DOCSLIB.ORG

'Internationalism from Below'

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
'Internationalism from Below' INTERNATIONALISM FROM BELOW Reclaiming a hidden communist tradition to challenge the nation-state and capitalist empire Allan Armstrong Volume 1 The historical development of nation-states and nationalism up to 1848 Volume 2 The world of nation-states and nationalism between the Communist League and the early Second International (1845-95) Volume 3 Social democrats, nation-states and nationalism in the age of the Second International (1889 - 1916) In preparation Volume 4 Communists, nation-states and nationalism during the 1916-21/3 International Revolutionary Wave 1 Dedication to Myra Galletly Writing this book would not have been possible without the support of my partner Myra. Myra encouraged me to take early retirement from my teaching job, so that I have had the time to do the research and writing for this book. She has also accompanied me on many journeys to places that appear in this book, from Argentina, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Mexico and the USA in the Americas, to Crimea in the south and Estonia in the north of Europe. We have also spent a great deal of enjoyable time, closer to home, in Ireland, Wales, England and many parts of Scotland. Our two daughters, Caitrin and Eilis, now grown-up, were with us on our earlier journeys. Caitrin and her partner, John have gone on to take our grand daughter, Aoife, on their trips to Europe. Eilis and her partner Luke have become an independent global travellers, visiting many places way beyond those Myra and I have ever reached. Many of the places we have visited have left Myra and myself in awe, either of their natural beauty, or of the human imagination and tenacity involved in their creation. We have also developed a deep attachment to our own city of Edinburgh with its hidden histories, its vibrant cultural scene (especially beneath the veneer of all the official events). We have made close friends in many places through our work as teachers, in trade union and political campaigning, and through our love of music and conversation. But, most of all, Myra’s enormous generosity of spirit has hugely contributed to our shared desire, through good times and not so good times, to enjoy life in the here and now, whilst joining with others in the struggle for a better future. 2 Thanks to Bob Goupillot and Iain Robertson Bob and Iain are close friends and comrades, and fellow members of the Republican Communist Network. Bob’s greatest encouragement has been his belief that these books have something important to say. Thus, Bob has pushed me, always in the comradeliest manner, to take the necessary steps to have this work published more widely. Iain has joined with Bob and myself on numerous social occasions, often fuelled by alcohol, where together we have entered the ‘republic of the imagination’! We believe that the creation of a new communist society is fundamentally about the transformation of human relationships; and that how we conduct ourselves in the here and now is vitally important to this process. Thanks to Many other friends and comrades, whose contributions to shared struggles, at work and in the community, have greatly developed my own thinking. These include the members of the Republican Communist Network, who have become familiar with many of the ideas in this book, and have indulged their promotion with generous space in our journal and blog, Emancipation & Liberation. Another good friend and comrade, the late Brian Higgins, a leading militant in the construction industry, and the rank and file Building Worker Group, the most blacklisted worker in the industry, a communist and republican, has also provided much inspiration. The views developed here have also been greatly influenced by my participation in both the Lothians Rank & File Teacher group and the Scottish Federation of Socialist Teachers, where I made many friends and comrades over many years. I have made many more, as the former chair of the Lothians Anti-Poll Tax Federation and as co-organiser and participant in Republican Socialist Conventions and Global Commune events, and as an activist in the Radical Independence Campaign. 3 Some of the ideas on nationalities, nations and nationalism were initially developed in the Sixth Year Studies course, which I produced whilst I was working as a Modern Studies teacher in an Edinburgh secondary school. This was at a time when teachers were still permitted to undertake their own educational initiatives. My students also greatly helped, especially in the role-playing tutorials. Nowadays though, so much of education has been reduced to the delivery of disconnected units of work, with meaningless learning outcomes, accompanied by a dispiriting treadmill of testing. This is training for a life in an alienated world, where the mindless pursuit of career and money dominates, and where selfish competition is allowed to eclipse cooperative learning and genuine education. In the process of working with others in opposing the exploitation, oppression and alienation imposed in today’s corporate imperialist world; and in seeking human emancipation, liberation and self-determination, I have joined with others who also appreciate that the creation of another world tomorrow means trying to lead a fulfilling life together today. Thanks to Niyi Osundare for permission to include his poem, I Sing of Change. Niyi was born in 1947 in Ikere-Ekiti in Nigeria. He became a poet, dramatist, literary critic and human rights campaigner. He moved to the USA in 1997, working at the University of New Orleans. He is the winner of numerous awards both for literary creativity and championing human rights. I first read Sing of Change on the inside of a London Underground carriage. It was part of a series of poems displayed for commuters and travellers. Within the bowels of what was once the world's leading imperialist power, still economically and politically dominated by the City, an international community already exists and a future global alternative society could be in the process of being created. 4 I SING OF CHANGE I sing of the beauty of Athens without its slaves Of a world free of kings and queens and other remnants of an arbitrary past Of earth with no sharp north or deep south without blind curtains or iron walls Of the end of warlords and armouries and prisons of hate and fear Of deserts treeing and fruiting after the quickening rain Of the sun radiating ignorance and stars informing nights of unknowing I sing of a world reshaped Niyi Osundare Selected Poems, 1992 5 Volume 1 THE HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF A WORLD OF NATION-STATES UP TO 1848 INTRODUCTION i) Futures for mankind – for better or worse ii) Moving beyond the Left’s partial critiques of a world dominated by global corporate capital iii) The development of an ‘internationalism from below’ perspective 1. THE WORLD BEFORE NATIONALISM A. Definitions and different approaches to the ‘National Question’ i) Nationalities, nations, nation-states and nationalism - present, past and future ii) Exploitation, oppression and alienation; emancipation, liberation and self-determination iii) Opposing social chauvinism/imperialism and social patriotism - genuine Communism and the tradition of ‘internationalism from below’ B. Social transitions and territorial borders in the past and in the future i) A comparison between the move from state religions to secular states and the move from nation-states to civic states ii) Changing borders and movements and struggles which extend beyond state boundaries iii) Transcending nation-states and nationalism in the transition from the lower to the upper phase of communism 6 2. DIFFERERENT ROADS TOWARDS THE NATION-STATE AND OTHER PATHS IMAGINED AND FOUGHT FOR A. The rise of nations and nation-states - just one possible path of social and economic development i) Nation and nation-state - universal or historically limited categories ii) Before nations and nation-states - feudal imperialism and the religious heretical, urban communal and mercantile capitalist challenges iii) Feudal imperialism successfully challenged - the emergence of the Swiss confederation iv) The far from inevitable rise of capitalism and the nation-state B. The ‘Spanish’ and ‘French roads’ versus the ‘Dutch’ and ‘English roads’ i) The conflict between the ‘Spanish’ and ‘French roads’ and the emergence of the Dutch and English challenges ii) The rise of two early nation states, England and the Dutch Netherlands, was still limited by religious, dynastic and regional loyalties. iii) The conflict between the Stuarts' promotion of a British Union and Empire, Calvinist support for of a Godly Kingdom, Radical Leveller visions of a Godly Republic and Cromwell's Greater English Republic iv) The first defeat of the “motley crew” leads to the accelerated rise of commercial landed estates and mercantile monopolies, whilst the Greater English Republic and the 'Western Design' become harbingers of a British imperial future v) The growing power and influence of the UK’s constitutional monarchy and the entrenchment of overseas chattel slavery and domestic wage-slavery 7 vi) The underground Radical Enlightenment in contest with the Mainstream Enlightenment vii) The ‘English road’ versus the ‘French road’, the marginalisation of alternative revolutionary visions and the triumph of the Mainstream Enlightenment viii) The conflict between British ruling class politics and the new nationalism of the ‘freeborn Englishman’ ix) English nationalism provokes cultural nationalist responses in Scotland and Wales C. The American Revolution and the ambiguous US Republic
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Historical Background of Florida Law James Milton Carson
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by University of Miami School of Law University of Miami Law School Institutional Repository University of Miami Law Review 2-1-1949 Historical Background of Florida Law James Milton Carson Follow this and additional works at: http://repository.law.miami.edu/umlr Recommended Citation James Milton Carson, Historical Background of Florida Law, 3 U. Miami L. Rev. 254 (1949) Available at: http://repository.law.miami.edu/umlr/vol3/iss2/6 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by Institutional Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in University of Miami Law Review by an authorized administrator of Institutional Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF FLORIDA LAW* * JAMES MILTON CARSON ' I THE NATURE AND ORIGIN OF LAW All law must derive from the psychology of the people of each particular jurisdiction, and when we speak of the psychology of the people we mean the controlling, or "mass," or "mob" psychology of the people in any particular jurisdiction. Clarence Darrow in an.article in the American Mercury,1 went very deeply into the history of the influence of the masses of the people upon laws sought to be imposed from above, and demonstrated that even in countries whose governments are considered despotic or monarchical, the people them- selves must support the laws, or else they fall into disuse and are finally re- pealed. Since law must depend upon the psychology of the people in the particular jurisdiction, it becomes essential in trying to trace the development of law in a state such as Florida to consider the different influences which enter into the formation of the so-called "mob" psychology of the people.
    [Show full text]
  • New Orleans in 1810
    New Orleans in 1810 As the Crescent City begins a new decade, it is worthwhile exploring what this glittering gem on the Mississippi was like 210 years ago. 1810 marked seven years after the Louisiana Purchase but two years before Louisiana achieved statehood. The city of Memphis, Tennessee, was not yet founded until nearly a decade later. In fact, that summer was the first public celebration of the Fourth of July in Louisiana at the St. Philip Theatre (Théâtre St. Philippe). Built in 1807 on St. Phillip Street, between Royal and Bourbon streets, the theatre could accommodate 700 people. With a parquette and two rows of boxes, the Théâtre St. Philippe was the rendezvous of all the fashionable people of New Orleans. The gala performance held that July 4, 1810, was in honor of the Declaration of Independence and the proceeds were devoted to the relief of victims of a giant fire on July 1 that had destroyed twenty-five houses. Haitian rebels battle the French in the Saint-Domingue Revolution (1791 – 1804) The revolution in Saint-Domingue brought about the second republic in the Western Hemisphere. Not all were happy or safe with the new leadership, and many Haitian refugees would make their way to New Orleans. The 1809 migration brought 2,731 whites (affranchis), 3,102 free persons of African descent (gens de couleur libres) and 3,226 slaves to the city. While Governor Claiborne and other American officials wanted to prevent the arrival of free black émigrés, French Creoles wanted to increase the French-speaking population. In a few months between 1809 and 1810, 10,000 Saint-Domingue refugees poured into the Territory of Orleans, after they were no longer welcome in Cuba.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Failed Filibusters: the Kemper Rebellion, the Burr Conspiracy And
    Failed Filibusters: The Kemper Rebellion, the Burr Conspiracy and Early American Expansion Francis D. Cogliano In January 1803 the Congressional committee which considered the appropriation for the Louisiana Purchase observed baldly, “it must be seen that the possession of New Orleans and the Floridas will not only be required for the convenience of the United States, but will be demanded by their most imperious necessities.”1 The United States claimed that West Florida, which stretched south of the 31st parallel from the Mississippi River in the west to the Apalachicola River in the east (roughly the modern state of Louisiana east of the Mississippi, and the Gulf coasts of Mississippi and Alabama, and the western portion of the Florida panhandle) was included in the Louisiana Purchase, a claim denied by the Spanish. The American claim was spurious but the intent behind it was clear. The United States desired control of West Florida so that the residents of the Mississippi Territory could have access to the Gulf of Mexico. Since the American Revolution the region had been settled by Spaniards, French creoles and Anglo-American loyalists. Beginning in the 1790s thousands of emigrants from the United States migrated to the territory, attracted by a generous system of Spanish land grants. An 1803 American government report described the population around Baton Rouge as “composed partly of Acadians, a very few French, and great majority of Americans.” During the first decade of the nineteenth century West Florida became increasingly unstable. In addition to lawful migrants, the region attracted lawless adventurers, including deserters from the United States army and navy, many of whom fled from the nearby territories of Louisiana and Mississippi.2 1 Annals of Congress, 7th Cong.
    [Show full text]
  • The Social-Construct of Race and Ethnicity: One’S Self-Identity After a DNA Test
    Western Michigan University ScholarWorks at WMU Dissertations Graduate College 4-2019 The Social-Construct of Race and Ethnicity: One’s Self-Identity after a DNA Test Kathryn Ann Wilson Western Michigan University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/dissertations Part of the Educational Assessment, Evaluation, and Research Commons Recommended Citation Wilson, Kathryn Ann, "The Social-Construct of Race and Ethnicity: One’s Self-Identity after a DNA Test" (2019). Dissertations. 3405. https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/dissertations/3405 This Dissertation-Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate College at ScholarWorks at WMU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at WMU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE SOCIAL-CONSTRUCT OF RACE AND ETHNICITY: ONES’ SELF-IDENTITY AFTER A DNA TEST by Kathryn Wilson A dissertation submitted to the Graduate College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Educational Leadership, Research and Technology Western Michigan University April 2019 Doctoral Committee: Gary Miron, Ph.D., Chair D. Eric Archer, Ph.D. June Gothberg, Ph.D. Copyright by Kathryn Wilson 2019 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my advisor, Professor Gary Miron, for his continued belief that I would find my passion and complete this dissertation. Also, I would like to thank my dissertation advisory committee chair Professor Gary Miron, Ph.D., and committee members Assistant Professor D. Eric Archer, Ph.D., and Assistant Professor June Gothberg, Ph.D. for their advice and support.
    [Show full text]
  • OECD Territorial Grids
    BETTER POLICIES FOR BETTER LIVES DES POLITIQUES MEILLEURES POUR UNE VIE MEILLEURE OECD Territorial grids August 2021 OECD Centre for Entrepreneurship, SMEs, Regions and Cities Contact: [email protected] 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction .................................................................................................................................................. 3 Territorial level classification ...................................................................................................................... 3 Map sources ................................................................................................................................................. 3 Map symbols ................................................................................................................................................ 4 Disclaimers .................................................................................................................................................. 4 Australia / Australie ..................................................................................................................................... 6 Austria / Autriche ......................................................................................................................................... 7 Belgium / Belgique ...................................................................................................................................... 9 Canada ......................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • "The Capstone" an Attempt to Identify The
    "The Capstone" An attempt to identify the 'Head of the Snake' Secret Societies Order of Hospitallers (link) The Knights Hospitaller, also known as the Order of Hospitallers or simply Hospitallers, were a group of men attached to a hospital in Jerusalem that was founded by Blessed Gerard around 1023 out of which two major Orders of Chivalry evolved, the Order of the Knights of St. Lazarus and the Order of the Knights of St. John, later to be known as the Sovereign Military Order of Malta. The Hospitallers arose around the work of an Amalfitan hospital located at the Muristan site in Jerusalem, founded around 1023 to provide care for poor, sick or injured pilgrims to the Holy Land. After the Western Christian conquest of Jerusalem in 1099 during the First Crusade, the organisation became a religious and military order under its own charter, and was charged with the care and defence of the Holy Land. Following the conquest of the Holy Land by Islamic forces, the Order operated from Rhodes, over which it was sovereign, and later from Malta where it administered a vassal state under the Spanish viceroy of Sicily. The Order was weakened by Napoleon's capture of Malta in 1798 and became dispersed throughout Europe. It regained strength during the early 19th century as it repurposed itself towards humanitarian and religious causes. The modern continuation of the mediaeval Order is the Roman Catholic Sovereign Military Order of Malta, headquartered in Rome; allied Protestant orders are headquartered in the United Kingdom, Germany, the Netherlands and Sweden. The first master of the original Order of the Hospital of St John of Jerusalem was Brother Gerard (whose origins remain a mystery).
    [Show full text]
  • American Tri-Racials
    DISSERTATIONEN DER LMU 43 RENATE BARTL American Tri-Racials African-Native Contact, Multi-Ethnic Native American Nations, and the Ethnogenesis of Tri-Racial Groups in North America We People: Multi-Ethnic Indigenous Nations and Multi- Ethnic Groups Claiming Indian Ancestry in the Eastern United States Inauguraldissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Philosophie an der Ludwig‐Maximilians‐Universität München vorgelegt von Renate Bartl aus Mainburg 2017 Erstgutachter: Prof. Berndt Ostendorf Zweitgutachterin: Prof. Eveline Dürr Datum der mündlichen Prüfung: 26.02.2018 Renate Bartl American Tri-Racials African-Native Contact, Multi-Ethnic Native American Nations, and the Ethnogenesis of Tri-Racial Groups in North America Dissertationen der LMU München Band 43 American Tri-Racials African-Native Contact, Multi-Ethnic Native American Nations, and the Ethnogenesis of Tri-Racial Groups in North America by Renate Bartl Herausgegeben von der Universitätsbibliothek der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Geschwister-Scholl-Platz 1 80539 München Mit Open Publishing LMU unterstützt die Universitätsbibliothek der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München alle Wissenschaft ler innen und Wissenschaftler der LMU dabei, ihre Forschungsergebnisse parallel gedruckt und digital zu veröfentlichen. Text © Renate Bartl 2020 Erstveröfentlichung 2021 Zugleich Dissertation der LMU München 2017 Bibliografsche Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografe; detaillierte bibliografsche Daten sind im Internet abrufbar über http://dnb.dnb.de Herstellung über: readbox unipress in der readbox publishing GmbH Rheinische Str. 171 44147 Dortmund http://unipress.readbox.net Open-Access-Version dieser Publikation verfügbar unter: http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:19-268747 978-3-95925-170-9 (Druckausgabe) 978-3-95925-171-6 (elektronische Version) Contents List of Maps ........................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • EUROPEAN AGREEMENT on IMPORTANT INTERNATIONAL COMBINED TRANSPORT LINES and RELATED INSTALLATIONS (AGTC) United Nations
    ECE/TRANS/88/Rev.6 ECONOMIC COMMISSION FOR EUROPE EUROPEAN AGREEMENT ON IMPORTANT INTERNATIONAL COMBINED TRANSPORT LINES AND RELATED INSTALLATIONS (AGTC) DONE AT GENEVA ON 1 FEBRUARY 1991 __________________ United Nations 2010 Note: This document contains the text of the AGTC Agreement including the procès-verbal of rectification as notified in Depositary Notification C.N.347.1992.TREATIES-7 dated 30 December 1992. It also contains the following amendments to the AGTC Agreement: (1) Depositary Notifications C.N.345.1997.TREATIES-2 and C.N.91.1998.TREATIES-1. Entry into force on 25 June 1998. (2) Depositary Notification C.N.230.2000.TREATIES-1 and C.N.983.2000.TREATIES-2. Entry into force on 1 February 2001. (3) Depositary Notification C.N.18.2001.TREATIES-1 and C.N.877.2001.TREATIES-2. Entry into force on 18 December 2001. (4) Depositary Notification C.N.749.2003.TREATIES-1 and C.N.39.2004.TREATIES-1. Entry into force on 16 April 2004. (5) Depositary Notification C.N.724.2004.TREATIES-1 and C.N.6.2005.TREATIES-1. Entry into force on 7 April 2005. (6) Depositary Notification C.N. 646.2005.TREATIES-1 and C.N.153.2006.TREATIES-1. Entry into force on 20 May 2006. (7) Depositary Notification C.N.594.2008.TREATIES-3 and C.N. 76.2009.TREATIES-1. Entry into force on 23 May 2009. (8) Depositary Notification C.N.623.2008.TREATIES-4 and C.N 544.2009.TREATIES-2. Entry into force on 10 December 2009. The present document contains in a single, non-official document the consolidated text of the AGTC Agreement including the basic instrument, its amendments and corrections that have come into force by the dates indicated.
    [Show full text]
  • Cadastral Patterns in Louisiana: a Colonial Legacy
    Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses Graduate School 1978 Cadastral Patterns in Louisiana: a Colonial Legacy. Carolyn Oliver French Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses Recommended Citation French, Carolyn Oliver, "Cadastral Patterns in Louisiana: a Colonial Legacy." (1978). LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses. 3201. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses/3201 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This material was produced from a microfilm copy of the original document. While the most advanced technological means to photograph and reproduce this document have been used, the quality is heavily dependent upon the quality of the original submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help you understand markings or patterns which may appear on this reproduction. 1. The sign or "target” for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is "Missing Page(s)” . If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting thru an image and duplicating adjacent pages to insure you complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a large round black mark, it is an indication that the photographer suspected that the copy may have moved during exposure and thus cause a blurred image.
    [Show full text]
  • Application of Link Integrity Techniques from Hypermedia to the Semantic Web
    UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science Department of Electronics and Computer Science A mini-thesis submitted for transfer from MPhil to PhD Supervisor: Prof. Wendy Hall and Dr Les Carr Examiner: Dr Nick Gibbins Application of Link Integrity techniques from Hypermedia to the Semantic Web by Rob Vesse February 10, 2011 UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON ABSTRACT FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND APPLIED SCIENCE DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMPUTER SCIENCE A mini-thesis submitted for transfer from MPhil to PhD by Rob Vesse As the Web of Linked Data expands it will become increasingly important to preserve data and links such that the data remains available and usable. In this work I present a method for locating linked data to preserve which functions even when the URI the user wishes to preserve does not resolve (i.e. is broken/not RDF) and an application for monitoring and preserving the data. This work is based upon the principle of adapting ideas from hypermedia link integrity in order to apply them to the Semantic Web. Contents 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Hypothesis . .2 1.2 Report Overview . .8 2 Literature Review 9 2.1 Problems in Link Integrity . .9 2.1.1 The `Dangling-Link' Problem . .9 2.1.2 The Editing Problem . 10 2.1.3 URI Identity & Meaning . 10 2.1.4 The Coreference Problem . 11 2.2 Hypermedia . 11 2.2.1 Early Hypermedia . 11 2.2.1.1 Halasz's 7 Issues . 12 2.2.2 Open Hypermedia . 14 2.2.2.1 Dexter Model . 14 2.2.3 The World Wide Web .
    [Show full text]
  • Towards a European History of Concepts: an Introduction
    Towards a European History of Concepts: an Introduction Karin Tilmans (European University Institute, Florence) The Dutch conceptual history project has been generously received by academic critics, who have praised it for charting a territory in Dutch history that had so far remained largely unexplored. Yet several reviewers of the first volumes of the project, stressed the need to further explore and develop the international and comparative dimensions of Dutch conceptual history. This suggestion is entirely justified and could be further extended to include other existing projects in conceptual history, for they all tend to write the history of concepts primarily in a national context. The intention of the current special issue, "Towards a European History of Concepts", is to begin to remedy this situation by placing the findings to date of the Dutch project in a European context. Such a publication not only benefits Dutch conceptual history, but also the conceptual history research being currently carried out in other European countries. There are, it would seem, two main ways to attempt to transcend the hitherto dominant national framework in the study of the history of concepts, both of which will be explored in the internationalization project here proposed. The first and most obvious one is systematically to compare the history of various key concepts in different European countries, over a longer period of time, in order to highlight the parallels and differences in national conceptual development. For example, by comparing the history of the Dutch concept of citizenship to the history of that same concept in Germany, England and France, important insights into both national peculiarities and common patterns of conceptual development may be gained.
    [Show full text]
  • Florida Parishes by Joel Gardner
    Florida Parishes by Joel Gardner joel Gardner is Assistant Director ofthe Lou­ A parish is Louisiana's equivalent to a county; eight of them are col­ isiana Division ofthe Arts. Previously he di­ lectively referred to as the "Florida Parishes:" East and West Feliciana, rected the Florida Parishes Folklife Survey under a grant from the National Endow­ East Baton Rouge, Livingston, St. Helena, St. Tammany, Tangipahoa, ment for the Arts. He has been an oral histo­ and Washington. They are bounded by the state of Mississippi to the rian for nearly 15 years and holds degrees north and east, by the Mississippi River to the west, and by Bayou from Tulane University and the University of California, Los Angeles. Manchac and Lake Pontchartrain to the south (see map). In colonial days, they fell within the Spanish Territory of West Florida, and for a This article is based on the Florida Parishes few months in 1910, before annexation into the United States, they Folklife Survey, conducted in 1983-84, there­ were the Republic of West Florida, hence their present designation, sults of which will appear in Folklife in the Florida Parishes. Florida Parishes, scheduled for publication this fall . The Florida Parishes region encapsulates the diversity of the state as a whole. Its residents are Scotch-Irish-English and Afro-American, French and Creole, Italian and Eastern European. Unlike the rest of south Louisiana, however, the Florida Parishes have seen very little creolization; rather, the traditions and ethnicity of its people have re­ mained more discrete. The folk landscape of the parishes today in­ cludes plantation homes, piney woods, farmsteads, bayou fishing camps, Creole cottages and Sunbelt subdivisions.
    [Show full text]