POWER AT THE PENTAGON-byPENTAGON4y Jack Raymond NIGHT DROP-The American Airborne Invasion $6.50 of Normandy-by S. 1.L. A. Marshall The engrossing story of one of 'thethe greatest power Preface by Carl Sandburg $6.50 centers thethe world has ever seen-how it came into Hours before dawn on June 6, 1944, thethe American being, and thethe people who make it work. With the 82dB2d and 1101Olst st Airborne Divisions dropped inin Normandy awesome expansion of military power in,in the interests behind Utah Beach. Their mission-to establish a firm of national security during the cold war have come foothold for the invading armies. drastic changes inin the American way of life. Mr. What followed isis one of the great and veritable Raymond says, "in the process we altered some of stories of men at war. Although thethe German defenders our traditionstraditions inin thethe military, in diplomacy, in industry, were spread thin, thethe hedgerow terrain favored them;them; science, education, politics and other aspects of our and the American successes when they eventually did society." We have developed military-civilian action come were bloody,bloody.- sporadic, often accidential. Seldom programs inin he farfar corners of the globe. Basic Western before have Americans at war been so starkly and military strategy depends upon decisions made in candidly described, in both theirtheir cowardice and theirtheir America. Uncle Sam, General Maxwell Taylor has courage. said, has become a world-renowned soldier in spite In these pages thethe reader will meet thethe officers whowho of himself. later went on to become our highest miliary com-com­ DIPLOMAT AMONG WARRIOR5-byWARRI0R-y Robert manders in Korea and after: J. Lawton Collins,Col,lins, Matthew Murphy $6.95 Ridgway, Maxwell D. Taylor, James Van Fleet, James A brief conversation with President Roosevelt in Gavin, Anthony McAuliffe, and others who inin thethe 1940, transformedtransformed Robert Murphy from a conventional battles recounted here were shouldering thethe firstfirst diplomat intointo a secret agent-the President's personal major commands of their careers. representative and General Eisenhower's political ad­ad- NEITHER FEAR NOR HOPE-by General vonvon viser inin thethe no-man's land of French North Africa. Senger und Etterlin $6.95 Here he tells thethe insideinside story of his first special assign-assign­ ment and of subsequent missions from Roosevelt, General Etterlin, German commander inin WW II,II, Truman, and Eisenhower, filling in the gaps that still sheds new light on the history of thethe campaigns inin remainremain inin thethe official records of the U.S. government. the European and Mediterranean theatrestheatres where thethe An objective, first-hand account of history in the General fought, as well as a poignantpOignant expression of making. the antithesisantithesis' between his duty as a professional soldier and his personal aversion toto Hitler. At thethe WAR AS I KNEW IT-byIT4y General George S.5. head of the Senger Brigade inin thethe Blitzkrieg invasioninvasion. Patton, Jr. $6.95 of France the General detailsdetai,ls the capture of Cherbourg. From his childhood, George Patton had one absorb­absorb- A cultured and intelligent man, unlike thethe stereotype inging interest-theinterest-the military art. His life culminated in of the ruthless German military personality, and at history's greatest'opportunity greatest opportunity for the practice of this the same time a cool and successful fieldfield commander,comr,nander, art. His dominant belief was that a commander's von Senger fought tenaciously,tenaciously, without fear, but olsoalso place isis at the front, where he can inspire the morale without hope. of his troopstroops and keep aware of combat conditions. This belief he livedlived up to through days and nights of CAST A GIANT SHADOW-The Story of Mickey perilous fighting and breaking weariness, and his Marcus, who died to save Jerusalem-Jerusalem­ actions gave rise to many stories. This was not his only by Ted Berkman $4.95 side. He was also the military student who, prior to On a somber afternoon inin January of 1948,194B, Colonel D-Day, made a study of the Normandy roads used by Mickey Marcus, U.S. Army boarded a plane for IsraelIsrael William thethe Conqueror, since he deduced that the to begin what was to be the most dangerous and same roadsroads would be useful today, and who, through­through- challenging assignment of his life.life. out thethe campaign, kept an Operations Room which Mickey Marcus had never backed down fromfrom a was the envy of other commanders. challenge,chaHenge, especially where an issue of personal prin-prin­ PATTON: Ordeal and Triumph-by Ladislas ciple was at stake. Against six Arab countries out-out­ Farago Reg. $9.95. Christmas special $8.50 numbering Israel in population by sixty toto one, boast-boast­ - The Patton that emerges from a cacophony of sec-sec­ ing a prodigious array of modern firepower, thethe ond-hand evidence was a complex and justly con-con­ Israeli forces had no tanks, no warplanes, negligible troversialtroversial figure.figure. InIn thethe popular mind, in particular, he homemade artillery ...... not even enough rifles toto go survives asaas a great captain of war, to be sure, but around. He dictated military manuals and outlined aa' mostly as thethe general who had slapped an enlisted drastic blueprint for Israel's survival. Appointed to man, thenthen redeems himself by leading a dashing and Supreme Command on thethe JerusalemJerusalem front,front, he liftedlifted dramatic campaign ,atat the head of a competent and the three-month siege of thethe bleeding Holy City, win-win­ romanticromantic army. Sicily, North Africa, the breakout at ning the sobriquet "Lafayette of Israel." Avranches, the bungle at Falaise, the anguish of Metz, The first soldier since Biblical timestimes toto hold thethe rankrank the prolongation of the war and the restraint prevent­prevent- of General in the Army of Israel. The only soldier inging totaltotal victory are but a few of the areas PATTON: interred at West Point who was killed fighting under ORDEAL AND TRIUMPH covers. a foreign flag. '[he United States Armor Association (Established 1885) President MAJ. GEN. D. W. MCGOWAN, RET. Warfare Honorary President AlRY JOURNAL MAJ. GEN. GUY V. HENRY, RET. V ice PresidenlJ MAJ. GEN. A. J. BOYLE MAJ. GEN. E. O. WOLF EDITOR BRIG. GEN. 1. 1. STAHL Lieutenant Colonel Eugene M. Dutchak Honorary Vice PresidenlJ BUSINESS MANAGER ASSISTANTS TO THE EDITOR GEN. BRUCE C. CLARKE, RET. SFC John G. Portman GEN. JACOB 1. DEVERS, RET. M Sgt Roy F. Mott CIRCULATION MANAGER GEN. H. H. HOWZE, RET. SSG Wilfred A. Gileau GEN. CHARLES D. PALMER, RET. SFC Michael E. Kekker GEN. I. D. WHITE, RET. GEN. W. G. WYMAN, RET. LT. GEN. E. H. BROOKS, RET. Volume LXXIV NOVEMBER-DECEMBER, 1965 No.6 LT. GEN. F. J. BROWN LT. GEN. CLOVIS E. BYERS, RET. LT. GEN. JOHN H. COLLIER, RET. CONTENTS LT. GEN. WILLIS D. CRITTENBERGER, RET. LT. GEN. HOBART GAY, RET. LETTERS TO THE EDITOR ...... •....•...... 2 LT. GEN. THOMAS 1. HARROLD, RET. LT. GEN. GEOFFREY KEYES, RET. ARMOR IN THE AGE OF COEXISTENCE ...... •...... 4 LT. GEN. SAMUEL 1. MYERS, RET. By Major William V. Kennedy LT. GEN. GEORGE W. READ, RET. LEGEND OF FIDDLER'S GREEN 7 LT. GEN. GoRDON B. ROGERS, RET. By Lieutenant Colonel Paul M. Crosby LT. GEN. JOHN 1. RYAN, JR., RET. LT. GEN. ARTHUR G. TRUDEAU, RET. TANK PLATOON COMBAT READINESS CHECK ...... •.... 12 MAJ. GEN. R. W. GROW, RET. By Captain Lewis M. Tuggle MAJ. GEN. E. N. HARMON, RET. MAJ. GEN. W. PAUL JOHNSON, RET. NOTES FROM ARMOR BRANCH CIDEF ....•...... •...... 16 MAJ. GEN. HENRY C. LODGE, RET. THE NEEDED MAN 17 MAJ. GEN. JOHN S. WOOD, RET. THE HON. W. G. BRAY MECHANIZED INFANTRY LIVE FIRE COURSE ....•..•.....•...... 18 THE HON. JOHN J. FLYNT, JR. By l\lajor George B. Bartel THE HON. E. J. GURNEY THE UNBALANCED RESPONSE ...... •..•..•....•.....•...... •..... 23 THE HON. GRAHAM PURCELL By Major Clinton E. Granger, Jr. BRIG. GEN. S. R. HINDS, RET. BRIG. GEN. W. A. HOLBROOK, JR., RET. WILL THE CRY BE HEARD? ...... •...... •...... •....•..... 25 BRIG. GEN. H. C. NEWTON, RET. By Captain Stephen S. Leavitt BRIG. GEN. P. M. ROBINETT, RET. VEHICLE RECOVERY ...... •...... •..•...... •. .. 28 BRIG. GEN. WILLARD WEBB, RET. By William W. Boston COLONEL ARTHUR W. ALLEN, JR., RET. COLONEL J. 1. HINES, JR., RET. ARMOR SCHOOL MARKS 25 YEARS' SERVICE: A Pictorial Feature 32 Executive Council THE EVOLUTION OF THE ARMORED INFANTRY RIFLE SQUAD: Part II 34 By Dr. Virgil Ney GEN. CREIGHTON W. ABRAMS, JR. GEN. JOHN K. WATERS AREA FIRE: A Prime Consideration For Armor ...... •...... •...... •... 46 LT. GEN. CHARLES ·G. DODGE By Major Harold L. Larson LT. GEN. R. E. HAINES, JR. LT. GEN. W. H. S. WRIGHT ANTITANK WARFARE 51 MAJ. GEN. WILLIAM W. BEVERLEY By Colonel Hans von Uslar-Gleichen MAJ. GEN. F. W. BoYE, JR. REl\UNISCENSES ABOUT SYNGMAN RHEE 53 MAJ. GEN. MICH.AEL S. DAVISON By General Bruce C. Clarke, Ret. MAJ. GEN. WELBORN G. DOLVIN MAJ. GEN. WILLIAM R. DOUGLAS HOW WOULD YOU DO IT? ...... •..•....•.•..•...... 55 MAJ. GEN. JOHN E. KELLY U. S. Army Armor School Presentation MAJ. GEN. WALTER T. KERWIN, JR. U. S. ARMY ARMOR SCHOOL TRENDS ...... •...... •... 57 MAJ. GEN. CHARLES A. OTT MAJ. GEN. GEORGE RUHLEN NEWS NOTES ...... •....•.....•.•...... 58 MAJ. GEN. A. D. SURLES, JR. MAJ. GEN. JAMES W. SUTHERLAND INDEX TO VOLUME LXXIV. 1965 ...... •...... •...... •... 61 MAJ. GEN. COLLIN P. WILLIAMS SELECTED BOOKS " ...... •..•.•...... •.....•..•...... •.•..•... 63 BRIG. GEN. ALBIN F. JRZYK BRIG. GEN. WILSON M. HAWKINS COL. WILLIAM W. COBB COL. FRANK F. CARR ARMOR magazine is published under the auspices of the United States Armor Association, COL. TRACY B. HARRINGTON and is not an official publication. Contributions appearinc herein do not neeesaaril7 relied official thought or indorsement. Articles appearin&, in this publication repre­ COL. WILLIAM A. KNOWLTON sent the personal views of the author and are published to stimulate interest in, pro­ COl.. MORGAN G. ROSEBOROUGH voke thought on. and provide an open forum for decorous discussion of military altaira.

Publication and editorial offices: 1757 K Street, N.W., Washington, D. C. 20006. Copyright 1965, by the United States Armor Associ· ation. Second·c1ass postage paid at Washington, D. C. and at additional mailing offices. Terms: Individual subscriptions, including APO's, $4.75--one year and $8.5o-two years. Other domestic subscriptions, $6.50--0ne year and $12.00 two years. Foreign, includ· ing Canada & Pan America $8.00--0ne year and $15.0o-two years. Single copies $1.50. LETTERSti TO THE EDITOR

76th Annual Meeting AInerica's Forgotten Tanker Dear Sir: Dear Sir: I would like to congratulate the United States Armor The July-August 1965 issue of ARMOR is attractive Association for a most enjoyable and enlightening Annual and interesting and very well balanced. Meeting this past June 10-12, 1965. It was the first Captain Ciccarelli's article about Christie was very good such meeting that I have attended and was my first trip but he omitted an important point-in fact, two points. back to Fort Knox since attending the Armor Officer's We did not buy five T-3 mediums as a last resort as inferred. They were the original purchase; the PoliSh and Orientation Course in 1960. Russians purchases were later. As part of the contract The series of lectures on the morning of 11 June he was to furnish a set of prints but never did. Parts. were very timely and covered the latest concepts very were not interchangeable between the vehicles and Ord­ adequately. The Armor School and Fort Knox are to be nance made up a set by literally making the parts and congratulated On the firepower demonstration CS-l, vastly compromising on dimensions. improved and a far cry from what it was in 1960. Even The second point is that, except for the T-3, his though the time is short for such meetings, I feel that vehicles-~ere ~either, armed nor armored. Ordnance did an additional conference period should be included. It not have- the funds to re-engineer them but asked him should last from four to eight hours and is outlined to do so and he refused to do so, claiming that he was below. an idea man and that it was up to the military to develop During the social functions of the Annual Meeting, the idea. "And because of his own fire-eating, hard to many ideas, concepts, "war stories," and other valuable get along with nature," as the author says, things just never worked out. information passed hands. However, I feel that all mem­ bers of the Association would benefit more if these dis­ COLONEL ROBERT J. leKS, USAR, RET. cussions were put on a more formal scale. For example, 438 May Street among company grade officers like myself, a great amount Elmhurst, Illinois 60126 of discussion took place on the subject of the tank-infantry team and its employment. A discussion leader from the Armor School or Combat Developments Command could Dear Sir: be selected to guide the discussion and all interested per­ Captain Ciccarelli's article on America's For­ sonnel could attend. gotten Tanker in the July-August issue must have brought This proposal is certainly no less valid for field grade back memories to the Cavalrymen who we-nt from the officers. The battalion commander has a most complex job and what better way to express ideas and absorb the ideas of others than a discussion of this type. Two ex­ amples of likely subjects for discussion are the employ­ ARMOR is published bimonthly by the United States Armor ment of the reconnaissance platoon in a tank battalion Association. and tank gunnery techniques. Copyright: ARMOR is copyrighted 1965 by the United States A great deal of Armor experience is assembled only Armor Association. Reprint Righh: All Rights Reserved. once each year, and I propose that this experience be Advertising: ARMOR is the professional magazine of the utilized for the benefit of all Armor personnel. Advance United States Armor Association; a nonprofit, noncommercial educational publication. We 00 NOT accept paid advertising. notice of such discussions may well increase the number Such advertising as does appear in ARMOR is carefully selected of experienced Armor personnel attending the Annual by the Editor and concerns only. those items which may be considered an adjunct to a professional career. Meeting, especially those anxious to convey original ideas Manuscripts: All content of ARMOR is contributed without and concepts that have been tested by experience. By pay by those interested in furthering the professional quolifico· tion of members of the Armed Services. All manuscripts should discussing mutual problems, many ideas are developed be addressed to the Editorial Office, 1757 K Street, N.W., and the complex situations of the modern battlefield are Washington, O. C. 20006. more readily solved. Change of Address: All changes of address should be sent to Ihe Editorial Office in lime 10 arrive 01 least two weeks CAPTAIN EDWARD J. LAURANCE in advance of publication dote of each issue, which is Ihe 25th day of the even months of the year: i.e., Dec 25 for Jon-Feb Hq., 3d Brigade issue, Feb 25 for the Mor·Apr issue, etc. 1st Armored Division Rates: See bottom of contents page. Fort Hood, Texas 2 ARMOR-November-December, 1965 Mechanized Force, Camp Eustis, to Camp Knox in 1931. ERN ARMY WEAPONS AND TECHNOLOGY and There are few of us still remaining. dated Volume XX, No. 2/1965. Among the ten articles In 1932, I went with Colonel Van Voorhis to New of interest to readers of ARMOR are: "The Concept Jersey to witness the trials of Christie's idea of a tank to Behind the Chieftain Tank," "European Tank Develop­ be carried under an airplane and saw it run on wheels ment," and "Countering The Tank By Guided Missile." at 100 miles per hour. Christie was a great man to talk Copies of the Supplement may still be available from with and was certainly ahead of the Army's tank designers INTERAVIA, 185 Madison Avenue, New York 16, New in many respects. As I remember, Christie had been an York, or 149 Fleet Street, London E. C. 4, England. auto race driver and at one time had raced against Henry LEO GALLBNSTBIN Ford. I think he supplied anti-aircraft mobile guns for the 1840 S. Street, S.E. United States in WWI. I am convinced that our failure Washington, D. C. 20020 to adopt the Christie suspension system in the late 20's put us years behind other countries in tank design. The Christie was called "Combat Car" in the Cavalry as tanks were the responsibility of the Infantry. Taschenbuch Der Panzer Christie sold some antiquated blueprints of his vehicles Dear Sir: to the Japanese in order to obtain money to continue his developments. I doubt that they were able to build any­ I am looking for a book which is out of print. As it is thing from those blueprints. The blueprints which came a book about Armor, perhaps you can assist me. to us with our combat cars were of little value in building The book that I would like to obtain is TASCHENBUCH replacement parts since each part was practically hand DER PANZER, 1954 or 1957 edition. built and corrections did not show on the prints. P. DBCRoos-DELBECQ 114 Rue Solferino I remember that we had constant trouble with the gear Lille, France boxes and gears. Christie was not a gear builder but lacked the finances to have gears built by those who knew. The Liberty engines with which our combat cars were powered did right well for airplane engines used in ar­ mored vehicles. Christie wanted a "pancake" Italian engine NATO Versus Communist Tanks but could not get funds or influence enough to get one to Dear Sir: • this country. While reading the article in the May-June issue of In addition to Adna Chaffee, there were more officers ARMOR by Martin-Joseph Miller, it seemed to me he who were responsible for the development of Armor. refuted his own theory of mobility by his statement, H. H. D. Heiberg was the test driver of development "Developments in armor-piercing projectiles have far out­ vehicles and he led an interesting life. General Grow, paced progress in armor protection." Dave Barr, and Charlie Usger, have never in my opinion The facts of life for armor, for the present at least, received the credit due them for their work with the seem to be armor without close infantry support is worse Mechanized Cav;ilry and Armor. than worthless; it is a danger in that it leads to thinking MAJOR GENERAL J. H. PHILLIPS, RET. in terms of "Blitzkrieg" warfare. It seems to me we need Rancho Rio Vista to think in terms of an "Infantry" tank rather than present Rt. 3, Box 291 concepts. Carmel, California 93921 Mr. Miller indicates the ideal Western tank must be a match for the T-54 or T-55. This is well and good as far as it goes, but he has totally over-looked the Josef Stalin III, T-lO, and the 122mm Assault Guns. Unless New Armor Publications there has been a drastic change in Soviet thinking there Dear Sir: should be quite a few of these types around for some time to come. I would like to call your readers' attention to two recent The 122mm mounted on the JS/T-lO types should publications in the Armor field which may have escaped punch rather neat holes in most Western tanks. These their notice. Soviet tanks are well-armored, and the armor well­ FIGHTING VEHICLES AND WEAPONS OF THE arranged. The T-IO is an excellent design and presents MODERN BRITISH ARMY by Stevenson Pugh was a low target with very few shot traps. published by MacDonald, London, in 1962. Its five sec­ The Leopard and AMX-30 are doubtless fine tanks; I tions offer details and photographs of British Army Equip­ for one would not like to meet any of the larger Soviet ment from the Chieftain and Conqueror tanks down to types in either of them. the Browning 9mm Semi-Auto. These sections are entitled If the Soviets see a need for these large (in gun size Armour, Missiles and Artillery, Infantry Weapons, Army at least) tanks, we must have something to counter them. Aircraft, and Special Support Vehicles. The Introductian The experimental T-30 was a step in the right direction discusses the British Army Re-Equipment Program in terms and which was unfortunately halted. Why not build a first­ of nuclear weapons and tactics, strategic and tactical air class "heavy." mobility, and sea mobility. CADBT CHARLBS McDONALD INTERAVIA Magazine published an International De­ P. O. Box 92 fense Supplement to its regular issue entitled THE MOD- Lakeland, Florida ARMOR-November-December, 1965 3 ARMOR

IN THE AGE

OF COEXISTENCE

The Armor soldiet' of the mid-1960's finds himself in a strange position. He is trained and equipped to fight a gigantic war of movement. But he hears it said on every side that such a war "probably" never will occur. Much more "likely," it is said, are small "wars of national liberation," of which Vietnam is the­ current and the most pressing example.

By MAJOR WILLIAM V. KENNEDY

THE "WARS OF NATIONAL LIBERATION" Soviet Union and of a fundamental "mellowing" are the product of the Communist doctrine of within the Soviet Union that a major war is im­ "peaceful coexistence"-the attempt to achieve possible? world domination by subversion and insurrection. If so, the storm has come and gone, and we can This is a doctrine of frustration, imposed, in part, indeed, as so many in our colleges and universities by the strategic aircraft and missiles of the U. S. are urging, set aoout converting tank production Air Force; in part by the ships, aircraft and sub­ lines to tractors. marines of the United States and Allied navies; in But if the evidence is that strong, why are not part by the U. S. Seventh Army-an Army of Ar­ some more definite words chosen than "probably" mor-and its Allied NATO formations in Europe, and "likely?" and in part by the increasing ability of the United The choice of words brings to mind a proposi­ States to deploy significant strategic reserve forces tion once put to the rabbit in Walt Kelly's comic without an appreciable interim period of training strip, "Pogo." and preparation. "It seems a shame," said one member of the In a sense, then, Armor already has exerted a swamp menagerie, "that those electric rabbits in significant influence on the course of the struggle Florida should be making all that money, and between freedom and Communism, by denying here you are a real live expert on rabbitin' an' all. Communism the most direct and overt path to its Why don't you go down there and get a job?" goal of world conquest. "Sounds good," said the rabbit, "but do those What now? dogs ever catch up with the rabbits?" That depends upon how one looks at those words "Oh no," said his erstwhile advisers, "the rabbits "probable" and "likely." almost never gets caught." Do they mean that the evidence is now so strong "That word 'almost,' " said the rabbit, "has an of a "detente" between the United States and the alarming ring <'f frequency." There need be but one exception to "likely" and "probably" to bring about the most desperate situa­ MAJOR WILLIAM V. KENNEDY, Armor, PARNG, served four years tion any generation of Americans ever has faced. as liaison ond Intelligence Office in Heodquarters, lst Squodron, 104th That exception could occur for precisely the same Armored Cavalry and as Commanding Officer, Troop 0, l04th Armored Cavalry (The Governor's Troop). He is a 1956 groduote of the Associate reasons that led Japan to attack the United States Compony Officers' Course of the Armor School and a 19S8 graduate in 1941-a belief that Communism has reached a of the Combat Intelligence Officers' Course at the Intelligence School. Major Kennedy is presently serving on active duty in the Public Affairs peak of power that it cannot expect to retain or Office of the Notional Guard Bureau, the Pentogon. regain, and that it is "now or never." 4 ARMOR-November-Oecember, 1965 In short, to accept the "likelihood" of a series a creature of the state and his own worst instincts, of small wars as a certainty that there can never or as a creature with an innate, and eternal dignity. again be a major war would be a gamble on the Only those who never have seen the consequences future of this Nation that no responsible official of military defeat, or who have forgotten the in­ or soldier can afford to take. tensity of the struggle man has waged for freedom In evaluating the role of Armor in the present down through the ages could believe that this issue world situation we are confronted with a second is "irrelevant," no matter what the cost of resolving set of "likelies" and "probables." it in favor of freedom. This is the assumption on the part of a great From all of this, it seems reasonable to conclude part of the press and almost all of the academi­ that the United States cannot proceed on the as­ cians now writing on national defense that a full­ sumption that a nuclear war is impossible, or that scale nuclear war would be over in a matter of such a war, if it does occur, will be limited to a days, that it would not involve substantial land predictable period of days, months or years, and to combat forces and that "winning" or "losing" a predictable type or level of forces. would be a matter of irrelevance. On the contrary, all of the evidence at hand This assumption is based on arithmetic, and points to massive land, sea and air combat from only arithmetic, i.e., th~ great powers now have the first moment of such a conflict, lasting until x number of megatons at their disposal; these fig­ one side or the other is no longer able to resist. ure out to y numbers of pounds TNT equivalent The Armor soldier is faced, therefore, with two per each man, woman and child alive, and that, major challenges: therefore, nuclear war is certain to be over in the a. The existence of Communist-inspired and time it takes both sides to salvo their weapons. directed "wars of national liberation," requir­ The charming simplicity of this theory not with­ ing only fragmentary Armor forces; standing, no man on earth can say with certainty b. The continued threat of a major nuclear that this would be, in fact the outcome of such a war, involving Armor forces on a scale exceed­ "nuclear exchange." It can be said with certainty, ing that of any war to date. however, that large numbers of human beings sub­ jected in past history to conditions of chaos and In regard to any form of conflict, it must be slaughter approximating those of nuclear catas­ recognized that Armor is a strategic rather than a trophe have shown a surprising capacity for re­ tactical arm, in the sense in which these two terms newing and continuing a struggle. currently are being used. The peoples involved in the Thirty Years War; This does not rule out the employment of Armor China during the chaotic years of the T'ai P'ing in a significant role in the smaller conflict, any more Revolt, the armies on the Western Front in World than such conflicts rule out use of the B-52 and War I, all demonstrated the ability of humans not other primafily "Strategic" weapons and weapons only to survive, but to carry on military activities delivery systems. that affected the future course of history. But this is not the primary role of Armor in the The most valid indicator of possible American present world situation, any more than dropping behavior in the face of a comparable situation lies high explosives ordnance is the primary role of the in the conduct of the Confederate States in 1864-65. B-52. A similarly useful indicator of the character of The primary role of both Armor and the Stra­ the Russian people and of those other Soviet peoples tegic Air Command is to deter a major war, if most closely related to, and allied with them lies that is possible, and to win such a war if deterrence in the history of World War II. fails, employing whatever combination of weapons In neither case was there the slightest indication may be necessary to complete that task in the short­ of a willingness to surrender until resistance had est time possible. been physically stamped out. In this, there is a closer correlation between Ar­ In both cases, the governments and the popula­ mor and the big bombers and missiles than most tions concerned demonstrated a willingness to sacri­ observers have recognized, or, more accurately, fice all that had been built up by all preceding have allowed themselves to admit. generations. In an intercontinental war, bombers and the long The issues involved in the present conflict are range missles can stun, disorganize and disrupt. certainly no less clear cut, and no less charged They cannot gain a lasting decision, one that will with emotion and personal and national interest change the course of history as effectively as did than those of the Civil War and the war on the the American and Allied occupation of Germany Eastern front. and Japan. The basic issue involved in the present conflict Armor alone is capable of making the rapid, is nothing less than the destiny of man, either as long-range penetrations that can give meaning to ARMOR-November-December, 1965 5 the destruction wrought by nuclear weapons. It is this versatility of the tank, mechanized in­ Armor alone offers the certainty of ending a fantry, artillery and airmobile elements contained nuclear war, because Armor alone offers the means in the modem Armor corps and army-level striking to seize and hold the strategic areas from which the force, joined in close concert with Strategic and enemy's nuclear weapons are coordinated, aimed Tactical air power that gives to American foreign and fired. policy the option of avoiding a direct attack on the To the extent that the Seventh Army and Allied society of the Communist nations. Armor formations in Europe and in strategic re­ Obviously, we must avoid such an attack, in the serve elsewhere are kept at or above their present event we ourselves are attacked, if we are to separate level of power and efficiency, the United States the peoples of these lands from the governments that and its Allies will be able to refrain from direct have been established over them by conspiracy, nuclear attack on populations and the economy usurpation and terror. that supports those populations. Inshort, Strategic andand TacticalTactical airair missilemissile powerpower All this is possible because Armor alone offers need not and must notnot bebe usedused toto attackattack thethe lifelife ofof the means to operate and to achieve meaningful thethe enemy nation itself.itself. Their primaryprimary purposepurpose mustmust strategic results in the land environment produced be toto disruptdisn~pt commandcommand andand control,control, communica-communica­ by a nuclear catastrophe. tionstions and transporttransport and toto gaingain absoluteabsolute airair su-su­ This environment will be identical to that en-en­ premacy. countered in Joint Exercise DESERT STRIKE, in Once this has been achieved, on oneone sideside oror thethe May 1964, regardless of the normal climate of the other, it will be possible forfor deep-striking ArmorArmor region involved. In this man-made desert, dis-dis­ formations toto seize theirtheir assigned strategicstrategic objec-objec­ mounted formations can survive only toto the extent tives. Upon thisthis will depend thethe outcomeoutcome ofof thethe that they are able to occupy high, difficult terrain. conflict-and with thatthat thethe future of mankind, inin Their effect on the armored forces that swirl around freedom or in slavery. them will be about the same as that produced by It can be concluded, therefore,therefore, thatthat thethe Armor isolated Japanese island garrisons by-passed during soldier must never allow his attention to be diverted World War II.11. from the transcending strategic rolerole occupied by Airborne forces in battalion strength can be a Armor in the present world conflict. valuable adjunct to operations of the Armor col-col­ This is not to say that he can ignore, or dis-dis­ umns. But, as in DESERT STRIKE, it is difficult count the importance of the “wars"wars of national lib-lib­ toto believe that they can be employed in larger than eration.”eration." Such conflicts threaten thethe world strategic battalion combinations. The susceptibility of troop position of the United States. Each is a microcosm and cargocargo aircraft operations to nuclear attack; the of the situation that will exist throughout Eurasia in lengthlength ofof timetime required toto marshal and execute the event of a total war. The methods being em-em­ largelarge airborne airborne operations; the likelihood of com­com- ployed to cope with them are substantially the same plete changeschanges inin the ground situation while the air­air- as those upon which the Armor commander must craftcraft areare enrouteenroute toto thethe drop zone; the extreme sen­sen- rely to secure his columns and his base areas against sitivitysitivity ofof suchsuch operations toto the slightest vagaries guerrilla attack. The airmobile forces involved are ofof weather,weather, and thethe almostalmost complete tacticaltactical naked­naked- the same as those the Armor commander must em-em­ nessness ofof air-droppedairdropped formationsformations in an armored and ploy forward and to the flanks of his mainmain. columns. mechanizedmechanized infantryinfantry engagementengagement all militate against So long as the use and employment of these forces operationsoperations thatthat depend depend forfor theirtheir successsuccess upon air­ air- is mentally fitted into the much greater panorama of droppeddropped troopstroops andand equipment.equipment. strategic Armor operations, such training and ex­ex- TheThe airair transporttransport nownow requiredrequired toto supportsupport large periep.ceperience is valuable. It could become an obstacle airborneairborne operations operations cancan bebe moremore profitably em­ em- were itit to lead to the conclusion that limited, dis­dis- ployedployed inin thethe logisticlogistic supportsupport ofof thethe more flexible mounted operations have now become the center andand moremore powerfulpowerful ArmorArmor strikingstriking forces.forces. For, in rather than the periphery of the Army'sArmy’s role in the thethe nuclearnuclear desert,desert, thesethese strikingstriking forcesforces must operate latterlatter half of the 20th Century. withoutwithout permanentpermanent landland logisticlogistic links.links. ForFor thethe same ThereThere is no escaping the reality of total indus­indus- reason,reason, combatcombat andand logisticlogistic groundground vehiclesvehicles alikealike trialtrial and mechanized warfare, even when such mustmust bebe ableable toto operateoperate overover vastvast areasareas where roads,roads, warfare is conducted by forces in being rather than towns,towns, farmlandfarmland andand forestforest havehave beenbeen reducedreduced toto by forces.forces inin action. Armor isis the land power ex­ex- aa commoncommon basebase ofof dust,dust, ashesashes and,and, inin badbad weather,weather, pressionpression of suchsuch warfare. mud.mud. IfIf allall this has come to be obscured in the public AirmobileAirmobile elementselements organicorganic toto thethe majormajor ArmorArmor mindmind by thethe concernsconcerns of more immediateimmediate emer­emer- formationsformations offeroffer muchmuch greater greater promisepromise ofof accom­accom- gencies,gencies, itit must not be soso obscured in the minds of plishingplishing thethe missionsmissions originallyoriginally assignedassigned toto air­air- thosethose whowho areare responsibleresponsible forfor thethe present and the droppeddropped forces.forces. futurefuture strength strength ofof Armor.Armor. 66 ARMOR-November-December,ARMOR-November-December, 1965 LEGEND OF FIDDLER '8 GREEN

By LIEUTENANT COLONEL PAUL M. CROSBY

According to The Cavalry Journal, the legend of Green, and forthwith told the story. Fiddler's Green "was inspired by a story told quite "He said that about halfway down the trail some time back by Captain 'Sammy' Pearson at to Hell, there was a broad meadow, dotted with a campfire in the Medicine Bow Mountains of trees and crossed by many streams (compara­ Wyoming. ble, I suppose, to the Elysian Fields), and "Having mentioned Fiddlers' Green and here all dead cavalrymen were camped, with found that no one appeared to have heard of their tents, horses, picket lines, and campfires, it, Pearson indignantly asserted that every good around which latter the souls of the dead cavalryman ought to know about Fiddlers' troopers gathered to exchange reminiscences and tell stories. There was also the old army canteen store (where liquor was sold), long LIEUTENANT COLONEL PAUL M. CROSBY, Armor, is a 1961 graduate since hounded from this mundane sphere by of the Command and General Stoff College, Fort Leavenworth, and is the zealous efforts of the W. C. T. U. presently assigned as senior Armor instructor at the Artillery and Missile School, Fort Sill, Oklahoma. "No other branches of the service might ARMOR-November-December, 1965 7 stop at Fiddlers' Green, but must continue no reveille, lots to eat all day long, plenty of the march straight through to Hell: Though shore duty, and everything is free. it was true that some troopers, feeling the call "There is such a place, restricted to sailors to eternal damnation, had packed their equip­ only. ment, mounted, and set out to continue their "Called Fiddler's Green, this ethereal para­ journey, none had ever reached the gates of dise is the sailor's traditional conception of Hell, but having finished up their liquor had heaven. Fiddler's Green is believed to be the returned to Fiddlers' Green. only heaven claimed by an occupational group "I have never heard any explanation of the as its own. name of this 'bivouac of the dead,' but I be­ "You never wait in line at this gay place, lieve, as Captain 'Sammy' Pearson said, that where eveything is strictly non-regulation. Here every good cavalryman ought to know about the main pastime is dancing with lovely ladies Fiddlers' Green."! and singing all day long. "Every good seaman hopes to go to this L. M. Limpus, in a World War II book about the happy land when he dies."6 Army, says: Membership at Fiddler's Green isn't restricted to "It is 'Pistol attack! Follow mel-followed sailors or soldiers or vagabonds. Vance Randolph by the leader's dash to victory or to the cavalry­ writes: man's proverbial resting place-'Fiddler's Green' "2 "My neighbors in the Ozarks don't believe in Purgatory and they never heard of Limbo, The view that Fiddler's Green is a figment of but many of them refer occasionally to Fid­ Cavalry tradition is supported by yet another source, dlers' Green, which is seven miles the other "Sound Off! Soldier Songs From Yankee Doodle side of Hell. This place was originally set aside to Parley Voo," which gives the words and music for fiddlers only, but later regulations admit for Fiddler's Green. The introduction reads: banjo-pickers and story-tellers and ballad "I am indebted to Lieutenant J. K. Mitchel, singers and other fellows with colorful accom­ Cavalry, for the words of this old cavalry plishments, even if they can't scrape the fiddle. song. In 1923 the Cavalry Journal published There are sailors and peddlers and tinkers in it as a poem, but the Cavalry Association did Fiddlers' Green, and a few cowpokes, and not know whether or not it had ever been maybe a thin scatterin' of old soldiers. Some sung. I finally secured the tune from Lieutenant people say that the dance-hall girls from West J. C. Hamilton, who told me that he heard it Hell are allowed to come over on Saturday sung by old officers of the Seventh Cavalry nights, but there is a divergence of opinion when he was a small boy. An old soldier states about thiS."7 that the song was a favorite with the Sixth A further blow to the tanker's pride, since Armor Cavalry forty years ago. It is clearly another is the legitimate and proud successor to the Cavalry, relic of frontier days and should be classed is the inconsistency in the venerable Cavalry Jour­ with 'The Wide Missouri' and the old Fourth nal: Cavalry song, 'Old Arizona.' ''3 "So when the cavalrymen die, their souls But is Fiddler's Green clearly a "relic of frontier ride away with full pack and arms down the days?" long dusty road to the Next World. But two Webster's Third New International Dictionary miles before the fork where the road turns defines Fiddlers' Green as "a heaven reserved for north to Heaven and south to Hell, they ride sailors or soldiers, especially cavalrymen."4 off the road and dismount. They lead off to the Confusion as to the meaning of the legend of right and past them march the infantry and Fiddler's Green is evident, however, if one consults the artillerymen drive their guns and caissons the second edition of Webster's and there reads that past, marching on to the fork of the Road to Fiddler's Green is "the imagined Elysian field of the Next World. *** And afar through the sailors and vagabond craftsmen, where credit is day and night, from the distant Road to the good and there is always a lass, a glass, and a song.":; Next World, comes the muffled tramp of the Neither soldier nor cavalryman is mentioned in this infantry and the rumbling of the guns (and of definition. late there has been the clangor of tanks and How did sailors and vagabonds get into the from overhead the hum of planes) marching picture? on to the South Fork of the Road to the Next All Hands, aU. S. Navy publication, offers sailors World."8 the following enticement: Thus there was a time when tankers, as well as "Imagine doing duty at a place where there's infantrymen, artillerymen, and aViators, were re- 8 ARMOR-November-December, 1965 quired to travel the South Fork leading to Hell. unable to discover the origins of many of the legends The Oxford English Dictionary says that Fiddler's and beliefs, but they are all undoubtedly very old, Green is a nautical term meaning "a sailor's elysium, probably going back to pagan times ..."16 Ernest in which wine, women and song figure promi­ K. Gann's novel is dedicated to "those rugged in­ nently."9 This famous reference work then lists these dividualists, the commercial fishermen." Except for sources of the term: an abbreviated definition of Fiddler's Green, which is very nearly the same as that found in Webster's "My grannan ... used to tell me that Second Edition, Gann's book contains nothing that animals, when they depart this life, were helps unravel the background of the legend. 17 destined to be fixed in Fidler's Green." (Sport­ It should be apparent at this point that the origin ing Magazine, XVI, p. 404, 1825). of the Fiddler's Green legend is uncertain. There is "It is ... believed that tailors and musicians no agreement among poets and writers as to what after death are cantoned in a place called creatures are privilege4 to go there. The list should 'Fiddler's Green.''' (W. H. Maxwell, Capt. include (in no particular order or rank) animals, Blake, v. I, XV, 1836). tailors, musicians, sailors, vagabond craftsmen, "We shape a course for Fiddler's Green." soldiers, cavalrymen, fiddlers, banjo-pickers, story­ (Marryat, Dog-fiend, 1837). tellers, ballad singers, tinkers, peddlers, cowpokes, "The pilotless narrows which lead to Fid­ and "souls ... too bad for Paradise and too charm­ dler's Green, where all good sailors go." (J. D. ing for hell." J. Kelly, Harper's Magazine, pp. 441-2, Aug., Even the spelling of the name of this legendary 1883). place varies from author to author. Is it Fiddlers Another early reference, Marryat's Snarley-Yow Green, Fiddler's Green, Fiddlers' Green, Fiddlers'­ (about 1837), gives this verse: Green, or Fidler's Green? There seems to be no doubt that Fiddler's Green "At Fiddler's Green, where seamen true, is an imaginary place, free of care, and that it is the When here they've done their duty, figment of very old legends. One of the oldest refer­ With bowl of grog shall still renew, ences to be found (1825) describes it as the place And pledge to love and beauty."lo where animals go when they die. Tailors and musi­ Definitions given in three encyclopedias show cians early occupied a place of honor, if the date how the definition of the term "Fiddler's Green" of the references is the only consideration. Other was expanded during the years from 1881 to 1955: fairly old sources mention sailors (of all ranks). Certainly, most references allude to the priority "A sailor's paradise, where dance houses given to seafarers. and kindred amusements abound."11 The earliest written source referring to the "A name given by sailors to their dance Cavalry is Colonel Stodter's verse, published in The houses and other places of frolic on shore; Cavalry Journal in 1923. Of the origin of the story sailors' paradise."12 and the introductory remarks in Dolph's book, "The Elysium of sailors; a land flowing with Colonel Stodter writes: rum and lime juice; a land of perpetual music, "I do claim authorship for the Cavalry ver­ mirth, dancing, drinking, and tobacco; a sort sion. It my recollection that I wrote the of Dixie Land ..."13 verses in 1910 or 1911 at Fort Russell (now Even the Canadians have their versions of the Ft. Warren) Wyoming, where my father ... origin of the legend. The dedication of Margaret was then stationed. I first heard the prose story Widdemer's poem, "Fiddlers' Green," is "for Anna, of Fiddler's Green as a place where all good who told me the story of the place 'where the souls Cavalrymen go when they die, from Captain do be going that was too bad for Paradise and too 'Sammy' Pearson, 9th Cavalry, over a campfire charming for Hell .. .' "14 in the Medicine Bow Mts. where he, my father, And Theodore G. Roberts, also a Canadian poet, and a Captain Love had taken their families on prefaces his "Fiddler's Green" with the claim that a hunting and fishing trip. We all gathered "at a place called Fiddler's Green, there do all around a central campfire in the evening and honest Mariners take their pleasure after death; and Captain Pearson asked if anyone knew where there are Admirals with their Ladies and Captains of Cavalrymen went when they died. No one did, lost voyages with the sweethearts of their youth, and Captain Pearson proceeded to enlighten and tarry-handed Sailormen singing in cottage us about Fiddler's Green. He was a good story gardens."15 teller and made the most of it. I was much im­ At least two books have the title "Fiddler's pressed and upon our return to the post I Green." Wetjen's book, although fictional, deals proceeded to put the story into verse. This with old legends of the sea. He writes: "I have been effort I sent into the Cavalry Journal where it ARMOR-November-December, 1965 9 was published, I believe, for the first time in And the hostiles come to get your scalp, some issue of the year 1911, as I remember. Just empty your canteen, Unfortunately I have been unable to find in And put your pistol to your head the Library of Congress the issue in which my And go to Fiddlers' Green. verse was first published ... "I bought the book Sound Off shortly after ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS AND REFERENCES publication and was most surprised at the Bibliographic assistance was provided by G. & C. introduction to Fiddler's Green. 1 had known Merriam Company, The Library of Congress, and The Lieutenants Mitchel and Hamilton at Fort Chief of Military History. Valuable assistance was also Riley, Kansas, 1928-1929, and had never furnished by Col. John H. Stodter (USA, Retired), heard of Fiddler's Green in verse, preced­ Brig. Gen. C. A. Symroski, and Mrs. Marjorie M. ing mine. It would indeed have been possible Nelson and the staff of the USAAMS Library, Fort Sill, that after publication in the Cavalry Journal Oklahoma. The music used with Col. Stodter's words is in 1911 old officers of the Seventh Cavalry from Dolph's book, "Sound Off." might have sung Fiddler's Green within Hamil­ 1. Stodter, John H. Fiddlers' Green and Other Cav­ ton's hearing while he was yet a boy. The rest alry Songs. In The Cavalry Journal, April, 1923, of the introduction appears to be mostly un­ pp. 196-197. founded supposition. 2. Limpus, Lowell M. How the Army Fights. (New "The story (not my verses) is doubtless very York. D. Appleton-Century Co., 1943). p. 162. old and I agree with you that Fiddler's Green 3. Dolph, Edward A. Sound Off: Soldier Songs from was probably first associated with sailors, along Yankee Doodle to Parley V00. (New Yark. with 'Davy Jones Locker' and other yams. Cosmopolitan Book Corporation, 1929). pp. 25, Unfortunately Captain Pearson never told us 26. where he got the story and I must have as­ 4. Webster's Third New International Dictionary. sumed that he made it up on the spot, for our (Springfield. G. & C. Merriam Co., 1961). p. 944. entertainment."18 5. Webster's New International Dictionary. 2nd edi­ tion. (Springfield. G. & C. Merriam Co., 1959). In the face of the foregoing information, the p.940. Cavalry and Armor have a very weak basis for 6. All Hands. (U. S. Navy publication, 1949). p. 51. any exclusive membership at Fiddler's Green. How­ 7. Randolph, Vance. We Always Lie to Strangers: ever, even those readers who agree with La Roche­ Tall Tales from the Ozarks. (New York. Columbia foucauld that "one of the tragedies of life is the University Press, 1951). murder of a beautiful theory by a brutal gang of 8. C. S. C. Fidler's Green in Prose. In The Cavalry facts" may enjoy Colonel Stodter's verse in full. Journal, January, 1925, p. 46. 9. The Oxford English Dictionary. (Oxford. Claren­ Halfway down the trail to Hell, don Press, 1933). Vol. IV, p. 189. In a shady meadow, green, 10. Farmer, J. S. and W. E. Henley. Slang and Its Are the Souls of all dead troopers camped Analogues, Past and Present. 1891. Near a good old-time canteen, 11. A Naval Encylopedia. (Philadelphia. L. R. And this eternal resting place Hamersly & Co., 1881). p. 276. Is known as Fiddlers' Green. 12. The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia. (New York. The Century Co., 1903). Vol. III, p. 2201. Marching past, straight through to Hell, 13. The Reader's Encylopedia. (New York. Thoma-s The Infantry are seen, Y. Crowell Co., 1955). p. 378. Accompanied by the Engineers, 14. Widdemer, Margaret. Fiddlers' Green. In Yester­ Artillery and Marine, day and Today, A Comparative Anthology, edited For none but the shades of Cavalrymen by Louis Untermeyer. (New York. Harcourt, Dismount at Fiddlers' Green. Brace and Company, 1926). 15. Roberts, Theodore G. Fiddler's Green. In Our Through some go curving down the trail Canadian Literature, chosen by Bliss Carman and To seek a wanner scene, Lome Pierce. (Toronto. The Ryerson Press, No trooper ever gets to Hell 1935). Ere he's emptied his canteen, 16. Wetjen, Albert R. Fiddlers' Green, or The Strange And so rides back to drink again Adventure of Tommy Lawn. A Tale of the Great With friends at Fiddlers' Green. Divide of the Sailormen. (Boston. Little, Brown and Co., 1931). p. xvi. And so when man and horse go down 17. Gann, Ernest K. Fiddler's Green. (New York. Beneath a saber keen, William Sloan Associates, Inc., 1950). Or in a roaring charge of fierce melee 18. Stodter, John H., Col., U. S. Army, Retired. Per­ YouYOU stopstop a bulletbullet clean, sonalsonal communication,CommumcatIon, 2523 AprilApnl 1965.lY63. 10 ARMOR-November-December,ARMORAovember-December, 1965 FIDDLERS' GREEN

Half- way down the trail to hell, In a

I am indebted to Lieutenant J. K. Mitchel, Cavalry, for the words of this old cavalry song. In 1923 the Cavalry Journal published it as a poem, but the Cavalry Association did not know whether or not it had ever been sung. I finally secured the shad - y mea - dow, green, the souls of all d~d tune from Lieutenant J. C. Hamil· ton, who told me that he had heard it sung by old officers of the Seventh Cavalry when he was a small boy. An old soldier states that the song was a favorite with the Sixth Cav. airy forty years ago. It is clearly another relic of frontier days and should be classed with "The Wide Missouri" and the old Fourth Cav· airy song, "Old Arizona." .... -.T ...... troop - ers camped Near a good old-time can - teen, :B:.- - -

Marching past, straight through to Hel1, The Infantry are seen, Accompanied by the Engineers, And this e - ter - nal rest - ing place known' as Fid- diers' Artil1ery and Marine, For none but the shades of Cavalrymen Dismount at Fiddlers' Green.

Though some go curving down the trail To seek a warmer scene, No trooper ever gets to Hel1 Ere he's emptied his canteen, (C~ of"'" _• ...z,) And so rides back to drink again With friends at Fiddlers' Green. Green. And put your pis- tol to your head And go to Fiddlers' Green. And so when man and horse go down Beneath a saber keen, Or in a roaring charge or fierce mClee You stop a bullet clean, nt. And the hostiles come to get your scalp, Just empty your canteen, And put your pistol to your head And go to Fiddlers' Green.

ARMOR-November-December, 1965 11 ·Tank Platoon

Combat Readiness Check

By CAPTAIN LEWIS M. TUGGLE

COMBAT READY - NOT using our present subjective scor- many commanders would reveal COMBAT READY - EXCEL­ ing for Tank Platoons. However, that they are of the opinion most LENT - SATISFACTORY­ all units have the equal responsi- of our training is lacking in UNSATISFACTORY. It is easy bility to achieve and maintain realistic combat situations, and to obtain a definition far these high standards of Combat Readi- there is a need for more field terms, but what do they actually ness. A failure of any item in training exercises. The distinct mean to unit commanders when Combat Readiness' is a serious possibility of future conflicts in­ evaluating a tank platoon's Com­ matter for a commander and dicates that nothing can be sub­ bat Readiness? Would a tank pla­ item(s) failed must receive im- stituted to obtain the best results toon rated Excellent in the 3d mediate remedial attention. from this training. To ensure Armored Division receive the rat­ The purpose of this article is highly effective Combat Readiness ing of Excellent for the same per-' to point out to the commanders which is the finished product we formance in the 4th Armored the need for objectively scoring achieve from all training, we must Division? It may, or it may not, individuals, tank crews, and tank have an effective system to detect platoons. This information will be and indicate to the commander based upon a Research Memo- specific weaknesses within his or­ CAPTAIN LEWIS M. TUGGLE, Armor, entered randum, "The Development and ganization. the service in 1945. He served with various units as an enlisted man and as a platoon Evaluation of the Tank Platoon Presently, commanders offer sergeant with the 3d Inlantry Division, Korea, Combat Readiness Check," pre- considerable debate over the ade­ during the Korean conflict. In 1955, he was commissioned, Armor, Irom the Inlantry School, pared by the U. S. Army Armor quacy and the reliability of the Fort Benning, Georgia. Upon graduating Human Research Unit (Hum- evaluation in the resulting scores Irom the Armor Officer Basic Course in 1956, RRO), Fort Knox, Kentucky. of our platoons tested. Often, the he was assigned to the lst Squadron, 11th Armored Cavalry Regiment, Germany, where Our present formal .platoon and unit is judged and scored as a he served as a platoon leader, troop executive company ATI's afford the com- whole. The duties and skills of in­ officer, maintenance officer, and troop com­ mander. He was assigned to the 3d Armored mander flexibility, however, they dividuals and tank crews are over­ Cavalry Regiment from 1960 to 1964, where lack comprehensiveness, objec- looked and not fully examined. he served as the lst Squadron Howitzer Battery Commander, Reconnaissance Troop Commander, tivity, and standardization. Too often when the individuals. Squadron S-2, and Regimental Headquarters Every year a great deal of and tank crews are evaluated, the Troop Commander. In 1964, he returned to CONUS and attended the Associate Armor money, time, and arduous effort evaluation is based on the opinion Officer Course. He is currently assigned as an is spent on training and annual of a scorer, with such subjective Armor Advisor to the Pennsylvania National Guard's 104th Armored Cavalry Regiment. training tests. A discussion with remarks as, "range card improp- 12 ARMOR-November-December, 1965 erly prepared," "radio proce­ dividual order phase (day), and cy(s). He will be checked on dure inadequate," etc. These re­ covers the following operations: proper procedure for each set(s) . marks are not specific and offer This accomplished, the gunner a. Before-operations main­ little to a retraining program. and loader will be required to tenance and stowage checks. check in to the tank commander. It is most difficult to assign ad­ b. Communications and They will be checked on proce­ ditional weight to items without at-halt maintenance checks. dure such as Control Box switch established criteria as to their c. Selection and occupa­ to INT position" volume adjusted importance. Fully recognizing tion of a firing position. properly, etc. that some items of individual d. Preparation of a range duties, tank crew'duties, and pla­ card. Once the crew members have toon actions are more important e. Preparation of the in­ completed the communications than others, we must also recog­ dividual tank to withstand a check, they will be sent to a posi­ nize that all items of individual friendly nuclear burst. tion out of sight. Each member duties, tank crew duties, and pla­ f. Cross-country move­ will then be called back individ­ toon actions have their impor­ ment 'using a strip map. ually to perfoJ;lIl an at-halt main­ tance. All items reveal their im­ g. Range firing (main gun, tenance check. When the crew portance only when they are coaxial, and caliber .50 ma­ has finished the check, the tank needed to properly complete a chineguns) at simulated commander will be given location situation. The platoon is only as targets. and told to move to Station 3. strong as its weakest individual h. After-operations main­ Station 3: At Station 3, the or crew. This weak link must be tenance checks. tank commander will be assigned detected and isolated so imme­ the area of responsibility for a diate remedial action may be To perform Phase I, it is di­ firing position. The tank. com­ taken. vided into four stations. Stations mander will be given 5 minutes to Subjectively scoring these items will be separated and out of sight select and prepare his primary . of individual duties, tank crew of one another. position. After the primary posi­ duties, and platoon tasks when Station l: This is the assembly tion has been scored, the tank differentially weighed only broad­ area, where the test begins. Here, commander will be required to ens this opinion margin of scorers before-operations maintenance select and point out his alternate in evaluating Combat Readiness. checks and stowage will be tested. position. He will not be required Armor Doctrine and concepts The driver, loader, and gunner to mo\te the tank. have moved toward combining of the tank crew will be taken to The next requirement at this the platoon and company annual the tank individually and be re­ statIon will be the preparation of . trainin'g tests. The writer agrees quired to perform liis duties of a range card. The tank com­ with this doctrine and concept; before-operations maintenance. mander and gunner will be scored however, he is of the opinion that The tank commander may be separately on each one's responsi­ a high standard of Combat Readi­ present to observe, however, he bility in preparing the range card. ness must be obtained before will not be allowed to supervise . After the range card has been combined platoon/company train­ or make corrections.. completed and scored, the tank ing begins. With the tank platoon After the before-operations commander will be ordered to being the basic combat element check, the gunner, loader, and prepare for a nuclear blast· that within our Armor units, we must driver will pe checked on OEM will have an effect on his position. concentrate lind ensure that high stowage. Each crewman will be Also, he will be given 5 minutes standards of Combat Readiness required to show or tell the scorer to prepare for the detonation. are maintained. where the items of OEM for When the crew has been scored The Tank Platoon Combat which he is responsible are stowed on the preparation for the nuclear Readiness Check evaluated by on the tank. As an example, the detonation, Station 3 will be HumRRO will ensure that' this gunner will show.or tell the scorer completed. The tank commander high standard of Combat Readi­ the location of the elevation will be given a strip map and ness has been obtained and will guadrant, flashlight, lens tissue, ordered to move to Station 4. The point directly at the specific etc. Check sheets win conform to tank commander will be scored weaknesses of the individuals and unit SOP stowage plan and ve­ on his actions. The driver will be tank crews. To evaluate the skills hicle OEM. scored on his driving ability to and duties as individuals, as a Station 2: Here the communi­ negotiate obstacles and rough ter­ tank crew, and as a platoon, the cations check and at-halt main­ rain properly. test is divided in three phases. tenance will be tested. Have the Station 4: This station will be Phase I of the test is the in­ loader put the radio set into located on a range which will ac­ dividual crew member and in- operation on prescribed frequen- commodate firing all weapons. ARMOR-November-December, 1965 13

, The crew will be required to per­ Here the tank commander will "GUNNER form the prepare-to-fire checks. be given a sketch of the area of Item Weight Score Each crew member will be called responsibility showing two desig­ 1. Index HE on the Com- nated target areas. The crew will puter . upon to perform his portion indi­ 2. Lay on the REFER- vidually, only calling upon other be given illumination and be re­ ENCE POINT 1 members when their assistance is quired to prepare a range card. 3. Zero the azimuth in- When the range card has been dicator . required for the individual to 4. Request the range to complete his portion of the be­ prepared, it will be checked by Target A, or was it fore-firing check. the OIC to ensure that it is with­ given by the TC? . 5. Set range on computer? When the tank crew has com­ in firing limits of the range. Then 6. Record (or announce to pleted the before-firing check, it the OIC will inform the tank TC) the correct deflec- will be issued ammunition to zero commander that the aggressor is tion (R or L)? . 7. Record (or announce the main gun, coaxial, and caliber approaching through target 1 to TC) the correct .50 machineguns. When zeroing and that the tank will fire five elevation (+ or -)? .. is completed, a required exercise rounds. When the ammunition 8. Record (or announce to TC) correct range? will be fired using the main gun. has been expended on target 1, 9. Request range to Tar­ Upon completion of the main gun the tank commander will be in­ get B, or was it given exercise, the crew will fire a cali­ formed that aggressor armor ve­ by the TC? 1 10. Record (or announce ber .50 and coaxial exercise on a hicles are in the vicinity of target to TC) the correct de- moving tank course. This exercise 2. He will be informed that he has flection (R or L)? . available three rounds of ammuni­ 11. Record (or announce completes Phase 1. to TC) the correct Phase IT is the individual tank tion. He will use only the am­ elevation (+ or -)? .. crew phase (night) and covers munition required to obtain target 12. Record (or announce destruction. He has two illuminat­ to TC) correct range? 1 the following operations: 13. Was all data entered ing flares available to use upon on the range card? . a. A night movement a­ his command. 14. Was Target A shown long paved roads and cross­ on the range card as On completion of firing the A? 1 country using partial and armored vehicle exercise, the tank complete blackout (includ­ 15. Was Target B shown will fire a coaxial and caliber .50 on the range card as ing the use of infrared driv­ machinegun exercise. In this ex­ B? . ing equipment). 16. Was the tank position ercise, the tank commander will shown on the range b. Preparation of range be informed of two aggressor card? . cards using flares. teams approaching his position. 17. Was the range shown c. Repelling an aggressor as 'Rg __'? . The tank commander may have 18. Was the quadrant ele­ night attack using live am­ two flares upon his command. vation shown as (QE+ __ or - __)1.. munition and all tank weap­ However, he will gain points if he ons and flare illumination. 19. Was the deflection r needs only one. This exercise shown as 'Defl~__ Phase II will begin by the issu- completes Phase II. (R or L)'? . 20. Was a straight line ing of a strip map to the tank Phase III of the test is the tank drawn from the tank commander. The strip map will platoon phase (day and night) to Target A? . and consists of the following: 21. Was a straight line include the route, no light lines, drawn from the tank blackout distance, cross-country a. Night movement to an to Target B?" (l :30) .. using infrared equipment, cross­ assembly area and attack Extract, Phase II. Night Movement country blackout, and location of position. Using Infrared Equipment (Cross­ a firing position. This march will b. Occupation of the as­ Country) : be made without the assistance of sembly area. "I. The infrared equip­ guide, directional arrows, or other ment was not turned An extract will now be shown on too soon. 1 __ artificial direction devices. 2. The tank was on the Upon arriving at the designated from each phase of the test. The infrared trail when the location, the tank commander will scorer scores one (l) point if equipment was turned the item was performed; a zero on . select and occupy the best avail­ 3. The tank commander able position. If the tank position if the item was not performed. assigned specific duties selected needs to be adjusted The score sheet offers little or no to the gunner. . margin for opinion. The check 4. The gunner performed before crew can fire tank for his assigned duties . safety reasons, the Officer in sheets may be modified to con­ 5. The TC assigned spe­ Charge (OIC) will direct the form to the unit's equipment. cific duties to the driver. 6. The driver performed tank commander to make neces­ Extract, Phase I, Range Card his assigned duties . sary adjustments. Preparation: 7. The TC assigned spe- 14 ARMOR-November-December, 1965 cific duties to the loader. 1 6. The platoon leader des­ their continued state of 8. The loader performed ignated specific targets combat readiness...... 1 his assigned duties. 1 for the base-of-fire 20. The platoon took up 9. The tank did not at any tanks. 1 positions on the far time follow the wrong 7. The platoon leader at­ side of the objective. .. 1 route. I tacked by bounds. .... 1 21. Each tank had one 10. The TC (or crew 8. The platoon used AL­ crew member designat­ member) located a de- TERNATING, SUC­ ed as AIR ALERT pression. . . OESSIVE bounds. observer. (If this duty 11. The TC (or crew (Select one) 1 was previously as- member) located the 9. The maneuvering ele­ signed, give credit.) .... 1 __ specific depression. 1 ment used the avail­ 22. The people designated 12. The TC (or crew mem­ able cover and con- as AIR ALERT ob­ ber) recognized the cealment. 1 servers actually did the depression as the spe- 10. The base of fire joined job; that is, they stayed cified depression . the maneuvering ele­ on the tank and ob- 13. No member of the ment in the assault. .... 1 served 1 __ crew used an unfiltered 11. The tanks participat­ 23. All tank commanders light, in violation of ing in the assault reconnoitered for, and the SOP . covered the objective selected, alternate posi- 14. No member of the with area fire. 1 __ tions. . . crew lighted a match 12. The platoon leader re­ 24. An attempt was made or cigarette lighter in ported seeing aggressor to camouflage the violation of the SOP... 1 tanks on the objective, tanks. . 1 15. No crew member to the OIC. 1 __ 25. The platoon leader smoked 1 13. The platoon leader knew what his mission ordered the base of fire was while on the ob­ NOTE: Items 10 through 12 should to shift its fire (or to jective. (The scorer be modified to reflect the CEASE FIRE) when will ask.) 1 __ actual physical reference the maneuvering ele­ 26. All TC's knew the pla­ points in the local terrain ment began the as- toon's mission while complex." (l:63) sault. 1 __ on the objective. (The Extract,. Phase III, Attack of the 14. The platoon leader or­ scorer will ask.) 1 Second Objective: dered the base of fire to join the maneuver­ NOTE: Mission is to be the base of "I. All tank commanders ing element on the ob- fire for the company attack." traversed their gun jective. 1 __ tubes toward the ent:.my. 1 __ IS. The platoon leader Using check sheets prepared in NOTE: Deletion of inappropriate positioned his tank on detail and objectively scoring the questions will not affect the the objective, so he test, we isolate and identify the total score. ... could best control all the tanks in his platoon. specific weaknesses and areas 2. The platoon attacked 16. Each tank took up a where additional training is re­ the platoon objective in defensive firing posi­ LINE, WEDGE, ECH­ tion when the assault quired for the individuals, tank ELON, COLUMN was completed. 1 crews, and platoons to be combat formation. (Selectone.) 1 __ 17. The platoon leader des­ ready. 3. The platoon leader set ignated areas of re­ up a base of fire and sponsibility for each Once the commander is aware a maneuvering element tank to observe for of these specific weaknesses and when fired on. 1 enemy counterattack. 1 areas, it is a simple task for 4. The platoon leader des­ 18. The platoon leader re­ ignated the route of ported the seizing of him to accomplish this addi­ maneuver. . the objective to the tional training ill the minimum 5. The platoon leader des­ OIC 1 __ time. Now we will have achieved ignated areas of fire 19. The platoon leader re­ our ultimate goal-COMBAT for the base-of-fire quested a report from tanks 1 each tank regarding READY.

PROSPECTIVE AUTHORS

It is requested that all officers and enlisted men on active duty, National Guardsmen, and Reservists, forwarding articles to AR­ MOR with a view toward publication, submit their articles in triplicate, double spaced, with a minimum margin on each side of at least an inch and a half. One copy of all articles submitted for clearance is retained by Security Review, Department of Defense.

ARMOR-November-December, 1965 15 Notes Frolll Armor Branch Chief

ARMOR BRANCH

Chief Colonel Morgan G. Roseborough PH-OX 68502 I I I I Personnel Actions Administration Assignment Section & Education Section Section PH - OX 71210 PH - OX 68507 OX 68529 PH - OX 68756

Section Chief and Deputy Section Chief Section Chief Branch Chief Lt Colonel Charles L Phillips Miss Edna M. Bayless Lt Colonel Robert J. Baer Overseas field grade Personnel Actions assignments Major Jack W. Nielsen Major Thomas P. Lynch Major John P. Prillaman Overseas company grade Military and Civilian assignments Education Major Walter F. Ulmer Major Earle L. Denton CONUS field grade Major George L. Bernard assignments Major J. Godfrey Crowe CONUS company grade assignments Major Richard A. Miller

PREFERENCE STATEMENT

1. All officers are encouraged to review their preference state­ S. Recent developments in the world situation have made it ment and to ensure they are up-to-date. necessary for Armor Branch to contact officers at home and in a 2. Officers who are overseas are reminded that they should leave or travel status. Therefore, all officers should include the submit a new preference statement approximately nine months following infonnation on their preference statements: Duty and prior to their return to the United States. home telephone numbers and their leave address and telephone number, if known, or the name of the individual in which tele­ 3. Upon return to CONUS, a new preference statement should phone number would be registered. be completed and forwarded to Department of the Army not later than 90 days after arrival on your new duty station. 6. Officers on unaccompanied tours should list the address and 4. All preference statements should be filled out completely telephone number of their dependents. showing both principle choices of duty and geographical area. A general order of preferences for all CONUS Anny areas and 7. Number of dependents and personal desires should be overseas theaters should be established. listed under personal considerations.

16 ARMOR-November-December, 1965 THE NEEDED MAN By ARMOR BRANCH

THE RETENTION of young officers on active views, invited his junior officers to participate in a duty beyond their periods of obligated service con­ seminar to discuss the pros and cons of an Army tinues to be a matter of utmost importance to the career. This seminar was held in an informal at­ Army. Many studies have been made of the situation, mosphere in an attempt to allow each young officer and many programs initiated, still much remains to to freely express his personal views. This discussion be done by all if the quality and quantity of the was profitable. The young officers appreciated the officer corps is to maintain pace with ever increasing opportunity to be heard and the commander acquired demands being placed upon it by the events of our a better insight into the problems of his officers and time. in some cases was able to dispel doubts and clear up Each year many talented young officers join the misconceptions. After listening to their young officers' ranks of Armor. We must encourage those who are views, many other commanders have suggested and qualified to remain in the service in an indefinite adopted some of the following practices aimed at status, and integrate the best of them into the Reg­ increased retention. We feel they are worthy of your ular Army. Concurrently, we must make every effort consideration: to retain the young Regular Army officer. It is only a. Attempt to lessen pressures by providing as a result of such efforts that we can assure a compensatory time and requiring that periodic quality corps of Armor officers to meet the chal­ leaves be taken. lenges which we face. An analysis of the reasons for resignation or dec­ b. Revise policies which may tend to degrade lination of extension submitted by junior officers dignity. For example, PX and club check cashing over several years discloses that lack of job satisfaction policies, post clearances, business practices of is the predominant factor in their decisions. Other concessionaires, automobile registration, and as­ reasons commonly cited are lack of family stability signment of quarters procedures. (including housing and separations) , dissatisfaction c. Curtailment of command emphasis of in­ with the quality of their superiors, the handicap to a voluntary contributions to permit a net increase career as a result of an unfavorable efficiency report, in take home pay. This is not to be confused with and inadequate pay. Most of these objections have command emphasis on meeting one's moral ob­ been isolated and discussed in realistic detail in DA ligations to society and his community. Pamphlet 600-4, Commander's Guide for Career d. Expediting personnel actions. Counselling. As discussed in the pamphlet the reasons e. Establishment of a formal program of fam­ given the Army by those leaving the service are those ily services, and publication of periodic news­ which appear to be the most acceptable. They may letters to keep the distaff side informed of or may not be the real reasons for leaving. policies, social opportunities, and other material It is recognized that many of the areas of indicated of current interest designed to satisfy their needs. dissatisfaction would require action by agencies at f. Rapid identification and separation of of­ the highest levels to eliminate. However, we believe ficers who do not show the promise of meeting that our mutual interest and endeavors can do much the highest standards of integrity, duty, personal to improve the picture and it is to this end that morality, social, and physical demeanor. these remarks are being directed. Armor Branch op­ erations have -been tailored to give officers the per­ g. Consideration of the financial obligation sonalized attention they can justifiably expect. We to be incurred by officers when selecting the type carefully consider personal problems in making as­ and frequency of command social functions. signments; counsel officers through visits, by letters h. Selection of those exceptional officers for and by telephone; identify potential RA officers for command positions who will take the time to consideration by commanders; write numerous letters train their subordinates. encouraging officers to improve their performance and i. Insure that officers are not selected for de­ qualifications; and publicize retention efforts in ar­ tails or extra duties which debase their rank and ticles such as this. The real key to retention, however, position. On the other hand, the importance of has been, and will continue to be, the commander an essential job that lacks glamor should never who is in daily contact with the young officer. DA be played down. The officer who understands Pamphlet 600-4, Commander's Guide for Career that his success will be geared to how he performs Counselling has been prepared to assist the com­ an assigned task rather than what that task may mander in presenting to the young officer a factual, be is frequently the producer of outstanding re­ logical, and objective evaluation of a military career. sults. When combined with the commander's imagination, These are positive actions which have been im­ knowledge, and personal experience it is an excep­ plemented by commanders in various degrees that tional retention tool. Above all, it deals directly with we believe have been responsible for the retention of the reasons given for leaving the service by acknowl­ some young officers. They are by no means a com­ edging those areas requiring improvement, but at the plete solution to the problem, but they do consider same time emphasizing the Army's strengths. One the young officer's criticisms and are a step in the squadron commander, in addition to personal inter- proper direction to retention of the needed man. ARMOR-November-December, 1965 17 Mechanized Infantry Live Fire By MAJOR GEORGE B. BARTEL Course

A LIVE FIRE COURSE for mechanized infantry struction jobs in recent Fort Hood history. Anxious squads has been developed at Fort Hood. The to complete the course before the start of the tactical course is designed primarily to train squads to apply training season, Colonel Whitley organized a task their fire power from a moving personnel carrier. force and led it into action. The 1/50th Infantry The "Mechanized Infantry Squad Combat Profi­ provided the plan and the labor force; the 2d ciency Course" is the brain child of Colonel Arthur Armored Division's 17th Engineer Battalion pro­ N. Whitley, CO, 3d Brigade, 2d Armored Division, vided heavy equipment and technical assistance. who conceived the idea while serving with the Army The Post G-3, Engineer, Ordnance Officer, Range Concept Team in Vietnam. While serving there he Officer and Signal Officer rounded out the team. watched Vietnamese Cavalry Squadrons employ the The whole job took about a month and a sizable PC effectively as a fighting vehicle, firing rifles, portion of this time was required by Post Ordnance M79's, AR's and LMG's from the M-l13 while it to build a power take-off for the moving target moved across the rice paddies of the Mekong Delta. motor. The course is simple in design and was built Upon his return to the U. S. and subsequent at minimum expense. M-59 Carrier hulls were used assignment to the 2d Armored Division Colonel for bunkers and hard targets. Most of the remain­ Whitley decided to test the feasibility of a range to ing targets are "E" silhouettes. The result of this train the U. S. Mech Infantryman to fight from this concentrated team effort is illustrated in Figure 1. vehicle before he gets into combat situations. Colonel Whitley, at the outset, had provided specific The 3d Brigade's Mechanized Battalion, 1/50th guidance to his range task force. This guidance is Infantry, received the project. The CO, Lt. Col. F. summarized as follows: E. Shelton and his S3, Captain N. Wilderson, de­ 1. Each man must fire his weapon from the veloped a trial exercise at Fort Hood's Tank Table carrier at least twice, including the M-60 Vill. A wet run demonstration was given for tactical machinegun. . unit commanders of the 2d Armored Division which resulted in approval of the concept by the Com­ 2. The majority of targets will be engaged manding General. while the carrier is moving. The big problem was to find ground suitable for 3. Targets must be engaged from both sides the course where squads could run year-round and of the moving carrier. not interfere with other Fort Hood range operations. 4. A ground moving target must be pro­ The Post Range Officer, Lt. Col. T. D. Woodley vided for the OEM .50 cal. machinegun. solved this. problem. He provided an ideal piece of 5. A moving aerial target must be provided ground between West Range Road and the junction for the OEM cal. .50 machinegun. of House and Cowhouse Creeks, the site of aban­ 6. An ambush situation in close terrain doned Close Combat Range # 1. must be provided. Then followed one of the most rapid range con- 7. The course must include a dismounted phase in which the squad deploys from the

MAJOR GEORGE B. BARTEL, Infantry, is a 1952 graduate of the U. S. carrier, maneuvers against and assaults an Military Academy. He attended the Basic Infantry Officer Course and objective. Airborne School Fort Benning, 1952-1953 and the Advanced Infantry Officer Course, 1958·1959. Major Bartel held various ,positions with the The rifle squads from Colonel Shelton's 50th lst' ' Infantry'-'--tV Division, was Sector Advisor, MAAG, Vietnam, and isis currently 5-3, 3d Brigade,higade, 2d Armored Division, Fort Hood, Texas. Infantry ran thethi course first to develop range opera- 18 ARMOR-November-December, 1965 tion procedure and to refine the- scoring system. It Figure 2 was decided early that the best results would be obtained by creating competition among squads. SCORE SHEET UNIT _ The score sheet and Crew Classification developed SQUAD LEADER from this experience is shown in Figure 2. (Sqd IPit ICol Bn) The combat proficiency course, as built, satisfies DATE _ all these requirements. For detailed description of the course see Figure 3. Exercise WPNS/RDS Items and Possible Points Score Was the squad fully equipped and prepared for combat! 200 During early trial runs by the 50th Infantry, t. Moving Truck I cal. .50150 Open fire within 15 Chief Examiner Sergeant William B. Walsh of (PC stationary, fire 10 sec to front) Completed within 5 Hq. and Hq. Co. provided some refinements and 60 sec additional polish to the course plan. He noted that Fire Control 20· __ Target hits (sensed 70 the performance of squads was directly propor­ by Examiner) tional to the effectiveness of the squad leaders. Total Possible 110 Thus the high number of points allocated to prep­ 2. Aircraft (PC 1 cal. 50150 Opened fire within 15 stationary, fire 10 sec aration of the squad and control by the leader to front) Completed within 5 during the individual exercises. Walsh also de­ 60 sec Fire Control 20 veloped the standard positions for squad members Target destroyed 50 in the carrier hatch. Figure 4. Other firers rotate (Balloon bursts) to these positions as the carrier travels between Total Possible 90 3. Troops (PC 1-7.62MG/I00 Opened lire within 15 firing points. It was found that no more than two moving, fire to I-M·14E2140 5 sec men could fire comfortably (and thus, effectively) right side) Completed within 5 from one side of the hatch. Therefore, no more than 30 sec Fire commands & con'l 20 two weapons are scored for any of the moving car­ Fire distribution & 100 rier exercises. accuracy (5 points per silhouelle hit Several solutions were available for firing the plus I point per hit M-60 from the carrier hatch. A soldier from the not to exceed 5) Total Possible 140 1/50th Infantry fabricated a device which fits into 4. Troops (PC 2 M-79GL/6 Opened fire within 15 either of the antenna bases located adjacent to the moving, fire to 5 sec left side) Completed within 5 30 sec Fire commands & con'l 20 Fire distribution and 30 accuracy (sensed by examiner) T-IO Total Possible 70 @ TGT WPN RANGE 5. Troops (PC 2 M-14/40 Opened fire within 15 ,,"! T-1 SO CAL 700 meterS moving, fire to 5 sec :: T-ll T-2 50 CAL 600 meters right side) : i t:"""':J 1-3 M-60 400 meters Completed within 5 I• ~ M-14E2 45 sec 200 meters 300me1ers Fire commands & con'l 20 /<::::~~~~:\ ~1 (2)2~iL 250 meters Fire distribution & 60 ",' ,, M 300 meters accuracy (5 points ,,'" a T-9 I,I T-7 ·79 250 meterS 10 meters per target hit plus /",/ ,...,~~ :"'j T-8 ~:~~E2 ,, ,I 10 meters 1 point per target ," P-9 'J' T-SA M-l4 10 meters hit not to exceed 5) ,I II M-14E2 10 meters Total POSSible 100 :' ,/ // :T-8~)..' f! 1-9 50 CAL 50 meters ,I , \ T-l0 50 CAL 750 meters t 6. Troops (PC ,•,• I' P-8-A•','J I T-11 (6)M-14 200 meters 1-7.62MG/l00 Opened fire within 15 :: ~,T-800 ,I: : (2)M-14E2 moving, fire to I-M-14E2I40 10 sec I , I (2)M-79 right side) ~ I '..... ;I}.':I' Completed within 5 45 sec \\- -- :~f LEGEND ~WER Fire commands & con'l 20 \\ T-7 T-6/ ! 8 Fire distribution & 100 \' 0 0 I 1I P-l0 fiRING POINT ," : 11-5 T.10 TGT POINT accuracy (5 points \\ p.] :i:O~-'-'l. ~ DEMO PIT per silhouelle hit \" ". -1;t..-~ ROAD BLOCK plus 1 point per hit \\ I: a MOVING TGT not to exceed 5) "\ P-6 "I" T.3 -- RETURN ROUTE \, ,I T-4 t8I BRIEfING ANO Total Possible 140 "" I I 0 DEBRIEFING AREA '\ '\ / \1,. r-: AMBUSH AREA 7. Troops (PC 2 M-79 GL/6 Opened fire within "' ' -~ 15 '\ .. _ ...... _--.. ..- moving, fire to 5 sec /1.,\ '" ,/ J,/ _...... leff side) Completed within 5 30 sec ./.t' :: ,'1'" .. '''', I' I '" • Fire commands & con'l 20 N ~ -.::::-- I .'L/' ..... " Fire distribution and 30 7:s., R. ' ;. P·1 "\ '.4NC ::-0 '. accuracy (sensed APPROX_ SCALE, I: Ro A :::--.,.. ~: t8:I by examiner) 1 IN 3(0)K' ,.,D ...... ;: / Total Possible 70 '/~ 8 & 8a. Ambush I M-14E2I20 Returned fire im- 30 (PC moving, fire to I M-14120 mediately after left side then right explosion Figure 1 side) Fire commands & con'l 20 ARMOR"':""November-December, 1965 19 Exercise WPIlS/RDS Items and Possible Points Score are two each Safety Officers, Safety NCO's, exam­ Fire distribution & 100 iners and scorers so that succeeding squads can accuracy (5 points per silhouette hit commence their runs without delay. plus 1 point per hit Uniformity of scoring will be best achieved by not to exceed 5) Total Possible 150 retaining the same examiners for all the squads of 9. Iloadblock (PC 1 cal. .50/.30 Ileturned fire im- 30 a battalion. Some targets are scored by examiner Halted) mediately after sensings and other scoring points, such as those for explosion Target hits (max 15 Exercise 11, would be rated differently by different of 5) graders. Squad rapidly and 35 properly dismounted and deployed Iloadblock rapidly and 35 properly bypassed Figure 3 Total Possible 115 SEQUENCE OF ACTIONS 10. (PC Halted) 1 cal. 50/100 Opened fire within 15 10 sec Completed with 5 1. General 30 sec Fire command & con'l 20 a. Preparations for negotlatmg the course will Fire distribution and 100 be made before the unit assembles in the bleachers accuracy (sensed by examiner) for the Chief Controller's orientation except that Total Possible 140 weapons will not be loaded. All weapons will be II. Assault of bunker 5-M-14/100 Squad rapidly and 30 test fired at firing point 1 before ~tarting exercises. 2-M-14E2I80 properly dismounted b. Conduct of Course. 2-M-79 Gl/6 and deployed Prac gren/5 Proper formation & 30 ( 1) Exercise 1. PC Halted (Moving Panel­ dispersi.on cal. .50). Time will start when panel moves. Tele­ Effective fire and 40 phone order to target operator given by Chief Con­ movement! assault fire Consolidation & 30 troller on signal from Examiner. Examiner senses reorganization target hits. Upon completion the PC moves to Total Possible 130 point 2. 50 rds cal. .50 Grand Total Possible 1455 Total Score (2) Exercise 2. PC Halted (Aerial target (balloon towed by moving target trolley) cal. .50). Minimum Satisfactory Score-945 Time will start when balloon appears. Telephone order to target operator given by Chief Controller Examiner Officer In Charge on signal from Examiner. Safety NCO will establish NOTES: CIlEW CLASSIFICATION SCOIlE positive control to insure target is engaged only Total Possible ...... •....•...... 1455 between safety panels. Upon completion PC moves Expert ...... •.•...... 1200 Sharpshooler ...•...... ••...... 1090 to 3. Marksman •.•...... 945 50 rds cal. .50 Unqualified Below 945 (3) Exercise 3. PC Moving (Troops (10 carrier hatch. Figure 4. Or the machinegun can be silhouettes)- engaged by 7.62 MG and one AR fired from the tripod with legs strapped to the car­ firing from right side of PC). Time starts when rier. A third, less desirable solution is to fire using green disc reached. Scorer computes score. the bipod. 100 rds 7.62 MG The moving aerial target consists of a helium 40 rds AR filled balloon tied to the moving target trolley. This (4) Exercise 4. PC Moving (Troops (10 target appeared at first to be a formidable challenge silhouettes) engaged by 2 M79 Grenade Launchers to the squad leader, but after practice the .50 cal. from left side of PC). Time starts when green disc gunners of the 1/50th Infantry achieved excellent is reached. Score sensed by Examiner. results in hitting the simulated helicopter. 3 rds ea GL It was found to be unproductive to run squads (5) Exercise 5. PC Moving (Troops (6 sil­ through this course "cold." Initial runs indicated houettes in two groups of 3 each) engaged by 2 best results would be obtained by providing for M-14's firing from right side of PC). Time starts one dry run, one live exercise for practice and one when green disc is reached. Scorer computes score. record run. Trial runs showed that this amount of 20 rds ea M-14 practice caused dramatic improvement in squad (6) Exercise 6. PC Moving (Troops (5 sil­ scores. To allow two wet runs ammunition require­ houettes at 400 meters-7.62 MG, silhouettes at ments (Figure 5) must be multiplied by 2 for each 250 meters-AR). Fire from right side of PC). squad. Time starts when green disc is reached. Scorer Figure 6 illustrates the course control plan. There computes score. 20 ARMOR-November-December, 1965 100 rds 7.62 MG Safety measures on this course must be strict and 40 rds AR must be enforced. Movement in the hatch-way with (7) Exercise 7. PC Moving (Troops (10 loaded weapons in a moving carrier is obviously silhouettes)-engaded by M79 grenade launchers dangerous. The 1/50th Infantry developed an ex­ from left side of PC). Time starts when green disc pedient seat for mounting on the open hatch cover is reached. Score sensed by Examiner. which accomodates the Examiner and the Safety 3 rds ea GL NCO. From here, without getting in the way of the (8) Exercise 8 & 8a. PC Moving (Ambush squad, the Safety NCO can enforce rules and the (10 silhouettes in 2 groups of 5 each)----engaged by Examiner can concentrate on evaluating the squad's 1 M-14E2 and 1 M-14 first from the left then from performance. right side of PC). Demolition detonated by trip The Mechanized Infantry Squad Combat Pro­ wire or safety officer fires demolition 1 at 1st green ficiency Course is a basically simple exercise run disc and 2d demolition at 2d green disc. Time starts on an easily constructed range. At Fort Hood big upon detonation of charges. Scorer computes score. training dividends are already accruing from a 20 rds AR relatively modest investment. 20 rds M14 (9) Exercise 9. PC Halted (Roadblock (1 silhouette near roadblock) engaged by cal. .50 firing to the front.) Demolition detonated by trip wire or safety officer fires at green disc. Time starts Figure 5 upon detonation of charge. Scorer comp'utes score. AMMUNITION REQUIREMENTS 30 rds cal. .50 (10) Exercise 10. PC Halted (Enemy PC Nomenclature A mount halted at 800 meters engaged by cal. .50 MG). Cartridge, 7.62mm, Ball per M-14 Rifle 40 rds Time starts when green disc is reached. Score sensed Cartridge, 7.62mm, Ball per M-14E2 by Examiner. Autorifle 100 rds ( 11) Exercise 11. (Assault of bunker) 200 Cartridge, 7.62mm, 4-1 TR MLB per meters from point 11. Safety Officer, Safety NCO machinegun 220 rds and Examiner accompany squard on foot to evalu­ Cartridge, 40mm PRAC per M-79 ate performance and enforce safety regulations. Gren Lchr 11 rds 100 rds M14 Cartridge, .50 cal. 4-1 TR MLB per 80 rds AR machinegun 280 rds 6 rds M79 Grenade, Hand, Practice per Rifleman 5 practice grenades & Autorifleman 1 ea Grenade, Hand, Smoke, Red per con- troller for emergency cease fire 1 ea Grenade, Hand, Smoke, Green or Yellow 2 ea Explosive, TNT, IAlb Block 3 blocks Cap, Blasting, Elec Spec 3 ea Simulator, shell burst, ground 6 ea

Figure 6 CONTROL PLAN 1. Personnel. Minimum requirements for course operation follows: ANTENNA MOUNT a. Officer in charge (Chief Controller) b. Assistant Controller-NCO, E6 or E7 c. Two Safety Officers d. Two Safety NCO's-E5 or E6 e. Two examiners-NCO, E6 or E7 f. Two scorers-E4 g. Four moving target operators-E3 or E4 (Target 1 & 2) h. Two ambush target operators-E3 or E4 Figure 4 (Target 8) ARMOR-November-December, 1965 21 (Used only if pop-up targets used) ( 1) Chief Controller. Responsible for the i. Two-man target detail-E-3 overall conduct of range operations. Conducts j. Two-man utility detail-E-3 orientation briefings. Authenticates all score sheets. 2. Equipment (2) Assistant Controller. As directed by Chief Controller. a. Targets and range flag (Incl Balloons & (3) Safety Officer. Follows each squad Helium bottles) through course maintaining radio contact with b. Six field telephones (Control Tower, Tl, T8) Chief Controller and Safety NCO. Enforces safety c. Two stop watches regulations in conjunction with Safety NCO. Com­ d. Score Sheets mands demolition firing and target operation at e. Master Score Sheet T8. Fires demolition at T8, 8A, T9. f. Binoculars g. Vehicles (4) Safety NCO. Rides on personnel carrier with Examiner. Insures that fires are directed only ( 1) ~ ton truck for OIC within authorized safety fans. Maintains radio (2)- ~ ton trucks for Safety Officers contact with Safety Officer. Insures that only au­ (3) ~ ton trucks for scorers thorized weapons engage the various targets. ( 4) % ton utility truck (5) Examiner. Accompanies each squad NOTE: All ~ ton trucks should be equipped through the course, riding in the personnel car­ with compatible FM radios. rier. Acts as Safety NCO also in Exercise 11. Com­ h. Portable radios for Examiners and target putes and scores. Conducts critique of each squads' operators which are compatible with vehicle radios performance. (g (1) thru (3) above). (6) Scorer. Follows each squad through i. Seat(s) for examiner and Safety NCO to be course scoring and pasting targets 3, 5, 6, 8, 8a and mounted on hatch cover of personnel carrier. 9. Delivers scores to Examiner at critique area. 3. Procedures Replaces targets as required. a. The Chief Controller will conduct an orienta­ (7) Moving target operator (Tl, T2). tion briefing for each unit prior to the start of range Operates moving targets on telephone or radio com­ operation. This briefing will include: mand from control tower. ( 1) Purpose and concept of the course (8) Ambush target operator (T8). (If used) (2) Operation of range Operates demolition and ambush targets on tele­ (3) Scoring procedure' phone or radio command froin Safety Officer ( 4) Safety regulations (NCO). (5) Issuance of attack order (9) Target detail. Repairs and replaces tar­ b. Examiners will critique each squad and an­ gets as directed by Chief Controller. nounce scores after completion of course. ( 10) Utility detail. Polices range as neces­ c. Duties of Control Personnel sary.

KENNEDY Certainly one of the best biographies of John F. Kennedy, eschewing, so far as possible, emotionalism and sentimentality without becoming cut and dried. It is a picture of JFK as the author came to know him during eleven years of working together-a frank picture-as well as a knowledgeable record of his time. He relates the role of the White House staff and evaluates Kennedy's errors on the Bay of Pigs, his attitudes toward the press and the Con­ gress and the Joint Chiefs of Staff. He saw firsthand Kennedy's actions in the Berlin and Cuban Missile crises, his anger at the increase in steel prices and the evolution of his beliefs on civil rights and arms control.

Sy THEODORE C. SORENSEN $10.00 $8.50 Regular Membership Price Price

22 ARMOR-November-December, 1965 The Unbalanced

Response By MAJOR CLINTON E. GRANGER, JR.

ACCEPTANCE HAS COME tary leadership of our nation on The end result is a comprehen­ LATE, but with growing inten­ Southeast Asia and counterinsur­ sive, highly publicized, and rea­ sity, to military participation in gency operations. sonably successful advisory and the grey area of counterinsur­ Close attention to the problems support effort to counter the gency operations. Recognition of of using military resources in threat of Chinese Communism the value of support and advisory counterinsurgency situations short along the periphery of the Red forces from the U.S. military of war came with a great rush. dominated portion of the world. establishment has come in re­ The last few years have evidenced A second end result has been sponse to the continued Commu­ a new vocabulary (frequently old to shift emphasis to a new area nist efforts to use all degrees of meanings, but tied to new terms), of military interest; occasionally force, short of overt military ac­ new organizations, and sincere at the expense of considering tion, to further Red political aims efforts to profit from the long and other aspects of military opera­ and ambitions for territorial ex­ bloody history of counter-guer­ tions. These shifts are subtle, and pansion. rilla and counterinsurgency op­ cannot be reflected in any pro­ Since the only operations erations. Historic parallels rang­ grams that actually states that where progress in stemming the ing from Hannibal, Napoleon in another capability should be de­ Red tide can be readily measured the Iberian Peninsula, to the emphasized to permit an expan­ in human lives and square miles recent British success in Malaya­ sion in the area of counterinsur­ of regained ground occur is in and the equally .spectacular fail­ gency. Rather, the new emphasis Southeast Asia, the advisory and ure of the French in Indochina­ causes less attention to familiar support efforts of the United have been studied and restudied. pro.blems, because the wheel that States in this area have been Doctrine has been developed, squeaks the loudest gets the highly publicized by both press experiments tried, and many grease-and counterinsurgency and government. The actions in working arrangements have been has created a penetrating screech. that distant but strategically signi­ established to effectively use the Service schools now conduct ficant comer of the world have military resources of the U.S. in training in activities within the come to represent the U.S. posi­ that portion of the spectrum of entire spectrum of war, but tend­ tion, and an outward show of our conflict that encompasses counter­ ing toward increased emphasis national aims and methods to the insurgency operations. The Army in the grey areas where war is less nations of Pacific-Asia. The result has profited through the increased conventional. Such instruction has been to focus the attention of attention of nation and govern­ represents a great step forward the people, the press, the United ment, and the role of the individ­ in broadening the perspectives of States government-and the mili- ual man as the critical and es­ students, and assists in the funda­ sential ingredient has again been mental thinking behind the han­ emphasized. dling of problems inherent in The degree of interest is clearly situations such as South Vietnam. MAJOR CLINTON E. GRANGER, JR., Infantry, reflected in all of our military Yet, the new instruction, rather is a 1951 graduate af the U. S. Military Academy. He graduated fram the Infantry Of- periodicals. Special articles, fea­ like the great emphasis on nuclear ncers' Advanced Caurse in 1957. He commanded ture stories, first-hand reports; instruction a few years ago, has a campany in the 279th Regiment and was Assistant. G-3 and SGS, IX Carps an Okinawa. even special editions of magazines been superimposed on an already Majar Granger recently attended the Armed have centered on the problems full academic schedule-and one Farces Staff Callege and is presently assigned ta Hqs., III Carps, Ft. Haad. of counterinsurgency. can only reflect that occasionally ARMOR-November-December, 1965 23 the counterinsurgency instruction ence who long fought for the with the IDlSSlons of establish­ appears to have been assembled recognition of unconventional ing sound doctrine, evaluating in haste to meet an overemphasis warfare-in all its forms-are past performances, developing on the subject somewhere in the occasionally crushed under the new techniques, and examining chain of command. The necessity stampede of the new "experts"­ the entire scope of counterinsur­ is there, of course, for detailed with the possible loss of the real gency and all related problems. instruction in the newer fields, but experience factors that the "old This blossoming of new R&D it is a matter of maintaining an hands" represent. Of course, the elements could lead to duplica­ overall perspective to attain a new experts voraciously defend tion, and the very newness could balanced response. their freshly professed specialty preclude efficient cross-dissemina­ The same instructional em­ with the same dogmatic approach tion of valuable information. phasis extends into troop units, of a religious convert. This can The increased R&D effort, like where counterinsurgency instruc­ contribute to the possible failure the increased emphasis on the tion is still more basic, and cer­ to view all conflict in more rea­ new would-be specialists, and the tainly no le$s important to the sonable perspective. growing staff element, is not really young soldier who may be con­ There is an observable tend­ bad in itself-it is only in the cerned with activities in his im­ ency for headquarters to enter subtle impact on other required mediate future. The instructional into the race-perhaps with only military activities that the evils time may be stated as a minimum the designation of one individual may occur. requirement in the course of a with other responsibilities as "un­ .All of the areas that have been given period, such as a fiscal or conventional warfare" or "coun­ discussed are small in themselves, training year. Here it competes terinsurgency" officer; perhaps and certainly not earth-shaking with other mandatory training, with the creation of an entirely when considered alone. Yet, ranging from CBR to the chap­ new staff element. This increased taken all together they represent lain's periodic discussions with emphasis represents a parallel in­ a significant shift in emphasis the troops-as well as the brigade crease . in administration. Of away from the flexible response. baseball, football, track, ping­ course there are new problems to A few years ago we were con­ pong, twenty-questions, and rifle be met, but the increased interest cerned over the narrowness of teams; all critical to troop morale and the additional personnel con­ the approach to all military activi­ and welfare. cerned with the specialty of coun­ ties caused by the (perhaps in­ The result, at least from the terinsurgency also creates a feed­ correct) evaluation of the impact bottom looking up, occasionally back effect that only amplifies of nuclear and thermo-nuclear makes junior commanders won­ existing problems. New reports weapons. Now we find ourselves der-they can see clearly the are required, additional staff con­ scampering to the other end of competition between the require­ currences are sought; studies and the teeter-totter, when we really ments for their soldier's time, and restudies are directed and con­ need to find a balanced midpoint. note that not infrequently some ducted in response to this self­ There is no question that prop­ rather basic things-like use of perpetuated cycle of events. The er emphasis on counterinsur­ the soldier's personal weapon, or blossoming of headquarters has gency is critical and necessary for learning to care for the vehicle the worst effect on the troop units the military to meet the require­ for which he may be responsible at the bottom of the pyramid of ments placed on the armed serv­ -seem to get less emphasis than command. Operating with the· ices to support national policy; in former days. same number of people, with the equally, there is no question that Perhaps the turning point in same functions as before, they the military will be expected to counterinsurgency interest was find that the administrative work­ perform with equal skill in opera­ the indication of approval from loads continue to increase. This tions ranging from picking up the the President. From that time on, is no "paperchase" problem, for pieces after a thermo-nuclear those who would get in on "the being against counterinsurgency attack, through conventional ground floor" of this newest "win­ is akin to being opposed to ground-gaining decisive war, to ner" formed in swelling ranks, motherhood or the American the restoration of order in a lib­ and fought to be identified with Flag, and correctly so-but that erated nation. All of these func­ this latest road to professional which is valid may well be used tions are important, and all must success in the military. This is a to justify actions that are invalid. receive their due emphasis. Undue predictable reaction, and has Another area of military in­ concern with any special portion gone its predictable way. Not terest where this latest impact has of the spectrum of war provides especially harmful in itself, a side been felt is in research and de­ an unbalanced, instead of a flexi­ effect is the problem that people velopment. New groups, agencies, ble response. The Free World with understanding and experi- and facilities have been created cannot afford this difference. 24 ARMOR-November-December, 1965 ------WILL THE CRY BE HEARD?

By CAPTAIN STEPHEN S. LEAVITT

WITH THE CRY "MEDIC," medium tank battalion then being station. The company aid stations the first step has been taken to­ activated under ROAD in Korea. are in communication with their ward medical support. However, Three days after I arrived the respective companies via the com­ will the cry be heard? Will med­ battalion S-3 called me into his pany command net and with the ics be where they are needed? office and handed me a fat pack battalion aid station via the bat­ Will evacuation be achieved safely of mimeographed papers. talion log net. and without compromising the "Doc," he said, "look through First Level of Integration this TAC SOP and write some­ priority of the combat mission? The corpsmen assigned to a thing up for the medical platoon." For the answer to be "yes" the line company forming, with their Six months later I handed in medical platoon must function vehicles, the company aid station, the fifth and final copy of the efficiently as a military element constitute the first link beween medical support SOP for the closely integrated with the com­ the individual soldier and defini­ battalion. In these months the bat operations of the armored tive medical care. This link must battalion staff and line officers battalion. be strong and it can be welded and I tried to explore the gap Unfortunately, the medical only if the corpsmen actively between needs and the medical platoon leader who is a medical participate in the field operations platoon T.O. & E. Integrating officer, often lacks military train­ of the company. a medical platoon into an ar­ ing and, more important, lacks Unfortunately, it is not uncom­ mored battalion required special interest in combat operations. The mon for medics to go to the field attention, but it could be done. operations assistant, a medical with their company and never service corps lieutenant often fresh Raw Materials leave the confines of the ambu­ out of school, may be enthusiastic, of Medical Support lance. However, during field exer­ but ignorant of armor operations. The raw material of medical cises medical corpsmen must He may even share the "doc's" in­ support for the armored battalion stand-to with the company. They experience in military leadership. consists of about twenty men, should visit every tank every day The medical corpsmen, reflecting three or four armored personnel and inquire abQut the health of the attitude of their leaders, carriers and twice as many front the men. They should inspect would rather give shots than work line ambulances. A Medical mess and latrine facilities daily. in a motor pool. The NCO's are Corps officer and a Medical Serv­ Within a short period of time they often oriented toward duties in ice Corps officer organize the should know the names of nearly a big hospital. platoon. The field operation all the men in the company. From August 1963 to August breaks the platoon into two parts When they have completed med­ 1964, I was medical platoon -the battalion aid station as­ ical tasks and pulled maintenance leader (battalion surgeon) for a sociated with combat trains and on their own vehicles and equip­ the evacuation section. The evac- ment, medical aidmen should be uation section provides three expected to work with the men CAPTAIN STEPHEN S. LEAVITT, MC, rece;ved or four medics for each of the of the company. his MD from New York University Medicol School in 1961. He entered active duty in 1963 line companies creating the com­ Insofar as possible they should ond received bosic indoctrination at the Medical pany aid station. The starting know what the company is doing, Field Service School, Fort Sam Houston, Texos. Coptoin Leavitt served with the 2d Battalion, structure may dictate one com- where the company is operating 15th Armor, Korea, as Battalion Surgeon. He pany aid station for each of the and how the company is being is now assigned to the U. S. Army Hospital, Fort Ord, California. line companies and a battalion aid logistically maintained. In this ARMOR-November-December, 1965 25 way the medics will become fa­ b. Reports from company I(nowledge of Resource-­ miliar with the terrain over which aid men, Another Level of Tactical they must travel, map coordi­ c. Communication with Integration nates, difficulties associated with supporting medical units It is the responsibility of med­ the operation and maintenance (clearing company, etc.), ical platoon leaders to know I. of tanks and inherent dangers. d. Literature such as FM where to get help, how to call for help and what to expect. Of I They will become familiar with 8-10, FM 8-15, and FM fuel runs, mess and ammunition 101-10. course, it is difficult to estimate supply and thereby be able to what will actually be available Here are examples of problems combine their own needs with in case of combat, but the med­ that should be anticipated. Sup­ that of the unit. ical platoon leaders must be well porting the FEBA (forward edge Evacuation of wounded from aware of where to look. On of the battle area) may post two tanks is a special skill which re­ paper the medical platoon is tank companies forward and one quires a good deal of well­ backed up by the division-level planned, thoroughly-practiced in reserve. The original organiza­ medical battalion's clearing com­ teamwork, particularly if the tion may find one company aid pany. In the field the medical station with each company. In evacuation is under fire. Tank platoon has attached to it an am­ response to increased enemy ac­ crews must prepa e the patient bulance from the division medical tivity in the FEBA the medical and position the tank to afford company. In reality, however, maximum cover. Medics must platoon leaders may send the there are many other sources of reserve company's aid station for­ learn to coordinate their approach help not ordinarily brought into with the battle plan to reduce in­ ward. If enemy pressure is light, play. For example, in a defensive terference with the maneuver. front line ambulances and extra maneuver there may be other bat­ Wounded may be extracted from medics may suffice. If enemy talions on the flank. Medical pressure is heavy, armored am· the tank turret by a pistol belt platoons from these battalions sling under the arms. They may bulances may be better. In case may be of assistance if their bat­ the enemy is not contained and be removed from the escape hatch talion is not heavily engaged. under the drivers compartment. is allowed to penetrate into a Similarly, in tank-infantry opera­ killing ground and then con­ Medics must properly position tions, combined medical platoons their vehicle and remove the tained, platoon leaders may an­ may afford extra reserve strength. casualty from the tank deck or ticipate the delayed arrival of The medical platoon leaders must from underneath the tank with­ numerous casualties requiring include other than medical chan­ evacuation, but not with armored out injury to themselves or fur­ nels of evacuation in their anal­ ther injury to the patient. ambulances. ysis such as fuel trucks and mess Involved in a counterattack, trucks. They must also include Anticipation of Need­ platoon leaders may face entirely some knowledge of available Tactical Integration different problems. Here rapid civilian resources. Medics are often praised for movement and the sudden crea­ Ultimately, the medical pla­ their ingenuity, but ingenuity is tion of masses of severely wound­ toon leader should be able to not a substitute for anticipation. ed men shortly after the major provide the battalion commander It is common for medical platoon engagement may best be handled with a complete and thorough leaders to have no plan for if the platoon leaders, including briefing of the medical support medical support other than the the doctor, leave a skeleton crew plan. The plan should include supply of a company aid station at the battalion aid station and go organization of platoon strength with each line company and the forward with the reserve com­ to meet various battle contin­ establishment of a battalion aid pany's aid station. There, acting gencies and an estimate of the station. In fact, every combat from the point of decision, they number of casualties the platoon operation, attack, defense, etc., can provide emergency treatment might handle and how they can should initiate a distinct plan for under fire and disperse vehicles be provided for. medical support. Platoon leaders, with greater swiftness. A detail often overlooked is the doctor and his operations as­ Medical Platoon leaders must communication. Communication sistant should be expected to for­ thoroughly understand the com­ procedures are complicated for mulate such plans and to advise bat mission their battalion faces. a number of reasons: the battalion commander. Their They must construct plans and formulation evolves from four a. Procedures for evacua­ alternate plans to follow the fate tion of simulated casuali­ sources of information: of these missions and must ar­ ties may differ from evacua­ a. Battalion operations and range to test these plans during tion of actual ones. logistics staff, the battalion's field exercises. b. Field exercise procedures 26 ARMOR-November-December, 1965 may change when actual combat mISSIOn. For this Gas tanks must be kept full, combat occurs. reason they must receive etc., etc. c. Field exercises at a bat­ extra training in the art of d. The battalion surgeon talion or task force level will camouflage. They must be must learn that in his job as not give opportunity to work specially supervised in battalion surgeon he can­ with units that would be proper radio discipline, road not be considered a good present during combat. march and perimeter de­ physician if he is a poor d. Wire and radio proce­ fense. They must learn to soldier. If he cannot provide dures may be changed. For coordinate evacuation plans leadership for a good mili­ example, requests for air with battle plans. tary platoon, either directly evacuation during combat b. They must absorb the or in spirit, he is not assum­ will probably go through the principles of vehicular main­ ing his responsibility to his division medical battalion. tenance intrinsic to armor patients, to his men or to However, if someone gets operations. The key to saving himself. hurt in a field exercise there lives is not the litter, or is nothing to stop the med­ morphine, or penicillin, or Anticipation of need, interga­ ical platoon leader from having the smartest doctor tion at the company level, master­ directly contacting the heli­ in the division, but the ing of many skills and a change copter detachment by radio operative ambulance. Medic of inter-branch integration re­ and he should know how to drivers will require intensive quired for medical support for do just that. on-the-job training in the the armor battalion. The battalion operation and maintenance commander can assist medical Combat is not the time to of their vehicles. Likewise, platoon leaders and operations search for proper channels of medical platoon leaders assistants by making special ef­ communication. These, too, must fort to incorporate them into the be anticipated. must take as deep an interest in the maintenance of ve­ spirit and the mission of the armored battalion and by supervi­ Soldiers and Medics­ hicles as in the maintenance Approach to Overall Integration of first-aid kits and field sion of military affairs in that platoon. The medical officer and In the above paragraphs we lighting kits. Medical pla­ his assistant should be introduced have outlined two aspects of the toon leaders ought to know to pertinent technical manuals gap between the medical needs the elements of vehicular concerning armor operations and of the armored battalion and the inspection and the proce­ vehicular maintenance. They capability of its medical platoon dures for assuring prompt should attend and participate in to fulfill these needs, integration second, third and fourth all staff meetings and should un­ of medical personnel with armor echelon attention. derstand the responsibilities of operations and integration of c. Combat readiness must be military leadership and justice medical support plans with the emphasized. The little expected of any line officer. The tactical situation. Certain other things, second nature to a rest is hard work, experience in points require emphasis: combat element may be the field and, ultimately, the as­ a. Medical personnel must foreign to hospital oriented surance that trained medical learn that the combat mis­ medics. On return from the specialists will be there when you sion has priority. The medi­ field, equipment must be need them. cal platoon must never com­ cleaned, oiled and ready to The cry "medic" will be heard promise the security of the go before the day is ended. and speedily answered.

Please send us your new address change including your

Zip Code prior to our press run on 20 December 1965.

ARMOR-November-December, 1965 27 Vehicle Recovery

MR. WILLIAM W. BOSTON

IS THERE SCIENCE to recovering a disabled RESISTANCE-any opposing action that vehicle? Or is it possible for an untrained man, who tends to prevent motion. has no knowledge of the fundamentals of recovery There are many other terms that are used in the or special-purpose recovery vehicles, to become a science of vehicle recovery but effort, force, power, polished recovery chief? It is our contention that and resistance are the most common and are used vehicle recovery is a science, and to become pro­ with every recovery operation. ficient, recovery personnel must have a knowledge of leverage, recovery techniques and special pur­ Levers pose recovery vehicles. Moreover, we believe that The first element of recovery operation to be before any man can become a qualified recovery considered is levers. Levers from a broad classifi­ chief, he must initially be service-school trained cation, compressing many elements. A wheel, gear, and have several years of field experience. and pulley are really levers in disguise. The pur­ ThrQugh the ingenuity of our ancestors we have pose of a lever is to give a certain advantage in the at our disposal the simple lever and the wheel. application of a force to a load. This may be a When these two items are used correctly they pro­ change of speed and distance of travel, and hence vide a means of creating a mechanical advantage. of power, or merely a change of direction. A simple But before this mechanical advantage can be ap­ lever would consist of a rigid bar that swings on plied in the field of automotive recovery we must a fulcrum. There are three orders or types of levers. have some knowledge of the fundamentals of ve­ The relative position of the point where the fulcrum, hicle recovery. the force of effort, and the load are applied will determine the order. Fundamentals of Recovery The weight that can be lifted with a given effort Common Recovery Terms depends upon the ratio of the effort arm to the There are certain terms that are common to all weight arm. Therefore, a man can lift a ton with an phases of recovery operations, and that must be effort of only 100 pounds if the effort arm is twenty understood as a basis for understanding the funda­ times as long as the weight arm. This is assuming mentals of recovery. Let us consider the meaning of the lever has no weight and there is no friction at a few of the most common of these terms: the fulcrum. But this simple lever would be of little advantage when considering the amount of effort EFFORT-an active force exerting power. required for vehicle recovery. Therefore, we must FORCE-the cause that changes bodies from consider a method of having a continuous appli­ a state of rest to one of motion or from mo­ cation of leverage and a method to increase power. tion to rest. Force and effort are very closely related. A distinction between them would be Tackle that force produces a result where effort may In vehicle recovery this is accomplished by a not. combination of ropes and blocks called tackle. POWER-the rate of transfer of energy. Power Tackle uses the principle of the lever in such a is the product of force and distance divided manner that effort exerted overcomes ·greater resis­ by time. tance through multiplication of the effort. Blocks may be arranged to correspond to the three orders of simple levers. MR. WIUIAM W. BOSTON is employed in the Automotive Department, The Armor School, Fort Knox, Kentucky. In the first order, the effort and weight arms are 28 ARMOR-November-December, 1965 equal and hence balanced. In the second order, one mind would be rolling resistance-opposition to pound will raise two pounds of weight because the movement created by friction when a vehicle is effort arm is twice as long as the weight arm. In the rolling. It must be remembered that type of terrain third order the weight arm is three times as long as will affect rolling resistance. For example, an M-60 the effort arm, therefore, it would take three pounds tank, weighing 51 tons, would have approximately of effort to lift one pound of weight. Normally, in 2 tons of rolling resistance on a hard-surface road. vehicle recovery it is necessary to employ a mechan­ On a smooth gravel road the rolling resistance ical advantage to accomplish a given task. This is would be approximately 10 tons. If the vehicle is accomplished by the proper application of tackle. in mud, the minimum resistance would be vehicle Rigging is the application of rope and sheave weight and the maximum resistance would depend (block) combinations to raise or move a load. Rig­ upon the depth and consistency of the mud. ging includes the installation of all items necessary Because it is not always possible to tow a vehicle to employ the effort available. Rigging will not neces­ to the repair point on level ground, grade resistance, sarily gain mechanical advantage since it may be which is caused by gravity, must be considered. used to obtain a change of direction of pull. While the exact resistance can be determined by use In many instances if recovery is to be accom­ of a factor table, a recovery chief would find it plished, mechanical advantage must be increased simpler to consider the weight of the vehicle as re­ until the total resistance divided by the mechanical sistance, then he will always have enough applied advantage would be less than the effort available. force to accomplish the mission. It must be remembered that there is no end to the Overturned vehicles will create what is known possible combinations of ropes and blocks that will as overturning resistance. This resistance is part of multiply power. the weight of the vehicle acting against the force exerted to upright the vehicle. Since only half the Resistance weight of the vehicle will ever be beyond the cen­ Up to this point most of the discussion has been ter of gravity from the point of recovery, only half on how to increase the effort, force or power avail­ the weight of the vehicle should be considered as able, and overcoming a resistance. To move an resistance. object, it is necessary to overcome all resistance. Therefore, a recovery chief must know the types Mechanical Advantage that will confront him and how to determine total When making a recovery, it may be necessary resistance. to employ a mechanical advantage. To accomplish In recovery, we are confronted with several this, we must use tackle. Any time tackle is used, forms of resistance; probably the first to enter the there will be tackle resistance. Tackle resistance is due to the friction of the sheaves rolling on the pins, the flexing of the cable, and the cable scuffing with­ SIMPLE LEVER in the groove of the sheave. Tackle resistance will vary slightly when different size cables and sheaves EFFORT are used, but the variation will be insignificant. This ARM tackle resistance must be overcome before the load can be moved. The approximate tackle resistance can be determined by finding the approximate resis­ tance created by the vehicle and terrain and dividing EFFORT FULCRUM by 10 for each sheave in the rigging. FIRST ORDER After determining the resistance created by the vehicle and tackle, it is necessary to find the total

EFFORT resistance. This is done by adding all resistances ARM together. Usually it is not necessary to use a mathematical EFFORT formula to determine the resistance of a vehicle in mud; a close estimate will suffice. A very practical

FULCRUM field method of determining resistance of a tank SECOND ORDER mired to the extent it cannot move itself is as follows: Ifthe vehicle is mired to the top of its wheels, WEIGHT ARM use the vehicle weight as the estimated resistance. If the vehicle is mired to the fenders, multiply ve­ FULCRUM t hicle weight by two. If the vehicle is mired to the EFFORT turret, multiply vehicle weight by three. There are two possibilities of reducing the load THIRD ORDER resistance of a mired vehicle. If a vehicle can be ARMOR--November-December, 1965 29 recovered in the opposite direction of travel at time perform. After the rigging is completed, the of mire, the vehicle resistance would be reduced crew should move to a safe distance from the about 10 percent. Also, if the vehicle is not me­ rigging. chanically disabled and can be used in helping to g. Recheck the rigging. The recovery chief 'recover itself, the vehicle resistance could be re­ will recheck the rigging to insure that it's erec­ duced an additional 40 percent. It is possible, there­ ted properly and will be safe to operate. The fore, to reduce resistance by 50 percent, using these vehicle operator should remove most of the factors if they apply. - slack from the rigging before it is inspected. h. You are ready for recovery. The recovery Standard Operating Procedure chief signals the operator to recover the load. A successful recovery crew must have a standard The operator applies power to the load slowly procedure for all personnel to follow. If a recov~ry to prevent sudden shock on the lines in the l?roblem is approached without prior planning, the rigging. After the vehicle has been recovered, results will usually be a failure of the operation disassemble the rigging and clean and stow the and damage to equipment. equipment. All recovery operations should follow an 8-step Knowledge of the recovery procedure is im­ procedure in the following sequence: portant to success and can be used by the com­ a. Reconnoiter the area. A recovery crew mander to determine the efficiency of his recovery must know the problem or situation before at­ crews. - tempting to make a recovery. The recovery Recovery Verocles chief should check the terrain, determine the When a vehicle becomes immobile, it must be route for an approach to the load, check for recovered and repaired so it can again perform its presence of natural anchors that may be used, normal mission. Similar equipment cannot always and determine how close the recovery vehicle be detoured from its mission to recover the im­ can be positioned to the vehicle to be recov­ mobile vehicle, and in many cases such equip­ ered. ment would not have the capability of doing re­ b. Estimate the situation. When estimating covery work. Therefore, it becomes apparent that the resistance to the movement of the vehicle special purpose vehicles are required that would being recovered, add the vehicle and the cargo be capable of performing complicated recovery mis­ weights together. Next, determine the effort sions. available. -For a recovery vehicle, the effort Present army standard recovery vehicles are the would be the maximum capacity of the winch. M-88 full-tracked medium recovery vehicle, the c. Calculate the ratio. Divide the effort M-578 full-tracked light recovery vehicle, and the available (winch capacity) into the resistance M-543 medium wrecker truck as standard recovery that must be overcome by the winch and equipment. tackle. The result of this calculation is an esti­ Due to design, each of these vehicles has a spe­ mated mechanical advantage needed for the cific place in the field of vehicle recovery. rigging. The M-88 is capable of towing 56 tons, winching d. Obtain estimate of resistance. After esti­ 45 tons, and lifting 25 tons. It is not necessarily the mating the mechanical advantage necessary, most powerful recovery vehicle we have, but it is figure the tackle resistance. It must be remem­ by far the least complicated to operate and most bered that before a load can be moved, both efficient. tackle and load resistance must be overcome. The M-88 is manned by a crew of four: a com­ The sum total of these two resistances is re­ mander, driver, mechanic and rigger. The operator ferred to as total resistance. can operate all the controls of the recovery equip­ e. Verify the solution. If the recovery op­ ment without leaving his seat. The vehicle is eration is to be a success, the solution should equipped with two winches-a main winch, used be verified. Line forces should be computed along with its mechanical advantage, to recover and compared with the winch and dead lines tracked vehicles, and a hoist winch, which can be capacities. The fall line force must be less than used for light recovery problems up to 61,4 tons, the winch capacity, and the equipment ,used but whose main use is for lifting (when rigged over as dead lines must be capable of withstanding the boom). the force exerted upon them. The M-88 has a live boom, which lays over the f. -Erecting the rigging. Sufficient knowl­ rear deck and is raised hydraulically upright and edge should now be available for the recovery slightly forward of the vehicle. It will lift a 25-ton chief to instruct the crew on how to erect the load 19 feet with the boom fully forward. The rigging and what' equipment to use. He should boom can be retracted with its load, giving it an assign each crew member specific duties to additional 6 feet of lift. 30 ARMOR-November-December, 1965 The M-88 is also equipped with a spade mounted rig for full mechanical advantages is provided and on the front of the vehicle to stabilize it during stored on the vehicle. Also included on the vehicle lifting and winching operations. This spade can is a hydraulically operated impact wrench for easier also be used for bulldozing. disassembly and assembly of items that require such There is a refuel and defuel system that can be action. Stored on the M-578 are tools, welding used to refuel or drain the M-88 or to transfer fuel equipment and supplies that are necessary to sus­ to another vehicle. Along with all the equipment tain the 3-man crew while engaged in recovery mounted in the vehicle, there is enough OEM to operations. Armament consists of one .50 caliber support the crew for extended periods in the field, machinegun. making it possible for them to perform their mission The M-62 and M-543 medium wrecker trucks with little or no other support. Its armament con­ have been designed for support of equipment in sists of a .50 caliber machinegun and a 3.5-inch combat. The M-62 and M-543 recovery vehicles rocket launcher. Along with their individual small are manned by a crew of two--a driver and op­ arms, these afford ample protection for the crew erator-and are equipped with two winches. The during recovery operations. front winch is used primarily for self-recovery and The necessary eqiupment for towing disabled ve­ light recovery operations and to stabilize the ve­ hicles cross-country and on highways, and to rig hicle during rear winching operations. The winch for full mechanical advantages, is provided and is capable of a 10-ton single-line pull, with a maxi­ stored on the vehicle. Also included on the vehicle mum mechanical advantage of 2 to 1. The re.ar is a hydraulically operated impact wrench for easier winch is used primarily for medium recovery. Max­ disassembly and assembly of items that require imum rear winch capacity is 22.5 tons with a such action. straight-line pull (or 157.5 tons with a 7 to 1 me­ The M-578, a lightweight, fully-tracked recovery chanical advantage, which can be rigged with the vehicle, has been designed for recovery of ve­ equipment that comes with the wrecker truck). hicles in the 25-ton and underweight class. It is The M-62 and M-543 are also equipped with a manned by a crew of three-a driver, crane opera­ hydraulic crane capable of traversing 270 0 and tor, and a rigger-and is equipped with a tow lifting a maximum of 10 tons. winch and a boom winch. The tow winch is cap­ In addition to winching, towing, and lifting able of pulling a 30-ton load, the boom winch a capacities, both wrecker trucks are equipped with IS-ton load. Both winches have 2 speeds. oxyacetylene cutting equipment. The boom will traverse 3600 and will lift a load If the M-62 and M-543 wrecker trucks are of 15 tons over the rear of the vehicle with the spade properly maintained and have a properly trained down, and approximately 7.5 tons over the side, crew, light recovery is a very little problem. to a height of approximately 15 feet. Although in the field of .vehicle recovery there is The M-578 is provided with a spade and a lock­ a continuous need for study to keep abreast of new out system on the suspension for stabilizing the equipment and techniques, it is likely that the funda­ vehicle during winching and lifting operations. mentals-EFFORT, FORCE, POWER and RE­ The necessary equipment for towing disabled SISTANCE-will always have the same affect on vehicles cross-country and on highways, and to successful vehicle recovery.

Guidelines For The Leaderleader And The Commander These "Guidelines"“Guidelines” were written by a leader and a commander out of the wealth of experience gained by him in leading and commanding troops from a squad to an army group. The guidelines were prepared for the benefit of other leaders and com-com­ manders in the U. S.5. Army, in order that they in turn may make use of his counsel and experience. General Bruce C. Clarke has probably had more command duty, at more command levels, than any other officer in the U. S.5. Army, living or dead. He served more than forty years in all grades from private to four-star general. Known as the most effective trainer in modern times in the U. S. Army, as well as an outstanding combat commander, General Clarke here specifies thethe methods he has used with outstanding success in management,management. in training, in soldier management, and in leadership and generalship. Portions of the book have appeared in ARMOR, Amy,Army, Infantry, The Military Review (C&GSC),(CSGSC), Officers'Officers’ Call and National Byline (of Arlington, Va.). Permission to quote these passages is here gratefully acknowledged.

Paperback copy ...... , ...... $1.00S1.00

ARMOR-November-December, 1965 31

.-. Officers receivingreceiving instructioninstruction onon tanktank armamentarmament OneOne ofof thethe largelarge “clasi"class onon aa turretturret trainertrainer inin thethe WeaponsWeapons Department.Department. Dep:Depa ARMOR SCHOOL MARKS Brig: idier General Albin F. Irzyk, Assistant Commandant

Twenty-five years ago on October 1, 1940, thethe 500 buildingsbuildings werewere COIco U. S. Army Armor School was born and since itsits equipmentequipment werewere producproduc beginning has been a vital force in thethe development landland were converted of Armor as we know it today. ranges.ranges. The first studenistudent On 27 July 1940, Brigadier General Adna R. 1940. Chaffee directed Lieutenant Colonel (later Major When classes begaibegan General) Stephen G. Henry to “plan,"plan, organize, and School, academic depa operate The Armored Force School and Replace-Replace­ Wheeled Vehicle, MIM ment Center ... . .".” And on 1 October of that year Tactics, Gunnery and EF Colonel Henry assembled a small nucleus of officers In retrospect, Armor and men and thus was born The Armor School of esting mosaic of militaimilit today. On 25 October 1940, The Armor School was The Armor School. InjInfl Then,Then, asas now,now, instruction i nstruction inin armored separated from The Replacement Center and on 21 academic institutions, T vehiclesvehicles was giveng iven with thethe equip­equip- offers professional caree mentment inin hand-inhand- in thisthis case,case, thethe M-3 July 1943, 1943, The Armored Force School was redes­ redes- offers professional caree tanktank inin useuse inin 1941.1941. ignatedignated The Armored School and The U. S. Army and ranks up through litlie Armor School on 11 July 1957. of 5 days, Senior Office TheThe early history of The School was characterized trains officers, includingincludins LearningLearning by seeingsieeing andand doingdoing isis practicedpracticed byby thetl he studentsstudents asas theythey by aa tremendoustremendous expansion and a continuing effort ment maintenance indic participateparticipate inin classe lass inin thethe CommandCommand toto makemake maximum use of itsits facilities. More than The Armor School, inii andand StaffStaf f Department.Department. guidance in the past

Field trainingtraining is an integralintegral part of ArmorArmLor School courses.courses. HereHere M-4'sM-4’s participate inin an earlyearl:)T training exercise.exe r c 1s e. ms” of the Automotive Foreign Students receiving communication ent. training.

25th25thYEARYEAR OF SERVICE Major General Andrew J. Boyle, Commandant

ucted,cted, vast quantities of General George S. Patton, Jr., has had the benefit andtnd some 50,000 acres of of assignment, as either student or member of the o3 gunnery and driving staff and faculty, of Major General Adna R. Chaf­Chaf- ere enrolled 4 November fee, one of the early armor leaders and first com­ com- mandant; General Bruce C. Clarke (1944-49);( 1944-49) ; t The Armored Force General I. D. White (1951-52); and General ents consisted of. Tank, Creighton W. Abrams, Jr., presently Vice Chief TI he Armor School is shown subst;an- tially as it is today. This picture ’R ras rcycle,-cycle, Communication, of Staff, U. S. Army (1945-48). In the last ten taken in June 1963. d1 Engineering. years, The School has trained armor students from rsonnelrsonnel can see an inter­inter- 63 nations. ducation emerging from As of 30 September 1965, The School has grad­grad- neednced more and more by uated a total of 214,122 students. This figure in­in- Armor4rmor School curriculum cludes 59,737 officers, 140,909 enlisted men, and evelopmentwelopment for all grades 13,476 officer candidates. nant colonel. One course In its quarter century of existence, The Armor PreventivePreventive Maintenance, School has trained the men who were largely re­re- eneralmeral Officers, in equip­equip- sponsible for the success of our armored warfare rs.rs. in World War III1 and the Korean Conflict, and who dditionidition to having had the today are largely responsible for maintaining our such military greats as world supremacy in armor. The Motorcycle Department, one of the Armored Force School'sSck1001’s original departments, was eliminated early inin World War III1 when the famousfamous "jeep"“jeep” carnecame on thethe scene.scene. The Armor School gives instruction. . .. on This scenescene greeted firstfirst studentsstudents upon arrival at everything to do with tanks, includingincluding thethe newly formedformed Armored Force School inin 1940.1940. how toto get themthem out of thethe mud, inin casecase theythey get stuck.stuck. THE EVOLUTION OF THE ARMORED INFANTRY RIFLE SQUAD

PART II 1940-1965

Cavalry will die a lingering though natural death, but the cavalry idea will certainly not die. It will live on in the form of the motorized trooper, and the mechanized one as well. Major General J. F. C. Fuller

In connection with the basic organization of the regiments were broken up to form separate armored infantry in 1940, it should be noted that armored infantry battalions. First and last the Armored Infantry Rifle Squad was estab­ there were sixty-six of the latter. lished in conformity with TOE 2-27 P (tentative), (Ref. 26, p. 49) 16 July 1940. This unit functioned in the maneu­ In the standard infantry rifle squad the BAR vers of 1940 and it consisted of the peace-strength (Browning Automatic Rifle) had been eliminated infantry rifle squad of eight members, including in favor of the Ml rifle. When the Ml rifle was the squad leader-a corporal. The squad was, in not available, the M1903 rifle was issued and in effect, a standard infantry rifle squad under TOE units equipped with the M1903 rifle, one BAR 7-17, 6 December 1938, mounted in a truck, or and one pistol were authorized in place of one later in a half-track armored combat vehicle. The rifle. On 15 November 1940, TOE 7-27 P (tenta­ squad's armament was in a transitional state with tive), 16 July 1940, was superseded by TOE 7-27, the Ml rifle, replacing the M1903 (Ref. 1) Infantry Company, Rifle Regiment, Armored The initial formation of the armored infantry Division or Armored Company, Rifle Reconnais­ is explained in the following extract from The sance Battalion, Armored Division, 15, November Army Lineage Book, Volume II, Infantry: 1940, which provided the armored infantry squad The next type of specialized infantry ... with the following wartime organization: the squad was that intended to provide the foot ele­ leader was a sergeant and the assistant squad ments of the new armored divisions. It was leader was a corporal. Both leaders and the squad called "armored infantry." The first of this members were armed with the Ml rifle. (Ref. 2) type in the United States Army came into The mounting of the standard infantry rifle being when the old 6th Infantry was con­ squad in a combat vehicle posed new problems for verted to armored on 15 July 1940. After those charged with the development of doctrine that, certain numbers which had been inac­ tive on the infantry list since just after the and tactics for the now highly mobile infantry first World War were activated in 1941 and units which formerly had measured their combat 1942 to become armored infantry. These mobility in foot-miles or regulated motor marches. were the 36th, 41st, 46th, 48th-52d, 54th­ The basic concept that each armored infantry rifle 56th, 58th, 59th, and 62d Regiments. With­ squad should have its own organic vehicle if it in a few months the new armored infantry was to function in combat asserted itself at this 34 ARMOR-November-December, 1965 time. Ogorkiewicz covers this early period in the the M-3 was armed with a heavy machinegun, following comment: M1917Al with tripod M1917Al for mounting for fire support on the ground away from the ve­ Ideally each basic infantry unit or squad hicle. (Ref. 3, p. 390, Ref. 4, pp. 81-85). General (section) should have its own vehicle with Charles de Gaulle, one of the world's greatest ex­ cross-country characteristics similar to those ponents of armored warfare, has this comment: of tanks to make it possible for the two (in­ fantry and tanks) to work together. Unfor­ In proportion as the tanks produce their effect, tunately, although the development of so the infantry advances. Sometimes this is armoured infantry carriers began during the done on caterpillar-vehicles. Sometimes they First World War, even during the Second make their way on foot. In any case, their World War only American armoured divisions task is to take possession of captured ground. had the whole of their infantry mounted in ar­ (Ref. 4, pp. 141-142) moured carriers, of the half-track type. Others In the organization of the Armored Division for the most part, had to make do with trucks. under the provisions of the tables dated 1 March To make matters worse, the trucks were 1942, the total strength of the Armored Division adaptations of medium-size commercial ve­ was 14,620 of which 4,848 was in tank units, 2,389 hicles, ill-suited to off-the-road operation. in armored infantry, and 2,127 in armored artil­ Consequently, infantry units of the armoured lery. Armored Infantry was organized within the formations have had to dismount well away division as a regiment of three battalions. Armored from the firing line and move into action on infantry differed from standard and motorized in­ foot, instead of remaining as long as possible fantry which moved in trucks in that its personnel in their vehicles. By the same token, they could move simultaneously in lightly armored half­ could not accompany tanks closely and usu­ tracks. ally the mobility of the truck-transported or (Ref. 5, p. 323) motorized infantry has been so different from that of tanks that the two were apt to operate The relationship of the armored rifle infantry separately. squad to the standard infantry rifle squad is ex­ (Ref. 3, pp. 48-49) plained in the following extract from a monograph prepared at the Armored School shortly after In the United States Armored Force, the infantry World War II. These and subsequent comments combat transportation in 1941 was the lightly ar­ are included in this study for the value they possess mored, half-track M-3, a compromise between the 9 9 See "Wanted: An Infantry Fighting Vehicle:' by Captain wheeled cavalry scout car and the tracked tank. .Clinton E. Granger, Jr., in Military Review, Vol. XLIII, No.2, With no cover provided for the squad and driver, February 1963, pp. 26-35.

HEADQUARlERS ARMORED DIVISION

ARMORED HQ DIVISION SIGNAL ARTILlERY ~ CO COMMAND

HQ & HQ HQ & HQ DETACHMENT DETACHMENT COMBAT COMMAND COMBAT COMMAND

I I I I ARMORED INFANTRY ARMORED DIVISION ARMORED REGT ARMORED REGT REGT TRAINS

US ARMORED DIVISION·1942

ARMOR-November-December, 1965 35 from the point of view of armored infantry combat portance. The organizers of the Armor~d experience and observation: Force recognized that there were some mIS­ sions which could be performed only by Armored infantry regiments were originally infantry troops including security measures copied after regular straight infantry regi­ at night, mopping up, organization for de­ ments. They were smaller with less men in fense relief of tank units that were in need of the rifle companies and had no antitank or , . . fuel and maintenance, and reconnaissance ill cannon company. The number of actual force. In the initial reorganization of the ar­ fighting men was further reduced by drivers mored division on 1 March 1942 a third and vehicular maintenance personnel. The battalion was added to the infantry regiment first vehicles used by the armored infantry (armored) while at the same time the number were the four-wheel scout cars which gave of tank battalions was reduced from 8 to 6 by some armor protection but had little cross­ the inactivation of the armored regiment country ability. They were soon replaced by (medium) and the inclusion of medium tanks the M-2 and M-3 half-tracks. The fire-power in the remaining armored regiments (light) of the armored infantry was greater due which was redesignated as armored regi­ mainly to the vehicular machineguns which ments. In the reorganization of 15 September each vehicle carried. Training was basically 1943 the regimental organization was dropped dismounted infantry tactics with special em­ and the separate battalion systems substituted. phasis on offensive combat with tanks. Under this reorganization, by reducing the Training was given in mounted marches, for­ number of tank battalions from six to three, mations and fighting the vehicle. The latter the ratio of infantry battalions was changed was very seldom used as most of the time ar­ from one infantry battalion per two tank bat­ mored infantry fought dismounted. talions, to one infantry battalion per each (Ref. 6) tank battalion. The increase in the ratio of TOE 7-27 1 March 1942, continued the Ar­ infantry to tanks was the result of comb~t ex­ mored Infan;ry Rifle Squad under the leadership perience plus the development of antltank of a sergeant with a corporal as his assistant squad weapons such as the rocket launcher, the anti­ leader. The automatic rifleman and his assistant tank rifle grenade, the panzer-faust, and the were dropped primarily because the .30 cali~er extensive use of mines. The British Eighth heavy machinegun mounted on the squad carner Army which breached the German line at EI furnished the fire support formerly received from Alamein in October 1942, spotlighted the the BAR team. The inclusion of a tripod for value of infantry. General Montgomery used mounting the machinegun on the ground away his infantry to probe the German defenses from the vehicle gave the squad a mobile fire base and to open the gap through which armored of considerable power. A driver was added to the units could then pour. squad. His principal duty was to driye a?d ma~­ (Ref. 8, p. 36) tain the car, half-track, M-3 and to furmsh addI­ That the members of armored infantry rifle tional close-in fire support for the squad and pro­ squads required additional and specialized. techni­ vide for vehicle defense with the .45 caliber sub­ cal training above and beyond that receIved by machinegun with which he was armed. The overall conventional infantry squads was recognized by strength of the squad was now 11 men, 8 of whom the Army Ground Forces. Mobilization Training were riflemen armed with the Ml rifle. (Ref. 7) Program No.7-I, War Department, Washington Reorganization of the Armored Force was one 25, D. C., 12 September 1943, Infantry Training of the considerable accomplishments of Army Program, Individual Training for Infantry Regi­ Ground Forces in 1942. While the Armored In­ ment and Armored Infantry Regiment, provided fantry Regiment was retained~ com~at e~p~rie?ce for 116 hours of technical training for the armored in Africa and Sicily was to dIctate Its elimillation rifle squad. The training schedule was divided into and the substitution of an armored infantry rifle subjects and allotted hours as follows: 10 battalion organization in its place. The new tables were published on 15 September 1943. (Ref. 5, Armored Infantry Standard Infantry pp. 326-327) Squad Platoon (Squad) Subject hours Subject hours The comment contained in Army Ground Bayonet . 8 Automatic Rifle, Forces Study Number 27, 1946, is significant: Machinegun, cal..30 32 cal. .30 38 As a result of combat experience the infantry 10 See Appendix E for list of armored infantry training literature element in the armored division grew in im- as contained in Ref. 9, above. 36 ARMOR-November-December, 1965 Tactical training of Bayonet 8 At this time, it will be recalled that the infantry, the Infantry Soldier 16 Rifle, cal. .30 68 both standard and armored was vigorously carrying Tactics of the crew and Operations of patrols, squad, night & day 56 day and night 8 the war to the enemy -on the land. The promotion Vehicular Crew drill Scouting and observ- of the squad leaders brought new prestige to the and maintenance 4 ing, day and night 8 armored infantry rifle squad and higher morale for Total 116 Total 130 the leaders themselves. (Ref. 11) (Ref. 9) In the armored rifle squad, the higher grades Initial combat experience indicated the require­ were timely and appropriate for the additional rea­ ment of the armored infantry rifle squad for a wea­ son that increased mobility and dispersion de­ pon which could give the squad a primary assault manded noncommssioned officer leaders with weapon and at the same time enable the squad to greater experience and knowledge of tactics, tech­ have antitank protection for its own vehicle and niques, and weapons. The higher pay and the con­ for the tanks it accompanies or supports. The ad­ sequent public recognition of the importance of dition of the rocket launcher, AT 2.36-inch Ml, squad leadership could not guarantee that the by TOE, 4 April 1943, satisfied this need for ad­ leadership, knowledge, and experience required ditional protection without causing any decrease would be obtained. But, in essence, the new ranks in the squad's mobility or overall combat capa­ and higher pay created a more realistic basis for bility. (Ref. 10) selection or elimination of squad leaders in the TOE 7-17, 26 February 1944, promoted the armored infantry. standard infantry rifle squad leader from sergeant In connection with the changes above, it should to staff sergeant and made the assistant squad be noted that the squad vehicle M-3 was replaced leader a sergeant. There was a similar elevation with the M-3A2 and the the rocket launcher was in rank for the leaders of the armored infantry now the M9. rifle squad. TOE 7-27, C2, 7 January 1944, shows The need for organic infantry within the ar­ the squad leader as a staff sergeant and the as­ mored division is illustrated in the following com­ sistant leader as a sergeant. The basic reason for ment extracted from Army Ground Force Study the promotion was General McNair's desire to raise Number 27: the -morale and the prestige of the infantry arm. Both the 1942 type of division and the 1943

RIFLE COMPANY ARMORED INFANTRY BATTALION I r I I I I COMPANY ANTITANK RIFLE RIFLE RIFLE HQ PLAT PLAT PLAT PLAT I I I I IL- HQ MAINT ADMIN SECTION SECTION MESS & SUP SEC

I I I 1 PLAT ANTITANK ANTITANK ANTITANK HQ SQD SQD SQD

I I I I 1 PLAT HQ 60 mm RIFLE RIFLE LMG & RIFLE MORTAR SQD SQD SQD SQD SQD THE ARMORED INFANTRY RIFLE COMPANY

ARMOR-November-December, 1965 37 type were employed in combat. The 1st, 2nd, This method could be employed when it was not and 3rd Divisions were employed under the possible to move forward on the armored infantry's 1942 table of organization, the 1st later being organic vehicles. (Ref. 13, pp. 347-357 and Ap­ reorganized in Italy to conform with the 1943 pendix) (See Appendix G for Chart: Rifle table of organization. The 2nd and 3rd ended Squad Mounted on Tanks.) the war as old type "heavy" divisions. All The armored infantry rifle company was capa­ other divisions were employed as organized ble of performing many and varied types of mis­ under the 1943 table of organization or as sions. These capabilities and possible missions for "light" divisions. The "heavy" type was ca­ armored infantry troops are shown in Field Manual pable of longer sustained action than the 17-40 in the following categorization. A careful "light" type. Both types of divisions were suc­ perusal will reveal little difference between the cessful. Certain weaknesses were found in employment of standard infantry and armored in­ both. Both were weak: in infantry, particularly fantry once it dismounts. The doctrine was ex­ the l'heavy" division with its two armored re~­ pressed as follows: iments of six tank battalions and armored in­ fantry regiment of three armored infantry In employment with tanks, the rifle company battalions. The "light" division with three may be called upon to-- tank battalions and three armored infantry (1) Follow a tank attack to wipe out re­ battalions fared better, but needed at least one maining enemy resistance. additional ritle company in each armored in­ fantry battalion in order that tank and infan­ (2) Seize and hold terrain gained by tanks. try battalions could be married up--squad (3) Attack to seize terrain favorable for a for squad, platoon for platoon, and company tank attack. for company. (4) Form, in conjunction with artillery and (Ref. 8) tank destroyers, a base of fire for a tank at­ tack. By November 1944, the tactical doctrine of the (5) Attack in conjunction with tanks. armored infantry had been forged in the campaigns ( 6) Clear lanes through minefields alone in Africa and tested on European battlefields from or in conjunction with engineers. Normandy to the German border. Field Manual 17-40, Armored Infantry Company, November (7) Protect tank units in bivouac, on the 1944, stated it in these words: march, in assembly area, and at rallying points. The armored infantry rifle company nor­ (8) Assist in forcing a river crossing. mally fights dismounted. Under favorable (9) Assist in seizing a bridgehead. conditions vehicular armament either mounted or dismounted is used to support. (10) Establish and reduce obstacles. If vehicles are used they must be placed in ( 11) Attack or defend towns. defilade and dispersed. The company moves ( 12) Organize and defend a position. forward in vehicles until forced by enemy ( 13) Perform reconnaissance and counter­ fire, or unfavorable terrain, to dismount. reconnaissance. In mounted movement, it is sensitive to mine fields, other obstacles, unfavorable terrain and Other Missions. These include- weather. The armored infantry rifle company is designed for employment with tanks. ( 1) Offensive or defensive operations as part (Ref. 12, p.3) of the battalion. (2) Limited objective missions when the The similarity between the horse cavalry tactics enemy is strong in antitank weapons, making and those of the armored infantry are readily ap­ it impractical to use tanks. parent in the above-quoted extract. A technique (3) Raiding parties. of movement used often during World War IT and (4) Security missions. in Korea was the mounting of the riflemen upon the (Ref. 12) supported tanks and moving forward in the attack.ll

11 (1) Prior to an attack on designated objectives the tanks and The functioning of the tank and its supporting infantry were joined together in a rear assembly area. Infantry armored infantry unit exemplified team work of vehicles were sometimes left in this area and the infantry rode on the tanks up to the attack position where they dismounted and high degree. That this was done under the stress attacked with the tanks. At other times the infantry rode mounted of combat was a tribute to the creative ability of in their own vehicles to the attack position and dismounted there. (2) Hastings, op. cit. the American soldier. The technique on the tank 38 ARMOR-November-December, 1965 and rifle squad level is explained in the following infantry rifle squad throughout the period of the passage from the cited monograph: war. The General Board, United States Forces, Eu­ Whenever possible it was found best to join up ropean Theater, although its recommendations the same tank apd infantry units together in were published after the end of the fighting, justi­ training and combat. Not only would staff sec­ fied the addition of the BAR to the armored infan­ tions function better but lower unit comman­ try rifle squad. The Board stated the battle-proven ders and individual tank crews and infantry premise that the basic maneuver and combat unit squads became acquainted and gained confi­ of the rifle company was the rifle squad. Further, dence in each other. Units gained objec­ that the rifle squad must have the firepower to make tives as a team and not as individual arms. it an effective striking force. It should be noted To round out this team artillery forward ob­ that the Armored Infantry Rifle Squad did possess servers were attached down to include tank its organic base of fire in the vehicle-mounted ma­ and infantry companies from the field artil­ chinegun and a maneuver element, its riflemen. The lery battalion in direct support of the unit. vehicle-mounted machinegun was provided with a This gave a well-rounded team of tanks in­ tripod for ground mounting. Thus it was available fantry and artillery. The artillery forward ob­ to accompany the squad away from the vehicle. server operated dismounted with the infantry (Ref. 14 and Ref. 15) and the observer with the tanks rode in a That the organic infantry of the armored divi­ tank. Wherever possible the same artillery sions was frequently insufficient is shown in the battalions were kept in support of the same following extract from the Report, General Board, units. European Theater: (Ref. 6) TOE 7-27, C3, 2 August 1944, continued the Analysis indicates that in many of the opera­ squad leadership with the staff sergeant and ser­ tions in which the main effort was entrusted geant in command. Both were armed with the Ml to armor, infantry was attached on the usual rifle. The driver was authorized a pistol in addition scale of one regiment per armored division. to the submachine gun, caliber .45. The rocket These attachments were much more frequent launcher was now an M9Al and there were two in the case of the heavy armored divisions grenade launchers, M7, authorized for the squad. for the obvious reason that while there is The TOE did not designate those members in the parity at battalion level between infantry and squad to be armed with the grenade launchers. tanks in the light division, a one to two ratio The addition of the grenade launchers was prob­ exists in the heavy unit. Even the light divi­ ably for the .antipersonnel effect as a direct defense sions, although successful in exploitation and ag~t ~titank weapon crews and for firing pyro­ pursuit without attached infantry, required ad­ techmc sIgnals. Eventually, in 1945, the General ditional dismounted strength when employed Board, United States Forces, European Theater, on secondary missions. recommended that rifle grenade launchers be is­ It can be stated that combat experience has sued on the basis of one for each rifle. This or­ definitely shown the need for at least parity be­ g~nization and armament for the armored infantry tween infantry and tanks units in an armored rifle squad was the one under which the squad fin­ division. Consensus of field commanders is that ished the war in Europe, as the German armies the ratio of infantry to tank units at company began surrendering on 4 May 1945, VE Day (Ref. level should be three to two. 13) (Ref. 15, p. 12) The next Table of Organization and Equip­ World War II combat experience indicated that ~ent 7-27, was dated 16 June 1945, and it pro­ t~e VIded for the return of the BAR to the armored need for firepower in the armored infantry infantry squad. One private was the automatic rifle­ rifle squad was a pressing one. It was needed if the tank-infantry team was to function as planned. man. The squad personnel consisted of nine men (eight riflemen armed with the Ml rifle; one driver The following extract illustrates when effective for the personnel carrier, M-3A2, armed with a .45 firepower was crucial to success: caliber submachinegun). The pistol was with­ In some instances after committing the tanks, drawn from the driver. The rocket launcher was it was found the objective displayed more anti­ the M18. The addition of the automatic rifle in­ tank defenses than was first thought. In such creased the effective striking force of the squad. cases it was necessary to have the infantry It should be noted that the automatic rifle had pass through the tanks and seize the objec­ been included in the armament of the standard tive before the tanks could move forward. At ARMOR-November-December, 1965 39 times the infantry would be holding in a de­ which was provided with a tripod for ground fensive position and the tanks passed through mounting. and made an attack with the infantry follow­ In 1946, the Army Ground Forces commented ing. It was found much better for the tanks as follows: and infantry to join in a rear area. The basic doctrines of the Armored Force (Ref. 6) have changed very little since 1940, but In the post-World War II period, the organiza­ there have been many changes in technique. tion of the armored infantry rifle squad remained Maneuverability and gunnery became more generally the same as it had been at the end of essential to success as antitank weapons de­ hostilities. By 6 February 1948, TOE 7-27 N veloped, and the principles of the combined brought the armored infantry rifle squad in line arms and fire and movement were strongly with the standard infantry rifle squad by reducing emphasized as a result of combat experience. its strength from 12 to 9 men. The automatic The combat experience of the British and rifleman was promoted to corporal. Within the American armored units had a sobering effect squad, the leadership remained the same with a upon the theories of invincibility which some staff sergeant and sergeant in command. There leaders held. They began to appreciate that were seven technicians, 4th class (five were riflemen tanks were not all-powerful and invulnerable, armed with the M 1 rifle; one rifleman was armed that armored infantry was needed to support with the sniper rifle, .30 caliber M1C; one driver them, and that armored tactics could not be for armored utility vehicle, M-44, was armed with based upon the assumption that tanks could .45 caliber submachinegun). There were four .30 force their way through a well organized de­ caliber grenade launchers, M7AI, authorized for fense. the squad. This increase of grenade launchers fol­ (Ref. 8, p. 29) lowed the recommendation of the General Board, The M-59 armored personnel carrier which re­ previously noted. There was no specific assign­ placed the M-44, met the requirement for a highly ment of the launchers to individual squad person­ mobile infantry personnel vehicle. In addition, it nel. The basic reason for the reduction of the offered all-around armor protection for the infan­ armored infantry rifle squad to a total strength of try squad. In view of possible operations under ten men may be found in the fact thai the recent nuclear warfare conditions, the overhead cover combat experience demonstrated it was difficult afforded was of especial importance. In addition to control and direct more than eight other men to its overall armor, the M-59 possessed limited in battle. Further, that the requirements of future amphibious characteristics and was air transport­ warfare indicated that greater dispersion of all able. Weighing 18.7 tons and armed with a .50 units, including rifle squads, would be the general caliber machinegun, it became the standard ar­ pattern of future combat. While the standard in­ mored infantry vehicle. The .30 caliber machine­ fantry rifle squad now contained nine men, the gun organic to the squad and the .50 caliber ma­ additional or tenth man for the armored infantry chinegun were provided with tripods for ground rifle squad was the driver for the newly issued mounting. Equipped with full tracks, the M-59 was armored personnel carrier, M-44. The M-44 ve­ able to negotiate all types of terrain in supporting hicle was equipped with a machinegun, M 191 7AI, its tanks. This ability to keep up with the tanks ensured the close-knit cooperation of the tank-in­ fantry team as laid down in United States Army tactical doctrine. Of further importance logistically was the fact that the M-59 provided for a maximum interchange of parts with other organic standard armored vehicles. (Ref. 17, p. 29) MORTAR The most significant change introduced into the PlAT armored infantry rifle squad by TOE 7-27 N, Cl, 18 September 1950, was the replacement of the armored utility vehicle, M-44, by the armored per­ sonnel carrier, M-59 (Ref. 18) TOE 7-27 N, C2, 15 November 1950, elimi­ nated the grade of staff sergeant and made the squad leader a sergeant first class. This change

RIFLE COMPANY, ARMORED INFANTRY BATTALION, USA was in accordance with the overall reorganization of the grade structure of the Army. The assistant 40 ARMOR-November-December, 1965 squad leader remained in the sergeant grade. This this model was joined in service by the very elevation in grade and pay gave the rifle squad similar M-59. leader a position one grade below that of master (Ref. 3, pp. 392-393 and Ref. 15) (See Ap­ sergeant, the highest noncommissioned grade. In­ pendix D for Armored Infantry Carriers). asmuch as platoons were often commanded by ser­ Of considerable interest to armored infantrymen geants in the absence of lieutenants, this recogni­ was the prospect of fighting mounted. From the tion of the squad command position through beginning in 1940 one of the possibilities of ar­ increased rank and pay served to add to the pres­ mored infantry combat was the delivery of fire tige and morale of the infantry. (Ref. 19) upon the enemy from the carrier and while in In 1952, there was considerable experimenta­ motion. In a sense, this was a reversion to the old tion in search of a solution for a suitable personnel cavalry tactics of mounted combat. Obviously, the carrier for the armored infantry squad. The T-18 design of the early personnel carriers offered slight series of personnel carrier evolved from the M-44 armor protection and subsequent models were cov­ vehicle. Designated the M-75, it was issued to ar­ ered, which prevented the individual squad mem­ mored infantry rifle squads. Some of these vehicles ber from firing his weapon. As noted previously were equipped with turrets and others had machine­ in this study, the tactics of the armored infantry­ guns affixed to pintle mounts. However, the T-18­ man were essentially those of the old-time U. S. E2s on trial with units were not equipped with Mounted Rifleman, or Dragoon, who rode a horse turrets. Under TOE 7-27, 28 August 1952, ar­ to the battlefield then dismounted and fought on mored infantry rifle squads were equipped with foot as an infantryman. This was the tactic of the armored infantry, full-track, T-18 series vehicles. U. S. Cavalry, the successor to the U. S. Dragoons. TM 9-2800-1, February 1953, indicates that the (Ref. 22, pp. 18-21) T-18El vehicle was equipped with a .50 caliber Field Manual 17-20, Armored Infantry Units, machinegun, with flexible mount for antiaircraft Platoon, Company and Battalion, August 1957 protection. With the machinegun, .30 caliber had this to say with reference to carriers in M1919A6, with M2 tripod, the armored infantry mounted action: rifle squad possessed two machineguns. (Ref. 20, p. 218 and Ref. 21) In the attack, the speed, mobility, and armor The replacement of the half-track vehicle by a protection of the armored personnel carrier full-track vehicle was the result of the recommen­ must be utilized to the utmost. This is best dations contained in Study No. 48, Organization, accomplished when tanks and armored infan­ Equipment and Tactical Employment of the Ar­ try are employed together, each supporting mored Division. Ogorkiewicz discusses this im­ the actions of the other. In order to make portant change in vehicles in his book, Armor. full use of the common combat characteris­ His comments are informative and indicative of tics of tanks and armored infantry, armored the problem of securing a satisfactory armored in­ infantry should remain mounted in their car­ fantry squad vehicle: riers as long as possible so that- The first of the American fully tracked ar­ ( 1) Elements of the attacking force of tanks moured personnel carriers, introduced soon and armored infantry can move forward at after the Second World War, was of the Kan­ about the same speed. garoo type. Designated the M-39, it consisted (2) The battlefield mobility of both elements of the higWy mobile 76mm gun M-18 tank of the attacking tank-infantry force is re­ destroyer minus its turret and armament. It tained. suffered from the same disadvantages as the (3) Casualties in areas swept by small-arms, Canadian and British Kangaroos and was still mortar, and artillery fire are reduced. open-topped. However, it was followed fairly (4) Both tanks and armored infantry can closely by the M-44 which had armour protec­ move forward supported by artillery air bursts. tion all round and which was designed from ( 5) A degree of protection is afforded the start as an armoured personnel carrier. against the effects of atomic weapons. As a carrier, it was definitely more efficient, (6) The energy of the armored infantry is but because it was built to carry as many as 27 conserved so that they are able to fight effec­ men, it rivalled in size a large bus. In view tively when needed. of the enormous target which it presented, (Ref. 23, pp. 56-58) only a few M-44's were built. This model was abandoned in 1950-51 in favor of the M-75. In 1955, the reorganization of the armored in­ A small number of M-75s were tried in the fantry squad followed generally that established closing stages of the Korean war, by which for the standard infantry rifle squad. TOE 7-27R, ARMOR-November-December, 1965 41 1 February, 1955 provided that the five riflemen be the unit, but it also demanded that the span of classified as senior riflemen with the grade of corporal, control be exercised by noncommissioned officers one rifleman was armed with the sniper rifle; two of experience. In 1956, the Chief of Infantry, riflemen were armed with the Ml rifle; two of Headquarters, Continental Army Command stated the riflemen were rated as privates, first-class, one well the problem of control and other factors con­ was the ammunition bearer, in addition to other tributing to the reorganization of the stand­ duties; the driver was a corporal and was armed ard infantry rifle squad. There is no valid reason with a submachinegun, .45 caliber. The leader­ for their non-applicability to the armored infantry ship of the squad remained the same: one sergeant rifle squad: first-class as squad leader and one sergeant as as­ sistant squad leader. The automatic rifle team From ... the effects of control, capability remained unchanged: one automatic rifleman was for sustained combat, and firepower on squad a corporal. TOE 7-27 C, 5 February 1957 made organization, a limiting characteristic of a both automatic riflemen corporals. Otherwise the good squad organization appears: The squad squad remained unchanged. The squad vehicle was must contain more men than a single leader. designated as personnel carrier, full-tracked with can control effectively. Since the system of no armament shown. However, FM 17-20, Au­ providing a leader with an assistant to direct gust 1957 indicated that the personnel carrier was part of the squad.while the leader directs equipped with a .50 caliber machinegun for anti­ both the assistant and· the r~st of the squad is aircraft protection and a .30 caliber machinegun unsound, a squad organization with subunits with M2 tripod for ground mounting away from is clearly indicated. the vehicle. (Ref. 24, p. 54) TOE 7-27 T ROCAD (Reorganization Objective The TOE under discussion provided seven rifle­ Current Armored Division) dated 1 December men for the armored infantry rifle squad. Three 1956 began the series of reorganizations within of the senior riflemen were corporals, one of whom U. S. Army units which were planned to meet the was armed with the sniper rifle. Three of the rifle­ requirements of warfare of the present or of the men were privates, first-class. The driver of the future. With increased mobility on the land and armored personnel carrier was a corporal who was in the air stressed at all levels of organization, the armed with a rifle. The total strength of the squad armored infantry rifle squad was reorganized to was 12 men. The squad was assigned three gre­ form small, hard-hitting fire teams capable of in­ nade launchers but no specific individuals within dependent action on a widely dispersed battlefield, the squad were designated as grenadiers. The The introduction of the fire teams into the squad squad vehicles were shown as armored infantry, organization of both standard and armored infan­ full-track, T-18 series. The T-18El vehicles were try rifle squads greatly increased the flexibility of equipped with .50 caliber heavy machinegun with

Team Team Leader AR Leader AR Grenadier Rifleman L Grentdier Rifleman Rifleman 1 + ! + 1 + +

~1 LALFATEAM---1 t BRAVO TEAM Driveri Squad ARMORED INFANTRY RIFLE SQUAD - 1965 Leader

42 ARMOR-November-December, 1965 flexible moUnt. A .30 caliber machinegun with mounting away from the vehicle. There is no sniper Ml919A6 tripod, M2, was provided for ground rifle authorized for the squad under ,this TOE. mounting away from the vehicle. There are 12 men in the squad. The results that were achieved by the 1960 As far as infantry units are concerned, their or­ reorganization of both the standard infantry and ganization has been based upon the squad or se~­ armored infantry rifle squad may be summed up tion. The squad has been commonly ~efined as the in one word: Maneuverability. The reorganization largest group of riflemen that one man can control was based on the concept that wide-ranging opera­ and lead, although in practice, the basic unit tions on present or future battlefields would re­ tended to be a light-machinegun or automatic rifle quire squads composed of highly-mobile, hard­ team. In either case, the squad or fire team must hitting fire teams with the capability of indepen­ have a minimum of four or five men and may be dent action under combat conditions. The two considered as the light weapon equivalent of the fire teams gave the squad leader the capability of tank and its crew. (Ref. 25 and Ref. 3, pp. 47-48) maneuvering integral units under his overall com­ TOE 7-47 E, Draft, 1962, retained the squad mand. Prior to this change, the squad leader moved leadership and the automatic rifle teams of the his squad personnel as individuals except in the 1960 TOE 7-27 D. Among the riflemen there were case of the automatic rifle team. now two grenadiers with the grade of corporal who The possible requirements of future warfare call were armed with the grenade launcher, 40mm, for dispersion of units over broad fronts. To meet the .45 caliber pistol, and the 7.62mm rifle. One this challenge all units down to and including the rifleman, a corporal, was armed with the 7.62mm armored infantry rifle squad must possess the abil­ rifle. He also served as the driver of the armored ity to operate independently. In furtherance of personnel carrier. Two riflemen were armed with this 9bjective, the improved span of control of the 7.62mm rifle and were in the grade of private, the squad leader, who now controls two fire team first-class. As with the standard infantry rifle leaders, rather than the entire unit, should be squads, the armored infantry squads were reduced noted. Each fire team, with its ample firepower and to ten men. One of the riflemen of the armored flexibility of response in battle areas of consider­ infantry rifle squad for this reason had to function able depth, requires experienced leadership. Be­ as driver, in addition to his other duties. Under cause of the independence of action built into the this TOE, each fire team consisted of a team leader, teams' tactics, the team leader, as well as the squad a sergeant, a grenadier, an automatic rifleman, and leader, has to be able to exert maximum control. a rifleman. To accomplish the squad mission under these cir­ In 1963, under TOE 7-47 E, dated 15 July, cumstances, the squad leaders of all grades must the armored infantry rifle squad was augmented be well trained and highly capable of exercising by one rifleman. The reason for the increase of command and leadership under combat conditions. the squad was based upon the requirement that TOE 7-27 D, 1 May 1960, changed the grade the part-time driver could not remain with the of the squad leader from sergeant first class to vehicle without weakening one of the fire teams. staff sergeant. This was in accordance with the With the addition of the rifleman, the driver re­ army-wide elimination in 1958 of the grade of mained full time with the vehicle and manned the sergeant first-class. The advent of the fire teams vehicular weapons in support of the squad. The called for two fire team leaders in the grade of carrier is shown by FM 7-15, January 1962, to sergeant. All of the squad command group car­ have a mounted weapon with caliber not indicated. ried the new 7.62mm automatic rifles. The auto­ Assumption is made that it was .50 caliber M2, matic riflemen were corporals and were armed heavy barrel machinegun equipped with flexible with the 7.62mm automatic rifles, light barrel, mount. There was a 7.62mm lightweight, general­ with bipod. Seven riflemen were armed with 7.62­ purpose machinegun with tripod for ground mm rifles. Two of the senior riflemen were cor­ mounting. There was no sniper rifle authorized. porals. The driver of the armored personnel car­ rier was also a corporal. Four riflemen were in Literature Cited the grade of private, first-class. The TOE did not 1. TOE 7-27 P (tentative), Infantry Company, show the armament of the carrier but FM 7-15, Rifle Regiment, Armored Division, War January 1962, indicates that the carrier had a Department, Washington 25, D. C., 16 July mounted machinegun caliber not shown. FM 17­ 1940. 20, August 1957, indicated at that time that the 2o TOE 7-27, Infantry Company, Rifle Regi­ carrier-mounted machinegun was .50 caliber. The ment, Armored Division, War Department, TOE also authorized a 7.62-mm, lightweight, gen­ Washington 25, D. Co, 15 November 1940. eral-purpose machinegun, with tripod for ground 3. Ogorkiewicz, R. Mo, Armor, New York: ARMOR-November-December, 1965 43 Frederick A. Praeger, Publisher, 1960. Infantry Battalion, War Department, Wash­ 4. de Gaulle, General Charles, The Army of the ington 25, D. C., 7 January 1944. Future, New York: J. B. Lippincott Com­ 12. FM 17-40, Armored Infantry Company, War pany, 1941. Department, Washington 25, D. Co, Novem­ 5. Greenfield, Kent R., et al., The Organization ber 1944. of Ground Combat Troops, U. S. ARMY IN 13. Whitehouse, Arch., Tank, Garden City, New WORLD WAR II, The Army Ground York: Doubleday & Company, Inc., 1960. Forces, Washington, D. C.: Historical Divi­ 14. TOE 7-27, C3, Rifle Company, Armored sion, Department of the Army, 1947. Infantry Battalion, War Department, Wash­ 6. Hastings, Major Henry S. Employment of Ar­ ington 25, D. C., 2 August 1944. mored Infantry, Monograph, The Armored 15. Report of The General Board, United States School, 1947. Forces, European Theater, Organization, 7. TOE 7-27, Rifle Company, Armored Infan­ Equipment, and Tactical Employment of The try Regiment, War Department, Washington Armored Division, Armored Section, Study 25, D. C., 1 March 1942. Number 48, 19450 OCMH-D/A File. 8. Heckler, Major Kenneth, The Armored 160 TOE 7-27 N, Rifle Company, Armored Infan­ Force Command and Center, Army Ground try Battalion, Department of the Army, Wash­ Forces Study No. 27, Army Ground Forces, ington 25, Do Co, 6 February 1948:,.... Historical Section,. 1946. 17. History and Role of Armor. U. S. Army Ar­ 9. Mobilization Training Program No.7-I, mor School, Fort Knox, Kentucky, December Infantry Training Program, Individual Train­ 1960. ing for Infantry Regiment and Armored In­ 180 TOE 7-27 N, Cl, Rifle Company, Armored fantry Regiment, War Department, Washing­ Infantry Battalion, Department of the Army, ton 25, D. c., 12 September 1943. Washington 25, D. C., 18 September 1950. 10. TE. War Department, Washington 25, D. C., 19. TOE 7-27 N, C2, Rifle Company, Armored 4 April 1943. Infantry Battalion, Department of the Army, 11. TOE 7-27, C2, Rifle Company, Armored Washington 25, Do Co, 15 November 1950.

liRE

:_.,"..~ GND I I HQ S SUR IMAIHT I ~~ L'

• IWPNS I

-For mechanized rifle company only "Rifle Company. 1962

44 ARMOR-November-December, 1965 20. Senger und Etterlin, V.F.M., The World's possible for the squad personnel within the vehicle. Armored Fighting Vehicles, Garden City, Fires of the carrier-mounted weapons can only be New York: Doubleday and Company, Inc., delivered while the vehicle is moving. The addition 1962. of numerous gun and rifle ports in the hull would 21. TOE 7-27, Rifle Company, Armored Infan­ tend to weaken the personnel protection potential try Battalion, Department of the Army, Wash­ of the carrier. The protection afforded by the ar­ ington 25, D. C. 28 August 1952. mored personnel carrier enables the armored in­ 22. Ogorkiewicz, R. M., "Infantry Combat Ve­ fantry squad to get as far forward as possible the hicles".Armor, Volume LXX, No.5, Septem­ delivery of a decisive blow upon the enemy when ber-October 1961. he is subjected to or recovering from the heavy 23. Field Manual 17-20, Armored Infantry Units, fire power of the accompanying tanks. The fires Platoon, Company and Battalion, Depart­ of the carrier-mounted weapons assure the squad ment of the Army, Washington, D. C., Au­ close support when it is needed. gust 1957. The armored personnel carrier is not a tank. 24. Mead, Major General Armistead D. "Those Its purpose is to give armor protection, together Who See The Whites of Their Eyes," Infan­ with mobility, against artillery fragments, small­ try School Quarterly, July 1956. arms fire, and the effects of nuclear radiation. It is highly vulnerable to enemy antitank fire and 25. The Army Lineage Book, Volume II, Infan­ must not be exposed carelessly to hostile fires of try, Department of the Army, 1953. this type. Because of its cover, the armored person­ CONCLUSIONS nel carrier offers a degree of protection against fall­ The development of the tank contributed to the out and nuclear radiation. With nuclear war a clear' and present danger, it is conceivable that in a evolution of the armored infantry rifle squad. The ~uture tank overcame the rule of the machinegun and war all infantry squads may be transported ill armored personnel carriers. restored partial mobility to the battlefields of World War 1. In so doing it established a new require­ . The. close support capable of being rendered by aIr umts of the armored division would have the ment for direct cooperation and close support by effect of creating an air, tank, and armored in­ adjacent infantry units. In the initial stages of the fantry team. The formation of this team would development of the tank and its tactical doctrine, accomplish the complete integration of all military there was no definition of the relationship of the weapons of the armored division into a weapon tank to infantry and vice versa. system for land warfare. Until recent modem times, the horse furnished Psychologically, the armored infantry rifle squad mobility upon the battlefield. Additionally, the possesses an advantage over the rifle squad which horse with his bulk and weight possessed shock bolsters the armored squad's collective and indivi­ power as an added weapon effect. The early tank dual morale. This advantage is the squad's close with its mobility, shock power and crushing ability identification with a major item of equipment­ and its immunity to small-arms fire replaced the the armored personnel carrier. This identification horse and changed the concept of infantry tactics. the standard infantry squad does not have. Ip a The tank with the close support of infantry could sense, the personnel carrier functions as a "home," overcome its foes with its fire, shock and crushing a base to which the squad is always tied regardless power. Together, the tank and the infantry make a of the varying fortunes of combat. By this token, formidable weapon. 12 the armored infantry squad may have a slight edge Armored infantrymen are specialized in that they on the standard infantry rifle squad in the matter advance mounted in armored carriers and upon of stability and integration. dismounting, fight as infantry. They can operate The armored infantry rifle squad now possesses in com,bat without tanks or they may combine fire power and maneuverability to an extent greater both mounted and dismounted action in their tac­ than any rifle squad in our military history. By tical patterns. Mounted combat from the present this token the leadership of the squad will require armored personnel carriers is difficult if not im- the highest type of noncommissioned officers. These small-unit combat leaders must be able to act in­ 12 For an. ex~ple of tanks oper~ting alone, the experience of ~t. Col. Elzle Hlcke~son, ySA, dunng t~e Battle of the Bulge is dependently and decisively in order to render ef­ Cited. In a personal Interview Colonel Hickerson indicated that at fective support to the tanks. So that this support Bizory, Belgium during the period of 1-20 January 1945 his unit the 68th Tank Battalion of the Sixth Armored Divisio~ secured will be most effective, the rifle squads and tank an~ held a position .without the assistance of armored'infantry. crews must be welded into closely knit fighting Thl~ .was done by USing the tank crews for ground patrolling. In addItIOn to the tank-mounted weapons, he had available an 81­ teams. This association should be as permanent mm mortar platoon. Two tank destroyers were used to supplement the available fire power. as combat conditions will permit. ARMOR-November-December, 1965 45 AREA FIRE

By MAJOR HAROLD L. LARSON

A AREA FIRE AGAINST PERSONNEL, unpro­ tected vehicles, or lightly-armored vehicles is con­ PRIME CONSIDERATION sidered by most "Tankers" as below their level, unimportant, or a complete waste of scarce ammuni­ tion. Ask a Tanker about area fire, and his normal FOR ARMOR response is "That's what the Infantry and Artillery are for" or "It's not one of our primary missions." This is just the problem. What are we, in armor, going to do, not only to protect ourselves, but to repel and destroy the enemy if proper fire support is not available? What is area fire? For the purpose of this ar­ ticle, area fire is fire' into a known, suspected, or likely enemy target area when target effect is not visible. It is employed to increase the probability of damaging, dispersing, or destroying a target. Area fire can be either direct or indirect fire, but for our purposes we will consider only direct, unob­ served fire. To further expand on a definition of area fire, ST 17-12-1 states in part: "Area fire is the firing of a prescribed number of rounds of HE or REP in a prescribed pattern." As a secondary mission of armor, area fire does What is area fire? not receive the attention that it rightfully deserves. Properly employed area fire can save your tank, Is it a technique that your platoon, and in fact your entire company. Area fire from a single tank can be so devastating tankers should use?

How effective is it? MAJOR HAROLD L. URSON, Armor, enlisted in lhe Moine Army National Guord on 24 June 1945, wos commissioned in Artillery in October 1950, Infantry in April 1956, and Armor in March 1959. He is presently Execulive Officer of lhe 4th Saltalion, 20th Armor, 133d Armor Group, Maine ARNG wilh station in South Portland, Moine. He has commanded company sized units in Artillery, Infantry, Armored Cavalry and Armor; has served an Saltalion Staffs in Artillery, Infantry, and Armor; served on an ArmOred Cavalry Regiment Slaff, a Regimental Combat Team Staff, Artillery and Armor Group Staffs and an Armored Division Slaff. He recently completed the Associate Armor Officer Career Course and relurned to Maine where he is Administrative Staff Assistant, 4th Sattalion, 20th Armor, Maine ARNG. 46 ARMOR-November-December, 1965 that it can tie up an entire enemy company. Just yes 15, meters right and left of target "C." Your think what a full tank company could do if properly short pattern should have looked something like employed in an area role. . Figure 2. Armor cannot and should not be employed ill this role for any length of time because of the large amount of ammunition required. Furthermore, our main armament is better employed. Artillery and mortar units are better equipped and trained in this role. They have more sophisti­ cated equipment and procedures, and their ammu­ nition is better suited. However, that day, hour, minute, or even second may come when we are going to need area fire. I sincerely feel that it is about time we, as com­ manders or what have you, take a real good look, ~~~~~~=­-~ a close look at our area fire methods, consider some changes, and, most of all, realize just how valuable I. Approx 35-40 meters this can be if used properly. For the purposes of this article we will consider a hypothetical round and bursting pattern. The method presented herein will have to be adjusted to meet the effects of advanced rounds of ammu­ nition as they are developed. Further, we will use unobserved fire only, for observed fire presents no problem in this respect. You are a tank commander in a defensive posi­ ~o"" tion. Your area of responsibility includes a "T" road 0;..<';00 junction which has been identified as target "C" on your range card. You have all the information Approximate fragmentation pattern of HE Burst to fire on this target. Your range is 1,500 meters Figure 1 and your crew is well trained and alert. Suddenly you are brought back from your pleasant thoughts by your Platoon Leader's command for fire on target "C." The only identification of the target is Study this pattern. What casmilties did rounds 4 "troops." and 5 cause? Very little as round 1 dispersed the troops and inflicted the heavy damage while rounds You can't see the enemy troops but you feel 4 and 5 only spread the pattern by 30 meters. secure as you issue your command to your crew Rounds 2 and 3 were 100 m~{ers over and short of and try to observe. You smile to yourself with satis­ the target but did serve the purpose of stopping a faction as you see those brilliant bursts as five direct advance into your position and of cutting rounds go out. Maybe you repeat area fire just to off the supply of personnel. be sure, and then you go back to more pleasant What would you have done as Tank Commander thoughts. or Gunner, if you could have observed the target? How effective have you been on this target? Stop You most likely would have brought rounds 2 and and think just how effective against troops in the 3 closer to the target, and spread rounds 4 and 5 open have you actually been. I hate to jar ?ou back out to cover more lateral area. to reality, but you haven't been very effective. Sure, At present, the standard area pattern at any you have induced some casualties, slowed their ad­ range, and I repeat any range, is Center, Add Iml., vance, but you haven't used the full capabilities of Drop 2ml., Add Iml. Right 10mI., Left 20ml., the weapon. Cease Fire. This is not realistic at every range, The round has a fragmentation pattern similar but it is a pattern. We could discuss which round to Figure 1. It is effective between 35-40 meters goes where and when it goes, but that is not the wide, but only 5-8 meters deep. By virture of its basic problem. I do feel that the sequence is im­ trajectory its pattern is half-moon shaped. portant, but the pattern most important. You know your gunner is well trained, especially Let's give some thought to changing our area since you trained him yourself. The first round fire pattern to something more realistic. Let's con­ should have been center of target "C," your second centrate our fire on the main target, and give it round 100 meters over it, your third round 100 some lateral, rather than depth dispersion. meters short, and your fourth and fifth rounds 15, I propose that something along the following ARMOR-November-December, 1965 47 This concentration is where the enemy should be, but still more important, it is spread literally. We have maximum depth of 24 meters and maxi­ mum width of 120 meters. There are no gaps in coverage of the area. (100 Meters) Now the fight comes. Which is more important, lateral coverage or depth coverage? Lateral! The well-trained enemy, and we must assume he is, would have avoided a movement through a well­ ,defined landmark, one where prearranged fires may have been prepared. He would try to skirt it, to sneak around it. If this lateral fire did not destroy (100 Meters) the enemy, then it either cut him off from the rear or shut him off from the front. The chart below is a comparison of the present deflection movement and the suggested movement:

Ranges Mil and Meter Movement at Maximum 1~5r 4°41~1 (Meters) Suggested Present 70 Less than 1000 40ml. 40 meters 10ml. 10 meters r-- Meters ---7J 1001-2000 meters 30ml. 60 meters 10m!. 20 meters 2001-3000 meters 20ml. 60 meters 10m!. 30 meters More than 3000 10ml. 30 meters up 10ml. 30 meters Present Area Fire Pattern at 1500 Meters As you can see, at ranges over 3,000 meters there is no true advantage of changing. However, Figure 2 at ranges of less than 3,000 meters, where we normally would be firing, much more lateral dis­ method is more practical and much more devastat­ persion is obtained with the suggested method. ing. This lateral coverage increases with a decrease in First, there should be no change in elevation at range. In the midrange area, between 1001-3000 any range. The normal dispersion of the piece will meters, the suggested method does have some lat­ give the necessary depth. Remember that the burst­ eral gaps in coverage. I believe this is not a hinder­ ing depth of our hypothetical HE round is from 5-8 ance as the nearness to impact will have a demoral­ meters and only a slight movement will result in izing effect on the enemy. At ranges of less than overlapping coverage. 1,000 meters or more than 3,000 -meters we have Secondly, deflection shifts should be dependent complete and overlapping coverage. In fact, we upon the range and not standard for all ranges. have laid down a wall of fire destroying those in its Our standard pattern should be similar to the zone, cutting off those in front, and shutting off following: the resupply of personnel forward. Range Mil Shift Meter Shift Your next question should be about depth. Ac­ Right or Left Right or Left cording to the appropriate manual, a 1ml. shift in Less than 1000 40ml. 40 meters elevation will result in a 100-yard change in range 1001-2000 30ml. 60 meters at all ranges. Considering normal dispension, a bare 2001-3000 20ml. 60 meters minimum of 8 meters should be obtained at short 3001-max. range 10m!. 30 meters up ranges and increased amounts at greater ranges. What have we accomplished by this method? We In the situation already given our shot pattern have established a perpendicular wall, not a parallel would have looked like this. wall, to the line of advance of the enemy. First, we have protected ourselves, and secondly, we have either destroyed him, slowed his advance, or cut off his supplies and demoralized him. Com.mands You're still a non-believer? OK, let's examine 1. Center both the lateral and range coverages at midranges. 2. Left 400l ~~ 3. Right 4001 ~ ~120XB.. Midrange Defl. & Ground Movement Range Changes 4. Right 40m 5 40 x B (Meters) Suggested Present Suggested Present 5. Left 400l 500 40ml. 20m 10ml. 5m Oml. 8m Iml. 100m No range corredions 1500 30ml. 45m 10m!. 15m Oml. 8m 1m!. 100m 2500 20ml. 50m 10ml. 25m Oml. 8m 1m\. 100m Suggest Area Fire Pottern at 1500 Meters 3500 10ml. 35m 10ml. 35m Oml. 8m 1m!. 100m

Figure 3 In the figure below you will find a comparison 48 ARMOR-November-December, 1965 of the suggested method as opposed to the present at these ranges; however, the comparison IS pre­ method at a given range of 2,000 meters. sented for your information. Notice the devastating coverage, that wall of fire, that wall of total destruction. What a feeling of satisfaction and security this would give to me ~ (40 x 8) as a Tank Commander! Commands To me, the present method does not provide 1 Center ....-----(.0 x 100) 2 Add I,,! enough width, provides too much depth, in fact, 3 Drop 2,,! ~C>O:7Y (80 x 8) wastes four of the five rounds of precious ammu­ • Add 10< R;gh'10'" ••------(.0 x 100) nition. 5 left 200< If only one tank can lay down so solid a wall of (.0 x 8) ~ destruction and death, think what a full platoon could do; 600 meters of solid steel in width. Granted Present Area Fire Pattern at 2000 meters this fire is only 8 meters in depth, but it is like a window. You can see the enemy but he can't get to you without exposing himself to a cut hand; Commands only in this case it undoubtedly would be more

1.een'er ~3 (40 x B) 2. left 30m than a cut hand. If the platoon were to employ (120 x B) 3..R;gh'30ol ~ 0) ~ this method in depth, it would give you a 120­ (40 x 8) 4. Right 5 30,,! meter wide swath 40 meters in depth. Furthermore, 5. left 30,,! the Platoon Leader could adjust the depth simply Suggested Area Fire Pattern at 2000 meters by applying the 1m!. factor and increase his depth to 500 meters. Figure 3 The Platoon Leader could prearrange his fires to cover almost any type of target subject to area fires. Fires in depth to cover a defile, fires in width In the present method we have 1,280 sq. meters to cover a cross compartment, fires scattered to of coverage, while the suggested method increases cover likely targets, such as the road junction this by only 320 meters to 1,600 meters. The big pictured below. advantage of the suggested method is the lateral dispersion and the reduction of gap area. In the next illustration you will see a compari­ son of methods at ranges of three and four thous­ and meters. It is highly unlikely that we would be

~ (lOOm) r-__-~..__-­ ~ 2 120 meters by 8 meters 4 (lOOm) ~ Platoon' Area Fire by Suggested Pattern Figure 6 Present Pottern at 3000m Suggested Pattern at 3000m

A. B. It is time for us to give more thought to area fires, although it is a secondary mission. We should not only consider the main gun but also the coax. Staying on the subject of area fires, look at the Present 100m gap M-13 fire control (elevation) quadrant pictured here. What does it read? Is the gun tube level? How many dials and indexes did you have to check to determine this? First, you checked the elevation scale to deter­ mine that reading. The index is so close to zero c. that you cannot be sure at first glance whether Present and Suggested Pattern at .4000 Meters you have a plus or minus reading. Now you go to Figure 5 (A, B, & C) the micrometer scale and you read either plus 87 ARMOR-November-December, 1965 49 and that involves the Azimuth Indicator. My sug­ gestions here are twofold; the first being a minor modification and the second a complete change. Again, I am not technically qualified to work out the details and present ideas only as "food for thought." The minor modification simply involves the tilt­ ing of the Indicator to maybe a 30-degree angle. This would afford the gunner a better view and would not require him to lean over to read the indi­ cator. This instrument is adequately lighted; how­ ever, the index needles are difficult to read around 12 o'clock, due mainly to the angle of sight. It is my understanding that this suggestion is already under study and that certain models of the M-60A1 already incorporate this modification.

REFLECTOR The second suggestion for improvement of the LEVa VIAL--.-- ,--=::::II. Azimuth Indicator is a major change. I suggest 1 that we give thought to replacing the present model V'AL--::.;ii."IfIIII!~~p'i LEVELCOVEll with a "speedometer-type" model. The face would have five adjacent windows. The first window would Figure 7 read with "L" or "R," indicating right or left of center. The remaining windows would apply to the actual azimuth reading. With a device such as this or minus 13, so you have got to "think." If it were you would have only one place to check; only one plus 87, the index should have been closer to 100 reading would be possible, rather than the collection than zero, so your reading must be minus 13. Is it? of scales and needles now existing. Further, this Why not make this a bit more simple and accu­ new azimuth indicator should be much smaller than rate by eliminating the "think." I suggest one sim­ the present model, giving the gunner much needed ple, inexpensive modification which will increase room. accuracy and reduce the time required to read or Technically, this change may be much more in­ set the scales. volved than do I realize, and I must leave that to A zero setting means that the tube is level. Let's the experts. The increased accuracy and speed, plus just exchange that zero for a setting of 200. With the elimination of "thinking" would ease another the tube level we would then read 200. Elevated, phase of gunnery training. the reading would be more than 200, and con­ The modifications suggested are made for one versely, depressed it would read less than 200. We reason, and one reason only: to improve speed, must keep in mind that the present zero setting accuracy, and destruction by area fire. In its pres­ (level) now reads 200. ent form, area fire is ineffective, inadequate, and What does this accomplish? First, we end up unrealistic. with only one reading, somewhere between zero Area fire can completely destroy a target with­ and 800m!. We have no plus or minus readings, out even seeing it. Area fire can be used as inter­ thereby eliminating red or black numbers, and the diction fire, harassing fire, indirect fire, offensive plus or minus factor. fire, defensive fire, but most important it can be All that is required to modify the M-13 is a new used as destruction fire. Area fire, properly em­ elevation scale; block Qut the red (minus) readings ployed, can lay down a perpendicular wall of burst­ on the micrometer scale, and publish a manual ing steel, a denial sheaf of destruction, an irregular change. I sincerely hope that the very minor cost pattern of devastation, or a blanket of death to the involved would be well worth the increased accu­ enemy. racy and speed with which the gunner could lay From the Tank Commander to the Task Force the piece. Commander, let's give more thought to the em­ Before closing, I have one additional comment ployment of area fire.

Check The Book Ad Pages For Christmas Suggestions

50 ARMOR-November-December, 1965 ANTITANK WARFARE

By COLONEL HANS von USLAR-GLEICHEN

NOW AS BEFORE, the tank body knew what to do with it. As sively developed, and even guided is the main weapon of the Army was the case with gunpowder missiles were employed. During in a conventional war. This is and radar the tank was invented World War II, the most success­ why I would like to write about several times before the idea ful weapon against tank concen­ the tank and its principal enemy, found practical application. trations was the gun employed the antitank weapon. The history of World War I either as a towed antitank weap­ The history of the tank is not reveals that the first armored on, a self-propelled antitank gun really old if Leonardo da Vinci's combat vehicles, the first tanks, or a self-propelled assault gun. (1452-1519) design of a covered were employed by the British The development of these armored car (which was never Expedition Corps in the famous weapons, and especially their am­ constructed) is omitted. This is armored engagement near Cam­ munition, progressed so rapidly how one can determine that the brai in 1917. The German Army that already in 1942 the antitank concept to give protection to the facing the Corps, was completely defense was superior to the tank. soldier in engaging the enemy defenseless against the unique However, the trend in antitank existed several hundred years ago. iron monster. The development weapons was towards larger cali­ A drawing of Leonardo da Vinci's of tanks was held so secret that bres which made them heavier, armored car is on exhibit in the the element of surprise was a and thus less mobile. Therefore British Museum in London. This determining factor of success. The emphasis shifted to the develop­ Italian genius also designed and Germans had no means of defense ment of rockets, light-weight guns constructed other weapons, such against the armored vehicles. The and recoilless rifles. as a steam powered cannon and only weapon utilized was an in­ After World War II the de­ various catapults. These were fantry gun placed well forward velopment of antitank weapons meant to subdue and seize for­ without any protection which was and ammunition was limited. Be­ tresses. in the position to kill one, or at caus~ of experiences gained in the Let us go back to the armored the most two tanks until the gun war, the main development was car. A usable design for an itself was knocked out. now directed almost exclusively armored combat vehicle was In 1939 all modern armies had toward recoilless rifles and guided made by an Austrian officer in antitank weapons in their inven­ missiles. The gun tube in antitank 1911, however, at that time no- tory. These, however, were not weapons was dropped completely available in sufficient numbers as in some armies. was determined at the beginning The advantages and disadvan­ COLONEL HANS von USLAR-GlEICHEN is a of the war (Germany-Poland). tages of these two weapon systems graduate of the Technical University of Berlin, Their performance was so poor are generally known. The rocket holding a degree as Engineer. During Warld War II he had commands in armored divisions that they were no real threat to requires only a light tube or a in Poland, France ond Russia. He was formerly the tanks of that period. light firing launcher which can be on the German Army Staff in the Bu~deswehr, where he worked in the development of weapons During the war years 1939-43 carried by either one or two men. and problems of standardization. His present antitank weapons such as guns, This is quite a change from the

REMINISCENSES ABOUT SYNGMAN RHEE

General Bruce C. Clarke, Ret.

THE RECENT ANNOUNCEMENT ~ me were wrapped up in these matters of vital im­ death of Syngman Rhee in Honolulu will bring back portance to his country, he had not prepared me many memories of that dedicated patriot and leader way for a turnover of power in Korea as he be­ of his country to the many Americans who served came too old to carry on effectively. This is often in Korea before, during, and since the Korean War. the fate of strong men of nations. Knowing" him and observing him on many oc­ He was a thankful, appreciative, grateful, and casions during the period 1953-54 while I was devoted Christian. He traveled widely to visit his commander of I Corps, X Corps Group; Deputy troops and the United Nations troops at the front. Commander of the Eighth U. S. Army and trainer He never failed to inspire the troops on these oc­ of the First Republic of Korea Army, was a stimu­ casions. His courteous thoughtfulness was remarked lating experience. I was able to observe his great upon and deeply appreciated. influence, not only from Seoul, but from the point Early in 1954 it was decided to train and activate of view of the entire Korean Army with which I me First Republic of Korea Army Headquarters to was intimately associated during that period. He take over the eastern part of me front from the was without doubt the Famer of modern South U. S. X Corps (Group). General Sun Yup Paik Korea and was so revered and accepted by his was designated as Army Commander. He had people. served as ROK Chief of Staff and was a fine soldier. His fall from power and abdication was, iron­ The Army Headquarters was assembled and trained ically, the result of his great patriotic strength, de­ near me U. S. X Corps Headquarters at Kwandae­ termination, and complete devotion to Korea. He ri in me mountains of eastern-central Korea. had suffered greatly at the hands of the Japanese, At me activation ceremony President and including physical torture. He had sought, un­ Madame Syngman Rhee were flown to Kwandae-ri successfully, help for his country from the League by General Maxwell D. Taylor, the Eighth U. S. of Nations. He had returned to his country after Army Commander. After the proper honors, the WWII as the President of South Korea. He had led official party mounted a raised platform facing his country during the dark days of the invasion several thousand Korean officers and men. After of South Korea by the Communists from the North. my opening remarks I introduced General Taylor He never gave up or allowed his people to give up who was to introduce President Rhee. When Gen­ the hope of uniting North and South Korea. eral Taylor appeared before the microphone, he Because his whole life, thoughts, and energy spoke for several minutes in Korean paying tribute ARMOR-November-December, 1965 53 · to the Korean people, the Korean Army, General TripIer General Hospital in Honolulu on the earliest Paik and to President Rhee. I sat next to Presi­ plane to Tokyo. He departed before morning with dent Rhee and observed him closely. Tears rolled his bag of instruments without knowing his mission. down his cheeks. Madame Rhee's eyes were also Upon arrival in Tokyo he was placed aboard a moist. When President Rhee rose to speak he was special plane to Seoul. Here he was sped to a U. S. overcome by emotion. It was a most touching Army Hospital in downtown Seoul. He was im­ scene. Every American there felt it as did the mediately ushered into an operating room where Koreans. Every American there was also most lay Syngman Rhee. Without delay, he removed Mr. proud of the ability of General Taylor to make his Rhee's prostate, took care of him until he was able talk in Korean. to be moved home and for a few days thereafter, I have often thought that this was Mr. Rhee's and then he returned to Honolulu. finest hour. The hated Japanese had been driven Six weeks later the Korean Consul in Honolulu from his land, the communists had been driven back pinned the Korean Order of Military Merit on north of the 38th Parallel, Korea was starting to Colonel Mantell for his unusual service to the Presi­ recover from the ravages of the Communist inva­ dent of Korea and to Korea. This is proof of Mr. sion. The ROK Army of 20 divisions, which had Rhee's appreciation and is further evidence of his proved itself in battle, had now acquired a great vitality for, even at 80 years of age, his recovery measure of prestige through the creation of its own was very rapid. His period of sickness was hardly Field Army. public knowledge. Soon after that General Taylor called me to In 1962 Mrs. Clarke and I were in Honolulu on Seoul to be his Deputy Commander. XU. S. Corps our way home following my retirement. We ar­ Headquarters turned over its 13 ROK Divisions to ranged with Madame Rhee to call on her and Mr. the 1st ROK Army Command. X Corps Head­ Rhee in their nursing home overlooking Honolulu. quarters was phased out in Korea. Mr. Rhee was in bed. We went in to see him and In the summer of 1954 General Taylor was called stayed only a few minutes. I like to think that he to Washington for a few weeks leaving me in tem­ recognized me even for only a short time. At least porary command of the Eighth U. S. Army. This my name seemed to strike a bell with him. On the was during the final phases of the battle of Dien way out I asked Mrs. Rhee if she and President Bien Phu in Vietnam. Rhee were well taken care of. She said, "Yes, thanks One morning during this period President Rhee to the help of friends in Honolulu." She went on to sent for me. I called on him in his living room in say that such help wa's their only resources because his official residence. He was most disturbed about they had left Korea with very little. the Communist successes in Vietnam. He felt that Thus, has passed from the world scene, a world­ a Communist victory would have a long-range ef­ known figure and staunch fighter for and friend of fect in South East Asia. the Free World in the cold war period of the Middle At the end of his discussion he said: Twentieth Century. "I am prepared to provide a corps of three divi­ sions with supporting troops for use in Vietnam. "I am prepared also to accept your recommenda­ tions as to the Corps Commander, the divisions and the makeup of the force." My reply was that it would not be difficult to make the recommendations he asked for, but the matter of sending such a force was one to be con­ sidered on the highest American governmental levels. I promised to repeat his offer to my superior, General John E. Hull, the CinC, U. S. Far East Command, in Tokyo. General Hull forwarded the offer to Washington where it was declined and President Rhee was informed. This was a great and sincere gesture of deep appreciation for what the U. S. and the United Na­ tions had done to save his country. One more incident of the close cooperation of our country and Syngman Rhee can now be told. General Maxwell D. Taylor, Commanding General, Eighth On New Year's Eve 1954-55, as CG, U. S. Army U. S. Army, and President Syngman Rhee and Madame Pacific, I received directions to send Colonel Louis Rhee arrive at Kwandae-ri, Korea, to activate the First ROK Army commanded by General Sun Yup Paik (left) K. Mantell, M.C., Chief of the Urology Service at 15 March 1954. '54 ARMOR-November-December, 1965 How WOllid '0" IJo Itl u.s. ARMY ARMOR SCHOOL PRESENTATION

SITUATION You are a platoon leader in a tank company that is firing on the moving target range. Your range schedule is for only three days and you must vacate after the completion of firing on the third day. Due to other commitments the company commander cannot give you any more tanks to fire than those that you have in your platoon. He does, however, assign one turret mechanic to your platoon for the range period. You calculate that you can complete your range firing in the three days by firing double crews on your tanks. And if anything goes wrong, your turret mechanic will be there to take care of it and keep your guns firing.

Everything goes well; you are qualifying your crews on schedule, until on the third day the turret mechanic is injured and has to be evacuated. Shortly thereafter, one of your tanks hoists a green flag and an orange flag, and the tank commander reports that the turret controls are inoperative. If you are to complete firing of table V by the end of the day, and thus complete your mission within the time allotted, you must have this malfunction corrected within the next 45 minutes. To your dismay, however, you find that it will take from 2 to 3 hours to obtain either the necessary parts to restore the turret controls to operation or another turret mechanic to repair the controls.

HOW WOULD YOU DO IT? What action would you take to correct this malfunction in time to accomplish your mission?

AUTHOR: MAJ IVAN PAGE ARTIST: PFC G DESMARAIS ARMOR-November-December, 1965 55 DISCUSSION An investigation reveals that the main gun does not elevate, depress or traverse in power, nor does the gun elevate or depress while the gunner operates the range finder with the turret power switch on. The gunner inspects the oil lines and, although he finds no leaks, he notes that the turret motor does not operate during his investigation.

SOLUTION The cause of this malfunction could be either electrical or hydraulic. If hydraulic there would be obvious oil leakage and the turret motor would run frequently or continuously. The cause then is not hydraulic. One type of electrical malfunction could involve a failure of the pressure switch or the power relay. With this kind of failure, however, the turret motor would run continuously. Since the turret motor has not operated at all, the cause of malfunction must be the power valve solenoid. In the M48A3 and MOO tanks, there are three identical solenoids located forward and a little above the gunner's power control handle, as shown in the illustration below. These are the power valve, override, and deck clearance valve solenoids. A field expedient that can be performed within about 30 minutes involves swapping the deck clearance solenoid for the defective power valve solenoid, which must then be reinstalled in the deck clearance valve's former position to insure that hydraulic oil is supplied to the power system. The procedure is as follows:

POWER VALVE a. Turn off the turret power switch and SOLENOID the motor relay switch.

OVERRIDE SOLENOID b. Engage the turret traverse lock.

DECK CLEARANCE c. Push in on the power valve solenoid VALVE SOLENOID plunger and hold, then rotate the gunner's power control handle. Hold until the nitrogen pressure gauge reads zero. d. Disconnect the power valve and the deck clearance valve electrical connections and remove both solenoids. Replace each in the other's position and reattach all electrical con­ nections.

e. Turn on the master relay and turret power switches and wait 6-10 seconds or until the turret motor stops. f. Test for power control in traverse and elevation by rotating the gunner's power control handle. Since the above procedure is not authorized except in an emergency, you must replace the defective solenoid as soon as possible. You must also remember that you no longer have automatic elevation for deck clearance, but must elevate the gun during traverse in order to clear the rear deck.

56 ARMOR-November-December, 1965 I u.s. ARMY ARMOR SCHOOL TRENDS I NEWS - DOCTRINE - PUBLICATIONS

~ M-U-S·T on a 2-~ -ton truck or highway transporter. It is A H08pital-In-A.Trunk also transportable by cargo aircraft and by heli­ In current Army tent hospitals a patient and the copter, as are the other elements. medical staff are only a canvas-thickness away The hospital ward shelter includes all basic hos­ from the weather and all its elements. When pital ward equipment and is capable of providing it's hot and humid outside, it's hotter and more intensive medical treatment for 20 combat casual­ humid inside the tent hospital. If it's cold and windy ties. the tent stove does little to improve conditions. But this is going to change, and the sooner, the better. A MUST (Medical Unit, Self-Contained, Trans­ portable) has been developed to provide a con­ trolled hospital environment. The MUST is a new system that vastly improves every feature and facil­ ity of field medical care. It allows patient care in the near equivalent of a modern hospital anywhere, any time. In short, it's a hospital-in-a-trunk, com­ plete with all utilities and supplies; it is easily moved and can be set up in a matter of hours. Its most flexible feature is that by combining the func­ tional elements, entire field medical units, fully equipped, can be assembled, from battalion aid station to field hospital. The MUST unit consists of an expandable shelter The utility element is designed around a gas (which by special design is also its own shipping turbine engine that can furnish 85 kilowatts of 400­ container), a ward-type inflatable shelter, and a cycle electric current plus 10 kilowatts of 60-cycle self-contained utility system providing electric pow­ current. It can maintain 4 ward elements or 11 er, air conditioning and heat, hot and cold running surgical elements at a temperature of 65 0 F with an water, and waste water service. These elements are ambient temperature of-65 degrees Farenheit or 80 compact, lightweight, and easily movable. degrees Fahrenheit with an ambient temperature of The expandable shelter features modern facilities 140 degrees Fahrenheit. This unit can also inflate for performing the most complex and delicate sur­ ward elements and provide hot and cold running gery. When folded into a compact package (with water and waste water disposal service. all its equipment) for shipping, it can be carried The utility element is 5 feet 10 inches wide, 8 feet 8 inches long, and 7 feet 4 inches high. It has storage space for air ducts, electric cables, and water Sti,"ING CQNT41NEIl FOR WARD distribution hoses. It can be transported on an I M-I04 trailer or M-35 truck, and can be operated either on or off these vehicles. The self-contained facilities and mobile features of MUST provide the capability of world-wide op­ eraton in any environment, improved medical field treatment (including maximum use of physicians' and nurses' skills), and increased mobility of other combat support units. ARMOR-November-December, 1965 57 I~~~~~_-_N_E_W_S_N_O_TE_S~~~_-_~--!

Fort Knox Soldier Receives Presidential Citation study the feasibility of converting football helmets as suggested by Sergeant LaRue. It was found that 2139 football helmets could be bought for $9.60 each or a total of $20,535. Parts and labor cost to convert the helmets amounted to $11,063, resulting in the net savings of $141,500. Sergeant LaRue entered the Army in 1940 and saw action during World War II. For the past three years he has held his present assignment. The sergeant has been decorated with the Air Medal and three Oak-Leaf Clusters, Good Conduct Medal, World War II Victory Medal and the Asiatic-Pacific Theater Medal.

ew Swedish Equipment

President Lyndon B. Johnson presents a Certificate of Merit to SFC (E-7) John L. LaRue at ceremonies re­ cently held at the Pentagon. Looking on are Secretary of Defense Robert Mc amara and General Earle G. Wheeler, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.

An idea to convert football helmets into helmets used by Armor tank crews has saved the Federal Government $141,500.00 and earned a Presiden­ tial Citation for Sergeant First Class (E-7) John L. LaRue, 44, assigned to the U. S. Army Training Center, Armor, Fort Knox, Kentucky. Sergeant LaRue, a Senior Instructor with the First Training Brigade's Communications Instruc­ Bofors 40mm automatic radar-operated S.P. twin gun. tion Committee and a veteran of over 23 years' serv­ ice with the Army, received his award from Pres­ The Bofors S.P. anti-aircraft gun is a lightly ident Johnson. On hand for the ceremony held on armored, all-automatic 40mm close-range anti­ the Concourse of the Pentagon was the Secretary of aircraft weapon with great mobility, high firepower Defense and the secretaries of the military services. and automatic tracking, involving target acquisition, The suggestion submitted in conjunction with the slewing-on, tracking and firing against high-speed Department of Defense Cost Reduction Program aerial targets, with the aid of the equipment com­ has long been considered by Armor crewmen, but, prised in the weapon. The weapon is also provided according to Training Center officers, until now no with devices which make it possible to use data one has found a feasible and economical way of obtained from a separate search radar. The weapon converting the football helmet. can engage ground targets for its own defense. The combat helmet and liner now in use is not. It has 40mm twin guns, L/70, with magazines, considered sufficient to do the job required. They built together into one unit and supported in a are described as uncomfortable by crewmen who traversable turret. sometimes remove the helmet causing head in­ The turret contains guns with ammunition supply, juries. fire control system (radar and calculator) and The management action generating the savings space for a three-man crew: commander, operator, was initiated when a requirement was given to the and driver. Training Center to requisition 2139 tanker helmets. The personnel departments are gas-tight, in order Cost of the helmets amounted to $80.95 each for a to permit operation in ABC-contaminated areas. total of $173,152. The expenditure had not been The turret is supported in the hull of the vehicle, anticipated in the current fiscal budget. which rests on a track unit with hydro-pneumatic

In order to-1provide helmets it was decided to spring suspension. 5058 ARMOR-November-December, 1965 ------c,------

As flotation equipment for crossing streams, a The minor wheels carry wide-base, low-profile, collapsible screen is provided, which is mounted low-pressure, Goodyear Terra-Tires. round the turret. The major wheels propel the vehicle in severe soft-soil conditions where conventional wheeled or tracked vehicles would be immobilized. For opera­ tion over roads and hard ground, the operator disengages the major-wheel drive and the vehicle runs on its minor wheels, duplicating the movement of the wheeled vehicles we are more accustomed to. Developed by Lockheed Aircraft Service en­ gineers, Robert and John Forsyth, the new vehicle concept represents an important advance in land locomotion.

This new U. S. Army five-ton truck, the XM-656 can climb hillsides, swim streams or be airborne to remote battle areas. It is two tons lighter, more durable and requires much less maintenance than the present Army five-ton. Ford Motor Company is the designer and will perform advance production engineering for Army Tank-Auto- motive Command.

Lockheed Reveals New Ground Vehicle Concept Design details of a unique, mUlti-purpose ground vehicle, showing promise of a significant break­ through in land locomotion, were recently dis­ closed by Lockheed Aircraft Service Company. Photographs released by the company showed the operation of one-fifth scale vehicle models em­ ployed in a series of successful feasibility tests. The unusual running gear makes it possible, for The new Lockheed vehicle, capable of "walking" the first time, to incorporate in one vehicle a capa­ through soft SOils-swamps, mud and marshland­ bility for high performance on highways, roads and can operate with the speed and efficiency of a con­ hard ground; in swamps, deep mud and marshland; ventional wheeled vehicle on roads. and in water. Amphibious configurations of the vehicle can Messrs. Forsyth were first place winners in the "paddle" through water at relatively high speeds tank design contest sponsored by the U. S. Armor and have the ability to "walk" up and over un­ Association and are frequent ~ontributors to prepared river and stream banks. ARMOR. Key to its triple capability are the vehicle's wheel assemblies, called major wheels. Each major wheel One Hundred Percent Membership consists of several minor wheels mounted on Headquarters, 1st Brigade, 49th Armored Divi­ secondary axles which are located radially about the main axle by means of large spokes. sion, Texas Army National Guard, recently at­ tained one hundred percent membership for all officers and warrant officers assigned to the unit. MODES OF OPERATION

General Bruce C. Clarke Honored General Bruce C. Clarke, USA (Ret.), Vice Chairman for Education, Freedoms Foundation at Valley Forge, Pennsylvania, and former President of the U. S. Armor Association, was honored at his hometown birthplace of Adams, New York, on Saturday, September 25, when the 550 pupil HARD SURFACE SOfT SOIL General Bruce C. Clarke Central High School Multi-Purpose Operation of Lockheed's advanced vehicles building was dedicated. The new high school is is possible because of unique running gear-permitting the vehicles to operate well under soft soil or hard surface located in Jefferson County, New York, on U. S. conditions. The drawing shows operation of major wheel Route 11 between Adams and Adams Center, only assemblies (for soft soil) and of minor wheels (for con- ventional roads). one and a half miles from where General Clarke ARMOR-November-December, 1965 59 was born in 1901. The Clarkes now reside in Ar­ Secretary of Defense, Robert A. Lovett. lington, Virginia. General Devers is currently the Chairman of the The Honorable Wilber M. Brucker, former Sec­ American Battle Monuments Commission in Wash­ retary of the Army and formerly Governor of ington, D. C., a post he has held since December, Michigan, was the principal speaker. 1959. Preceding the dedication, a special conference room designated as "The General Bruce C. Clarke Room" was dedicated. The dedicatory address was Two 10th Armored Division Veterans delivered by Dr. Kenneth D. Wells, President of Freedoms Foundation at Valley Forge. This room houses General Clarke's many medals, awards, decorations, flags, and colors, writings, articles, albums, diplomas and other mementos of his forty-two years in the uniform of our country. Among the medals are the Distinguished Service Cross, 3 Distinguished Service Medals, 3 Silver Stars, an Air Medal, Legion of Merit, 3 Bronze Stars and the New York State Conspicuous Service Cross and the Conspicuous Service Medal. Also on exhibit are General Clarke's decorations and awards from Great Britain, France, Belgium, Korea, Colombia and the German Federal Re­ public. General Clarke will also place in the General Bruce C. Clarke Room his Silver Beaver and his The Honorable Stanley R. Resor, Secretary of the Army, is paid a courtesy call by Mr. Louis Stockstill, newly ap­ Silver Buffalo Awards from the Boy Scouts of pointed Editor of the "Journal of the Armed Forces," at the America. He is still active in Scouting, serving on Pentagon, Washington, D. C. Secretary Resor presented the National Executive Council. Mr. Stockstill with a book "The Ardennes: Battle of the Bulge." The two men served together in the 10th Ar­ Mr. Fred B. Videtto, president of the Board of mored Division during World War II in Europe. Education that voted to name the high school build­ ing for General Clarke, presided at the dedication ceremony. Tigers on the Loose The 10th Armored Division. ...A typical ar­ mored outfit, is the subject of the two-part Big Picture, "Tigers on the Loose," produced for the General Jacob L. Devers Receives AUSA's Department of the Army at the Army Pictorial Marshall Award Center. General Jacob L. Devers, Ret., who commanded First committed to action in November 1944, the Sixth U. S. Army Group in Europe during the 10th Armored was quickly caught up in the World War II and an Honorary Vice-President Battle of the Bulge, the capture of Trier, the cross­ of the U. S. Armor Association and still active ing of the Rhine, the fighting at Crailsheim, and in its affairs, was selected by the Association of the desperate race to the Alps, which would signify the United States Army as the 1965 recipient of the end of Hitler's Germany. the George Catlett Marshall Medal. "TIGERS ON THE LOOSE" was produced at The award, given annually "for selfless and out­ the Army Pictorial Center by Hunter Low, as part standing service to the United States of America," of the "Big Picture" television series. The script was presented to General Devers during the Annual was written by W. Dixon Kramer. The film was Marshall Memorial Dinner in the Sheraton-Park directed by Michael Laurence, Hunter Low, and Hotel in Washington, D. c., on October 27. The Stanley Swed. John Toland, author of numerous dinner climaxed AUSA's 1965 three-day annual histories of World War II, served as consultant on meeting in the national capital. the film, which was further reviewed for authenticity The Marshall Medal, named for America's bril­ by Charles McDonald and Martin Blumenson, liant soldier-statesman of the World War I-Korean members of the Office of the Chief of Military period, General George Catlett Marshall, was pre­ History and each an author in his own right. Lome sented in 1964 to General of the Army Omar N. Greene, of Bonanza fame is the narrator. "Tigers Bradley. Earlier Marshall Medal awards went to on the Loose," a two-part episode, release of the former President Dwight D. Eisenhower; Gordon "Big Picture," will be televised nationally beginning Gray, once Secretary of the Army; and former 13 November 1965. 60 ARMOR-November-December, 1965 ArmorMagazineIndex-Vol.LXXIV, 1965

No. Page No. Page TITLES First Tracked Armored Vehicle (The), Richard America's Forgotten Tanker, Captain John E. M. Ogorkiewicz 4 46 Ciccarelli . 4 20 Frederick Wilhelm von Steuben And The Re- education Of The American Army: A Lesson Antitank Warfare, Colonel Hans von Uslar- R. Gleichen, FRG . 6 51 In Practicality, Alvin Sunseri 2 40 Fro~ An Unbalanced Step? Lieutenant General Erich The Chessboard To The Battlefield, Cap- Schneider, Ret., aD . 1 28 tam George A. Durgin 5 7 Are We Really Teaching Our Men? Major Lee A. Phelps . 2 26 Gun (The), Colonel Glenn I. Epperson, Ret. .. 2 48 Area Fire, Major H. Larson . 6 46 Hannibal-Combat Leader of Decision Captain ARMOR ASSOCIATIO William R. Monty :...... 3 12 Helicopter Antitank Guided Missile System Annual Report Of The Editor-Secretary- (The), Lieutenant Colonel John L. Holladay 3 27 Treasurer 2 39 How Important Is The Commander? Captain Army Readiness, General Creighton W. Arthur T. Carey...... 4 15 Abrams, Jr., Vice Chief of Staff, U. S. Army 4 9 How: To Increase Your Second Round Hits, Cap- Keynote Address By Deputy Secretary of tam Edward Bagdonas 2 19 Defense Cyrus R. Vance 4 5 Report On The 76th Annual Meeting By The HOW WOULD YOU DO IT? No.1, p. 53; No.2, Secretary 4 3 p. 55; No.3, p. 55; No.4, p. 55; No.5, p. 62 6 55 Salutes From Around The Wodd 4 11 U. S. Armor Association Officers And Exe- Increa~ed Mobility For Logistical Support, Major cutive Council 1965-66 4 4 NevIlle A. Pearson 5 65 Inside And The Outside (The) Major Thomas B. Larkin .'...... 3 8 Armor In Polar Strike, Major William V. Kennedy...... 3 32 Is The Sheridan The Latest Of The Technological Breakthroughs? Colonel Paul A. Simpson ... 4 42 Armor In The Age of Coexistence, Major Wil- liam V. Kennedy...... 6 4 Armor In The Delta, Major Mebane G. Stafford 2 4 Legend Of Fiddler's Green (The), Lieutenant Colonel Paul M..Cosby 6 7 ARMOR Salutes A Distinguished Cavalryman: A Pictorial Feature 1 32 LETTERS TO THE EDITOR, 0.1, p. 2; No.2, Armor School Effective Writing Program, No. p. 2; No.3, p. 2; No.4, p. 2; No.5, p. 2 6 2 1, p. 3; No.3, p. 3; No.4, p. 14 5 6 Lightweight Contender (The), Captain Robert Armor School Marks 25 Years' Service: A W. DeMont 1 19 Pictorial Feature 6 32 Limited Warfare Requires Adaptable Training Auchinleck Halts The Axis Tide, Dr. Sherwood Captain Robert D. Stachel .' 3 50 S. Cordier 1 34 M-60A1-Name Enough, Colonel Robert M. Backyard Counterinsurgency, Captain Jimmy R. Parker, Jr. 4 Horn...... 3 4 33 Meaningless Statistics, Captain James H. Britton 2 Big Picture (The)-Army In Action: A Pictorial 57 Feature 2 32 Mechaniied Infantry Live Fire Course, Major George B. Bartel 6 18 Method Of Evaluating Tank Designs (A), Rich- Cambrai-November 20, 1917, Captain Robe'rt ard M. Ogorkiewicz 5 B. Galusha 1 4 54 Mortars! First Lieutenant David C. Huxford 5 Cannae 1961, Captain George C. Lawton 1 23 75 Caterpillar's VHO Engine 3 19 Multi-Channel, Multi-Axis, Multi-Means First Lieutenant William C. Cole .'...... 2 34 Cat's Eyes For Cannons, Captain Milton L. Aitken, Jr. 2 29 Narrow Is The Way, Captain James B. Gorman 5 13 Commando Armored Car (The), Captain James B. Carroll 5 NATO And Communist Tanks, Martin-Joseph 35 Miller, Jr. 3 15 Continuing Requirement For The Profes.sional Military Man in Diplomatic Roles (The) Needed Man (The), Armor Branch...... 6 17 Lieutenant Colonel Ramsey N. Metcalf '1 10 Need For A Wheeled Armored Vehicle (The), Cross Training For The Combat Arms Career Richard M. Ogorkiewicz 2 10 Officer, Gaptain Raymond E. Haddock 1 47 News otes, No.1, p. 61; No.2, p. 52; No.3, p. Cultural Gap (The), Captain Andrew P. O'Meara, 61; No.4, p. 60; No.5, p. 72 6 58 Jr "...... 4 28 Notes From The Armor Branch Chief, No.1, p. Cutting Red Tape, General Bruce C. Clarke, Ret. 1 22 18; No.2, p. 18; No.3, p. 22; No.4, p. 41; No.5, p. 34 6 16 Developm~t Of·British Armored Doctorine, Major Edgar O'Baliance 1 14 One Technique-Support Squad Of The Armored Cavalry Platton, First Lieutenant James K. Distinctive Insignia, Captain Charles S. Moore. 5 27 McCrorey...... 5 58

Education + Responsibility = Prestige And An Propaganda: The O~d "New" Weapon, Captain Effectiv~ Armor NCO, Master Sergeant Shelby G€orge J. Jurkovnch '" 4 24 W. Beldmg " 3 59 Evolution Of The Armored Infantry Rifle Squad Reconnaissance Platoon (The)-What Will It Be (Thl:), Dr. Virgil Ney No.5, p. 42 6 34 Like Tomorrow? Captain Rafael G. Garcia . . . 1 55 ARMOR-November-December, 1965 61 No. Page No. Page Reconnoitering, No.1, p. 30 5 4 Cole, Jr., First Lieutenant Williams C. 2 34 Regimental Armored Cavalry Squadron In Area Cordier, Dr. Sherwood S. . . 1 34 Security (The), Major Raymond R. Battreall 1 42 Crosby, Lieutenant Colonel Paul M. .. 6 7 Reminiscences About Syngman Rhee, General Bruce C. Clarke, Ret. 6 53 DeMont, Captain Robert W . 1 19 ROTC Officer (The), Major Philip E. Traupane. 2 14 Durgin, Captain George A. . . 5 7

Schmidt-1944, First Lieutenant George A. Ko- Ellefson, Captain Ronald J. 3 24 hutka 5 17 Epperson, Colonel Glenn 1., Ret. 2 48 Seek, Strike, And Destroy-Tank Destroyers In The ETO, Captain Murray A. Louis...... 5 23 Forsyth, Robert W. and John P. 3 30 Semi-Pro Writer (The), Major John R. Galvin. 4 50 Seven League Boots For Tankers-The AVLB, Galusha,- Captain Robert B...... 1 4 Captain Herman V. lvey 3 39 Garcia, Captain Rafael G. 1 55 State-Of:The-~rt On Mechanical Reliability, Galvin, Major John R. .4 50 Sumner Melselman 5 70 Glenn, E. S. 2 24 Subcaliber Firing: A Pratical Solution Now, Gorman, Captain James B. 5 13 Lieutenant Colonel John G. Thompson and Captain Ronald J. Ellefson...... 3 24 Granger, Jr., Major Clinton E. 6 23

Haddock, Captain Raymond E. 1 47 Tabular History Of Armored Divisions 2 23 Holladay, Lieutenant Colonel John L. 3 27 Tanker's View Of Peleliu, D..Day (A), Major Edward E. Brooks, USMC 1 58 Horn, Captain Jimmy R. 3 4 Tank Platoon Combat Readiness Check, Captain Huxford, First Lieutenant David C. 5 75 Lewis M. Tuggle 6 12 Tanks As Infantry Transporters, Robert W. and leks, Colonel Robert J., Ret. 1 26 John P. Forsyth...... 3 30 Ivey, Captain Herman V. 3 39 Third Armored Cavalry Museum: A Pictorial Feature...... 5 40 Jurkowich, Captain George J. 4 24 Unbalanced Response (The), Major Clinton E. Granger, Jr. 6 23 Kennedy, Major William V No.3, p. 32 6 4 U. S. Anny Armor School Trends, No.1, p. 50; Kohutka, First Lieutenant George A. 5 17 No.2, p. 60; No.3, p. 57; No.4, p. 57; No.5, p.68 6 57 Larkin, Major Thomas B. 3 8 Larson, Major H. 6 46 Vehicle Recovery, William W. Boston...... 6 28 Lawton, Captain George C. 1 23 Vicksburg-A Pattern For Modern War Major Leavitt, Captain Stephen S. 6 25 John C. Burney, Jr :...... 3 46 Louis, Captain Murray A " 5 23

Weapons For Armor, E. S. Glenn...... 2 24 McCrorey, First Lieutenant James K. 5 58 Will The Cry Be Heard? Captain Stephen S. Meiselman, Sumner 5 70 Leavitt...... 6 25 Metcalf, Lieutenant Colonel Ra.msey N. 1 10 World War II Turtle Series Of Armored Vehicles, Miller, Jr., Martin-Joseph 3 15 Colonel Robert J. leks, Ret...... 1 26 Monty, Captain William R. 3 12 Moore, Captain Charles S. 5 27

Ney, Dr. Virgil No.5, p. 42 6 34

O'Ballance, Major Edgar 1 14 AUTHORS Ogorkiewicz, Richard M. No.2, p. 10; No.4, p. 46 5 54 O'Meara, Captain Andrew P. 4 28

Parker, Jr., Colonel Robert M. 4 33 Abrams, Jr., General Creighton W., Vice Chief of Staff, USA 4 9 Pearson, Major Neville A , 5 65 Aitken, Jr., Captain Milton L. 2 29 Phelps, Major Lee A. 2 26

Bagdonas, Captain Edward 2 19 Schneider, Lieutenant General Erich, Ret., a.D. 2 28 Bartel, Major George B. 6 18 Simpson, Colonel Paul A. 4 42 Battreall, Jr., Major Raymond R. 1 42 Stachel, Captain Robert D. 3 50 Belding, Master Sergeant Shelby W. 3 59 Stafford, Major Mebane G. 2 40 Boston, William W. 6 28 Sunseri, Alvin R. 2 40 , Britton, Captain James H. 2 57 Brooks, Major Edward E., USMC 1 58 Thompson, Lieutenant Colonel John G...... 3 24 Burney, Jr., Major John C. 3 46 Traupane, Major Philip E. 2 14 Tuggle, Captain Lewis W. 6 12 Carey, Captain Arthur T. 4 15 Carroll, Captain James B. 5 35 Uslar-Gleichen, Colonel Hans von 6 51 Ciccarelli, Captain John E. 4 20 Clarke, General Bruce C., Ret No.1, p. 22 6 53 Vance, Cyrus R., Deputy Secretary of Defense.. 4 5 62 ARMOR-November-December, 1965 NEW TITLES AVAILABLE THROUGH A.RMOR BOOK DEPARTMENT Don't forget your discount on ctUh orders of $9.95 or more excluding binders.

Armor Binders THE BLOODY BATTLE fOR SURIBACHI by Richard Wheeler ISep 651 $5.95 Protect your copies of The cost of securing Mount Suribachi on the island of Iwo ARMOR for future ref­ Jima was 900 U. S. Marines. This is the story of the forty-six erence. Armor binders men who fought for five days to raise the flag on that in­ hold 12 issues, a full famous island, told by a man who was a corporal in the two year file. The bind­ 3d platoon. ers are decorated with imprints of title ARMOR, THE SECRET Of D-DA Y 'by Gilles Perrault «)d 651 and seal of the Armored $4.95 patch. Only $2.75 post- The Germans knew that the' Allies were planning a mas­ age prepaid on cash orders. sive invasion of Europe, but when and where would they launch it? Here is an account of the false clues given the Germans, and the williness, courage, and intrigue of indi­ viduals on both sides. THE DECISION TO DROP THE BOMB by Len Giovan­ nitti and Fred Freed $6.00 DANIEL BOONE by John Bakeless 10ct 651 $6.95 The decision to drop atomic bombs on Japan was the most The publisher brings back this widely acclaimed, engross­ fateful decision of this century. This book, a political history ing and illuminating, authoritative, and human portrait of of the 144 days from the death of President Franklin D. a legendary man and an era ... exploring the legend and Roosevelt to the surrender of Japan on September 2, 1945, restoring in complete detail the salty pioneer who fled tells how that decision was made, who made it, who op­ from civilization and cleared the way for it. "The best book posed it, and why it was finally made in the war against that has been written about one of the most fully realized Japan. Harry Truman had no knowledge of the work being lives ever lived." (J. Donald Adams) done on the bomb, and although told of it by Henry L. ... something different Stimson minutes after the swearing-in ceremony, he had little time to spend discussing a weapon that, as far as he knew, might not even work. GOING WILD IN THE KITCHEN by Gertrude Parke Paralleling the final days of decision making is a fascinat­ ISep 651 $5.95 ing reconstruction of attempts within the Japanese govern­ A collection of recipes for wild game and fresh-caught ment to bringing the war to an end-

0DEnter Enter o Renew 0o Address 1Change o Hold Membership QuaXficatiQualifications: 0o Active Duty 0o National GuaGuard o Reserve 0o Retired 0o Cadet OHo Honorably Discharged My Subscription To ARMOR The Magazine of Mobile WdrfareWarfare NAME: RANKRANK: SN: UNIT: SEND MAGAZINE TO: ZIP cCODE Membership Rates (U.(D. S. & APO) 0 $4.75 for 1 year 0 $ 8,8.50 for 2 years Unit Funds, Industrial, libraries, colleges, etcetc. 0 $6.50 for 1 year 0 $12.$12.00 for 2 years Foreign Subscription Rates 0 $8.00 for 1 year 0 $15.$15.00 for 2 years MAKE CHECKS OR MONEY ORDERS PAYABLE TO: ARMOR The U. S. Armor Association, 1757 K Street N.W., Washington, D. C. 220006 ARMOR-November-December, 1965 63 The Uniu,d States ArlOor Jssociation Recommends these books.

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FIGHTING GENERALS by Curt Anders $5.95 THE WHITE HOUSE YEARS-A Personal Ac­ In almost every generation, Americans have had to go to count 1956-1961-WAGING PEACE by Dwight war to defend their freedoms--but whenever our survival as D. Eisenhower _._. _._. __ $6.95 a nation has been threatened, great commanders have emerged to lead Here in one of the most important memoirs of our time, our men in battle. This is truly Dwight D. Eisenhower describes the events and decisions of remarkable, for unlike other major his second term, as he saw them. world powers, we have never re­ The years 1956-1961 reverberate lied on large standing armies and with the names of such situations we have never permitted the de­ as Suez and Little Rock, Hungary velopment of a military aristocracy. and Lebanon; such people as Eden, Even so, whenever our security has Nasser, Nehru, Khrushchev, De­ been in peril we have found com­ Gaulle, Castro. Too few of our bat commanders who were able to Presidents have lived to contribute carry us through our times of first person accounts. Here is ,a challenge because of the one qual- personal review of that eventful ity they all shared: excellence. period that reveals much about the George Washington, Nathanael Greene, Andrew Jackson, personalities and issues that helped Ulysses S. Grant, Stonewall Jackson, Robert E. Lee, John J. to shape America's present, and Pershing, Dwight D. Eisenhower, George S. Patton Douglas much about the man who was our Mac~thur, and Matthew B. Ridgway-these are America's President in the turbulent Fifties. fighting generals, superb combat commanders who will live President Eisenhower discusses the fight for a civil rights forever in our rolls of honor. bill and reflects on the shock caused by the orbiting of Rus­ In these vivid pages the reader relives the most dramatic sia's first "Sputnik." There are chapters on the Adams-Gold­ scenes in America's military post: Washington at Trenton and fine case, the U-2 affair, the Kennedy-Nixon campaign, and on Vl;IlIey Forge; Andrew Jackson facing overwhelming British the crisis in Southeast Asia--chapters in which the author gives rrught at New Orleans; Grant risking terrible casualties at his reasons for taking the actions he did. His unprecedented Cold H;arbor; Stonewall Jackson conducting his brilliant Valley diplomacy in search of peace is intimately seen as he describes Campaigns. We see Lee in victory and in the loneliness of closed-door meetings with DeGaulle, Adenauer, Latin Ameri­ defeat. We take pride in Pershing's refusal to allow American b~ can leaders, and with John Foster Dulles and the major Con­ soldiers to committed to battle under any flag but our own, gressional figures including Dirksen, Halleck, Rayburn, and and we thnll anew to the way in which Eisenhower and Patton broke the might of Hitler's Wehrmacht. We are with Johnson. The last section of the book is an insightful essay MacArthur in France in World War I on Bataan and New in which he outlines some "completely subjective" reflections Guinea and Luzon in World War n, ~d at Inchon in Korea on the Cold War, political organization, and the future course -and we see how Ridgway restored the will to win in the of American and Western society. hearts of our men in Korea when the Chinese Communists Volume I, MANDATE FOR CHANGE may also be pur­ threatened to drive them into the sea. chased from the Armor Association Book Department. $6.95. r------, ARMOR ORDER FORM :::::5 - 1757 K Street, N.W., Washington, D. C. 20006

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conclusive battlebottle of Jutland, the horror of thethe Somme, THE INCREDIBLE KAISER-by Lawrence Wilson THE INCREDIBLE KAISER-by Lawrence Wilson the high hopes raised by thethe interventionintervention of thethe U. S. (Aug(Aug 65165) $5.00 and the disaster wrought by General Nivelle's offen-offen­ Kaiser William isis still a convenient scapegoat for the sive. disaster that befell Europe in 1914. But the truth about thisthis peculiar man, based largely on contemporary German sources, shows that though he had aggressive VOLUME IV-The Teutonic Collapse instincts,instincts, he never possessed a warrior's soul; though Volume IV opens with Sir Winston's appointment he stirred thethe European cauldron to a boiling point, he to the Ministry of Munitions in July, 1917. But he was never wanted war; thoughthough he built battleships in com­com- obviously the master of more than the munitions petition with thethe Royal Navy, he loved England, his budget. He watched the British offensive against Pasch-Pasch­ mother's country, perhaps better than his own; and endale unroll its somber fate, followed thethe Q-ships inin thoughthough he wore a forcefulforceful imperial mask, underneath their successful war against thethe German U-boats, gazed was a personality both timorous and chronically im­ im- on the failure of Ludendorff's campaigns, and was mature. heartened by the American victory of St. Mihiel on September, 1911918.8.

NAPOLEON'SNAPOLEON'S EIGHTY DAYS by D. J. Goodspeed VOLUMEVOlUME V-TH€V-THE AFTERMATH 7918-19281918-1928 (19651(1 965) $4.95 In this volume, Sir Winston writes with remarkable Napoleon's army had been stalemated in Egypt. Nel­Nel- objectivity of the chances that were missed at thethe son had defeated the French fleet and now controlled Peace Conference, of the rise of Lenin and thethe Bol-Bol­ thethe sea. Paris was dithering. Knowing his whole career shevik power, the perennial trouble of Ireland, thethe was at stoke,stake, thethe young BonaparteBonoparte took a smallsmal~1 group struggle between Greece and Turkey for dominion inin of officers, made his way to France, and within four the easterneostern Mediterranean. Here we see thethe triumphanttriumphant weeks was First Consul and soon to be ruler of Europe. war'war leaders-Clemenceau, Lloydlloyd George, Venizelos, Woodrow Wilson-follow into adversity the monarchs they hadhod dethroned. .

THE WORLD CRISIS-Sir Winston S. Churchill's .. classic six-volume account of the First VOLUME VI-THE UNKNOWN WAR: The Eastern World War and itsits aftermath; each $7.50 Front VOLUME I-From the Agadir Crisis to the Battle of Here the reader will find his brilliant character thethe Falkland Islands sketches and analyses of Hindenburg, Ludendorff, Falk-Falk­ InIn this first vofume volume (covering(covering the story down to the enhayn, Samsonov, Rennenkempf, Brusilov, and other end of 1914) Sir Winston tells us of the delaying ac­ ac- generals;generals: he will also find informed and considered tiontion before thethe surrender of Antwerp and of how judgments on Count Berchtold, the foreign minister Dunkirk was saved. of Austria-Hungary on the eve of thethe war, on Conrad von Hotzendorf, the Austrian chief-of-staff, and other minor actors in the drama of Austria's fall. This finalfinal VOLUME II-TheIl-The Dardanelles Campaign and the volume gives an overview of great armies inin combat Fall of thethe Cabinet from the opening major campaign around Lemberg to the collapse of Russia intointo onarchyanarchy and thethe rulerule of "I"1 must at the outset disclaim the position of the the Soviets. historian," the author declares on the first page of thisthis volume dealing with the great events of 1915. The author held one of the key positions in the British Government, his account of the tragedy of the Dar-Dar­ denelles that ledled toto the downfall of the cabinet and THIS CLASSIC ACCOUNT OF WW II ...Also his eventual service with the Grenadier Guards is available by Winston Churchill. marked by no prejudice, stained by no bitterness. MEMOIRS SECOND W.W.W.w. (Abridged) ...... 9.00 GATHERING STORM, Vol. I ...... 6.50 VOLUME III-Verdun,Ill-Verdun, Jutland, the Somme, and U. S. FINEST HOURS, Vol. II ...... 6.50 InterventionIntervention GRAND ALLIANCE,AlliANCE, Vol. IllIII ...... 6.50 By thethe timetime the the Armistice was declared, there were HINGE OF FATE, Vol. IVIV ...... 6.50 over 2,750,000 British casualties, while nearly 5,000,­5,000,- CLOSING METHE RING, Vol. V ...... 6.50 000 Frenchmen and over 5,000,000 Germans were re-re­ TRIUMPH AND TRAGEDY, Vol. VI ported missing, taken prisoner, wounded or killed. Re­Re- TRIUMPH AND TRAGEDY, Vol. VI ...... 6.50 latedlated here isis thethe furiousfurious combat for Verdun, the in- 6 volume set of World War II series ...... 32.50 COMPANYCOMPANY ADMINISTRATIONADMINISTRATION ANDAND RUSSIARUSSIA AT AT WARWAR 1941-19451941 -1 945 THE PERSONNELONNEL SERVICESERVICE DIVISIONDIVISION InIn thisthis bookbook Alexander Alexander Werth Werth ,doesdoes forfor RussianRussian participationparticipation inin ThisThis latestlatestrevised revisededition edition bringsbrings WorldWorld WarWar IIII whatwhat WilliamWilliam l. everythingeverythingup-to-date up-to-datein inthe the areasareas L. ShirerShirer diddid forfor NaziNazi GermanyGermany inin ofof pay pay andand allowances,allowances, comman­ comman- THETHE RISERISE ANDAND FALLFALL OFOF THETHE derder responsibilities,responsibilities, supplysupply pro­ pro- THIRDTHIRD REICH.REICH. ItIt isis almostalmost 2020 cedures,cedures, messmess management,management, andand yearsyears sincesince thethe endend ofof Wor-IdWorld WarWar otherother administrativeadministrative andand person­person- II,II, yetyet despite despite thethe hundredshundreds ofof nelne1 procedures.procedures. AmongAmong thethe stand­stand- booksbooks publishedpublished aboutabout it,it, this this isis outout featuresfeatures ofof thisthis editionedition isis thethe thethe firstfirst bookbook inin whichwhich aa Western Western extensiveextensive treatmenttreatment givengiven toto thethe author has told the fullfull storystory ofof RussiaRussia atat war.war. commander'scommonderTsauthority authority andand pro­pro- cedurescedures usedused Inin awardingawarding punishmentpunishment underunder. ArticleArticle 15,15, AlexanderAlexander WerthWefih $10$10 UCMJ.UCMJ. $7.50$7.50 THE BATILE BATTLE OFOF DIENBIENPHUDIENBIENPHU THETHE FOXESF ,XES OF OF THETHE DESERT DESERT ' TheThe battle-and whatwhat ledled up toto __~------a HereHere forfor thethe firstfirst timetime fromfrom thethe it--oreit-are recreatedrecreated here forfor thethe firstfirst GermanGerman viewpoint and and with aa timetime 'byby aa - m~termater novelist andand greatgreat deal of hitherto unpublished journalistjournalist inin all all itsits magnitude material isis thethe complete story of and tragedy.tragedy. Day by day, Jules one of thethe most bitterly fought,fought, Roy recordsrecords thethe quickeningquickening tempotempo exciting campaigns inin modern of disaster: thethe deepening en- warfare. THE FOXES OF THE tanglementstanglements of the French, thethe

_~ DESERT isis thethe definitive work on continual strengthening of thethe the Afrika Korps and the other .. Viets; and, as the situation wors- German forces who served inin thethe ,-. ens, politicalPolitical maneuvering inin Paris and Washington which Western Desert and Tunisia during World War II.11. swings wider and wider of the mark. Paul Carell . $5.95 Jules Roy $6.95

GUIDE TO ARMY POSTS BARBAROSSA: The Russian-German Conflict 1941 --11945 945 This book is an effort to gather together for the first time a From both Russian and German ,- IIGUIDE"#GUIDE together for the first time a complete account of the essential records, the author takes up the 1 ARMY complete account of the essential TOARJWY facts about S. Army posts four great phases of the German POSTS facts alfout U. S. Army posts throughout thethe, world. Primarily a attack upon Russia: Hitler's dis-dis­ book of factsfacts designed for Army agreement with his own generals, familiesfamilies who want to discover thethe Battle of Stalingrad, the Ger-Ger­ as much as they can about man failure against thethe KunkKursk housing, schools and general liv-liv­ salient, and finally thethe desperate inging conditions at theirtheir next post. attempt toto keep thethe Russians out until thethe Allies arrived. Illustrated Edited by Tom Scanlan $3.95 with photographs and maps. By Alan ClarkClark $1$10.00 0.00

ANZlb-TheANIIO-The GambleGamble ThatThat Failed HITLERHITLER MOVES EAST:EAST: 19411941-1943 -1 943 FromFrom AnzioAnzio toto RomeRome waswas onlyonly AA historyhistory ofof thethe massivemassive andand anan hour'shour's drive,drive, butbut ifit wouldwould savagesavage attackattack uponupon RussiaRussia inin 19411941 taketake thethe AlliesAllies fourfour monthsmonths toto aimedaimed atat aa blitzkriegblitzkrieg conquest.conquest. getget there.there. AcrossAcross thethe shatteredshattered RussianRussian stubbornness,stubbornness, bitterbitter weath-weath­ landscape,landscape, bothboth thethe AlliesAllies andand er,er, andand GermanGerman mistakesmistakes delayeddelayed thethe GermansGermans leftleft aa trailtrail ofof bloodblood thisthis victory,victory, however;however; thethe RussiansRussians andand agonyagony asas theythey foughtfought des-des­ hadhad timetime toto buildbuild upup defensesdefenses andand peratelyperately forfor whatwhat turnedturned outout toto byby 19431943 werewere ableable toto winwin thethe bebe hopelesshopeless goals.goals. TheThe outcomeoutcome BattleBattle ofof Stalingrad.Stalingrad. WithWith 4848 pagespages ofof thethe landinglanding waswas oneone ofof thethe ofof photographs.photographs. greatgreat disappointmentsdisappointments ofof thethe war.war. ByBy PaulPaul CarellCarell (author(author ofof Foxesfoxes ofof the,lte DesertDesert andand MartinMartin BlumenronBlumenson $3.95$3.95 Invasion--They'reInvasion-Tltey're Coming1Coming) $1$10.00 0.00