September 2019

SPIKE

Newsletter of the Ottawa Orchid Society

SEPTEMBER 2019

WELCOME BACK

Our Guest Speaker is Dr. Ron McHatton

Dr. Ron McHatton the Chief Scientist and Education Officer of the American Orchid Society. He will be speaking about the unique, interesting, and sometimes bizarre “Pollination Strategies in Orchids”. Ron is the moderator and culture expert of the very popular monthly AOS webinar, Greenhouse Chat. So, bring your growing questions to the meeting and he will be able to provide appropriate expert answers. Dinner with Ron will be at The Canal Ritz, 375 Queen Elizabeth Drive, on Saturday, September 14, at 6:00 p.m. Free parking is available across the street at Fifth Avenue and Queen Elizabeth Drive. If interested in attending, please contact Jean Hollebone.

Le Paradis des Orchidées will be selling a variety of reasonably priced orchids at this meeting. He specializes in Phaleanopsis Orchids.

Change In Venue For September Meeting

In September, our first meeting will be at Trinity United Church at 1099 Maitland Avenue, Ottawa, Ontario, K2C 2B8 for September 15th. It can be reached easily from Highway 417, Maitland Ramp or Baseline Road to Clyde Avenue then it turns into Maitland Avenue. There is free parking and the room is well equipped. Please don’t bring plastic water bottles but you can bring reusable water containers only. The bus route #50 does not run on Sunday. The closest bus route is getting off at Baseline Road and Clyde Avenue or Carling Avenue and walking from there. It is about a 15 minute walk from either direction. Try to get a ride with others Members if possible. October’s meeting will be back at the Tom Brown Arena.

Orchids 101 will start at 1:00 p.m. this September Meeting only. This will be an orientation session for New Members to the Ottawa Orchid Society. In October, the time will return to12:30 p.m. again. Membership dues of $25.00 are requested at this meeting for the current year: September 2019 to August 2020. We now have a Square Card Reader that can accept most credit cards and Interac debit cards. Cash and cheque are also accepted. Please see Helen Nitschkie with your payment.

The Ottawa Orchid Society meets the third Sunday of every month From September to May, except April, at 1:30 p.m. at the Tom Brown Arena, 141 Bayview Road, Ottawa MEMBERSHIP: $25.00 from September 1, to August 31, $5.00 donation for Visitors Don’t forget to bring your blooming Orchids for the Show Table. 1

Table of Contents Board of Directors Our Guest Speaker is Dr. Ron McHatton…...………1 President/Webmaster/Show Chair Change in Venue for September Meeting…..………1 David Cooper 613-256-2853 Board of Directors……….…………………………….2 [email protected] President’s Message………………………………….3 Orchids 101 - September………....………………….3 Vice President Program for 2019 - 2020………………….………….4 Jan Johns 613-253-1996 Judging Center Dates for 2019 - 2020…….………..4 [email protected] October Meeting……………………………………….5 An Apology to Dr. Emrys Chew……….……………..5 Past President/Show Co-Chair Peer-to-Peer Lending Library…………...... 5 Janet Johns 613-749-0614 Books for Sale………………………………………….6 [email protected] Membership Dues……………………………………...6 New Member……………………………………………6 Secretary COOS Orchid Show……………………………………6 Pam McLennan 613-710-9336 Judging in Medellin, Colombia………………………..7 [email protected] OOS Instagram…………………………………………9 Ottawa Orchid Society 2019 - 2020 Budget…….....10 Treasurer Orchids Grown by OOS Member Michael Barker…12 Douglas Vye 613-722-6738 Part 1 - How Orchids Respond to [email protected] Disease Pathogens……………………………………14 Aerangis………………………………….…………….19 Membership WOC Taiwan 2020……………………………….…...24 Helen Nitschkie 613-823-6876 AOS Fall Members Meeting………………………….26 [email protected] OrchidPro………………………………………………26 Montréal Supplemental Judging Center Program Director Plants Awarded in June 2020……….………….……27 Jean Hollebone 613-226-2395 Montréal Judging Center Meetings………..………..28 [email protected] Judging Centers………………………………..……...29 Upcoming AOS Webinars…………………………….29 AOS Representative Upcoming Canadian Orchid Shows…………………29 Margaret Haydon 613-825-0827 Upcoming U.S.A. Orchid Shows……………..……...30 [email protected] Upcoming International Orchid Shows………….…..31 Orchid Website Links………………………………….31 COC Representative Editor’s Wrap…………………………………………..32 Joyce Medcalf 613-659-2760 [email protected]

Conservation Representative Pam McLennan 613-710-9336 [email protected]

Newsletter Editor Bev Burtnyk 613-739-1941 [email protected]

Mailing Address Ottawa Orchid Society 221 Glebe Avenue Ottawa, Ontario K1S 2C8 Canada www.ottawaorchidsociety.com

President’s Message

Hi Everyone,

I hope you and your orchids enjoyed your summer, particularly the tropical weather in July and August - almost like being in Malaysia! Our summers are so short in this part of the world it is important to enjoy it before it is over. Unfortunately, this year I needed emergency surgery at the beginning of July (on Canada Day!) but I have still been able to enjoy the warm weather even while sporting a neck brace! I am looking forward to another season of meetings and activities with all of you.

As you know, we have had some great speakers and other events the past several years thanks to André Couture, and our new Program Director, Jean Hollebone has taken over the reins smoothly. She has already lined up speakers for all of this seasons meetings and even for several of the following seasons meetings as well. In the Program role you really need to plan well ahead to keep on top of things!! One of the major benefits of our successful April Show is that it gives us the financial backing to be able to bring in world-class speakers for our meetings as well as supporting our other activities.

For our September meeting we will have Ron McHatton from the AOS Headquarters speaking about “Sex Among the Orchids”, which promises to be interesting! We will also have our local vendor Le Paradis des Orchidées selling plants (mainly Phalaenopsis) at the meeting. Don’t miss it!

Don’t forget the CHANGED venue for this meeting - it will be at Trinity United Church, 1099 Maitland Avenue. Directions are on the OOS website at www.ottawaorchidsociety.com or in June’s SPIKE.

Dave Cooper

Orchids 101 - September 2019

Orientation for New Members, starting at 1:00 p.m.

Note the late start is due to our September temporary location. Orchids 101 will normally begin at 12:30 p.m. as usual for future meetings.

Have you recently joined the Ottawa Orchid Society? During this shortened session, find out what resources are available and meet some key Members of our Society who can help you in growing and keeping healthy orchids.

Jan Johns OOS Vice President

Program for 2019 - 2020

September Ron McHatton, Chief Science Officer for the American Orchid Society will speak on "Sex Among the Orchids" October Stanley Luk will speak about Cattleyas November David Sorokowsky will speak about new directions in Paphiopedilum Breeding December Christmas Social January Steve Gonzales of Minnesota will speak on an Introduction to Pleurothallids February Auction March Shaun Hillis of Garden Slippers will talk on native Cypripediums April 39th Annual Ottawa Orchid Society Show April 25 - 26, 2020 May Jean Ikeson to speak on the trail of White Cattleyas June - August Summer Vacation

Jean Hollebone Program Chair

Judging Center Dates for 2019 - 2020

Month & Date Judging Center Shows September 7 Toronto Judging Center September 21 Montréal Additional Judging Center October 5 Toronto Judging Center October 19 Montréal Additional Judging Center November 2 Toronto Judging Center November 16 Montréal Additional Judging Center December 7 Toronto Judging Center December 14 Montréal Additional Judging Center January 4 Toronto Judging Center January 18 Montréal Additional Judging Center February 8 Toronto Judging Center Southern Ontario Orchid Show February 15 Montréal Additional Judging Center March 7 Toronto Judging Center March 28 Montréal Additional Judging Center Orchidfête - Les Orchidophiles de Montréal April 4 Toronto Judging Center Orchidofolie - Québec City April 25 Montréal Additional Judging Center Orchidophilia - Ottawa Society Orchid Show May 2 Toronto Judging Center May 16 Montréal Additional Judging Center June 6 Toronto Judging Center June 20 Montréal Additional Judging Center July 4 Toronto Judging Center July 18 Montréal Additional Judging Center

Joyce Medcalf : Chair - Toronto Judging Center André Couture: Chair - Montréal Additional Judging Center 4

October Meeting

On October 20, the OOS will meet at their regular location at Tom Brown Arena at the regular time of 1:30 p.m. Orchids 101 will start at 12:30 p.m. We are pleased to welcome Stanley Luk from the Toronto Judging Center to speak on Cattleya bicolor and its interesting hybrids.

Jean Hollebone Program Director

An Apology to Dr. Emrys Chew

In the January SPIKE 2019 issue, the wrong credit for given for the article, “A TRIBUTE TO DAVID LIM (1945-2018). A Master Hybridizer whose first love was Phalaenopsis”.

Credit was incorrectly given to the Malayan Orchid Review instead of Dr. Emrys Chew who actually wrote this excellent article and tribute to David Lim. As a result, no permission or approval was asked or given by Dr. Emrys Chew until recently. My sincerest apologies to Dr. Emrys Chew for this mistake. It was regrettably my error for not getting your permission before I published your article.

I have since changed the January 2019 issue of SPIKE, on the OOS Website, to reflect that Dr. Emrys Chew was the author of this tribute to David Lim with his permission to republish it.

It was a great article on David Lim who gave us so many gorgeous, Hybrid Phalaenopsis Orchids. Thank you, Dr. Emrys Chew for sharing your article about David Lim with our Members.

Sincerely,

Bev Burtnyk Editor, SPIKE

Peer-to-Peer Lending Library

We now have over 80 books in our peer-to-peer lending library. Perhaps there is a book on the list that you would love to read. I can send you a pdf or a searchable Excel file of available books and their owners. If you want to borrow a book, you must be a paid-up member and we must have your contact information. When you contact the owner, you will make your own arrangements for picking up the book and the length of the loan. However, please let me know so that we can track how often the library is used. If you have books you would be willing to lend, please let me know at [email protected]

Jan Johns

Books for Sale

Jean has only 6 copies of the new AOS book on Orchids and their Culture by Mary Gerritsen and Ron Parsons left for sale. This book is packed with useful information on how to grow orchids successfully. It covers such topics as temperature, water and nutrient requirements for individual species, where to grow them, how to repot successfully etc. It is beautifully illustrated with Ron Parson's amazing photos.

Over the summer the AOS supply has been sold out. These remaining six, priced at the introductory price of $25 Cdn will not last long. A second printing may be available late October but at the higher regular price. See Jean if you want one of the remaining copies.

Jean Hollebone

Membership Dues

Membership dues of $25.00 are requested at this meeting for the current year: September 2019 to August 2020. We now have a Square Card Reader that can accept most credit cards and Interac debit cards. Thanks to Doug Vye for setting this up. Cash and cheques are also accepted. Please see Helen Nitschkie with your payment.

New Member

A warm welcome to Jane Lund as our newest Member of the OOS! We hope that you enjoy our Society. Please feel free to ask myself, any of the Board of Directors or other Members any questions that you might have about the society.

Helen Nitschkie Membership

COOS Orchid Show

Helen Nitschkie and Jean Hollebone will be taking OOS Members' orchids to the first show of the fall season at the Central Ontario Orchid Show in Cambridge, Ontario on September 27- 30. Please contact Jean at [email protected] or Helen at [email protected].

Plants may be dropped off at Jean's home on Thursday September 26 at 1176 Castle Hill Crescent, off Maitland Avenue and may be picked up Monday evening and Tuesday following the show.

Please clean, check for bugs, and stake your plants so they will not get damaged in travel. Please put your name of your plant on the pot, and on your travelling box. Be sure to include the plant label with every plant. Please email your entries to Jean by end of the day on Wednesday September 25, so they may be pre-registered on Thursday. Thank you for your cooperation.

Jean Hollebone 6

Judging in Medellin, Colombia

In early August, André Couture and I, along with Mark Whelan, a Windsor judge, joined a team of American AOS judges led by Robert Fuchs, the well known Florida grower of exquisite Vandas. We traveled down to Medellin to judge orchids as part of their week long annual flower festival. The week started with the judging of thousands of flowers in a big botanical eco-park in the center of the City. This was followed by a magnificent banquet for the over 1,000 people who have helped with the show Exhibitors, Vendors, Judges, Janitors, etc. It is a big deal, the City closes down for a week of family activities (picnics, races, fancy rides, cycling events, camping in local state parks, etc.) and culminates in the Saturday floral parade which rivals the Rose Bowl and is watched by everyone.

The flower show includes flowers other than orchids and these are judged separately. The AOS gave out 34 awards and one of the big winners was Andrea Niessen of Orquídeas del Valle, who came and spoke to us in Ottawa about 2 years ago. On the last day we visited three rural orchid growers and had a chance to see their beautiful orchids in situ. All in all, it was a wonderful opportunity to see many plants we hear about but don't often see, species like Cattleya maxima and dowiana, beautiful Miltoniopsis, Draculas and Masdevallias, Lycastes and Cymbidiums. Our hosts were wonderfully kind and generous. Colombia is extremely beautiful, Medellin is nestled in a saucer surrounded by Andean peaks. The mountainsides are abound in parks filled with runners everywhere. City centre is gridlocked with scooters, motorbikes and hundreds of cars. Housing is modern, spectacular, and very well constructed. I'm already wishing to go back!!

Jean Hollebone

A view of Medellin, Colombia Floral Display

Winning Floral Display Vandas

One of the winning Miltoniopsis Andrea Niessen with her prize winning Cattleya

Cattleya Masdevallias 8

Display Jean at one of the Greenhouses Photo taken by Alex Manuel

Display

OOS Instagram

Instagram needs you!! The Ottawa Orchid Society Instagram account has 739 Followers. I need some good pictures of your orchids. Please send me your photos with the names of your orchids, the grower and who took the photos.

Please e-mail your pictures to: [email protected] Thank you!

Marie-Josée Bergeron Instagram Account

Ottawa Orchid Society 2019-2020 Budget

SUMMARY:

Actual Proposed FY 18/19 FY 19/20

Total Income $38,223 $38,300 Total Expenses $39,863 $39,870 Net Profit -$1,640 -$1,570

DETAIL:

Income Investment GIC $12 $50 $12 $50

Show Admissions $22,536 $23,000 Art Gallery $450 $0 Member Sales $285 $300 Raffle $458 $500 Vendor Tables $8,000 $8,000 $31,729 $31,800

Operating Auction $1,275 $1,000 Book Sales $64 $50 Memberships $3,766 $3,800 Raffle $110 $100 Speaker Cost Recovery $1,267 $1,500 $6,482 $6,450

Total Income $38,223 $38,300

FY 18/19 FY 19/20

Expenses Show AOS $181 $200 Awards $1,386 $1,400 Bank Charges $62 $70 Facility Rentals $8,161 $8,500 Gift Certificates $285 $300 Hospitality $1,566 $1,600 Insurance $175 $300 Permits $426 $450 Publicity $4,285 $5,000 Security $350 $350 Supplies $574 $500 Venue Fitup $6,410 $7,000 Venue Signage $339 $400 $24,200 $26,070

Operating Affiliated Society Memberships $311 $350 Conservation $0 $100 Donations $1,269 $600 Equipment $20 $50 Insurance $120 $250 Program Awards $137 $150 Hospitality $36 $50 Out of Town Shows $3,498 $3,000 Speaker Honourarium $675 $1,400 Speaker Travel $7,566 $5,000 Raffle $52 $50 Room Rental $466 $900 Storage $1,437 $1,500 Supplies $76 $100 Website $300 $15,663 $13,800

Total Expenses $39,863 $39,870

Douglas Vye OOS Treasurer

Orchids Grown by OOS Member Michael Barker These orchids were purchased from Equaflor-A Orchids.

Macroclinium manabinum

Native to Ecuador It grows in a dry tropical forest.

Lepanthes saltatrix

Native to Ecuador cloud forests. These grow very well inside terrariums or glass containers.

Lepanthes telipogoniflora

Native to Colombia at elevations of 400 to 700 meters. It is a warm growing epiphyte.

I grow these orchids in a terrarium in the basement at a temperature of 22°C +/- 1°C. Humidity greater than 85%. I spray them with room temperature Ottawa tap water at least every other day. Tap water is likely not the best to use according to the experts. There are two T5 fluorescent lights suspended about 20 cm above the terrarium.

I have only had these plants since the Ottawa April show. So far they are doing well, especially the Lepanthes saltatrix. Long term survival? Fingers crossed.

Michael Barker OOS Member

St Augustine Orchid Society

www.staugorchidsociety.org

Part 1- How Orchids Respond to Disease Pathogens by Sue Bottom, [email protected]

The best way to prevent orchid disease is to grow strong healthy plants that are able to use their natural defense mechanisms to protect themselves. Orchids don’t have an immunological system like we do. They have a phloem that transports the sugars produced in the leaves by photosynthesis through the rest of the plant and a xylem that transports water and soluble mineral nutrients absorbed from the roots upwards throughout the plant, but they don’t have a circulatory system carrying leukocytes, lymphocytes, antibodies and all the rest of our incredible infection fighters. So how does an orchid protect itself from disease? The Natural Disease Response in Orchids – Wall Off the Invading Pathogens

Barrier to Entry. Orchids have an epidermis with an outer layer called a cuticle that consists of a wax-like substance that provides protection against water loss as well as a barrier to entry, acting as the first line of defense against pathogens. Some fungi can pierce this barrier by secreting an enzyme that degrades the cuticle. Bacteria and some fungi circumvent the barrier by entering tissues through open stomata or wound sites.

Hypersensitive Response. When an attack by a pathogen begins, plants respond with a rapid series of events at the site of the infection that culminates in the hypersensitive response. The hypersensitive response is a localized death of cells at the site of infection as a result of the plant cells recognizing the invading pathogen and committing suicide to thwart the pathogen. The dead cells wall off the pathogen and this necrotic barrier prevents the transmission of the pathogen through the plant. These dead cells may also become hard and unattractive to other pathogens by producing toxic compounds.

Black Rot on Cattleya - Supplying your plants with sufficient calcium will strengthen them so they can more easily withstand attack by the water molds that cause Black Rot though those suffering through hot humid summers may also have to rely on heavy duty fungicides to protect their plants.

Page 1 of 5

St Augustine Orchid Society

www.staugorchidsociety.org

Part 1- How Orchids Respond to Disease Pathogens by Sue Bottom, [email protected]

Systemic Acquired Resistance. The initial Hypersensitive Response is commonly followed by a slower response that leads to Systemic Acquired Resistance (SAR). Systemic Acquired Resistance occurs when a chemical travels from the infection site to nearby tissues via the phloem and primes the rest of the plant to protect itself against further challenges from the invading pathogen. The plant’s response to the infection in one leaf causes the plant to become more resistant to a secondary attack in a different part of the plant.

Substances that May Induce a Plant’s Response to Disease – Artificial Stimulation of the Plant’s Response Mechanism

Aspirin. Salicylic acid (a chemical related to aspirin) is one of several chemicals that can transmit the signal of the defense response throughout the plant. Studies have shown that applying salicylic acid to plants can induce resistance to pathogens, environmental stresses and some insects. Well known Ft. Lauderdale orchid grower Dot Henley wrote about her experience applying aspirin to her orchids in the October 2001 edition of the AOS Bulletin. She reported that her plants had more flowers, bigger growths and fewer fungal problems after weekly spraying with a fertilizer solution to which aspirin was added (3/4 of a 325 mg aspirin in a gallon of water). She later added two caveats, do not exceed the recommended amount and do not skip adding aspirin to your fertilizer regimen for more than a couple of weeks because the orchids seem to become addicted to aspirin and fungal and bacterial problems may occur without their weekly fix.

Harpin Proteins. A naturally occurring protein isolated from bacterial plant pathogens has been shown to initiate the protective response in plants when applied to leaves. Plants can detect the presence of these Harpin proteins and their early warning system is activated. The plant thinks it is under attack and signals other parts of the plant to activate defensive and growth responses. Rx Green Solutions markets Axiom, the Harpin Alpha Beta Protein, and recommends it be applied every 2 to 3 weeks at a rate of a 2 gram packet per gallon as a foliar application via a light mist. The potential effectiveness of Harpin Occasional preventative treatments can help. I proteins for orchids is currently under evaluation in the spray out of bloom phalaenopsis and scientific community. paphiopedilums twice a year with copper compounds, after repotting in the summer and before the cool season in the fall to help prevent bacterial infections from Erwinia (now Pectobacterium).

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St Augustine Orchid Society

www.staugorchidsociety.org

Part 1- How Orchids Respond to Disease Pathogens by Sue Bottom, [email protected]

Biological Agents. Biological control agents are introduced or resident living organisms that suppress the activities and populations of plant pathogens. They are most effective if applied prior to infection. Biological control agents may work by killing the pathogen, producing a compound that is toxic or interferes with pathogen growth, triggering a defensive response in the host plant or outcompeting the pathogen. Promix HP has a biofungicide incorporated into their soilless mix, a naturally occurring strain of bacteria (Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus pumilus) reported to enhance plant growth and suppress harmful organisms such as Fusarium, Pythium and Rhizoctonia. There are a variety of other products containing Streptomyces lydicus, Bacillus subtilis, Trichoderma species and Gliocladium virens that claim to help prevent some soil borne diseases and aerial diseases if applied prior to the disease occurring in the growing area.

Wound Management and Protective Sprays – Kill Pathogens in the Environment Before They Infect Your Plant. There are a raft of chemicals available to protect your plants from bacterial and fungal infections although they are most effective as protectants rather than curatives. There are many precautionary treatments you can incorporate into your growing regimen. Regularly disinfection of your growing area by spraying with sterilants like bleach or quaternary ammonium compounds is a good start. Many orchid growers dust open wounds on their plants with cinnamon or a fungicide to seal wounds and prevent infection. After repotting, I pour a protective drench of Banrot through the fresh potting mix to ward off infection, plus some seaweed extract to encourage root growth. Some spray specific types of plants for a specific potential problem, like monthly sprays with thiophanate methyl to control Guignardia in vandas and a post repotting and fall spray of copper compounds to help prevent Erwinia (now called Pectobacterium) in phals and paphs.

Good Cultural Practices – Your Best Defense Against Orchid Disease is a Vibrantly Growing Plant that Can Resist Infection. Your best defense against orchid disease is to optimize your culture so your orchids are healthy and happy and able to resist diseases naturally. This means you must provide your plants with enough of the right kinds of light, water, nutrients, warmth and air movement and make sure your potting media is fresh. The importance of fresh air bathing your plants cannot be overemphasized. Fresh air will only work its wonders if there is sufficient spacing between plants. Good air movement is one of the most effective Sanitation is vitally important to eliminate the source of ways to prevent a disease from infecting your plant, pathogens in your growing area. Maintain a clean like this Cercospora damage on a cattleya. Fresh growing area free of weeds that often air constantly bathing the leaves together with good spacing between plants will help prevent a disease from gaining a stronghold in your growing area.

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St Augustine Orchid Society

www.staugorchidsociety.org

Part 1- How Orchids Respond to Disease Pathogens by Sue Bottom, [email protected] harbor disease. Remove spent flowers and fallen leaves from the growing area to a sealed container to remove the source of infections. Disinfect benches and under benches regularly to kill any lingering pathogens. Sterilize cutting tools, pots, wire products, etc. before reuse so problems aren’t transferred from one plant to another. Always use new or sterile potting medium. Don’t allow water to drip from one plant to another and never dunk plants in a common bucket. Make sure your new orchids are healthy, happy and disease free before introducing them to your growing area. When you water, look at each plant for any signs of stress, particularly as seasonal changes in temperature, light and moisture occur. Consider developing a schedule for preventative applications of fungicides or bactericides suitable to your climate and growing conditions.

Don’t be this grower! Never allow spent flowers or vegetation to linger in your growing area. Spores and other innoculum for future infections are growing on these dead plant parts. Promptly remove them from the growing area to a sealed container for disposal, no composting! Many disease problems can be prevented with attention to sanitation and good cultural practices. Occasionally you may find you have a genetic weakling that is prone to problems. I tend to discard these unless the flower is extraordinary. All growers will find disease in their collections from time to time and have to resort to the use of fungicides and bactericides to control a problem. If you have a

Page 4 of 5 17

St Augustine Orchid Society

www.staugorchidsociety.org

Part 1- How Orchids Respond to Disease Pathogens by Sue Bottom, [email protected]

recurring disease problem, there may be some aspect of your cultural practices that should be changed or perhaps you are trying to grow a plant not well suited to your growing conditions. Your plants will be happiest if you focus on improving your culture rather than reflexively spraying chemicals on them whenever you notice a new leaf spot.

All contents copyright@2014-2017 by Sue and Terry Bottom. All rights reserved. No part of this document or the related photos may be reproduced or transmitted in any form, by any means without the prior written permission of the author.

Citations and Additional Reading:

Chuang, H. W., Chang, P. Y., & Syu, Y. Y. Harpin Protein, an Elicitor of Disease Resistance, Acts as a Growth Promoter in Phalaenopsis Orchids. Journal of Plant Growth Regulation, 1-10.

Freeman, B.C. and G.A. Beattie. 2008. An Overview of Plant Defenses against Pathogens and Herbivores. The Plant Health Instructor. Accessed online http://www.apsnet.org/edcenter/intropp/topics/Pages/OverviewOfPlantDiseases.aspx

Freeman, S., Quillin, K. and Allison, L., Chapter 37, Plant Defense Systems, pp. 709-725 Biological Science, 4th Edition, Prentice Hall. http://www.pearsoncustom.com/ucsc/images/0130819239_ch37.pdf, Accessed May 26, 2014

Guest, D., & Brown, J., 1997. Plant defences against pathogens. Plant Pathogens and Plant Diseases, 263-286. http://www.appsnet.org/Publications/Brown_Ogle/17 Defence mechanisms (DIG&JFB).pdf Accessed May 26, 2014

Harmon, P.F., Bledsoe, S.D. and McGovern, R.J., Professional Disease Management Guide for Ornamental Plants, University of Florida, PP-202, August 2004, Revised 2012

Henley, D., Aspirin and Growing Orchids, Orchids, 70(10). 983.

Pal, K. K. and Gardener, B.M., 2006. Biological Control of Plant Pathogens. The Plant Health Instructor 2, pp. 1117-1142

Raskin, I., 1992. Salicylate, A New Plant Hormone. Plant Physiology, July 1992 pp. 799-803.

Thanks to Sue Bottom for giving the Ottawa Orchid Society written permission to reproduce her article, “Part 1 - How Orchids Respond to Disease Pathogens”, for our Newsletter “SPIKE”.

Page 5 of 5 18

Aerangis

Reichenbach f. 1865

Pronunciation: air-ANG-giss Tribe: Vandeae Subtribe: Aerangidinae

My acquaintance with Aerangis began in the Kenya highlands early in the 1960’s. Although I cannot remember the exact date, I can remember the plant that made such a striking impression on me. I came face to face with it growing as a low-level epiphyte in a dense thicket of trees and shrubs near the river at about 8,000 feet above sea level, just north of the Equator. Several inflorescences were in full flower; their pristine white blooms with long curving nectaries, or spurs, presented a most elegant sight. Later I discovered that it was Aergs. thomsonii. Thus my interest in this attractive genus began and still continues today.

The name Aerangis was coined from two Greek words, aer, air and angos, vessel, and was probably a reference to the nectariferous spur at the base of the lip. Plants allocated to this genus today are among the most attractive of the white-flowered vandaceous orchids of Africa and its adjacent islands, including Madagascar.

Many species of Aerangis were first described under the name Angraecum. It was in 1865 that H.G. Reichenbach proposed the genus Aerangis, separating it from Angraecum on account of the long slender rostellum that stretches forward from below the column apex, across the stigmatic surface, and by the long slender stipe that is located on the upper surface of this rostellum and supports the two pollinia.

A major contribution to the recognition of the genus was that of the German botanist Rudolf Schlechter. In 1914 he transferred some of the well-known Madagascar species from Angraecum to Aerangis and in 1918 made an important review of all the African angraecoid orchids that dealt with an additional 11 species of Aerangis. More species have been added to the genus since then.

Species most commonly found in cultivation include Aergs. articulata, Aergs. biloba, Aergs. citrata, Aergs. ellisii, Aergs. fastuosa, Aergs. luteo-alba and its variety rhodosticta, and Aergs. modesta.

Number of species:

Currently the Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families recognizes 51 species, 2 natural hybrids, and 4 varieties (8/2012).

Distribution:

Africa and its adjacent islands, including Madagascar.

--- C U L T U R E --- It is not difficult to grow any of the species of Aerangis, but the plants are easily lost if growing conditions change adversely. The species from higher elevations need cooler conditions than those that occur at or near sea level, and those from near the Equator Temperature: generally require warmer conditions and higher humidity than those that are found much further south at the same elevation. Details of the habitat, where known, often give an indication of the best way to manage the environment for plants in cultivation. Plants in cultivation need well-shaded conditions, similar to those enjoyed by Light: Phalaenopsis species and hybrids. The most difficult thing to arrange, in cultivation, is the resting season that most species enjoy after flowering. If the plants are kept too dry, there is the danger that they will dry Water- out too much and lose their leaves. If they are sprayed with too much cold water or too Humidity: frequently, the plants will suffer, lose their leaves and die. Careful management of both the plants and their environment is the key to long-lived plants and the reward of many flowers every year. Plants need only weak liquid fertilizer, during the growing season when new roots and Fertilizer: new leaves are produced. All of the plants will grow well in pots of medium suitable for most other epiphytes; those with finer roots need a smaller particle size and moister conditions than those with thicker roots. All species grow well as mounted plants, firmly attached to a piece of Potting: bark or cork. Mounted plants should be suspended in deep shade, usually in high humidity. The flowers are naturally and elegantly displayed when the plants are grown like this. Orchid Digest, Vol. 70-4 – October, November, December, 2006.

Stewart, Joyce, 1986. Stars of the Islands – A New Look at the Genus Aerangis in Madagascar and the Comoro Islands. American Orchid Society Bulletin 55:792-802, 903-909, 1008-1015, 1117-1125.

References: Books with illustrations of Aerangis species and hybrids: Demissew,S., P.J. Cribb, & F. Rasmussen, 2004. Field Guide to Ethiopian Orchids. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens.

DuPuy, D., P. Cribb, J. Bosser, J. Hermans and C. Hermans, 1999. The Orchids of Madagascar. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens. Author: Joyce Stewart - 8/2007; revised 8/2012. E-mail:

Special thanks to the American Orchid Society for providing this Culture information. http://www.aos.org/orchids/orchids-a-to-z/letter-a/aerangis.aspx

WOC Taiwan 2020

Interested in attending the 23rd World Orchid Conference (WOC) in Taichung, Taiwan? The Canadian Orchid Congress (COC) has been working with the organizers at the WOC for a discounted group rate for all Members belonging to Society Members of the COC from coast to coast.

Instead of the regular rates of $200 USD - $250 USD, those who register under the COC/WOC group rate can take advantage of the discounted rate at $160 USD (~$210 CAD). In order for the COC to cover bank fees and to buffer the difference in currency conversions at the time of exchange, $10 CAD will be added to each registration; the total cost for COC/WOC group registration will be $220 CAD for each participant.

Members of all COC member societies, as well as their spouse/partner with the same mailing address as the Member, are eligible for this discounted group rate.

For further information on the 23rd WOC, please visit: https://www.woc23.com/ Details of various registration categories can be found below:

Below is a snapshot of various entitlements under each registration category. Please note that for Group registration, entry to all events is included per the table below, except for the Gala Dinner, which is $100 USD. This can be added on after the group registration is processed.

Please note the group registration will only include entry to the 23rd WOC event per the Registration Entitlement table above. Registrants are expected to make their own arrangements for travel, accommodation, sight-seeing or any other group tours pre- or post-conference.

If you are interested in taking advantage of the COC WOC Group rate, please complete the group registration form and return it to [email protected] by October 11th, 2019.

Confirmation of receipt of registration form and detailed payment information will be sent to all registrants sometime in mid-October 2019; payments are due Oct 31, 2019. Payments in Canadian dollars will be accepted via cheque or interac e-transfer ONLY. Please note that payment instructions will be sent after the completed registration form is received and verified.

If you are interested in a registration form, please contact Jan Johns by email [email protected].

Please address all inquiries to the [email protected] email.

Fall AOS Members Meeting

The AOS Fall Members Meeting is coming soon! It will be held October 16th through the 20th and hosted by the East Everglades Orchid Society in Homestead, Florida in conjunction with their 23rd Annual Show.

A block of rooms has been especially reserved for the meeting. Book your accommodations now and take advantage of our special rates at the Marriot Courtyard and the Hampton Inn & Suites!

For more information: http://www.aos.org/news-and-events/members-meetings.aspx

OrchidPro is the American Orchid Society’s new online software. There will be access to over 95,000 photos of award-winning orchids, exclusive and accurate data, in-depth genealogy, and more. OrchidPro will be going LIVE to AOS Members on October 1st and available January 2020 to non- members.

OrchidPro will cost $99/year for non-members, but you’ll get full access included with your AOS membership!

AOS ORCHID-GRAM Newsletter - August 2019

Montréal Additional Judging Center Plants awarded in June 2019

Photographer: Michel Tremblay

Bulbophyllum pecten-veneris 'Jardin botanique de Montréal' CCM/AOS 82 points

Owner: Jardin botanique de Montréal

Bulbophyllum setaceum 'Jardin botanique de Montréal' CCM/AOS 81 points

Owner: Jardin botanique de Montréal

Cattleya tenebrosa 'Jardin botanique de Montréal' CCM/AOS 82 points

Owner: Jardin botanique de Montréal

Oncidium flexuosum 'Jardin botanique de Montréal' CCM/AOS 85 points

Owner: Jardin botanique de Montréal

Montréal Judging Center Meetings

Members are welcome to assist at the judging meetings. Meetings are held in the main building of the Montréal Botanical Gardens. Those attending should register at the Security desk (the room number will be posted on the sign in sheet). The meetings are held on the 3rd Saturday of each month except for March and April (Judging is then held in conjunction with the Montréal or Ottawa Orchid Shows). In December, by exception, the meeting is held on the 2nd Saturday.

Judging Centers

September 21: Montréal Additional Judging Center They meet on the 3rd Saturday of each month. Montréal Botanical Garden, 4101 Rue Sherbrooke E, Montréal, QC H1X 2B2

October 5: Toronto Judging Center They meet on the 1st Saturday of each month. Toronto Botanical Gardens, 777 Lawrence Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, M3C 1P2

Upcoming AOS Webinars

September 18, 8:30 p.m. - 9:30 p.m. The Orchid Gardens of Latin America Presented by Tom Mirenda - AOS Members Only

October 3, 8:30 p.m. - 9:30 p.m. Greenhouse Chat with Ron McHatton Open to the Public

October 7, 8:30 p.m. – 9:30 p.m. Conservation & Ecology of Western North American Cypripediums Presented by Tara Luna - AOS Members Only

http://www.aos.org/orchids/webinars.aspx

Upcoming Canadian Orchid Shows

Sept. 28 - 29: Central Ontario Orchid Society Orchid Show & Sale Cambridge Hespeler Arena 640 Ellis Road Cambridge, ON N3C 1A1

https://personal.uwaterloo.ca/jerry/coos/

Upcoming U.S.A. Orchid Shows

Sept. 20 - 22: Alabama Orchid Society 35th Annual Orchid Show and Sale Birmingham Botanical Gardens 2612 Lane Park Road Birmingham, Alabama

https://www.facebook.com/alabamaorchidsociety/

Oct. 3 - 6: Maui Orchid Society Maui Fair 'Orchidland Show' War Memorial Gymnasium 200 Halia Nakoa Street Wailuku, Hawaii

https://www.mauifair.com/attractions/orchidland/

Oct. 17 - 20: East Everglades Orchid Society 23rd Annual Orchid Show & Sale In conjunction with AOS Fall Members Meeting 'Fall in Love with Orchids' In the gardens of R.F. Orchids Inc. 28100 SW 182 Avenue Homestead, Florida U.S.A. 33030

www.orchidseeos.com

Oct. 18 - 20: 5th Annual International Orchid Show & Sale 'Orchid Safari' The Huntington Library, Art Collection and Botanical Gardens 1151 Oxford Road San Marino, California, 91108 U.S.A.

www.huntington.org/orchidshow

Upcoming International Orchid Shows

Sept. 27 - Sept. 29: 5th Lisbon International Orchid Exhibition Hosted by Portuguese Orchestra Association and 2 others Mercado Forno de Tijolo, 1170 Lisbon, Portugal

http://www.lusorquideas.com/4-exposicao-internacional-de-orquideas-de- lisboa-944779-890083-102901.html

Orchid Website Links

Ottawa Orchid Society Website - www.ottawaorchidsociety.com Ottawa Orchid Society Facebook Account - https://www.facebook.com/OttawaOrchidSociety/ Ottawa Orchid Society Instagram Account - [email protected]

American Orchid Society - http://www.aos.org/ American Orchid Society Culture Sheets - http://www.aos.org/orchids/culture-sheets.aspx American Orchid Society Webinars - http://www.aos.org/orchids/webinars.aspx

Canadian Orchid Congress - http://canadianorchidcongress.ca/ Canadian Orchid Congress Vendors List - https://canadianorchidcongress.ca/vendors/ Canadian Orchid Congress Culture Sheets - https://canadianorchidcongress.ca/culture/

Ravenvision Orchid Supplies - www.ravenvision.ca Ravenvision Orchid Abbreviations - http://www.ravenvision.ca/site/resources/abbreviations.htm

Editor’s Wrap

Welcome Back! Hope you all had an enjoyable summer! Dave Cooper had his guardian angel looking over him when he took his fall. We are happy that surgery went well and that he is on the mend!

Ron McHatton is our Guest Speaker for the September 15th meeting. It should be an interest talk on “Pollination Strategies in Orchids”. Dinner with Ron McHatton will be at The Canal Ritz, 375 Queen Elizabeth Drive, on Saturday 14, at 6:00 p.m. Please contact Jean Hollebone if you are interested.

My apologies again, to Dr. Emrys Chew, for not knowing that the excellent article on David Lim was written by yourself, and not written by the Malayan Orchid Review. Thank you for giving us permission to print the article with your credit in our January SPIKE. Our Membership greatly enjoyed the article and pictures.

It looks like Jean Hollebone had a wonderful time judging in Colombia, South America. Thanks for your great pictures and sharing your trip with us!

Thanks to Susan Bottom for her permission to post her excellent article, 'Part 1: How Orchids Respond to Disease Pathogens', in our Newsletter SPIKE. Parts 2 and 3 will be posted in the October and November issues of SPIKE.

Thanks to the American Orchid Society for their culture sheet on the species Aerangis. I hope that this information will help Members with their orchids.

The Ottawa Orchid Society Facebook page has 2,314 Likes and 2,390 Followers. If you have any pictures for Facebook, please identify your orchids and who took the photos. If you post it in Facebook and want it on the OOS Facebook page, the share button needs to be visible. You can send pictures to the OOS Facebook page directly or to me at [email protected].

Marie-Josée Bergeron has been doing a great job with the Ottawa Orchid Society Instagram account. She needs your orchid pictures. Please send your pictures to her at: [email protected]. Please provide the following information: name of the plant, who grew it and who took the photo of it.

Once again, thanks to all that contributed to this Newsletter. I couldn’t do SPIKE without you! Thanks to Arlene Lang for agreeing to be my proof reader! You do an excellent job! If you have anything to contribute to this newsletter, please let me know. We are always looking for book reports, pictures, growing tips and articles. This is your Newsletter.

It's hard to believe that summer is almost over, where did the time go? I am looking forward to a new season of great Speakers, Orchids 101, the Show Tables, the Orchid Shows and much more!

Stanley Luk is our Guest Speaker for October’s meeting. He will be speaking about Cattleyas, my favourite orchids! This meeting will be back at the Tom Brown Arena.

Bev Burtnyk, Editor, SPIKE Newsletter