Plant Microtechnique – BIO 4920 David Bogler and Richard Keating

Introduction to Laboratory Collecting material, fixation, basic sectioning and staining techniques characters – Morphology, anatomy Stem characters - Tissue embedding and sectioning Microtome sectioning and staining Wood characters – Anatomy, properties, evolution, identification Flower, fruit, and characters Scanning Electron Microscopy – Theory Scanning Electron Microscopy - Practice Pollen Analysis – morphology, terminology Pollen Analysis - Applications Cytology - Chromosome numbers and Cytology – Karyotypes, polyploidy, meiosis Preparing posters and presentations Final Class Presentations

Agavaceae

Yucca Hesperaloe Beschorneria Furcraea Manfreda Polianthes Prochnyanthes

Yucca faxoniana Agave salmiana

Dasylirion leiophyllum, Big Bend N.P. Dasylirion berlandieri, Nuevo Leon Nolinaceae (APG3 = ,

Dasylirion

Nolina

Calibanus n = 30 5 large + 25 small

Dasylirion n = 19 Combined Data: ITS1 and ITS2 0 Polianthes geminiflora 1 1 Polianthes pringlei ITS1 and ITS2 2 1 Prochnyanthes mexicana 2 1 Manfreda scabra 51 3 9 Manfreda virginica Strict Consensus 3 100 Agave americana 8 4 4 Agave attenuata 4 Trees 100 55 3 979 Steps 4 Agave dasylirioides 13 11 Agavaceae 100 6 Agave striata 100 2 CI = 0.659 9 Beschorneria albiflora 3 0 Beschorneria yuccoides RI = 0.815 10 Furcraea pubescens 18 0 99 13 Hesperaloe funifera 9 0 Hesperaloe parviflora 5 4 97 Yucca whipplei 29 4 Yucca elata 92 6 8 100 7 25 56 22 Camassia scilloides Hyacinthaceae 15 ventricosa Funkiaceae 42 Cordyline terminalis Asteliaceae 1 2 Dasylirion berlandieri 2 19 88 100 2 1 1 25 17 83 61 5 100 2 Beaucarnea purpusi Nolinaceae 27 74 1 18 100 6 100 hookeri 7 4 lindheimeriana 26 17 88 82 3 44 27 Nolina parviflora 18 74 98 29 marginata 8 Dracaenaceae 7 trifasciata 24 10 22 racemosum 17 Convallariaceae 6 elatior 12 biflorum 75 Asparagus officinalis Asparagaceae 65 Xanthorrhoea sp Xanthorrhoeaceae 125 Aloe bainesii

Bogler and Simpson. 1996. Amer. J. Bot. 83: 1225-1235. Leaf variation in Dasylirion Dasylirion - Percent Recurved Prickles

Dasylirion - Pistillate and Staminate Flowers Rolf Dahlgren (1932-1987) The Families of the , Dahlgren, Clifford, and Yeo, 1985 System based on work of Huber, 1969 Examined micro-characters of seed coat, cuticle, endosperm, embryo etc Monocots derived from -like dicot ancestor Liliiflorae divided into major groups Dioscoreales - 7 families - 31 families - 10 families Melanthiales - 2 families Rolf Dahlgren 1980s Microcharacters “Lacrymograms” Combined Agave rbcL and ndhF Sequence data

Dasylirion

Ipheion Leucocrinum Echeandia Chlorophytum Anthericum Herreria Hosta Polianthes Agavaceae Camassia Chlorogalum Behnia Asparagales rbcL Danae Polygonatum Maianthemum Aspidistra characters Strict Calibanus Dracaena Comospermum Phytomelan Pigment Consensus Agapanthus Amaryllis Clivia Allium 100 taxa Leucocoryne Gilliesia Tulbaghia Higher Dianella Pasithea Phormium Stypandra Asparagales Johnsonia Tricoryne Acanthocarpus Sowerbaea Arthropodium Thysanotus Brodiaea Triteleia Milla Albuca Aloe Asphodelus Kniphofia Asparagus Myrsiphyllum Hemiphylacus Aphyllanthes Bowiea Muscari Scilla Anemarrhena Xanthorrhoea Xeronema Ixiolirion Sisyrinchium Iris Aristea Nivenia Isophysis Doryanthes Lower Cyanastrum Cyanella Tecophilaea Alania Borya Asparagales Curculigo Hypoxis Lanaria Astelia Milligania Blandfordia Cyprepedium Orchids Lilium Tulipa Clintonia Medeola Prosartes Scoliopus Streptopus Tricyrtis Calochortus Liliales Lapageria Philesia Ripogonum Smilax Colchicum Petermannia Uvularia Alstroemeria Bomarea Luzuriaga Trillium Veratrum Dioscorea Acorus Campynema 10 changes Ipheion Leucocrinum Echeandia Chlorophytum Anthericum Herreria Hosta Polianthes Agavaceae rbcL Camassia Chlorogalum Behnia Danae Ruscus Strict Polygonatum Maianthemum Aspidistra Calibanus Dracaena Consensus Comospermum Peliosanthes Eriospermum Agapanthus Higher 100 taxa Amaryllis Clivia Galanthus Allium Leucocoryne Asparagales Gilliesia Tulbaghia Dianella Pasithea Phormium Stypandra Johnsonia Tricoryne Acanthocarpus Lomandra Sowerbaea Arthropodium Thysanotus Brodiaea Successive Microsporogenesis Triteleia Milla Albuca Aloe Asphodelus Kniphofia Asparagus Myrsiphyllum Hemiphylacus Aphyllanthes Bowiea Muscari Scilla Anemarrhena Xanthorrhoea Xeronema Ixiolirion Sisyrinchium Iris Aristea Nivenia Isophysis Doryanthes Lower Cyanastrum Cyanella Tecophilaea Alania Borya Asparagales Curculigo Hypoxis Lanaria Astelia Milligania Blandfordia Cyprepedium Fritillaria Lilium Tulipa Simultaneous Microsporogenesis Clintonia Medeola Prosartes Scoliopus Streptopus Tricyrtis Calochortus Lapageria Philesia Ripogonum Smilax Colchicum Petermannia Uvularia Alstroemeria Liliales Bomarea Luzuriaga Trillium Veratrum Dioscorea Acorus Campynema 10 changes

Nehemiah Grew 1641-1712

Anatomy of - 1682 Anatomy of Vegetables Anatomy of Roots Anatomy of Trunks Anatomy of , Flowers, Fruits and Seeds

Described nearly all the morphological differences in stems and roots, identified stamens as male, described pollen, recognized differences in wood, parts of a seed, parenchyma,

Marcello Malpighi Anatome Plantarum (1675-1679)

Stem Anatomy

Dicot Monocot Stem Anatomy Wood Anatomy

Monocot Leaves Leaf Clearings Trichomes Arabidopsis

Solanum Cannabis

Primula Eleagnus

Root Anatomy Root Anatomy Root Anatomy

Lilium Anther Pollen

Root Tip Squash FISH – Flourescence In Situ Hybridization Tragopogon End