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Proposal 2006-__: Michigan Civil Rights Initiative CitizensCitizens ResearResearchch CCouncilouncil ofof MichiganMichigan StStaatewidetewide IssuesIssues onon thethe NovemberNovember GeneralGeneral ElecElectiontion BallBalloott PrPropoposalosal 2006-022006-02 MichiganMichigan CivilCivil RightsRights InitiaInitiativetive SeptemberSeptember 20062006 RepReporortt 342343 CCELEBRELEBRAATINGTING 9090 YEARSYEARS OFOF INDEPENDENTINDEPENDENT,, NONPNONPARARTISANTISAN PPUBLICUBLIC PPOLICOLICYY RESEARCHRESEARCH ININ MMICHIGANICHIGAN Board of Directors Chairman Vice Chairman Treasurer President Kent J. Vana Eugene A. Gargaro, Jr. Jeffrey D. Bergeron Earl M. Ryan Jeffrey D. Bergeron W. Frank Fountain Aleksandra A. Miziolek Ernst & Young LLP DaimlerChrysler Corporation Dykema J. Edward Berry Eugene A. Gargaro, Jr. Irving Rose General Motors Corporation Masco Corporation Edward Rose & Sons Beth Chappell Ingrid A. Gregg Jerry E. Rush Detroit Economic Club Earhart Foundation ArvinMeritor, Inc. James G. Davidson Frank M. Hennessey Nancy M. Schlichting Pfizer Inc. Hennessey Capital LLC Henry Ford Health System Terence M. Donnelly Marybeth S. Howe Kent J. Vana Dickinson Wright PLLC National City Bank of Michigan Varnum, Riddering, Schmidt Randall W. Eberts Nick A. Khouri & Howlett LLP W. E. Upjohn Institute DTE Energy Amanda Van Dusen David O. Egner Daniel T. Lis Miller, Canfield, Paddock Hudson-Webber Foundation Kelly Services, Inc. and Stone PLC Joshua D. Eichenhorn Michael H. Michalak Jeffrey K. Willemain LaSalle Bank Comerica Incorporated Deloitte. Advisory Director Louis Betanzos Board of Trustees Chairman Vice Chairman Patrick J. Ledwidge Mark A. Murray Terence E. Adderley W. Frank Fountain Elliot Joseph Irving Rose Kelly Services, Inc. DaimlerChrysler Corporation St. John Health System Edward Rose & Sons Judith I. Bailey David G. Frey Daniel J. Kelly Gary D. Russi Western Michigan University Frey Foundation Deloitte & Touche Oakland University Jeffrey D. Bergeron Mark Gaffney David B. Kennedy Nancy M. Schlichting Ernst & Young LLP Michigan State AFL-CIO Earhart Foundation Henry Ford Health System Rebecca M. Blank Eugene A. Gargaro, Jr. Samuel Kirkpatrick Lloyd A. Semple University of Michigan Masco Corporation Patrick J. Ledwidge Dykema Beth Chappell Ralph J. Gerson Dickinson Wright PLLC David C. Sharp Detroit Economic Club Guardian Industries Corporation Edward C. Levy, Jr. The Flint Journal Mary Sue Coleman Eric R. Gilbertson Edw. C. Levy Co. Mark Silverman University of Michigan Saginaw Valley State University Sam Logan Gannett Company, Inc. Keith E. Crain Roderick D. Gillum Michigan Chronicle Lou Anna K. Simon Crain Communications Inc. General Motors Corporation Harry A. Lomason II Michigan State University George H. Cress Alfred R. Glancy III Alphonse S. Lucarelli S. Martin Taylor United Bank & Trust - Unico Investment Company Curtis J. Tompkins Washtenaw William L. Matthews David Handleman Plante & Moran PLLC Amanda Van Dusen Terry Daoud Handleman Company Miller, Canfield, Paddock and Al Long Ford Kenneth J. Matzick William R. Hartman Beaumont Hospitals Stone PLC Stephen R. D’Arcy Citizens Banking Corporation Kent J. Vana PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP Paul W. McCracken Frank M. Hennessey University of Michigan Varnum, Riddering, Schmidt & James N. De Boer, Jr. Hennessey Capital LLC Howlett LLP Varnum, Riddering, Schmidt Glenn D. Mroz Todd W. Herrick Michigan Technological University Brian C. Walker & Howlett LLP Tecumseh Products Company Herman Miller, Inc. Walter E. Douglas, Sr. Mark A. Murray Paul C. Hillegonds Grand Valley State University Gail L. Warden Avis Ford, Inc. DTE Energy Henry Ford Health System David O. Egner Donald R. Parfet David L. Hunke Apjohn Group LLC Jeffrey K. Willemain Hudson-Webber Foundation Detroit Free Press Deloitte. David L. Eisler Michael Rao Dorothy A. Johnson Central Michigan University Leslie E. Wong Ferris State University Ahlburg Company Northern Michigan University Gerald D. Fitzerald Douglas B. Roberts F. Martin Johnson IPPSR- Michigan State University Betty J. Youngblood Oakwood Healthcare Inc. JSJ Corporation Lake Superior State University Citizens Research Council of Michigan is a tax deductible 501(c)(3) organization Citizens Research Council of Michigan STATEWIDE ISSUES ON THE NOVEMBER GENERAL ELECTION BALLOT PROPOSAL 2006-02: MICHIGAN CIVIL RIGHTS INITIATIVE SEPTEMBER 2006 REPORT 343 CITIZENS RESEARCH COUNCIL OF MICHIGAN MAIN OFFICE 38777 West Six Mile Road, Suite 208 • Livonia, MI 48152-3974 • 734 -542-8001 • Fax 734-542-8004 LANSING OFFICE 124 West Allegan, Suite 1502 • Lansing, MI 48933 • 517-485-9444 • Fax 517-485-0423 CRCMICH.ORG PROPOSAL 2006-02: MICHIGAN CIVIL RIGHTS INITIATIVE Contents Page Ballot Initiative ................................................................................................................................................... 1 A History of Affirmative Action in the United States .......................................................................... 3 Civil Rights Act ................................................................................................................................................... 6 Landmark United States Supreme Court Cases ................................................................................... 7 University of California Regents v. Bakke............................................................................................7 Richmond v. J. A. Croson Co. ............................................................................................................. 9 Adarand Constructors, Inc. v. Pena .................................................................................................... 10 Grutter v. Bollinger et al. ................................................................................................................... 10 Gratz et al. v. Bollinger et al.................................................................................................................. 11 Summary of Court Decisions........................................................................................................ 12 Experience in Other States .......................................................................................................................... 13 California’s Proposition 209........................................................................................................... 13 Washington’s Initiative 200 ............................................................................................................ 17 Texas .......................................................................................................................................................20 The “One Florida” Initiative ............................................................................................................ 21 Implications of MCRI for Michigan ........................................................................................................... 22 Impact on University Admissions ................................................................................................ 22 Impact on K-12 Education............................................................................................................... 24 Impact on Government ..................................................................................................................26 Conclusion......................................................................................................................................................... 31 Appendix 1: Michigan Statutes that Reference Minority Status or Gender .............................. 32 Appendix 2: Student Enrollment at the University of California .................................................35 Appendix 3: New Appointments of Ladder Rank Faculty at the University of California .. 36 Appendix 4: Student Enrollment at the University of Washington .............................................38 Appendix 5: Student Enrollment at the University of Texas ..........................................................39 Appendix 6: Student Enrollment in the Florida State University System................................. 40 i PROPOSAL 2006-02: MICHIGAN CIVIL RIGHTS INITIATIVE In Brief On November 7, 2006, Michigan citizens will vote lic universities were unable to grant affirmative ac- on a proposed constitutional amendment to ban af- tion preferences after a federal court ruled against firmative action programs that grant preferential the University of Texas in Hopwood v. University of treatment to individuals or groups on the basis of Texas Law School (1996). And in Florida, Governor race, sex, color, ethnicity, or national origin in pub- Bush issued his “One Florida” initiative through ex- lic education, public employment, and government ecutive order, ending affirmative action preference contracting. programs in the public sector. The greatest impact in all of these states has been felt at the public uni- Race has played a prominent role in American his- versities. California, Texas, and Florida have all tory. Slavery, although never named, was written passed some form of a “percent plan” at the state or into the United States Constitution and segregation university level providing automatic public univer- was sanctioned by the government throughout sity admission to the top-performing students from much of our history. After passage of the Civil each high school in the state. Public universities in Rights Act of 1964, affirmative action programs were all four states have also had some success
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