Classification and Phylogenetic Systematics: a Review of Concepts with Examples from the Agave Family
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Flavonoids and Stilbenoids of the Genera Dracaena and Sansevieria: Structures and Bioactivities
molecules Review Flavonoids and Stilbenoids of the Genera Dracaena and Sansevieria: Structures and Bioactivities Zaw Min Thu 1,* , Ko Ko Myo 1, Hnin Thanda Aung 2, Chabaco Armijos 3,* and Giovanni Vidari 4,* 1 Department of Chemistry, Kalay University, Kalay 03044, Sagaing Region, Myanmar; [email protected] 2 Department of Chemistry, University of Mandalay, Mandalay 100103, Myanmar; [email protected] 3 Departamento de Química y Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, San Cayetano Alto s/n, Loja 1101608, Ecuador 4 Medical Analysis Department, Faculty of Science, Tishk International University, Erbil 44001, Iraq * Correspondence: [email protected] (Z.M.T.); [email protected] (C.A.); [email protected] (G.V.) Received: 18 May 2020; Accepted: 2 June 2020; Published: 3 June 2020 Abstract: The genera Dracaena and Sansevieria (Asparagaceae, Nolinoideae) are still poorly resolved phylogenetically. Plants of these genera are commonly distributed in Africa, China, Southeast Asia, and America. Most of them are cultivated for ornamental and medicinal purposes and are used in various traditional medicines due to the wide range of ethnopharmacological properties. Extensive in vivo and in vitro tests have been carried out to prove the ethnopharmacological claims and other bioactivities. These investigations have been accompanied by the isolation and identification of hundreds of phytochemical constituents. The most characteristic metabolites are steroids, flavonoids, stilbenes, and saponins; many of them exhibit potent analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant, antiproliferative, and cytotoxic activities. This review highlights the structures and bioactivities of flavonoids and stilbenoids isolated from Dracaena and Sansevieria. Keywords: Dracaena; Sansevieria; biological/pharmacological activities; flavonoids; stilbenoids 1. Introduction The taxonomic boundaries of the dracaenoid genera Dracaena and Sansevieria have long been debated. -
UNIVERSITY of CALIFORNIA Santa Barbara Ancient Plant Use and the Importance of Geophytes Among the Island Chumash of Santa Cruz
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Santa Barbara Ancient Plant Use and the Importance of Geophytes among the Island Chumash of Santa Cruz Island, California A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Anthropology by Kristina Marie Gill Committee in charge: Professor Michael A. Glassow, Chair Professor Michael A. Jochim Professor Amber M. VanDerwarker Professor Lynn H. Gamble September 2015 The dissertation of Kristina Marie Gill is approved. __________________________________________ Michael A. Jochim __________________________________________ Amber M. VanDerwarker __________________________________________ Lynn H. Gamble __________________________________________ Michael A. Glassow, Committee Chair July 2015 Ancient Plant Use and the Importance of Geophytes among the Island Chumash of Santa Cruz Island, California Copyright © 2015 By Kristina Marie Gill iii DEDICATION This dissertation is dedicated to my Family, Mike Glassow, and the Chumash People. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am indebted to many people who have provided guidance, encouragement, and support in my career as an archaeologist, and especially through my undergraduate and graduate studies. For those of whom I am unable to personally thank here, know that I deeply appreciate your support. First and foremost, I want to thank my chair Michael Glassow for his patience, enthusiasm, and encouragement during all aspects of this daunting project. I am also truly grateful to have had the opportunity to know, learn from, and work with my other committee members, Mike Jochim, Amber VanDerwarker, and Lynn Gamble. I cherish my various field experiences with them all on the Channel Islands and especially in southern Germany with Mike Jochim, whose worldly perspective I value deeply. I also thank Terry Jones, who provided me many undergraduate opportunities in California archaeology and encouraged me to attend a field school on San Clemente Island with Mark Raab and Andy Yatsko, an experience that left me captivated with the islands and their history. -
A Vegetation Map of Carlsbad Caverns National Park, New Mexico 1
______________________________________________________________________________ A Vegetation Map of Carlsbad Caverns National Park, New Mexico ______________________________________________________________________________ 2003 A Vegetation Map of Carlsbad Caverns National Park, New Mexico 1 Esteban Muldavin, Paul Neville, Paul Arbetan, Yvonne Chauvin, Amanda Browder, and Teri Neville2 ABSTRACT A vegetation classification and high resolution vegetation map was developed for Carlsbad Caverns National Park, New Mexico to support natural resources management, particularly fire management and rare species habitat analysis. The classification and map were based on 400 field plots collected between 1999 and 2002. The vegetation communities of Carlsbad Caverns NP are diverse. They range from desert shrublands and semi-grasslands of the lowland basins and foothills up through montane grasslands, shrublands, and woodlands of the highest elevations. Using various multivariate statistical tools, we identified 85 plant associations for the park, many of them unique in the Southwest. The vegetation map was developed using a combination of automated digital processing (supervised classifications) and direct image interpretation of high-resolution satellite imagery (Landsat Thematic Mapper and IKONOS). The map is composed of 34 map units derived from the vegetation classification, and is designed to facilitate ecologically based natural resources management at a 1:24,000 scale with 0.5 ha minimum map unit size (NPS national standard). Along with an overview of the vegetation ecology of the park in the context of the classification, descriptions of the composition and distribution of each map unit are provided. The map was delivered both in hard copy and in digital form as part of a geographic information system (GIS) compatible with that used in the park. -
Vascular Plant and Vertebrate Inventory of Chiricahua National Monument
In Cooperation with the University of Arizona, School of Natural Resources Vascular Plant and Vertebrate Inventory of Chiricahua National Monument Open-File Report 2008-1023 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey National Park Service This page left intentionally blank. In cooperation with the University of Arizona, School of Natural Resources Vascular Plant and Vertebrate Inventory of Chiricahua National Monument By Brian F. Powell, Cecilia A. Schmidt, William L. Halvorson, and Pamela Anning Open-File Report 2008-1023 U.S. Geological Survey Southwest Biological Science Center Sonoran Desert Research Station University of Arizona U.S. Department of the Interior School of Natural Resources U.S. Geological Survey 125 Biological Sciences East National Park Service Tucson, Arizona 85721 U.S. Department of the Interior DIRK KEMPTHORNE, Secretary U.S. Geological Survey Mark Myers, Director U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia: 2008 For product and ordering information: World Wide Web: http://www.usgs.gov/pubprod Telephone: 1-888-ASK-USGS For more information on the USGS-the Federal source for science about the Earth, its natural and living resources, natural hazards, and the environment: World Wide Web:http://www.usgs.gov Telephone: 1-888-ASK-USGS Suggested Citation Powell, B.F., Schmidt, C.A., Halvorson, W.L., and Anning, Pamela, 2008, Vascular plant and vertebrate inventory of Chiricahua National Monument: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1023, 104 p. [http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2008/1023/]. Cover photo: Chiricahua National Monument. Photograph by National Park Service. Note: This report supersedes Schmidt et al. (2005). Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. -
YUCCA, SOTOL and NOLINA Variety Sheet
YUCCA, SOTOL and NOLINA Variety Sheet YUCCA SIZE ZONE DESCRIPTION This adaptable Yucca grows in full sun to light, filtered shade and can grow to 10' tall Yucca rostrata/Beaked Yucca 10' x 5' Zone 5 and 3' wide. Its blue-green narrow leaves end in a sharp terminal spine. It is a slow to moderate grower and is cold hardy to -20° F. Yucca pendula (recurvifolia) Soft Named for its graceful, bending blue-green leaves, Soft Leaf Yucca is adaptable to sun 6' x 6' Zone 7 Leaf Yucca or shade. Tall white blooms tower above the plant in the summer. This low clumping yucca can eventually form wide clumps with up to 30 heads. Tall Yucca pallida/Pale Leaf Yucca 1'-2' x 1'-3' Zone 6 flower stalks with pure white bell-shaped floweres are produced in the late spring. Twistleaf Yucca is native to Central Texas. This low-growing Yucca tolerates full sun to Yucca rupicola/Twistleaf Yucca 2' x 2-3' Zone 6 shade. It produces 5' spikes of creamy-white flowers in the summer. This trunk-forming Yucca can reach 12' tall. The powder-blue leaves have yellow Yucca rigida/Blue Yucca 12' x 8' Zone 6 margins and are fairly rigid. It thrives in well-drained soil in full sun or light shade. Yucca filamentosa 'Color This heat and drought tolerant Yucca grows in full to part sun. The green and yellow 2'-3' x2'-3' Zone 4 Guard'/Color Guard Yucca striped leaves add accent color to the landscape. This low-growing Yucca has stiff sword-shaped leaves with a green center and yellow Yucca flaccida 'Bright Edge'/Bright 2' x 2' Zone 4 margins. -
Chlorogalum Pomeridianum
Chlorogalum pomeridianum Puspa Ghimire Hort 5051 Scientific name: Chlorogalum pomeridianum Family: Liliaceae 5 known species of the Genus: C.parviflorum, C. grandiflorum, C. Purpureum, C. aungustifolium, and C. pomeridianum. No synonyms. Many common names: soap plant, amole plant, Indian soap root, Indian soap plant, soap lily etc. Mediterranean climates of southwest corner of Oregon and in southern California 37-42 degree North latitude Dry open hills and plains below 1500m altitude ponderosa shrub forest Oregon oak woods California oakwoods Chaparral Montane chaparral coastal sagebrush and California steppe. • Bulbs are 7-15 cm long. • Bulbs are covered with thick coat of tough fibers. Each bulb weighs from 20-350 grams. Chlorogalum pomeridianum plant sprouting from its bulb in February. Photo: http://www.perspective.com/nature/plantae/soap-plant.html Leaves are 2.5 cm wide, linear up to 46 cm in length. Leaves are linear and all the Leaves arise from the underground bulb in early winter. It does not have visual stem. Panicle arises from the middle of leaves in early June. Photo:http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/forb/chlpom/all.html Flowers are numerous in number with 3 white petals and sepals. Vespertine (one flower opens only once for few hours only) The rachis are thin and flowers seems to be floating in the air. Photo: http://www.perspective.com/nature/plantae/soap-plant.html There are three accepted varieties of C. pomeridianum. All of them are found in wild stages only. C. pomeridianum Var. pomeridianum D.c Kunth C.pomeridianum Var. minus Hoover C.pomeridianum Var.divaricatum (lindl) Hoover. -
Journal of Chromatography a Flavylium Chromophores As Species Markers for Dragon's Blood Resins from Dracaena and Daemonorops
Journal of Chromatography A, 1209 (2008) 153–161 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Chromatography A journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/chroma Flavylium chromophores as species markers for dragon’s blood resins from Dracaena and Daemonorops trees Micaela M. Sousa a,b , Maria J. Melo a,b,∗ , A. Jorge Parola b , J. Sérgio Seixas de Melo c , Fernando Catarino d , Fernando Pina b, Frances E.M. Cook e, Monique S.J. Simmonds e, João A. Lopes f a Department of Conservation and Restoration, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, New University of Lisbon, 2829-516 Monte da Caparica, Portugal b REQUIMTE, CQFB, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, New University of Lisbon, 2829-516 Monte da Caparica, Portugal c Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, P3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal d Botanical Garden, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal e Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3AB, UK f REQUIMTE, Servic¸ o de Química-Física, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Aníbal Cunha 164, 4099-030 Porto, Portugal article info abstract Article history: A simple and rapid liquid chromatographic method with diode-array UV–vis spectrophotometric detec- Received 20 May 2008 tion has been developed for the authentication of dragon’s blood resins from Dracaena and Daemonorops Received in revised form 28 August 2008 trees. Using this method it was discovered that the flavylium chromophores, which contribute to the red Accepted 3 September 2008 colour of these resins, differ among the species and could be used as markers to differentiate among Available online 7 September 2008 species. A study of parameters, such as time of extraction, proportion of MeOH and pH, was undertaken to optimise the extraction of the flavyliums. -
Eastern Cape Province
S T R E L I T Z I A 41 A Flora of the Eastern Cape Province Christina L. Bredenkamp Volume 3 Pretoria 2019 S T R E L I T Z I A 41 (2019) 1605 250–600 × 15 mm, apex acute to obtuse. Peduncle 600–1 300 mm high. Inflorescence densely flowered; pedicels 30–70 mm long, spreading and somewhat drooping. Perianth purplish blue to deep blue; segments 30–70 mm long, spreading and recurving; tube 10–19 mm long. Stamens with purple pollen. Flowering time Nov.–Feb. Well-drained, rich soil and on grassy slopes; Sub-Escarpment Grassland and Sub-Escarpment Savanna (Oribi Gorge District and Queenstown). praecox Willd. Blue lily; bloulelie, agapant (A); isicakathi (X); ubani (Z) Perennial herb, geophyte, 0.4–1.2 m high. Leaves bright green, evergreen, leathery or flaccid, 7–20 per individual plant, 200–700 × 15–55 mm, apex obtuse or acute. Inflorescence not densely flowered; pedicels 40–120 mm long. Peduncle 400–1 000 mm high. Perianth pale blue or occasionally greyish white; segments 30–70 mm long; tube 7–26 mm long. Stamens with yellow pollen. Flowering time Oct.–Apr. Moist, rich soil; Sub-Escarpment Grassland, Sub-Escarpment Savanna, Indian Ocean Coastal Belt, Albany Thicket, Eastern Fynbos-Renosterveld (Kokstad District S to Port St Johns, King William’s Town, Kentani, Whiskey Creek River, East London and Humansdorp). BAKER, J.G. 1897. Alliaceae. Flora capensis 6: 402–408. DUNCAN, G. 1998. Kirstenbosch Gardening Series. Grow Agapanthus: A guide to the species, cultivation and propagation of the genus Agapanthus. National Botanical Institute, Kirsten- bosch, South Africa. -
Native Plant Garden Field Journal
National Park Service White Sands Department of the Interior White Sands National Monument Chihuahuan Desert Native Plant Garden Field Journal ore than just colorful flowers or interesting shapes outlined by Mtoasty sunsets, the wild plants of the Chihuahuan Desert have met the needs of the people who have crossed this harsh desert’s path. For hundreds of years these plants have provided food, medicine, shelter, and have become an important part of many cultures’ traditions. This guided tour will take you back to a time long before food markets and hardware stores when people had to learn, the hard way, which plants were useful and what purpose each one served. The native plant garden in front of the White Sands National Monument Visitor Center provides a tiny sample of the many plants that form the unique Chihuahuan Desert landscape. Please keep in mind that these plants are here for the enjoyment of all visitors so that they may learn, examine, and appreciate them. No part of the plants may be removed or damaged in any way. Remember, you are a guest at these plants’ home. Please be mindful and respectful of all parts of nature, both living and non-living. National Park Service White Sands Department of the Interior White Sands National Monument Visitor Trash Apache can Center Entrance Plume B Desert White Sands National Monument (sign) Willow Indian Rice Colorado Creosote Honey Grass Four O’clock Bush Mesquite C D F G To Restrooms Torrey’s E Jointr Three-Leafed H New Mexico Sumac K Soaptree J Yucca Agave Bench I A Lechuguilla Ocotillo -
Preliminary Classification of Leotiomycetes
Mycosphere 10(1): 310–489 (2019) www.mycosphere.org ISSN 2077 7019 Article Doi 10.5943/mycosphere/10/1/7 Preliminary classification of Leotiomycetes Ekanayaka AH1,2, Hyde KD1,2, Gentekaki E2,3, McKenzie EHC4, Zhao Q1,*, Bulgakov TS5, Camporesi E6,7 1Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China 2Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand 3School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand 4Landcare Research Manaaki Whenua, Private Bag 92170, Auckland, New Zealand 5Russian Research Institute of Floriculture and Subtropical Crops, 2/28 Yana Fabritsiusa Street, Sochi 354002, Krasnodar region, Russia 6A.M.B. Gruppo Micologico Forlivese “Antonio Cicognani”, Via Roma 18, Forlì, Italy. 7A.M.B. Circolo Micologico “Giovanni Carini”, C.P. 314 Brescia, Italy. Ekanayaka AH, Hyde KD, Gentekaki E, McKenzie EHC, Zhao Q, Bulgakov TS, Camporesi E 2019 – Preliminary classification of Leotiomycetes. Mycosphere 10(1), 310–489, Doi 10.5943/mycosphere/10/1/7 Abstract Leotiomycetes is regarded as the inoperculate class of discomycetes within the phylum Ascomycota. Taxa are mainly characterized by asci with a simple pore blueing in Melzer’s reagent, although some taxa have lost this character. The monophyly of this class has been verified in several recent molecular studies. However, circumscription of the orders, families and generic level delimitation are still unsettled. This paper provides a modified backbone tree for the class Leotiomycetes based on phylogenetic analysis of combined ITS, LSU, SSU, TEF, and RPB2 loci. In the phylogenetic analysis, Leotiomycetes separates into 19 clades, which can be recognized as orders and order-level clades. -
Dyuhei Sato Division of Genetics, Bot. Inst. Faculty of Science, Tokyo
ANALYSIS OF THE KARYOTYPES IN YUCCA, A GA VE AND THE RELATED GENERA WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE PHYLOGENETIC SIGNIFICANCEI~ Dyuhei SATo Divisionof Genetics, Bot. Inst. Faculty of Science, Tokyo Imperial University McKelvey and Sax (2933) have called attention to the existence of taxonomic and cytological similarities of the genera Yucca, Hesperoyucca, Gleistvucca,Hesperoaloe and Samuela of the Liliaceae with the genera Agave and Fourcroya which belong to a related family, Amaryllidaceae. Wh.itaker (1934) also has reported that Polianhes and Fourcroya have exactly the same chromosome constitution as the Yucca-Abave karyotype (5 long and 25 short chromosomes) (Figs. 1, 2). These observations when considered in respect to taxonomic resemblances, seem to indicate that the genera mentioned above are more closely related than it is shown by their classifica- tion into distinct families. Whitaker also has remarked that Dasylirion (2n=38) and ATolina(2n=36) in Yucceae and Doryanthes (2n=36) in Agavoideae are of different karyotypes from the Yucca-Agave type. In the present work an analysis of the karyotypes in Liliaceous plants has been attempted and several karyotypes have been found in Scilloideae. Eucornis and Carassia have been selected with the purpose of discovering a possible connecting link between these genera and the Yucca-Agave group. In the present paper an analysis of the karyotypes of the following species is given. LILIACEAE Scilloideae 211 Fig. Euconis undulata 60=8L+8M+44S (4b)2) 3 Euconsispallidi ora 60=8L+8M+44S (4b) 4 Eucomispunctata 60=8L±8M+44S (4b) 5 Camassiaescrema 30=6L+24S (2b) 6 Yucceae Yuccafilamentosa 30 60=1OL+50S (2b) 1, 7 Yuccarecurvifolia 30 60=1OL+50S (2b) 2, 8 Yuccaaloifolia 60=1OL+50S (2b) 9 „ var. -
Checklist of the Vascular Alien Flora of Catalonia (Northeastern Iberian Peninsula, Spain) Pere Aymerich1 & Llorenç Sáez2,3
BOTANICAL CHECKLISTS Mediterranean Botany ISSNe 2603-9109 https://dx.doi.org/10.5209/mbot.63608 Checklist of the vascular alien flora of Catalonia (northeastern Iberian Peninsula, Spain) Pere Aymerich1 & Llorenç Sáez2,3 Received: 7 March 2019 / Accepted: 28 June 2019 / Published online: 7 November 2019 Abstract. This is an inventory of the vascular alien flora of Catalonia (northeastern Iberian Peninsula, Spain) updated to 2018, representing 1068 alien taxa in total. 554 (52.0%) out of them are casual and 514 (48.0%) are established. 87 taxa (8.1% of the total number and 16.8 % of those established) show an invasive behaviour. The geographic zone with more alien plants is the most anthropogenic maritime area. However, the differences among regions decrease when the degree of naturalization of taxa increases and the number of invaders is very similar in all sectors. Only 26.2% of the taxa are more or less abundant, while the rest are rare or they have vanished. The alien flora is represented by 115 families, 87 out of them include naturalised species. The most diverse genera are Opuntia (20 taxa), Amaranthus (18 taxa) and Solanum (15 taxa). Most of the alien plants have been introduced since the beginning of the twentieth century (70.7%), with a strong increase since 1970 (50.3% of the total number). Almost two thirds of alien taxa have their origin in Euro-Mediterranean area and America, while 24.6% come from other geographical areas. The taxa originated in cultivation represent 9.5%, whereas spontaneous hybrids only 1.2%. From the temporal point of view, the rate of Euro-Mediterranean taxa shows a progressive reduction parallel to an increase of those of other origins, which have reached 73.2% of introductions during the last 50 years.