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The Use of Fatherland, Patria and Patriot in the Cases of Jülich, Hesse-Cassel and Brittany (1642-1655). Political Arguments in an Age of Confrontation

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The Use of Fatherland, Patria and Patriot in the Cases of Jülich, Hesse-Cassel and Brittany (1642-1655). Political Arguments in an Age of Confrontation The Use of Fatherland, Patria and Patriot in the Cases of Jülich, Hesse-Cassel and Brittany (1642-1655). Political arguments in an age of confrontation. C.A. Romein The Use of Fatherland, Patria and Patriot in the Cases of Jülich, Hesse-Cassel and Brittany (1642-1655). Political arguments in an age of confrontation. Het gebruik van Vaderland, Patria en Patriot in Jülich, Hessen-Kassel en Bretagne (1642-1655). Politieke argumenten in een eeuw van confrontatie. C. Annemieke Romein iii Colophon Cover photo: cut-out of map Nicolaes Visscher, A new, plaine & exact map of Europe, described by N.I. Visscher and done into English, enlarged & corrected according to I. Blaeu, with the habits of the people, and manner of the cheife cities, 1658, the like never before (1658) Map image courtesy of the Norman B. Leventhal Map Center at the Boston Public Library: http://maps.bpl.org/id/14051 Cover design: author. Printed by: Gildeprint – Enschede. Copyright © 2015 by C.A. Romein/ C.A. Canton-Romein – www.caromein.nl. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form (electronic, mechanical, photocopy, recording, or any other means) without prior written permission of the publisher. iv The Use of Fatherland, Patria and Patriot in the Cases of Jülich, Hesse-Cassel and Brittany (1642-1655). Political arguments in an age of confrontation. Het gebruik van Vaderland, Patria en Patriot in Jülich, Hessen-Kassel en Bretagne (1642-1655). Politieke argumenten in een eeuw van confrontatie. Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam op gezag van de rector magnificus prof.dr. H.A.P. Pols en volgens besluit van het College voor Promoties. De openbare verdediging zal plaatsvinden op donderdag 7 januari 2016 om 9.30 uur door Christel Annemieke Romein geboren te Dordrecht. Promotiecommissie: Promotor: Prof.dr. R.C.F. von Friedeburg Overige leden: Prof.dr. R.M. Eβer Prof.dr. H.J.M. Nellen Prof.mr. L.C. Winkel Nil volentibus arduum To Bart and Jonathan Table of Contents Acknowledgements ...................................................................................................................... V Measurement and coinage ......................................................................................................... VII Dates and language ................................................................................................................... VIII List of Illustrations ....................................................................................................................... IX List of Graphs ............................................................................................................................... X List of Tables ............................................................................................................................... XI List of Abbreviations ................................................................................................................... XII 1. INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 PRINCES AND THEIR NOBILITY .................................................................................................................... 5 1.2 POLITICAL ARGUMENTATION WITH WORDS AS: ‘FATHERLAND’ AND ‘PATRIOT’ .................................................... 9 1.2.1 Early roots of nationalism ............................................................................................................................... 10 1.2.2 The 1980s’ canon ............................................................................................................................................ 10 1.2.3 Office holding: call of duty .............................................................................................................................. 13 1.3 TERMINOLOGY ..................................................................................................................................... 17 1.3.1 Pays, Patrie, Patria, Patriot .............................................................................................................................. 17 1.3.2 Fatherland and Natio(n) .................................................................................................................................. 19 1.4 METHODOLOGICAL APPROACH ................................................................................................................ 20 1.5 COMPOSITION OF CHAPTERS ................................................................................................................... 21 Part I. Holy Roman Empire .......................................................................................................... 23 2 THE HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE — THE INSTITUTIONS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS ........................................... 25 2.1 THE IMPERIAL PRINCIPALITIES (STATUS IMPERII; REICHSSTÄNDE) AND THE IMPERIAL DIET (REICHSTAG) ................. 27 2.2 PRINCE-ELECTORS (KURFÜRSTEN) AND THE EMPEROR ................................................................................. 29 2.3 IMPERIAL COURTS ................................................................................................................................. 30 2.4 IMPERIAL CIRCLES ................................................................................................................................. 30 3 JÜLICH: POSSESSION, OCCUPATION, AND DESTRUCTION (1642-1652) .................................................. 33 3.1 HISTORIOGRAPHY: THE KNIGHTS OF JÜLICH ................................................................................................ 35 3.2 JÜLICH: EARLY HISTORY OF THE DYNASTIC AGGLOMERATE ............................................................................. 36 3.3 THE WAR OF SUCCESSION (1609-1614) AND ITS PROVISIONAL TREATIES ....................................................... 38 3.4 THE LOWER-RHINE AREA UNTIL THE PEACE OF PRAGUE (1635) .................................................................... 46 3.5 THE LOWER-RHINE AREA UNTIL THE PEACE OF WESTPHALIA ......................................................................... 50 3.6 THE HESSIAN PRESENCE IN JÜLICH, UNTIL 1652 ......................................................................................... 66 3.7 FINANCIAL BURDEN ............................................................................................................................... 78 3.8 SEQUEL .............................................................................................................................................. 81 3.9 IN CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................................... 81 I 4 HESSE-CASSEL: CONFESSION, ABSENCE, AND CLASH (1600-1646) ......................................................... 83 4.1 HISTORIOGRAPHY: THE KNIGHTS OF HESSE-CASSEL ..................................................................................... 85 4.2 LINEAGE OF THE LANDGRAVIAL FAMILY: 1500-1600 .................................................................................. 86 4.3 MAURICE THE LEARNED: CONFESSIONAL BREAKDOWN OF RELATIONS (1592-1627) ......................................... 90 4.4 WILHELM V: ENEMY OF THE EMPEROR AND EXILE (1627-1636/7) ............................................................... 92 4.5 POLITICS IN EXILE (1637-1640) ............................................................................................................. 94 4.6 AMELIE ELISABETH: REGENT, COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF AND NEGOTIATRESS (1637-1650) ................................... 97 4.7 THE NOBILITY: MAINTENANCE OF THE ‘STATUS QUO’ (1637-1646) ............................................................... 99 4.8 FINAL NEGOTIATIONS: PEACE OF WESTPHALIA (1648) ..............................................................................100 4.9 LANDGRAVINE AND NOBILITY: PROBLEMS ARISING (1646-1650) ................................................................101 4.10 IN CONCLUSION .................................................................................................................................107 5 HESSE-CASSEL: DISCORD, DISSENSION, AND LEGAL DEBATES (1646-1655) .......................................... 109 5.1 THEORETICAL APPROACH IUS PUBLICUM UNIVERSALE .................................................................................. 116 5.2 DISPUTES AND LEGAL DEBATES ............................................................................................................... 117 5.2.1 Remonstratio ..................................................................................................................................................118 5.2.2 Mandatum inhibitorium et cassatorium sine clausula — 1647 and 1650, 1651 .............................................118 5.2.3 Disposition or Gutachten (1648-1650) ............................................................................................................119 5.2.4 Exceptiones sub- et obreptionis - 1651 ...........................................................................................................120 5.2.5 Mandatum poenale sine clausula — 1652 ......................................................................................................121 5.2.6 Replica – 30 March 1652 .................................................................................................................................121
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