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TAXON:Yucca Gloriosa L. SCORE:11.0 RATING:High Risk

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TAXON:Yucca Gloriosa L. SCORE:11.0 RATING:High Risk TAXON: Yucca gloriosa L. SCORE: 11.0 RATING: High Risk Taxon: Yucca gloriosa L. Family: Asparagaceae Common Name(s): palmlilja Synonym(s): Yucca acuminata Sweet Spanish dagger Yucca acutifolia Truff. Yucca ellacombei Baker Yucca ensifolia Groenl. Yucca integerrima Stokes Yucca obliqua Haw. Yucca patens André Yucca plicata (Carrière) K.Koch Yucca plicatilis K.Koch Yucca pruinosa Baker Yucca tortulata Baker Assessor: Chuck Chimera Status: Assessor Approved End Date: 15 Nov 2017 WRA Score: 11.0 Designation: H(HPWRA) Rating: High Risk Keywords: Naturalized, Weedy Succulent, Spine-tipped Leaves, Moth-pollinated Qsn # Question Answer Option Answer 101 Is the species highly domesticated? y=-3, n=0 n 102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? 103 Does the species have weedy races? Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If 201 island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute "wet (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) (See Appendix 2) Intermediate tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" 202 Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) (See Appendix 2) High 203 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) y=1, n=0 y Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or 204 y=1, n=0 y subtropical climates Does the species have a history of repeated introductions 205 y=-2, ?=-1, n=0 y outside its natural range? 301 Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2), n= question 205 y 302 Garden/amenity/disturbance weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2) y 303 Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see Appendix 2) n 304 Environmental weed 305 Congeneric weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2) y 401 Produces spines, thorns or burrs y=1, n=0 y Creation Date: 15 Nov 2017 (Yucca gloriosa L.) Page 1 of 21 TAXON: Yucca gloriosa L. SCORE: 11.0 RATING: High Risk Qsn # Question Answer Option Answer 402 Allelopathic 403 Parasitic y=1, n=0 n 404 Unpalatable to grazing animals y=1, n=-1 y 405 Toxic to animals 406 Host for recognized pests and pathogens 407 Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans 408 Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems y=1, n=0 n 409 Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone 410 y=1, n=0 y conditions if not a volcanic island) 411 Climbing or smothering growth habit y=1, n=0 n 412 Forms dense thickets 501 Aquatic y=5, n=0 n 502 Grass y=1, n=0 n 503 Nitrogen fixing woody plant y=1, n=0 n Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs 504 y=1, n=0 n -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native 601 y=1, n=0 n habitat 602 Produces viable seed y=1, n=-1 y 603 Hybridizes naturally 604 Self-compatible or apomictic y=1, n=-1 y 605 Requires specialist pollinators y=-1, n=0 y 606 Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation y=1, n=-1 y 607 Minimum generative time (years) Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants 701 y=1, n=-1 y growing in heavily trafficked areas) 702 Propagules dispersed intentionally by people y=1, n=-1 y 703 Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant y=1, n=-1 n 704 Propagules adapted to wind dispersal 705 Propagules water dispersed 706 Propagules bird dispersed y=1, n=-1 n 707 Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally) 708 Propagules survive passage through the gut 801 Prolific seed production (>1000/m2) Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 802 yr) 803 Well controlled by herbicides 804 Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire y=1, n=-1 y Creation Date: 15 Nov 2017 (Yucca gloriosa L.) Page 2 of 21 TAXON: Yucca gloriosa L. SCORE: 11.0 RATING: High Risk Qsn # Question Answer Option Answer Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced 805 biocontrol agents) Creation Date: 15 Nov 2017 (Yucca gloriosa L.) Page 3 of 21 TAXON: Yucca gloriosa L. SCORE: 11.0 RATING: High Risk Supporting Data: Qsn # Question Answer 101 Is the species highly domesticated? n Source(s) Notes Eggli, U. (ed.). 2001. Illustrated Handbook of Succulent [Assessment of wild type. Possible that cultivars have trait that could Plants: Monocotyledons. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, reduce invasion risk] "Probably the most widely grown Yucca species Heidelberg, New York with many cultivars, hybrids and selections." 102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? Source(s) Notes WRA Specialist. 2017. Personal Communication NA 103 Does the species have weedy races? Source(s) Notes WRA Specialist. 2017. Personal Communication NA Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If 201 island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute "wet Intermediate tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" Source(s) Notes "Native: USDA, ARS, Germplasm Resources Information Network. Northern America 2017. National Plant Germplasm System [Online Southeastern U.S.A.: United States - Alabama, - Florida, - Georgia, Database]. http://www.ars-grin.gov/npgs/index.html. - Louisiana, - Mississippi, - North Carolina, - South Carolina" [Accessed 8 Nov 2017] 202 Quality of climate match data High Source(s) Notes USDA, ARS, Germplasm Resources Information Network. 2017. National Plant Germplasm System [Online Database]. http://www.ars-grin.gov/npgs/index.html. [Accessed 8 Nov 2017] 203 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) y Source(s) Notes Gilman, E. F. (1999). Yucca gloriosa Spanish Dagger, Mound Lily Yucca. Fact Sheet FPS-616. University of "USDA hardiness zones: 6 through 11" [Able to grow in 6 hardiness Florida IFAS Extension, Gainesville, FL. zones, demonstrating some environmental versatility] http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu. [Accessed 9 Nov 2017] Plants for a Future. 2017. Yucca gloriosa. "USDA hardiness: 6-11" http://www.pfaf.org. [Accessed 9 Nov 2017] Creation Date: 15 Nov 2017 (Yucca gloriosa L.) Page 4 of 21 TAXON: Yucca gloriosa L. SCORE: 11.0 RATING: High Risk Qsn # Question Answer Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or 204 y subtropical climates Source(s) Notes Randall, R.P. (2017). A Global Compendium of Weeds. 3rd "Preferred Climate/s: Mediterranean, Subtropical, Tropical Origin: C Edition. Perth, Western Australia. R.P. Randall Asia, Europe, N Am" [Marginally sub-tropical] "Mound-lily yucca, Yucca gloriosa, occurs Floridata. 2017. Yucca gloriosa. naturally on coastal dunes and shell mounds near the Atlantic from https://floridata.com/Plants/Agavaceae/Yucca North Carolina to northeast Florida." ... "Hardiness: USDA Zones 7 - %20gloriosa/114. [Accessed 12 Nov 2017] 11." Does the species have a history of repeated 205 y introductions outside its natural range? Source(s) Notes "Native to the eastern U.S. from Florida to North Carolina, this Staples, G.W. & Herbst, D.R. 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora shrubby Yucca is occasionally cultivated in Hawaii, more frequently - Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other at middle elevations on Maui and the Big Island than on Oahu. It Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu, HI tolerates salt exposure and could perhaps be used more in coastal plantings, as it already is on Kauai," Eggli, U. (ed.). 2001. Illustrated Handbook of Succulent "Probably the most widely grown Yucca species with many cultivars, Plants: Monocotyledons. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, hybrids and selections ..." Heidelberg, New York Silva, V., Figueiredo, E., & Smith, G. F. (2015). Alien "Yucca gloriosa is very cold- and drought-hardy and is widely grown succulents naturalised and cultivated on the central west in continental Europe, as far afield as the Czech Republic and coast of Portugal. Bradleya, 33, 58-81 Slovakia with their severe winters." "Yucca gloriosa Linnaeus (Confirmed) Imada, C.T., Staples, G.W. & Herbst, D.R. 2005. Annotated Common Names: Spanish-bayonet Checklist of Cultivated Plants of Hawai͚i. First Collected: 1930 http://www2.bishopmuseum.org/HBS/botany/cultivatedp Locations: lants/. [Accessed 9 Nov 2017] Ho͚omaluhia Botanical Garden Koko Crater Botanical Garden" 301 Naturalized beyond native range y Source(s) Notes Merino, F. F., & Donat, P. M. (2011). Invasive plants in the "Carpobrotus edulis in many cases is accompanied by other invasive coastal vegetal communities in Valencia (Spain). Notulae species as Yucca gloriosa (2000 m2) and Agave spp. (11% of land area Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca, 39(1): 9-17 covered by invasive species)." Creation Date: 15 Nov 2017 (Yucca gloriosa L.) Page 5 of 21 TAXON: Yucca gloriosa L. SCORE: 11.0 RATING: High Risk Qsn # Question Answer "Status change from naturalized to invasive alien for the flora of Toscana. Yucca gloriosa, native to North America, is currently recognized as naturalized in Toscana (Ciccarelli et al. 2015). During field surveys conducted along the coastal part of the Migliarino-San Rossore-Massaciuccoli Regional Park, we noted a widespread diffusion of the species. Its high frequency along the Tuscan coast can be also deduced from several floristic records (Peruzzi and Bedini Galasso, G. et al. (2017). Notulae to the Italian alien 2015 onwards, Roma-Marzio et al. 2016 and literature cited therein). vascular flora: 3. Italian Botanist 3: 49-71 Based on our field observations, the species shows a high clonal propagation capacity, determining modifications in vegetation and ecosystem dynamics. In addition, the ad hoc LIFE project DUNETOSCA (http:// ec.europa.eu/environment/life/project/Projects/), conducted in ϮϬϭϬʹϮϬϭϯ͕failed to eradicate the species. Based on these considerations, we regard the status of invasive alien to be most appropriate for Y. gloriosa in Toscana." "The alien flora of the Greek island of Rodos (SE Aegean) is presented. This study is based on fieldwork carried out by the author up to June 2015, as well as on the literature found to date. The present checklist consists of 101 alien taxa of vascular plants, of which 27 are recorded for the first time as new for the alien flora of Rodos.
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