificial Languages _____________________________________________ 9 1.1.2 Non-Artificial Languages ________________________________________ 11 1.1.3 Visual Languages ______________________________________________ 12 1.2 The Organization of the dissertation____________________________________ 12 1.3 Contributions ______________________________________________________ 14 1.4 Criteria for a new language ___________________________________________ 14 2. Universal Languages & Linguae Franca__________________16 2.1 Pidgins and Creoles _________________________________________________ 16 2.1.1 Simplified Speech ______________________________________________ 17 2.1.2 Pidgins and Creoles_____________________________________________ 18 2.1.3 How does the simplification come about? ___________________________ 22 2.1.4 Extending the Vocabulary________________________________________ 24 2.1.5 Universals of Contact Situations___________________________________ 26 2.1.6 Summary _____________________________________________________ 27 2.2 Basic English _______________________________________________________ 28 2.2.1 Why Basic English? ____________________________________________ 28 2.2.2 What Basic English is ___________________________________________ 29 2.2.3 Arguments against Basic English __________________________________ 33 2.2.4 Visual aids in Language learning __________________________________ 35 2.3 Visual Communication Languages _____________________________________ 35 2.3.1 Why a Visual Interlingua?________________________________________ 36 2.3.2 Background on Semiotics and Icons ________________________________ 38 2.3.3 Visual Communication Systems (Pictorial and Iconic) _________________ 40 2.3.3.1 Division of Hieroglyphs and Traffic Signs into three groups _________ 41 2.3.3.2 American Indian Pictorial Language____________________________ 50 2.3.3.3 IICS: the Iconic Interactive Communication System _______________ 51 2.3.3.4 Before Computers Mediated: Isotype ___________________________ 53 2.3.3.5 Before Computers Mediated: Semantography ____________________ 53 2.3.3.6 The Hotel Booking System ___________________________________ 55 2.3.4 CD-Icon: an Iconic Communication Language _______________________ 56 2.3.4.1 The System _______________________________________________ 57 2.3.5 The Elephant’s Memory _________________________________________ 62 3. Language Design Semantics ____________________________65 3.1 Principles of VIL____________________________________________________ 65 3.1.1 Principles_____________________________________________________ 66 3.1.2 Parts of Speech ________________________________________________ 68 2 VIL: A Visual Inter Lingua _____________________________________________________________________ 3.2 Grammar and the Organization of the Iconicon __________________________ 71 3.2.1.1 Fillmore’s Case Grammar ____________________________________ 73 3.2.1.2 Schank’s Conceptual Dependency Theory _______________________ 78 3.2.2 Organization of the VIL Iconicon __________________________________ 83 3.2.2.1 Organizing Items within Categories ____________________________ 83 3.2.2.2 Terminology ______________________________________________ 84 3.2.2.3 Nouns ___________________________________________________ 85 3.2.2.4 Adjectives ________________________________________________ 94 3.2.2.5 The Classification of the Verb System _________________________ 100 3.3 VIL’s Grammar ___________________________________________________ 124 4. Visual Representation of the Language__________________132 4.1 Icon Design _______________________________________________________ 132 4.1.1 Improving Design, Aesthetics, and Context Functionality ______________ 134 4.1.2 Bad Icons____________________________________________________ 136 4.1.2.1 Misleading Syntax_________________________________________ 136 4.1.2.2 Dominant Secondary Elements _______________________________ 137 4.1.2.3 Images based on obscure references ___________________________ 137 4.1.2.4 Cultural or language dependencies ____________________________ 138 4.1.2.5 Offensive or suggestive imagery______________________________ 138 4.1.3 Icon Design Guidelines _________________________________________ 139 4.1.3.1 Simplicity _______________________________________________ 139 4.1.3.2 Reduction _______________________________________________ 140 4.1.3.3 Generality _______________________________________________ 141 4.1.3.4 Cohesiveness _____________________________________________ 141 4.1.3.5 Regularity _______________________________________________ 142 4.1.3.6 Viewpoints ______________________________________________ 142 4.1.3.7 Communicability__________________________________________ 143 4.1.3.8 Consistency ______________________________________________ 144 4.1.3.9 Subjectivity to Fashion _____________________________________ 146 4.2 Designing Cross-Cultural Icons_______________________________________ 147 4.2.1 Remove or Translate Text_______________________________________ 148 4.2.2 Avoid Culture-Specific Symbols _________________________________ 148 4.2.2.1 Puns and Verbal Analogies __________________________________ 148 4.2.2.2 Gestures and Body Parts ____________________________________ 148 4.2.2.3 Mythological and Religious Symbols __________________________ 149 4.2.2.4 Animals _________________________________________________ 149 4.2.2.5 Colors __________________________________________________ 150 4.2.2.6 Provincialism_____________________________________________ 151 4.2.3 Consider Reading and Scanning Direction __________________________ 151 4.2.4 Show the Best-Known Version___________________________________ 152 4.2.5 Use Abstract Symbols __________________________________________ 153 3 VIL: A Visual Inter Lingua _____________________________________________________________________ 4.3 VIL’s Icon Language _______________________________________________ 153 4.3.1 Determine what needs to be represented____________________________ 154 4.3.2 Design icons for visual elements and grammatical entities _____________ 155 4.3.2.1 Rules for representing visual elements _________________________ 161 4.3.2.2 Relationships among Objects ________________________________ 162 4.3.3 Icon Representation Principles for Verbs ___________________________ 164 4.3.4 Icons Representation principles for Nouns __________________________ 167 4.3.5 Designing Icons Representing Noun Modifiers or Adjectives ___________ 168 4.4 The Domain of Cooking, Eating and Drinking __________________________ 169 4.4.1 Nouns ______________________________________________________ 170 4.4.1.1 Physical World: Living World Categories ______________________ 171 4.4.1.2 Physical World: Living World Terminals_______________________ 173 4.4.1.3 Pronouns ________________________________________________ 176 4.4.1.4 Science: Household Categories_______________________________ 177 4.4.1.5 Science: Household Terminals _______________________________ 177 4.4.2 Verbs _______________________________________________________ 178 4.4.2.1 Voluntary Activity Categories _______________________________ 179 4.4.2.2 Voluntary Activity Terminals ________________________________ 179 4.4.2.3 Existence Categories _______________________________________ 180 4.4.2.4 Existence Terminals_______________________________________ 181 4.4.2.5 Physical Transfer & Location Categories _______________________ 181 4.4.2.6 Physical Transfer & Location Terminals _______________________ 182 4.4.3 Adjectives ___________________________________________________ 182 4.4.3.1 Measurement Categories____________________________________ 184 4.4.3.2 Measurement Terminals ____________________________________ 184 4.4.4 Program Icons ________________________________________________ 185 4.4.4.1 Toolbar icons_____________________________________________ 185 4.4.4.2 Other program icons _______________________________________ 186 5. VIL: The program___________________________________188 5.1 Introduction_______________________________________________________ 188 5.2 VIL Message ______________________________________________________ 188 5.2.1 Select tooltip language _________________________________________ 189 5.2.2 VIL's Main Screen_____________________________________________ 190 5.2.2.1 VIL Icons________________________________________________ 192 5.2.3 Select a verb _________________________________________________ 193 5.2.3.1 VIL's Kernel _____________________________________________ 194 5.2.4 Select Noun Phrases (NP’s) Made Available by the Selected Verb _______ 195 5.2.4.1
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