Dyuhei Sato Division of Genetics, Bot. Inst. Faculty of Science, Tokyo

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Dyuhei Sato Division of Genetics, Bot. Inst. Faculty of Science, Tokyo ANALYSIS OF THE KARYOTYPES IN YUCCA, A GA VE AND THE RELATED GENERA WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE PHYLOGENETIC SIGNIFICANCEI~ Dyuhei SATo Divisionof Genetics, Bot. Inst. Faculty of Science, Tokyo Imperial University McKelvey and Sax (2933) have called attention to the existence of taxonomic and cytological similarities of the genera Yucca, Hesperoyucca, Gleistvucca,Hesperoaloe and Samuela of the Liliaceae with the genera Agave and Fourcroya which belong to a related family, Amaryllidaceae. Wh.itaker (1934) also has reported that Polianhes and Fourcroya have exactly the same chromosome constitution as the Yucca-Abave karyotype (5 long and 25 short chromosomes) (Figs. 1, 2). These observations when considered in respect to taxonomic resemblances, seem to indicate that the genera mentioned above are more closely related than it is shown by their classifica- tion into distinct families. Whitaker also has remarked that Dasylirion (2n=38) and ATolina(2n=36) in Yucceae and Doryanthes (2n=36) in Agavoideae are of different karyotypes from the Yucca-Agave type. In the present work an analysis of the karyotypes in Liliaceous plants has been attempted and several karyotypes have been found in Scilloideae. Eucornis and Carassia have been selected with the purpose of discovering a possible connecting link between these genera and the Yucca-Agave group. In the present paper an analysis of the karyotypes of the following species is given. LILIACEAE Scilloideae 211 Fig. Euconis undulata 60=8L+8M+44S (4b)2) 3 Euconsispallidi ora 60=8L+8M+44S (4b) 4 Eucomispunctata 60=8L±8M+44S (4b) 5 Camassiaescrema 30=6L+24S (2b) 6 Yucceae Yuccafilamentosa 30 60=1OL+50S (2b) 1, 7 Yuccarecurvifolia 30 60=1OL+50S (2b) 2, 8 Yuccaaloifolia 60=1OL+50S (2b) 9 „ var. albo-marginata 60=10L+50S (2h) 10 1) Contributionsfrom the Divisionsof Plant-Morphologyand of Genetics,Botanical Institute Faculty of Science,Tokyo Imperial University,No, 154. 2) b=basis (cf. Sinoto 1929),L=long, M=medium, S= small. THE JAPANESE JOURNAL OF GENETICS, VOL. XI, NO. 5, NOV., 1935 273 Dasylirion texanum 38 (2b) 11 Dasylirion wheeleri 38 (2b) 12 Dracaeneae Dracaena terminalis var. Ii 38 (2b) 13 Dracaena conJesta ca. 114 (6b) Dracaena cannaefolia ca. 114 (6b) AMARYLLIDACEAE Agavoideae Ag ave vivipara 60=1OL+50S (2b) 18 Ag ave lutea var. heterocentra 60=10L+50S (2b) 17 Agave americana 120=20L+1005 (4b) 20 var. albo-marcinata 120= 20L+ 1005 (4b) 21 (240=40L+300S) (8b) 22 var. variegata 120= 20L+ 1005 (4b) Agave Saisalana 150= 25L+ 1255 (5b) 23 (A,;ave ?) sp. A 60 =10L+ 50S (2b) ,, B 60=1OL+50S (2b) ,, c 120=20L+100S (4b) D 120=20L+1005 (4b) Fourcroya bidantea 60=1OL+50S (2b) 14 Fourcaoya pubesens 60=1OL+50S (2b) 15 Beschorneria tubfioi a 60=10L+50S (2b) 16 Polianthes tuberosa (lore-plena 60=1OL+50S (2b) OBSERVATION The materials used;ed were all obtained frofrom pot plants cultivated in the Koishikawa Botanic Garden of the Tokyo hImperial University. The root- tips were fixed in Karpechenko'srpechenko's solution and the sections were cut twenty micra in thickness. The pollen mother cells \were fixed in solutions such as Karpechenko's, Bouin'sis and Allen's modificaticmodification of Bouin's fluid. The sections were cut from twelve to twenty micra in thicknthickness. The sections of both root- tips and pollen motherr cells were stained by NNewton's gentian-violet method. Scilloideae. Eucornis'corms undulata (Fig. 3), E pallidiflora (Fig. 4) and E. puirctata (Fig. 5) are of the same karyotypes, they have namely eight long, eight medium and fourty-foururty-four short chromosochromosomes. The long chromosomes have terminal spindle fiber attachments and tthe medium chromosomes have terminal or extremelyly subterminal ones. IiIn this respect these long and medium chromosomesyes resemble long chrorchromosomes of the Yucca-Agave group though the chromosomelromosome lengths of tithe former are longer than the latter. Four short chromosomes show a characteristic form in having satellites as in Scilla peruviana (cf. Sato, 1934,193, 1935). From this observa- tion and that of Koerperich~erperich (1930) in EiiccEiicomis undulata (2n = 30), these plants seem to be tetraploidraploid or tetrabasic planplants (4b). 274 Sato-Analysis of the Karyotypes in Yucca, Agave Camassia escyenta (Fig. 6) has thirty chromosomes, i.e. six long and twenty-four short ones. The pronounced heteromorphism of this species is to be compared with the Yucca-Abave karyotype though the long chromo- Fig. 1. First metaphase of meiosis of pollen mother cell in Yuccafalamentosa (n=3o). Fig. 2. Yuccarecurvifolia (n= 3o). 2900X Fig. 3=13. Somatic metaphasesfrom root-tip cells of i i forms in Liliaceae. Fig. 3. Eucomisundulata (2n=6o). Fig. 4. E. ~allidflora (2n=6o). Fig. 3-5. ca. 1450. Fig. 8. Y. securvifolia(2n=6o). Fig. 9. Y. aloifolia (2n=6o). Fig. io. Y. aloifolia var. alho-ma;inata (2n = 60). Fig. i I. Dasylirion texanum (2n = 38). Fig. 12. Das. wheeleri (an=38). Fig, 13. Draeanea terminalis var. ti (2n=38). Fig. 6-i3. ea. 2200X THE JAPANESE JOURNAL OF GENETICS, VOL. XI, NO. 5, NOV., 1935 275 somes have submedian spindle fiber attachments. Yucceae. Yuccafilamentosa (Fig. i) and Y, recurz'ifolia(Fig. 2) have five long and twenty-five short bivalents in the meiotic metaphase. In the somatic cells of Y.filamentosa (Fig. 7), Y. recurvifolia (Fig. 8), Y. aloifolia (Fig. g) and Y. aloifolia, var. albo-marginata (Fig. I o) there are found ten long Fig. 14-23. Somaticmetaphases from root-tip cells of io forms in Agavoideae. Fig. 14. Fonrcruya gigantea (2n = 60). Fig. 15. P. pubesens (2n = 60). Fig, i6. Beschorneriahibflora (2n = 60). Fig, 17. Agave lntea var. heterocentra(2n=6o). Fig. i8. A. vivipara (20=60). Fig. 19. Agave sp. A (2n=60). Fig. 20. A. americana (2n= 120). Fig. 2i. A. americana var. albo-mar,;inata (2n=120). Fig. 22. Somatic doubling of chromosomesin A. americana var. albo-marginata (2n =236[24o]). Fig. 23. A. Saisalana (2n= 147[15o]). ca. 2200X 276 Sato-Analysis of the Karyotypes in Yucca, Agave chromosomes and fifty short ones. The long chromosomes have terminal (or extremely subterminal) spindle fiber attachments. Dasylirion teaxanum (Fig. II) and Das. wheeleri (Fig. i2) have thirty- eight chromosomes, several long chromosomes of which have submedian constrictions. These long chromosomes resemble those of Cainassia escrenta. The existence of two satellited chromosomes in Das. texanum proves that this species is diploid or a dibasic plant (2b). Dracaeneae. Dracaena terminalis var. ti (Fig. 13) has thirty-eight chromosomes, the long chromosomes of which have submedian spindle fiber attachments. The karyotype of Dracaena resembles that of Dasylirion and Camassia, though all the chromosomes are smaller than those of the latter two as a whole. Dra. tong esta and Bra. cannaefolia have more than hundred chromosomes and seem to be hexaploids or hexabasic plants (6b). Agavoideae. Agave vivipara (Fig. i8) and A. lutea var. heterocentra (Fig. 17) have sixty chromosomes and A. americana (Fig. 20), A. americana var. albomarginata (Fig. 2 i) and var. variegate have one hundred and twenty chromosomes. The former two species are dibasic plants (2b) and the latter are tetrabasic (4b). The somatic doubling of chromosomes was observed in A. americana var. alto-marg inata and the chromosome numbers counted were 236=38L+ 1985 (Fig. 22), 226=4oL+ 186S and so on. These numbers seem to be derived from the true original number 240= 4oL + 2005 (8b) which may be octoploid. A. Saisalana have twenty-five long chromsomes and more than hundred small chromosomes, for example 25L -F122S= 147 (Fig. 23), 25L+ I I6S= 141 and so on. This species appears to be 25L+ I25S=150 (5b) and a pentabasic plant. Unknown species which perhaps belong to the genus Agave also have the same karyotype mentioned above. A has the leaf with a white margin, B has the leaf with a white spines and a white line in the midrib, the leaf of C has white spines alone and that of D has a white line in the midrib. A and B have sixty-chromosomes and are dibasic plants. C and D have one hundred and twenty chromosomes and are tetrabasic plants. Foirrcroya gigantea, F. pubescens, polianthes tuberosa ftorepleno and Beschorneria tubiflora have sixty chromosomes and the same karyotypes found in the Yucca-Agave group. DISCUSSION The previous workers, Muller (1912), Heitz (1926), Koerperich (1930), McKelvey and Sax (1933) and Whitaker (1934) have reported on the chro- mosome constitutions in Eucomis, Yucca, Hesperoyucca, Hesperoaloe} THE JAPANESE JOURNAL OF GENETICS, VOL. XI, NO. 5, NOV., 1935 277 Samuela, Nolina, Dasylirion, Dracaena, Agave, Fourcroya, Polianthes, Beschorneriaand Doryanthes. Yucca, Hesperoyucca, Hesperoaloe and Samuela in Yucceae and Agave, Fourcroya, Polianthes and Beschorneria in Agavoideae have the same karyo- types, so-called Vucca-Agavetype (5L + 25S). The present observation of the polyploidy in Agave suggests that this Yucca-Agavetype is a very stable karyotype. Dasylirion and Nolina in Yucceae have other karyotypes which resemble those of Dracaena in Dracaeneae, and Doryanthes in Agavoideae, par- ticularly in the fact that these karyotypes have the long chromosomes with the submedian spindle fiber attachments. We can easily be convinced that the karyotypes of Yucca, Agave, Fourcroya and Beschorneria do not present an accidental coincidence only based on the cytological observations mentioned above. The present results of observations support that "five genera of the Liliaeeae (Hesperoatoe,Flesperoyrcca, Cleistoyucca, Yucca, Sar;ruela) and four genera of Amaryllidaeeae (Fourcroya, Agave, Beschorneria, Polianthes), which, on distributional, taxonomic, and cytological grounds, are closely akin to each other," and "these facts should be given serious consideration in any taxonomic revision of these two families where an attempt is made to arrange the genera in a phylogenetic series." (cf. Whitaker 1934 p. 140).
Recommended publications
  • Wild Hyacinth (Camassia Scilloides) in Canada
    PROPOSED Species at Risk Act Recovery Strategy Series Adopted under Section 44 of SARA Recovery Strategy for the Wild Hyacinth (Camassia scilloides) in Canada Wild Hyacinth 2015 Recommended citation: Environment Canada. 2015. Recovery Strategy for the Wild Hyacinth (Camassia scilloides) in Canada [Proposed]. Species at Risk Act Recovery Strategy Series. Environment Canada, Ottawa. 21 pp. + Annexes. For copies of the recovery strategy, or for additional information on species at risk, including the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada (COSEWIC) Status Reports, residence descriptions, action plans, and other related recovery documents, please visit the Species at Risk (SAR) Public Registry1. Cover illustration: © Gary Allen Également disponible en français sous le titre « Programme de rétablissement de la camassie faux-scille (Camassia scilloides) au Canada [Proposition] » © Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, represented by the Minister of the Environment, 2015. All rights reserved. ISBN Catalogue no. Content (excluding the illustrations) may be used without permission, with appropriate credit to the source. 1 http://www.registrelep-sararegistry.gc.ca RECOVERY STRATEGY FOR THE WILD HYACINTH (CAMMASSIA SCILLOIDES) IN CANADA 2015 Under the Accord for the Protection of Species at Risk (1996), the federal, provincial, and territorial governments agreed to work together on legislation, programs, and policies to protect wildlife species at risk throughout Canada. In the spirit of cooperation of the Accord, the Government of Ontario has given permission to the Government of Canada to adopt the Recovery Strategy for the Wild Hyacinth (Camassia scilloides) in Ontario (Part 2) under Section 44 of the Species at Risk Act (SARA).
    [Show full text]
  • Outline of Angiosperm Phylogeny
    Outline of angiosperm phylogeny: orders, families, and representative genera with emphasis on Oregon native plants Priscilla Spears December 2013 The following listing gives an introduction to the phylogenetic classification of the flowering plants that has emerged in recent decades, and which is based on nucleic acid sequences as well as morphological and developmental data. This listing emphasizes temperate families of the Northern Hemisphere and is meant as an overview with examples of Oregon native plants. It includes many exotic genera that are grown in Oregon as ornamentals plus other plants of interest worldwide. The genera that are Oregon natives are printed in a blue font. Genera that are exotics are shown in black, however genera in blue may also contain non-native species. Names separated by a slash are alternatives or else the nomenclature is in flux. When several genera have the same common name, the names are separated by commas. The order of the family names is from the linear listing of families in the APG III report. For further information, see the references on the last page. Basal Angiosperms (ANITA grade) Amborellales Amborellaceae, sole family, the earliest branch of flowering plants, a shrub native to New Caledonia – Amborella Nymphaeales Hydatellaceae – aquatics from Australasia, previously classified as a grass Cabombaceae (water shield – Brasenia, fanwort – Cabomba) Nymphaeaceae (water lilies – Nymphaea; pond lilies – Nuphar) Austrobaileyales Schisandraceae (wild sarsaparilla, star vine – Schisandra; Japanese
    [Show full text]
  • Complete Chloroplast Genomes Shed Light on Phylogenetic
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Complete chloroplast genomes shed light on phylogenetic relationships, divergence time, and biogeography of Allioideae (Amaryllidaceae) Ju Namgung1,4, Hoang Dang Khoa Do1,2,4, Changkyun Kim1, Hyeok Jae Choi3 & Joo‑Hwan Kim1* Allioideae includes economically important bulb crops such as garlic, onion, leeks, and some ornamental plants in Amaryllidaceae. Here, we reported the complete chloroplast genome (cpDNA) sequences of 17 species of Allioideae, fve of Amaryllidoideae, and one of Agapanthoideae. These cpDNA sequences represent 80 protein‑coding, 30 tRNA, and four rRNA genes, and range from 151,808 to 159,998 bp in length. Loss and pseudogenization of multiple genes (i.e., rps2, infA, and rpl22) appear to have occurred multiple times during the evolution of Alloideae. Additionally, eight mutation hotspots, including rps15-ycf1, rps16-trnQ-UUG, petG-trnW-CCA , psbA upstream, rpl32- trnL-UAG , ycf1, rpl22, matK, and ndhF, were identifed in the studied Allium species. Additionally, we present the frst phylogenomic analysis among the four tribes of Allioideae based on 74 cpDNA coding regions of 21 species of Allioideae, fve species of Amaryllidoideae, one species of Agapanthoideae, and fve species representing selected members of Asparagales. Our molecular phylogenomic results strongly support the monophyly of Allioideae, which is sister to Amaryllioideae. Within Allioideae, Tulbaghieae was sister to Gilliesieae‑Leucocoryneae whereas Allieae was sister to the clade of Tulbaghieae‑ Gilliesieae‑Leucocoryneae. Molecular dating analyses revealed the crown age of Allioideae in the Eocene (40.1 mya) followed by diferentiation of Allieae in the early Miocene (21.3 mya). The split of Gilliesieae from Leucocoryneae was estimated at 16.5 mya.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 the Global Flower Bulb Industry
    1 The Global Flower Bulb Industry: Production, Utilization, Research Maarten Benschop Hobaho Testcentrum Hillegom, The Netherlands Rina Kamenetsky Department of Ornamental Horticulture Agricultural Research Organization The Volcani Center Bet Dagan 50250, Israel Marcel Le Nard Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique 29260 Ploudaniel, France Hiroshi Okubo Laboratory of Horticultural Science Kyushu University 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan August De Hertogh Department of Horticultural Science North Carolina State University Raleigh, NC 29565-7609, USA COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL I. INTRODUCTION II. HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES III. GLOBALIZATION OF THE WORLD FLOWER BULB INDUSTRY A. Utilization and Development of Expanded Markets Horticultural Reviews, Volume 36 Edited by Jules Janick Copyright Ó 2010 Wiley-Blackwell. 1 2 M. BENSCHOP, R. KAMENETSKY, M. LE NARD, H. OKUBO, AND A. DE HERTOGH B. Introduction of New Crops C. International Conventions IV. MAJOR AREAS OF RESEARCH A. Plant Breeding and Genetics 1. Breeders’ Right and Variety Registration 2. Hortus Bulborum: A Germplasm Repository 3. Gladiolus 4. Hyacinthus 5. Iris (Bulbous) 6. Lilium 7. Narcissus 8. Tulipa 9. Other Genera B. Physiology 1. Bulb Production 2. Bulb Forcing and the Flowering Process 3. Morpho- and Physiological Aspects of Florogenesis 4. Molecular Aspects of Florogenesis C. Pests, Physiological Disorders, and Plant Growth Regulators 1. General Aspects for Best Management Practices 2. Diseases of Ornamental Geophytes 3. Insects of Ornamental Geophytes 4. Physiological Disorders of Ornamental Geophytes 5. Exogenous Plant Growth Regulators (PGR) D. Other Research Areas 1. Specialized Facilities and Equipment for Flower Bulbs52 2. Transportation of Flower Bulbs 3. Forcing and Greenhouse Technology V. MAJOR FLOWER BULB ORGANIZATIONS A.
    [Show full text]
  • Agave Americana and Furcraea Andina: Key Species to Andean Cultures in Ecuador
    Ethnobotany Agave americana and Furcraea andina: Key Species to Andean Cultures in Ecuador LUCÍA DE LA TORRE1*, IAN CUMMINS2, AND ELIOT LOGAN-HINES2 Botanical Sciences 96 (2): 246-266, 2018 Abstract Background: The rich Agaveae-based culture that exists in the Ecuadorian Andes is little known. Wild DOI: 10.17129/botsci.1813 and cultivated rosettes of Agave americana and Furcraea andina coexist in arid Andean landscapes. A. americana is considered an introduced species to Ecuador. Received: Questions: What are Agaveae use patterns and cultural importance in the Ecuadorian Andes? Is the ethno- December 19th, 2017 Accepted: botanical significance of Agave in Ecuador comparable to that in Mexico and other Andean countries? Agave americana, Furcraea andina March 12th, 2018 Species studied: Associated editor: Study site, dates: Ecuadorian Andes, 2016. Salvadro Arias Methods: Semi-structured interviews to Agaveae users (37) and a review of literature on ethnobotanical research conducted in Ecuador since the 18th century. Results: A. americana is more diversely and widely used than F. andina (124 vs 36 uses and 548 vs 140 use records, respectively). The versatility of A. americana lies in its mishki (sap extracted from its heart) which has multiple medicinal, edible and ceremonial applications. We found significant variation of its use patterns throughout the region. The main use of F. andina as a source of fiber is disappearing. Most productive initiatives involve A. americana (92 %, n = 53). Conclusion: The importance of A. americana in the Ecuadorian Andes is comparable to that of agaves in Mexico, but not to its importance in other Andean countries where it is used sporadically.
    [Show full text]
  • GENOME EVOLUTION in MONOCOTS a Dissertation
    GENOME EVOLUTION IN MONOCOTS A Dissertation Presented to The Faculty of the Graduate School At the University of Missouri In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy By Kate L. Hertweck Dr. J. Chris Pires, Dissertation Advisor JULY 2011 The undersigned, appointed by the dean of the Graduate School, have examined the dissertation entitled GENOME EVOLUTION IN MONOCOTS Presented by Kate L. Hertweck A candidate for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy And hereby certify that, in their opinion, it is worthy of acceptance. Dr. J. Chris Pires Dr. Lori Eggert Dr. Candace Galen Dr. Rose‐Marie Muzika ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am indebted to many people for their assistance during the course of my graduate education. I would not have derived such a keen understanding of the learning process without the tutelage of Dr. Sandi Abell. Members of the Pires lab provided prolific support in improving lab techniques, computational analysis, greenhouse maintenance, and writing support. Team Monocot, including Dr. Mike Kinney, Dr. Roxi Steele, and Erica Wheeler were particularly helpful, but other lab members working on Brassicaceae (Dr. Zhiyong Xiong, Dr. Maqsood Rehman, Pat Edger, Tatiana Arias, Dustin Mayfield) all provided vital support as well. I am also grateful for the support of a high school student, Cady Anderson, and an undergraduate, Tori Docktor, for their assistance in laboratory procedures. Many people, scientist and otherwise, helped with field collections: Dr. Travis Columbus, Hester Bell, Doug and Judy McGoon, Julie Ketner, Katy Klymus, and William Alexander. Many thanks to Barb Sonderman for taking care of my greenhouse collection of many odd plants brought back from the field.
    [Show full text]
  • Landscaping with Native Plants by Stephen L
    SHORT-SEASON, HIGH-ALTITUDE GARDENING BULLETIN 862 Landscaping with native plants by Stephen L. Love, Kathy Noble, Jo Ann Robbins, Bob Wilson, and Tony McCammon INTRODUCTION There are many reasons to consider a native plant landscape in Idaho’s short- season, high-altitude regions, including water savings, decreased mainte- nance, healthy and adapted plants, and a desire to create a local theme CONTENTS around your home. Most plants sold for landscaping are native to the eastern Introduction . 1 United States and the moist climates of Europe. They require acid soils, con- The concept of native . 3 stant moisture, and humid air to survive and remain attractive. Most also Landscaping Principles for Native Plant Gardens . 3 require a longer growing season than we have available in the harshest cli- Establishing Native Landscapes and Gardens . 4 mates of Idaho. Choosing to landscape with these unadapted plants means Designing a Dry High-Desert Landscape . 5 Designing a Modified High-Desert Landscape . 6 accepting the work and problems of constantly recreating a suitable artificial Designing a High-Elevation Mountain Landscape . 6 environment. Native plants will help create a landscape that is more “com- Designing a Northern Idaho Mountain/Valley fortable” in the climates and soils that surround us, and will reduce the Landscape . 8 resources necessary to maintain the landscape. Finding Sources of Native Plants . 21 The single major factor that influences Idaho’s short-season, high-altitude climates is limited summer moisture. Snow and rainfall are relatively abun- dant in the winter, but for 3 to 4 months beginning in June, we receive only a YOU ARE A SHORT-SEASON, few inches of rain.
    [Show full text]
  • Plant Propagation Protocol for ​Camassia Quamash ESRM 412
    Plant Propagation Protocol for Camassia quamash ​ ESRM 412 - Native Plant Production Spring 2020 Figure 1 Photo by Gary A Monroe from CalPhotos. Web. 6 May 2020 Figure 2 Plants Database. Camassia quamash. USDA, n.d. Web. Figure 3 Plants Database. Camassia quamash. USDA, n.d. Web. 6 May 2020. 6 May 2020. North American Distribution Washington Distribution TAXONOMY Plant Family Scientific Name Liliaceae1 ​ Common Name Lily family1 ​ Species Scientific Name Scientific Name Camassia quamash (Pursh) Greene1 ​ ​ Varieties No information found Sub-species Camassia quamash ssp. azurea (A. Heller) Gould – ​ small camas Camassia quamash ssp. breviflora Gould – small ​ camas Camassia quamash ssp. intermedia Gould – small ​ camas Camassia quamash ssp. linearis Gould – small ​ camas Camassia quamash ssp. maxima Gould – small ​ camas Camassia quamash ssp. quamash (Pursh) Greene – ​ small camas Camassia quamash ssp. utahensis Gould – Utah ​ small camas Camassia quamash ssp. walpolei (Piper) Gould – ​ Walpole's small camas2 ​ Cultivar No information found Common Synonym(s) Camassia esculenta Lindl. ​ Camassia quamash (Pursh) Greene subsp. teapeae ​ (H. St. John) H. St. John Camassia quamash (Pursh) Greene var. azurea (A. ​ Heller) C.L. Hitchc. Camassia quamash (Pursh) Greene var. breviflora ​ (Gould) C.L. Hitchc. Camassia quamash (Pursh) Greene var. intermedia ​ (Gould) C.L. Hitchc. Camassia quamash (Pursh) Greene var. linearis ​ (Gould) J.T. Howell Camassia quamash (Pursh) Greene var. maxima ​ (Gould) B. Boivin Camassia quamash (Pursh) Greene var. quamash ​ Camassia quamash (Pursh) Greene var. utahensis ​ (Gould) C.L. Hitchc. Quamassia quamash (Pursh) Coville4 ​ ​ Common Names Southern Lushootseed (Coast Salish Language) for camas: blue camas, crow potato, Camassia spp.: c̕ábid. camas, Camassia quamash, C. leichtinii: qʷəɬúʔəl. camas roots that are processed and dried: s√x̌əʤəb.
    [Show full text]
  • Agavaceae Subf. Chlorogaloideae)
    Taylor, D.W. and D.J. Keil. 2018. Hooveria , a new genus liberated from Chlorogalum (Agavaceae subf. Chlorogaloideae). Phytoneuron 2018-67: 1–6. Published 1 October 2018. ISSN 2153 733X HOOVERIA , A NEW GENUS LIBERATED FROM CHLOROGALUM (AGAVACEAE SUBF. CHLOROGALOIDEAE) DEAN W. TAYLOR Redwood Drive Aptos, California 95003-2517 [email protected] DAVID J. KEIL Professor Emeritus Biological Sciences Department California Polytechnic State University San Luis Obispo, California 93407 [email protected] ABSTRACT Molecular phylogenetic analyses have indicated that Chlorogalum (sensu lato) (Agavaceae subf. Chlorogaloideae) comprises more than one lineage. A recently published study indicated that Chlorogalum is paraphyletic, with two well-supported clades that are successive sister groups to the remainder of the Chlorogaloideae. The first is composed of three vespertine-flowering species (Chlorogalum sensu stricto), and the second comprises two diurnally flowering species. Additional morphological and cytological evidence independently support recognition of two lineages. Hooveria , gen. nov. , is proposed to accommodate the diurnally flowering species of the second lineage. Three taxa are transferred from Chlorogalum to the new genus: Hooveria parviflora (S. Wats.) D.W. Taylor & D.J. Keil, comb. nov. , H. purpurea (Brandeg.) D.W. Taylor & D.J. Keil, comb. nov. , and H. purpurea var. reducta (Hoover) D.W. Taylor & D.J. Keil, comb. nov. A neotype is designated for Chlorogalum parviflorum S. Wats. Chlorogalum Kunth (Agavaceae subf. Chlorogaloideae) as treated traditionally is a genus of five species with nine terminal taxa (Jernstedt 2002; Callahan 2015a, b; Table 1). Chlorogalum is endemic to the California Floristic Province, extending from its northern limit in southern Coos County, Oregon (Callahan 2015b), southward to extreme northwestern Baja California (Rebman et al.
    [Show full text]
  • CAMASSIA Stella Exley
    Issue 37 Cornucopia Spring 2016 CAMASSIA Stella Exley I’ve often read in the horticultural press that the genus Camassia is the perfect gap filler in gardens between the end of spring and the beginning of summer. Whilst this is the time of year that camassia are in full flight, I shudder at the thought of these beauties being labelled in such a way. In my opinion, they are worthy of stand-alone recognition for their beauty and grace, and stunning additions to a plethora of planting schemes. Camassia is a genus of bulbous perennials with 5/6 species groups. They are extremely hardy and will thrive in most conditions: sunny and moist, to drier with some shade. I have found they easily adapt and flourish in heavy damp soils as well as drier conditions, and to date I have never experienced problems with pests or diseases. What’s not to love? They hail from North America and at one time many moons ago were, apparently, a food staple for indigenous folk, who used to roast them. Although I haven’t tried this, I’m led to understand that when roasted, they taste something similar to a sweet potato. The name camassia was derived from kamas, used by native Americans. They look fabulous in virtually any planting scheme, from formal to informal, woodland areas, damp meadows and alongside ponds and streams, as well as wildflower meadows. I also use them in containers large and small to brighten up shadier areas. They are a perfect fit for naturalistic planting. Once established, they create a calming visual feast for the eyes as their star-like six-petalled blooms slowly open from the bottom upwards along their lofty spires, reaching heights of between 40cm and 120cm.
    [Show full text]
  • Scilla Peruviana 'Caribbean Jewels Sapphire Blue'
    CULTURE CONNECTION PERENNIAL SOLUTIONS Scilla peruviana By Paul Pilon ‘Caribbean Jewels Sapphire Blue’ THIS UNIQUE PERENNIAL MAKES A STATEMENT WITH DEEP-BLUE, STARRY BLOSSOMS ATOP LARGE, CONE-SHAPED FLOWERS. he Peruvian lily is a striking evergreen perennial that has great potential as a spring flowering container crop. This underutilized bulb crop can be grown an marketed alongside other spring flowering bulbT crops such as daffodils, hyacinths and tulips. Several years ago Golden State Bulb Growers intro- duced Scilla peruviana ‘Caribbean Jewels Sapphire Blue’ to the industry. Sapphire Blue produces large striking blue conical-shaped flowers atop slim, lance-shaped leaves in mid to late spring. The flower stalks produce 50 to 100 deep blue, starry blossoms. These unique flowers have an impressively long bloom time. In the landscape, mature plantings of Sapphire Blue grow to 18 to 22 inches in height. They should be grown in locations with full sun to light shade. In the northern United States, scilla are can be grown and marketed as potted plants or in combination containers, but they can be sold as perennials in USDA Hardiness Zones 7 to 10. They are relatively cold hardy and can tolerate light frosts down to 28° F without experiencing plant damage. Perennial growers should consider adding scilla to their tender perennial programs to supplement their current offerings with this novelty plant. Additionally, ‘Caribbean Jewels Sapphire Blue’ is relatively easy to produce, has few cultural problems and can be grown with cool tem- peratures. These attributes, along with its unique flowers, make scilla a great addition to any perennial program.
    [Show full text]
  • 11 Emes RESPONSE of Ornithogalum Saundersiae Bak. TO
    ISSN 1644-0692 www.acta.media.pl Acta Sci. Pol. Hortorum Cultus, 15(1) 2016, 123-134 RESPONSE OF Ornithogalum saundersiae BAK. TO SALINITY STRESS Piotr Salachna, Agnieszka Zawadzi ńska, Cezary Podsiadło 1 West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin Abstract. Most of the studies on the effects of salinity stress are conducted on ornamental bedding plants and perennials but little is known on flower bulbs response to this stress factor. Ornithogalum saundersiae is an attractive bulbous plant recommended for grow- ing in pots, gardens and green areas. The study conducted in the years 2013–2014 investi- gated the effects of NaCl on the growth, flowering, photosynthetic activity, pigment con- tent, and macro- and micronutrient content in the leaves of O. saundersiae . The plants were grown in pots in a plastic tunnel. NaCl was applied once a week for six weeks at concentration of 100 mM or 200 mM. The salt treatment did not cause chlorosis and did not affect flowering rate and number of inflorescences. The plants exposed to salinity stress had lower fresh weight of leaves, inflorescences and bulbs and their flowering be- gan later than in the control plants. Photosynthesis and transpiration intensity decreased as NaCl concentration increased. The content of chlorophyll and carotenoids in NaCl treated plants was significantly higher than in the control plants. Salinity stress increased the leaf content of nitrogen, potassium, sodium and chlorine and reduced the concentration of cal- cium, zinc and iron. Key words: Giant Chincherinchee, NaCl, gas exchange, mineral content, photosynthetic pig- ments INTRODUCTION The issue of salinity stress in the cultivation of ornamental plants is receiving global attention [Niu and Cabrera 2010, Cassaniti et al.
    [Show full text]