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Principles of Plant Taxonomy Bot
PRINCIPLES OF PLANT TAXONOMY BOT 222 Dr. M. Ajmal Ali, PhD 1 What is Taxonomy / Systematics ? Animal group No. of species Amphibians 6,199 Birds 9,956 Fish 30,000 Mammals 5,416 Tundra Reptiles 8,240 Subtotal 59,811 Grassland Forest Insects 950,000 Molluscs 81,000 Q: Why we keep the stuffs of our home Crustaceans 40,000 at the fixed place or arrange into some Corals 2,175 kinds of system? Desert Others 130,200 Rain forest Total 1,203,375 • Every Human being is a Taxonomist Plants No. of species Mosses 15,000 Ferns and allies 13,025 Gymnosperms 980 Dicotyledons 199,350 Monocotyledons 59,300 Green Algae 3,715 Red Algae 5,956 Lichens 10,000 Mushrooms 16,000 Brown Algae 2,849 Subtotal 28,849 Total 1,589,361 • We have millions of different kind of plants, animals and microorganism. We need to scientifically identify, name and classify all the living organism. • Taxonomy / Systematics is the branch of science deals with classification of organism. 2 • Q. What is Plant Taxonomy / Plant systematics We study plants because: Plants convert Carbon dioxide gas into Every things we eat comes Plants produce oxygen. We breathe sugars through the process of directly or indirectly from oxygen. We cannot live without photosynthesis. plants. oxygen. Many chemicals produced by the Study of plants science helps to Study of plants science helps plants used as learn more about the natural Plants provide fibres for paper or fabric. to conserve endangered medicine. world plants. We have millions of different kind of plants, animals and microorganism. -
Reader 19 05 19 V75 Timeline Pagination
Plant Trivia TimeLine A Chronology of Plants and People The TimeLine presents world history from a botanical viewpoint. It includes brief stories of plant discovery and use that describe the roles of plants and plant science in human civilization. The Time- Line also provides you as an individual the opportunity to reflect on how the history of human interaction with the plant world has shaped and impacted your own life and heritage. Information included comes from secondary sources and compila- tions, which are cited. The author continues to chart events for the TimeLine and appreciates your critique of the many entries as well as suggestions for additions and improvements to the topics cov- ered. Send comments to planted[at]huntington.org 345 Million. This time marks the beginning of the Mississippian period. Together with the Pennsylvanian which followed (through to 225 million years BP), the two periods consti- BP tute the age of coal - often called the Carboniferous. 136 Million. With deposits from the Cretaceous period we see the first evidence of flower- 5-15 Billion+ 6 December. Carbon (the basis of organic life), oxygen, and other elements ing plants. (Bold, Alexopoulos, & Delevoryas, 1980) were created from hydrogen and helium in the fury of burning supernovae. Having arisen when the stars were formed, the elements of which life is built, and thus we ourselves, 49 Million. The Azolla Event (AE). Hypothetically, Earth experienced a melting of Arctic might be thought of as stardust. (Dauber & Muller, 1996) ice and consequent formation of a layered freshwater ocean which supported massive prolif- eration of the fern Azolla. -
Steps Toward a Natural System of the Dicotyledons Gertrud Dahlgren University of Lund
Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany Volume 13 | Issue 1 Article 5 1991 Steps Toward a Natural System of the Dicotyledons Gertrud Dahlgren University of Lund Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarship.claremont.edu/aliso Part of the Botany Commons Recommended Citation Dahlgren, Gertrud (1991) "Steps Toward a Natural System of the Dicotyledons," Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany: Vol. 13: Iss. 1, Article 5. Available at: http://scholarship.claremont.edu/aliso/vol13/iss1/5 ALISO 13(1), 1991, pp. 107-165 STEPS TOWARD A NATURAL SYSTEM OF THE DICOTYLEDONS: EMBRYOLOGICAL CHARACTERS' GERTRUD DAHLGREN Department of Systematic Botany University of Lund 6 Vallgatan 20 S-223 61 Lund, Sweden ABSTRACT Embryological character states are mapped on the diagrams of dicotyledons (G. Dahlgren 1989). The often well-defined pattern of distribution forms a basis for discussing and clarifying phylogenetic relations. It is shown how numerous embryological characters, alone or in combinations, support certain systematic constellations, even if the character states may have arisen independently within a varying number of evolutionary lines. Characters presented are: anther wall formation; tapetum types; cells in pollen grains at dispersal; microsporogenesis; ovule morphology; ovule integuments; endo thelium; obturator; parietal tissue; embryo sac formation; antipodal cells; hypostase, embryogeny; polyembryony; endosperm formation; persistence of endosperm; ruminate endosperm; endosperm haustoria; perisperm; storage compounds in the endosperm; chlorophyllous embryo; embryo size, seed coat characters; arils; dry and wet stigma types. Key words: dicotyledons, embryology, phylogenetics, systematics, evolution. INTRODUCTION My husband, Rolf Dahlgren, and I began a survey of the embryological liter ature, with the purpose of using patterns of distribution ofembryological character states for clarifying relationships in the dicotyledons at and above family level. -
Drawings of Scandinavian Plants 11—12
Drawings of Scandinavian Plants 11—12 Eleocharis R. Br. By Sven-Olov Strandhede and Rolf Dahlgren1 Institute of Systematic Botany University of Lund Eleocharis uniglumis (LINK) SCHULT. [Scirpus uniglumis LINK. S. palustris L. sensu ampl. p.p. (=var. ß in Fl. lapp. 1737), E. palustris ssp. uniglumis (LINK) HARTM., S. palustris ss]). uniglumis (LINK) SYME] Rhizomes often more slender than in E. palustris but, as in that speeies, the second internode of the shoot generations of about the same length as the first internode of the next, axillary shoot generation accreted to it. Bas<d sheaths of the culms normally lustrously red to blackish red or greenish (especially in the northern part of Scandi navia): orifice straight or somewhat oblique, often with a marked margin. Culms less variable in length than in E. palustris, usually shorter than 70 cm, not easily compressed and extreme water modifications absent: Ihe anatomy of the culms similar to that of E. palustris; sub- populations often with different colour of the culms, varying from yellowish green to olive green and bluish green. The single sterile based glume of the spike amplexicaul, shorter than ludf the spike. Fertile glumes variable and normally differing somewhat in the two subspecies, commonly shining blackish red with (or often without) a narrow midrib and in certain infraspecil'ic taxa and sub- populations with + hyaline margins during prefloral and floral stages. when older increasingly membranaceous. Receptacle density 20—39 fruits per cm of the rachis. Thecae pure yellow and more than 1.9 mm in length. Shape of the pollen grains markedly sector- or sack-shaped; size different in the two subspecies. -
Angiosperms in Being Exalbuminous, the Embryo Itself Filling Almost All the Seed Cavity, and Nutritive Tissue Being Entirely Absent Or Very Scanty
1 ANGIOSPERMS Angiosperms: Origin And Evolution T. Pullaiah Professor Sri Krishnadevaraya University Anantapur – 515 003 A.P 2 Angiosperms form the most dominant group of plants with atleast 2,34,000 species (Thorne, 1992), a number much greater than all other groups of plants combined together. Not only in numbers, Angiosperms are also found in a far greater range of habitats than any other group of land plants. Ancestors of Angiosperms The identity of the ancestors of the flowering plants is a most difficult problem which is as yet far from being solved. Several groups of plants have been considered as ancestral stock for angiosperms. Bennettilean ancestry Since Saporta (Saporta and Marion, 1885) Bennettitales have often been proposed as possible ancestors of angiosperms, and in this connection the resemblance in structure between the strobili of the Mesozoic genus Cycadeodea and the flower of Magnolia has often been pointed out. But this resemblance is wholly superficial, they are alike only in that both are bisexual and both consist of an elongated axis on which are arranged successively and in the same order, protective bracts (perianth members in Magnolia), microsporophylls and megasporophylls. But along with these few similarities there are profound differences. The microsporophylls (stamens) of Magnolia (as in other primitive angiosperms) are free and arranged spirally on the axis, but in Bennettitales they are whorled and mostly connate. The megasporophylls of the Bennettitales are very reduced, simplified stalk-like structures, sometimes very abbreviated, each bearing at its apex a solitary erect ovule. Between these stalk-like megasporophylls and alternating with them, are sterile organs (interseminal scales) which appear to be modified sterilized megasporophylls. -
Year Sem. Subject Code Title of the Paper Hours/ Week 2018 -2019 Onwards III 18MBO31C PAPER VII PLANT SYSTEMATICS, RESOURCES A
Year Sem. Subject Code Title of the paper Hours/ Week III 18MBO31C PAPER VII PLANT SYSTEMATICS, RESOURCES 7 2018 -2019 AND ETHNOBOTANY onwards Objectives: 1. To acquire the fundamental values of plant systematics 2. To know about the basic concepts and principles of plant systematics 3. To establish a suitable method for correct identification and adequate characterization of plants 4. To aware of the importance of taxonomic relationships in plant systematic studies 5. To understand the utility of different plant species 6. To have a first- hand knowledge on Economic Botany and Ethnobotany Unit – I History of classification; Systems of classification: Bentham and Hooker and Cronquist; Angiosperm Phylogeny Group 2011; International Code for Botanical Nomenclature; Typification, Valid publication, Citation, Retention choice and Rejection of names; Priority. Unit –II Plant molecular systematics; Chemotaxonomy and Numerical taxonomy; Taxonomic evidences from Morphology, Anatomy, Embryology, Palynology and Cytology; Concepts of Taxa and Taxonomic hierarchy; Construction and uses of different types of key for plant identification (indented and bracket keys); Basic concepts of Flora, Revisions, Monographs, Herbaria and Data information system; Botanical Gardens. Unit – III Comparative and detailed study of the following families: Nymphaceae, Capparidaceae Polygalaceae, Portulacaceae, Zygophyllaceae, Rhamnaceae, Sapindaceae, Combretaceae, Passiflorae, Ebenaceae, Ficodeae, Rubiaceae, Oleaceae and Boraginaceae. Unit – IV Comparative and detailed -
Biosystematics of Angiosperms, Plant Development and Reproduction
MBO-06 Vardhman Mahaveer Open University, Kota Biosystematics of Angiosperms, Plant Development and Reproduction MBO-06 Vardhman Mahaveer Open University, Kota Biosystematics of Angiosperms, Plant Development and Reproduction Course Development Committee Chair Person Prof. Ashok Sharma Vice-Chancellor Vardhman Mahaveer Open University, Kota Coordinator and Members Convener Dr. Anuradha Dubey Department of Botany School of Science & Technology Vardhman Mahaveer Open University, Kota Members Prof. L.R.Gurjar Prof. T.N. Bhardwaj Director (Academic) (Special Invite) Vardhman Mahaveer Open University, Former Vice-Chancellor, Kota VMOU, Kota Dr. Arvind Pareek Dr. P.K. Sharma Director (Regional Centre) Department of Botany Vardhman Mahaveer Open University, MSJ College, Kota Bharatpur Prof. B.L. Choudhary Dr. P.P. Paliwal Former Vice-Chancellor, Department of Botany MohanLal Sukhadia University, Udaipur Govt. PG College, Banswara Prof. S.L. Kothari Dr. Ekta Menghani Department of Botany Department of Botany University of Rajasthan, Jaipur JECRC University, Jaipur Dr. G.P. Singh Dr. Neerja Srivastava Department of Botany Department of Botany University of Rajasthan, Jaipur Govt. PG College, Kota Dr. Vandana Sharma Department of Botany Govt. PG College, Kota Editing and Course Writing Editor Dr. G.P. Singh Department of Botany University of Rajasthan, Jaipur Writers: Dr. Amit Kotia 1,2,3,4 Dr. Praveen Soni 9,15, Department of Botany Department of Botany 17 University of Rajasthan, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur Jaipur Dr. Praveen Mohil 5,6,7,8 Dr. Sulekha Joshi 18,19 Department of Botany Department of Botany University of Rajasthan, Govt. College, Kota Jaipur Dr. Jitendra Kumar Verma 10,11,12 Dr. Anuradha Dubey 20 Department of Botany Department of Botany J.D.B. -
Drawings of Scandinavian Plants 15—16 Eleocharis R. Br. by Sven
Drawings of Scandinavian Plants 15—16 Eleocharis R. Br. By Sven-Olov Stmndhede and Rolf Dahlgren' Institute of Systematic Botany University of Lund Eleocharis parvula (R. & S.) LINK ex BLUFF, NEES & SCHAUER in BLUFF Ä FlNGERH. [Seirpus parvulus R. & S.. Limnochloa parvula (K. & S.) REICHB.J This minute water plan! belongs to ser. Pauciflorac SVENS. Creeping shoots rhizomatose or stoloniform, filiform, with a spongy periphery and a wiry center of vascular bundles, with one to a few 5—15 mm long internodes, then producing a tuft of assimilating shoots or terminating in a 3—5 mm long, beaked, bulbous resting bud. Sheaths of the creeping steins and based sheaths of the culms inconspicuous, membranaceous, sometimes with a dark venation of minute vascular bundles near their bases; orifice of the inner culm sheaths incon spicuous, straight or somewhat oblique, most often lacerated. (.alms thin (0.3—0.5 mm in diameter), (1.5--) 2—5 (—7) cm high, ascending to recurved: collenchyma strands weak and few. (3—) 5—12 (—1(5) epidermal cell rows between them; commonly only one weakly developed palisade layer, but no parenchymatous layer in the inter spaces between the few (2—4) and weak vascular bundles, resulting in + spongy, translucent, whitish-green or straw-coloured culms. Cell walls thin and markedly undulated; stomatal guard cells with convex short ends and of about the same length as the subsidiary cells; stomatal length 35—50 (—55) u. stomata broader than in other species studied (their length < twice their width). Spikes usually shorter than 3 mm, fusiform, when ripe broadly ovoid, in deeper water often reduced and most of the culms remaining vege tative. -
Paper Floras: How Long Will They Last? a Review of Flowering Plants of the Neotropics1
American Journal of Botany 91(12): 2124±2127. 2004. BOOK REVIEW PAPER FLORAS: HOW LONG WILL THEY LAST? A REVIEW OF FLOWERING PLANTS OF THE NEOTROPICS1 W. J OHN KRESS2,3 2Botany, MRC-166, United States National Herbarium, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, P.O. Box 37012, Washington, D.C. 20013-7012 USA Flowering Plants of the Neotropics compiled and edited by and description), but have partially failed in the fourth (clas- a team of leading botanists at the New York Botanical Garden si®cation). The work is quite comprehensive in the inclusion (Smith et al., 2004) is magni®cently illustrated and rich in of all 284 families that have any native taxa represented in the authoritative data about the 284 native families of tropical an- neotropics as well as important introduced species and culti- giosperms currently found in the Western Hemisphere. Com- vars. The keys (grouped in an appendix) and illustrations (in- piling information from over 150 contributors and specialists cluding 308 color photographs and 258 black and white line on various groups of plants was clearly a task of signi®cant drawings) together provide a generally reliable means of iden- dimension and the authors are to be congratulated for their ti®cation of plants to family and in some cases to genera (al- contribution to the literature on neotropical ¯owering plants. though a few seem misplaced, e.g., Piriqueta for Turnera) and This volume follows on the heels of other contemporary con- even species (as far as I have been able to attempt although I tributions to this subject, such as Maas and Westra's (1998) haven't used it extensively yet in the ®eld for reasons noted more modest treatment on neotropical plant families, Al Gen- below). -
A Life Dedicated to Lichens and Literature, Ove Almborn, 30Th July 1914 to 6Th March 1992
Bothalia 24,1: 111-116(1994) A life dedicated to lichens and literature, Ove Almborn, 30th July 1914 to 6th March 1992 E.I. KÁRNEFELT* Ove Almborn was bom on 30 July 1914 in Ronneby manner, recalling the academic environment of those days. in southeastern Sweden, just before the first World War. It took place on a splendid summer’s day, May 20. The Unlike numerous other children who were bom in the lecture hall was beautifully decorated, as is the usual cus same dark period of European history, Ove was fortunate tom, with flowers of all kinds. However, since his early enough to grow up in a country which was spared the youth Ove suffered from pollen allergy and therefore had horrors of war. He could live through a happy childhood taken several drugs against an impending allergic reaction, in the small idyllic town of Ronneby in a nice home cared which resulted in him almost falling asleep and not re for by loving parents. This period in his life must have sponding promptly to questions put forward by the op formed the confident and kind personality we knew much ponents. However. Ove passed the exams very well, and later. In his early school days Ove was already interested the retiring professor did not have to fail one of his last in botany and his interest in lichens also started very early. pupils. His marks even stated that he handled the defence He matriculated in the nearby town of Karlskrona in 1933 in an excellent manner, in spite of the fact that he at times and in the same year he started his academic studies at was barely awake. -
Drawings of Scandinavian Plants 13—14 Eleocharis R. Br. by Sven
Drawings of Scandinavian Plants 13—14 Eleocharis R. Br. By Sven-Olov Strandhede and Rolf Dahlgren l Institute of Systematic Botany University of Lund, Sweden Eleocharis multicaulis (SM.) SM. [Scirpus multicaulis SM., S. palustris L. sensu ampl. p.p.] The species treated earlier (Fasc. 1 and II) belong to ser. Eleocharis (syn. Palustriform.es SVENS.), subser. Eleocharis [syn. Palustres (C. B. CLARKE) SVENS.] and have bifid styles and biconvex achenes. The species treated here, E. multicaulis, belongs to ser. Multicaules SVENS. with tril'id styles and trigonous achenes. Rhizomes stout with extremely short internodes and numerous side shoots giving caespitose plants with the basal parts closely embedded in withered old shoots and adventitious roots. Basal sheaths of the culms pale brownish to yellowish or greenish with minute red spots, rarely reddish, at least near the base; orifice oblique, often with a marked tip. Culms about 1 mm in diameter, often bowbent, 10—50 cm; collen- chyma strands rather stout and numerous, normally 1—3 epidermal cell rows between them; normally two palisade layers and two or more parenchyma layers in the interspaces between the vascular bundles, resulting in dark, non-translucent, commonly + olive green or + yellowish-green culms. Cell walls rather thick: stomatal guard cells longer than the subsidiary cells (though not protruding as in E. mumil- lata), resulting in convex short ends of the stomata; stomatal length 55—80 p. Spikes of about the same length and shape as in E. uniglumis, though less variable (6—14 mm). Basal glumes of the spike amplexicaul, less 1 STRANDHEDE is responsible for the text and Fig. -
Svensk Botanisk Forskning Under 1900-Talet
Svensk botanisk forskning under 1900-talet Bengt Jonsell ger oss här den första samlade Det andra är darwinismens intåg i Sverige, översikten över 1900-talets svenska botaniska först bland zoologer men ganska tidigt bland forskning. botanister som världsomseglaren N. J. Anders- son och framför allt lundaprofessorn Fredrik BENGT JONSELL Areschoug, som efter Darwins bortgång 1882 hyllade denne i ett insiktsfullt ”Minnesblad”.2 n skildring av svensk botanisk forskning Darwinismen accepterades långt ifrån allmänt under 1900-talet måste gripa tillbaka bland de ledande botanisterna och striderna Enågra årtionden in på det föregående om den så kallade ”artreduktionen”, som blev seklet för att peka på några utgångspunkter, en följd av darwinistiskt synsätt, fortsatte in på utan att därför i detalj gå in på vad våra botanis- 1900-talet. Likafullt var fröet sått och det blev ka forskare då uträttade. Det är framför allt tre svårt för forskare med minsta teoretiska lägg- teoretiska genombrott, man kunde kanske säga ning att inte förhålla sig till frågan. paradigmskiften under det senare 1800-talet, Det tredje är de mendelska lagarna av år 1865 som blivit vägledande för 1900-talets forskning.1 och ärftlighetslärans genombrott. Den så kall- Det första är till stor del inhemskt även om lade återupptäckten av Gregor Mendels verk impulser kommit utifrån: formuleringen av teo- skedde år 1900, på tre håll oberoende av varan- rin om den stora nedisningen omkring 1870 av dra, och slog snabbt igenom inte minst i nordisk Otto Thorell, följd mot seklets slut av tämligen forskning. Acceptansen av denna genetiska exakta dateringar och bilder av kustförskjut- teori blev långt mer allmän än av darwinismens ningen (som man då ofta sade) genom forskare principer, särskilt som den kunde sopa undan som Gerhard de Geer och Henrik Munthe.