Handbook Greek and Roman History

H AN D B O O K

GREEK AND ROMAN HISTORY

G E O RG E CASTE G N I B S E R , . S . , B . L .

NE W Y O RK CINCINNATI CHICAGO A M E R I C A N B O O K C O M P A N Y

PR E F A C E .

THE purpose o f this H an db ook o f Greek and Roman

Hist r a w rk o f th r u h o y is to facilit te the o the student, and, o g

o f a system of condensation, to make the facts history clear to

n o t f th n his mind . It is o fered as a substitute for e excelle t

t- an d r tex books of Greek Roman histo y now in use, but as an accessory and a w ork o f reference . It is also intended to be used as an aid in reviewing th e subj ects already studied in the

an d l u larger works , will be found usefu for st dents preparing f o r the college examinations who wish to refresh their minds f in regard to the salient persons and facts o ancient history . The author desires his colleagues to point o ut any serious errors o r omissions which m ay detract from the value o f this work .

5 4 3 6 6 0

HANDB O O K O F GREEK HISTO RY

f T Abdéra . o at An ancient city hrace , the mouth of the N e stu s un th e I n t n , fo ded by onia s af er the defeat inﬂicted upo t u 4 hem by Cyr s (54 B C ) . f n A dos . A t o o by ci y Asia, the Hellespont, opposite Sestos , where the Spartan ﬂeet comman ded by Min d aru s w a s defeated by th e Athenian s un der Thrasybu l u s an d Th ra sy llu s (41 1 t o n n f n u f u n Acanth us . A ci y the eck o the pe ins la o Mo t I ts n t nt e Athos . i habi a s were reward d by Xerxes for preparing

h Th e A n h i n a can al for t e passage of his troops . c a t a s joined th e Pelopon nesian alliance again st th e Athenian s (423 n h Ac arnania . A t n t e provi ce of northwes er Greece, scene of some of the victories of th e Athen ian gen eral Demosthenes

h n n n u u A rn n i v t e . c a a a o er Pelopo esia s , led by E ryloch s was

t n A e ilau 1 B forced to submi to Sparta u der g s s (3 9 C ) . A u n i n n lo o n Aché an League . o of the pri cipal states of Pe p n e su s (28 1 —1 46 formed for th e pu rpose of freein g them n Th t o f th e selves from th e Macedo ian yoke . e chief promo ers tu n h m n movemen t were Ara s a d P ilo p o e e .

o n o f u an d n t n . Ach é us . S Xuth s proge i or of the Achaea s A o f u t o f nt A h ia . c a district Peloponnesus , so h the Cori hian

Gulf .

Th e t n n . Ach elous . larges river of orthwester Greece It

A rn n i divided Aetolia from c a a a . ’ A ri ntum . A cragas . See g ge 2 GREEK HISTORY

Th e Acr o is . o f op l citadel , built on the highest part a city ; a r th e c i d o f A t p rticula ly ta el thens, des royed by the Persians under Xerxes (480 B 4 } ' h e ter o f T a . A ete. e s n peninsula Chalcidice Xerxes opened h u th e u n a canal t ro gh isthm s when he i vaded Greece .

An in n n E n . d gi a island the Saronic Gulf, betwee Attica a

o f Argolis . Aegina, its chief city , was the commercial rival t t n th e Ae in e A hens and became its poli ical e emy, because g tans offered to help Darius . The Athenians asked aid of m n see Cleo enes . Sparta ( ) Under Pericles, Aegina fell i to the han ds o f the Athenians (456 It w as liberated by Ly san der (404

E os otami. A an d a g p barren uninhabited be ch of Thrace, n t w as t where Conon , commanding the Athe ian ﬂee , comple ely defe ated by the Spartan general Lysander (405 ’ An t n an d E echines . A henia orator rival of Demosthenes ; he was sent with th e latter and Ph ilo c rates as ambassador to f n Philip o Macedo ia (3 47 B C ) . ' — IE s ch lus 525 456 B C . A a y ( ) famous Greek tr gic poet, who

distinguished himself at Marathon and Salamis . f E télia . A o province central Greece, north of the Corin

thian Gulf . 2 B JE li L 80 . C . to an a . A a e gue league est blished about , com n I t posed of mountai ous tribes of Aetolia . never attained the i t L mpor ance of the Achaean eague, with which it engaged in n co ﬂict . A Ath e es é ndri as . A a a g d Spartan admir l , who defe ted the mians at Eretria (41 1 A f o f esilaus . o g King Sparta, brother and successor Agis,

L eo t ch id es w as 3 99 B C . whose son, y , barred from the throne ( ) He conducted successfu l campaigns in Asia against the satrap Tissaph ern es ; defeated the Athenians and Theban s at Co ro n ea 3 94 th e T n but t u t ( invaded heba territory, wi ho t resul s — (3 78 3 77 fought Epamin ondas at the very walls of Sparta

2 . L 3 0 B . in 3 B C 7 C . 6 ( ) and again repulsed him He died in ibya, 4 8 t u di in 3 61 B C . aged , while re rning from an expe tion Egypt ( ) GREEK HISTORY 3

f n f li . o o . Agesipo s Son and successor Pausa ias , King Sparta ' t A gis II . King of Sparta . He conduc ed an unlucky cam i n wo n o f pa g against Argos, and practically the battle Man tinea (41 8 in which the Athenians and Mantineans sided Do o f with Argos . ( not confound this battle Mantinea with that

2 B . n 3 6 . C . of , in which Epamino das was killed ) Agis besieged t L PeIO o nne A hens with ysander, subdued her, and ended the p 404 sian War ( He died in 3 99 B C . ' I n A is I I . t o f g Ki g of Spar a, defeated by Philip Macedon

3 3 8 3 3 0 B . C. ( He died in , after having failed in some a a n unimport nt camp ig s against Alexander . ' r . o f n A go a The assembly commo freemen . It took part in

to no debate and did not vote, but was called upon to listen matters discussed by the king and his chiefs . This body h e came later the powerful popular assembly . f u A ri éntum Acra as . o g g ( g ) A city so thern Sicily, modern — Girgenti ; governed by th e tyran t Phalaris (560 540 sacked by the Carthaginians (406 B C ) ; recovered by Dio ny T f u 3 91 B C sius I . o , yrant Syrac se ( ) ; captured by the Romans at the beginning o f the Punic Wars (264 f a . o Alcibiades . Son of O lini s He came an ancient and u wealthy family and was very pop lar with the masses . He became promin en t as commander of the ﬂeet with N ic ias an d o n t L am ac h u s again st Sicily (41 5 B C ) . As he was the poin of n n Of th e starti g, his e emies accused him before the Ecclesia o f o d a o f mutilation of the statues the g Hermes, and lso pro n b ut fani g the Eleusinian Mysteries . He denied the charges ,

u n a trial was ref sed, as his e emies preferred to accuse him Th e t during his absence . expedi ion started ; Alcibiades was n an d n n soo recalled for trial , but escaped j oi ed the Sparta s

n th e against Athe s . After Sicilian War, he fell into disgrace

' t n I $ I . wi h Ki g Agis , to whose court he had retired, left Sparta n d T a went to th e court of th e satrap Tis saph ern es . here he u n to n Tissa h ern e s n used his inﬂ e ce preve t p from helpi g Sparta, but also advised him no t to help Athen s an d to let her ﬁght

t ~ wi h Sparta, thus isolating the allies of the two cities, whom 4 GREEK HISTORY

Ti h ’ ssa ernes a n u . n p could e sily co q er Alcibiades frie ds , led by

Peisander o f T u an d Th ra s llu s t Samos , hrasyb lus , y , ob ained his l u n u en recal ; he ret r ed after fo r years , was pardoned , and h . w o n t e 41 0 trusted with command He battle of Cyzicus, M B . C . in d ru n a a d . , against s the Peloponnesians He was once n o f th e n n t b ut to t more given comma d Athe ia ﬂee , left it An io

u . t o f N o ium ch s During his absence, Antiochus lost the bat le t (407 Alcibiades was held responsible for the disaster and

404 B C . banished ; he was murdered, A n Alcmaeénida . A noble family at the s , a member of which, Me ac les th e the archon g , betraying his promise, put to death 2 t o f 63 B C . re followers Cylon, Exiled by Peisistratus , hey at built the temple Delphi, and succeeded in having the Spar

a n t . t ns drive Hippias from Athe s , thus being rehabili ated

Alexander I . , ruler of Macedonia, was friendly to the Greeks

n M r n iu durin g their war against Xerxes . He was se t by a d o s to induce th e Athen ian s to aban don th e Grecian L eague agai n st b ut in t Xerxes , spi e of very advantageous terms, his proposi tion w as refused (479 h n Alexander . t e so o f 3 56 III , Great, Philip of Macedon ( 3 23 n th e He asce ded throne at twenty , completed his ’ t t T h is fa her s conques s in hrace, carried arms beyond the f t an d u u n . o Danube, s bd ed the Illyria s The rumor his dea h

T o f n . being spread , the hebans revolted and asked aid Athe s

D a u . emosthenes advoc ted war, but Athens was cautio s Alex n o t o n T ander was dead ; he marched hebes, took it by storm, Th e a an d t . r zed the walls , sold the inhabi ants as slaves tem ple and the house o f the poet Pindar were spared (3 3 5 f t n am This was a warning to the rest o Greece . A he s sent b a ssad o rs an d t no t , Alexander treated wi h them , as he did wish n any en emies in Greece while engaged in his Asiatic campaig . ’ Alexander s aim w as the invasion of Persia again st Dariu s III . I n 3 3 4 he crossed the Hellespont and en tered Asia with a n t large army , leavi g his general, Antipater, with roops to look I n t t t f . af er a fairs in Greece the ﬁrs engagemen , at the river

h e o f t . Granicus , Persians were defeated The cities south the GREE K HISTORY 5

Th Hellespont surrendered to Alexander . e conqu eror passed t a n d through Asia Minor, overcoming every obs acle, reached t u B n D . at m . G o rdiu arius III collec ed an enormo s army abylo , nt n t o f I encountered his a ago is at the pass ssus, was defeated,

n 3 3 3 Sis ambis an d a d ﬂed ( His mother y g , his wife , chil n n t t h dren were made priso ers . Alexa der trea ed hem with all t e A n n . to ho or due to their ra k After Issus , lexander proceeded D ’ u n . u n n t Damasc s, where he fou d arius treasures The fortu a e t a n t b ut monarch ried pe ce egotiations wi h Alexander, they

th e . n t failed, and war was renewed Alexa der besieged, ook, D u n but in n T . to u and destroyed yre ari s tried agai , vai , sec re n m u n t o f . t re erms peace Alexa der arched thro gh Pales i e, B c eiv in o f b ut . t g the homage all cities Gaza a is , its governor, resisted, but was ﬁnally overpowered and killed . Egypt was t t n n d n w n a as . co quered withou resis a ce , Alexa dria founded

n u h is n D u After two years Alexa der res med war agai st ari s , n w G an am ela an d met him ear Arbela, at a spot kno n as g , B n n d u n routed his army . abylo a S sa were take ; Persepolis

d t . n u a s n was es royed Alexa der purs ed Darius far as Ecbata a, th e t o n n th e u where latter ook refuge land beyo d Ox s . His

t an d followers , disgus ed at his cowardice, imprisoned him pro

n B h n claimed his cousi essu s king of t e East . As Alexa der n B e s sus D . B e s sus ft was approachi g, killed arius was a er wards executed (3 3 0 Alexander un dertook an expedi

in I n d i ' n d B in 2 t a a 3 3 B C . ion , died at abylon June,

A n -in - f x nd r of h a . S o o le a e P er law Jason of Pherae . His admin istration gave rise to a rebellion and brought war with P elo d h T . as t e n b ut Thebes pi , heban general , was impriso ed, n n n th e n th Epami o das was give comma d of e army . He de feated Alexan der an d released Pe IO pid a s (3 68 Fou r P I i n . e O da s d years later the war was re ewed p was kille , but a n Alex nder was deprived of all his possessio s except Pherae, an d shortly afterwards he was murdered (3 64

Alexandria . A city of Egypt foun ded by Alexander th e in 2 Great 3 3 B C .

Al h . n h n éus adi t t e e . p A river of Arc a, ﬂowing i o Io ian S a 6 GREEK HISTORY

i . w o f Ambrac a A to n in the southern part Epirus . It j oined was the Aetolians against Athens, but badly defeated by the Athenian general Demosthenes (426 Philip of Macedon established a garrison in Am b rac ia after the con gress o f Corin th (3 3 8 At his death th e in habitan ts expelled th e n u 3 3 garriso and revolted, but were s bdued by Alexander ( 6

Am h a . o n n t p é A fortress the Messenia side, aken by the n 4 t n 7 3 B C . Spar a s in the First Messe ian War, about Th e s o— m n Am h ict énic Co nci . o r p y u l called A phictyo ies, t n o f t t leagues of neighbors , were associa io s ci ies or ribes for the celebration o f religious ceremonies an d th e protection of f t th e . o t n some temple Chief hese was Delphic Amphic yo y, th e t which had in charge emple of Apollo at Delphi . Mem bers of the leagues took an oath n o t to destroy an y Am ph ic t o nic o ff u t y town , nor to cut it from a water s pply in ime of war . o f o n th e Amph ipolis . A colony Athens river Strym on in

I t B rasid as an d el n souther n Thrace . was taken by the P o p o t n n n esian s in 423 B C . The nex year Cleo led the Athe ians a b ut t u in order to take b ck Amphipolis, hey were rep lsed .

B ra sid as and Cleon were killed . Amphipolis was taken by

o f 3 57 B C . Philip Macedon, through treachery, in

nt l idas ace of s o t . I t A a c , Pe , called after a celebra ed Spartan

7 B C . u was signed in 3 8 between Persia and Sparta, th s ending

r the Cori nthian Wa . ’

o f o n . A ntioch . A famous city northern Syria the Orontes t a o f t t Antioch us . He was lef in comm nd the A henian ﬂee by N o tium th e Alcibiades , and lost the battle of against Spartans

L n 407 B C . led by ysa der, o f a th e Antipater. A general Alex nder Great, left in com

n f n in ma d o a army Greece, while Alexander marched to the con quest o f Persia . A n o f o ld pélla . The Sparta assembly freemen, thirty years o r n nt t n over, who met o ce a mo h to deba e upo subjects passed o f n Th u etc . e by the Gero sia, such as war, dethroning ki gs , voting was done by acclamation . GREEK HISTORY 7

A h L . Aratus . See c ae an eague

Arb la . o f a n a a é A city Asi Mi or, ne r which, at a spot c lled G an am ela o f a g (the house the camel) , Alexander the Gre t

3 3 1 B C . defeated Darius III . in f o u . Arcadia . A province in the central part Peloponnes s Th e Arcadians aided the Messenians against Sparta during W ar b ut t n the Second Messenian , heir ki g, Aristocrates, de se rted his allies an d caused their defeat (650 The Area i n n Pis atan s an d d a s j oi ed the , seized Olympia, celebrated the m T a and ga es in spite of Sparta . hey were ﬁnally defe ted sub

jugated .

Ar h i m . c da us King of Sparta . He was Opposed to the Pelo o nn esian b ut to o f p War, , yielding the wish the people, he t f a ook command o the army . He invaded Attic and ravaged it (43 1 He made a second invasion the next year during th e u a a a an a plag e, and laid siege, without success, to Pl t e , lly

of Athens . ' m A rch o n . A me ber o f a board o f nine Ofﬁcers wh o go v n Th e n er ed Athens . chief archon w as called Epo ymus ; the a second, King Archon ; the third, Polemarch ; the rem ining

-a six were called Thesmothetae . The ex rchons formed the

Areopagus . — Ar a s . f f e u o o a . op g The Council Athens , composed ex rchons a A reas Pa es It derived its n me from the Hill of Ares ( g ) , where

. A it met It was reformed by Solon in 504 B C . The reopagus lost its importance with the ascendency o f th e democratic party

t m at 460 B C jus before Pericles beca e leader Athens ( ) , retain in n g o ly jurisdiction over cases of homicide .

Arginﬁs w. A cluster o f small islands o ff the coast o f Aeolis o f L n m a in Asia Minor, south esbos, where Cono , com nding the

i Ga a~ Athen an ﬂeet, defeated the Peloponnesians led by llier n n 40 tidas, who lost his life in the e gageme t ( 6 '

A . o s o f in . rg The chief city Argolis, eastern Peloponnesus O n e o f r n Ph eid on its ea ly ki gs was , who is said to have been n S n Y th e the ﬁrst to coin copper a d ilver i Greece . ielding to u nt th e pers asion of the Cori hians , Argives became the leaders 8 GRE EK HISTORY

o f n t u in the league agai s Sparta d r g the Peloponnesian War .

Th e t n n b ut th e n Spar a s led by Agis i vaded Argolis , ki g let

th e t n t nn t n n m n t slip oppor u i y of a ihila i g his e e y, and gra ed Th e n n . n th e an armistice Athe ia s, led by Alcibiades, joi ed n n t th e L L u . u eag e Ki g Agis , lear ing hat eag e threatened

T in n n n an d egea Arcadia, haste ed to Ma ti ea there inﬂicted a fearful defeat u pon th e Argives an d the i r allies (41 8 t in th e n n n nt Argos played a par Corinthia War, j oi i g Cori h, t n an d T th e an d o f A he s , hebes , aided by troops ships Persia, again st Sparta . f Arista oras . t t o u t g A yran Milet s , who inci ed the Greek

f I n o v n t th e n cities o o ia t re olt agai s Persian dominio . He Cle o m en e s o f t b ut u implored aid from Spar a, was ref sed ; he n Th t n u u to t . e t he applied s ccessf lly A he s A henians , j oined by th e n an d u n u n L Eretria s E boea s , marched po Sardis in ydia

A n n d u n th e t Th e At n n a . ( sia Mi or) b r ed ci y he ia s , however, t th e A rista o ras and th e n deser ed cause of g , rebellion was e ded th e t a Arta h e rn es wo n n tt o f L by sa r p p , who the aval ba le ade

Ari r T tu . sta o as (Mile s) g escaped to hrace , where he was killed

in 498 B C . h f L t n o . n Aris teides (Aris tides) . He was e so ysimachus Bei g O t n w as to f a middle class family , his posi io wholly due his

h n n - t b a d . o w n . u ability He was rigidly j s , o ora le , cool headed This last quality was n o t in accordan ce with th e Athe nian

t - n t o f o n charac er, a well k own rait which was to act the

n Ari tei d vo impulse o f th e m ome t . s d e s was ostracized for a t n u t t t O ca i g a q ie and conservative policy oward Spar a, as p h Ath e posed to Themistocles . W en Xerxes compelled the n ian s u n u n an m n t to evac ate their city, he retur ed der a es y

Ari d n u h at issued to all exiles . stei es disti g is ed himself n th e o f a d B t . Salamis , Plataea, yzan ium He was promoter

th e n o f D o f n . Co federacy elos , which he became preside t He su pplanted Pau san ias as commander o f the j oi nt ﬂeet o f A Hi T t n an d t . he s Spar a s political enemy was hemistocles,

u t . an d n whose c pidi y he exposed He died, regretted ho ored, in 468 B C . GREEK HISTORY

n t at Aris tea s . A Corinthian ge eral who los a battle Potidaea

e n G th e t against th Athenia s led by allias, lat er being killed (43 0 in th e Aristocrates . The king and leader of the Arcadians n Second Messenian War against Sparta . He aba doned his n n th e o f tt t u allies , the Messe ia s , on ﬁeld ba le, and hus ca sed t $ t their defeat . He was s oned to dea h by his subjects (6 50 in th e n A i t mus . 1 . r s ode A Messenian leader First Messe ian I n n a s to u War . vai he offered his daughter a sacriﬁce sec re n t A t the protection o f the gods a d to assure vic ory . f er hold in o ut u n t an d n g for twelve years at Mo t I home, war fami e th e n n m u S caused Messe ia s to succumb, and Aristode s lew him self in despair (723 t A i m . t 2 . r stode us The Spar an coward who kep himself aloof T 480 B C an d u from the battle of hermopylae ( ) , th s escaped n the fate o f L eonidas an d his comrades . B ei g an object o f h n n o n e e t at t . loathi g to every , volu tarily los his life Pla aea A i . r s togeiton See Harmodius .

L o f n Aristém enes . eader the Messenia s in the Second Mes i n o f n sen a War . He was defeated at the fortress Ira a d died at Rhodes . (See Ceadas . ) — Arist éph anes (450 3 85 Th e foremost writer o f Greek in — . t th e comedy He pic ured everyday life his works ,

Clo u d s K ni hts B ird s th e Wa s s . , the g , the , and p ' A i o f t 4— 22 f r s totle. A disciple Pla o (3 8 3 One o the n o n t greatest Greek philosophers , whose writi gs rhe oric

t c en logic, poetry, e hics, and politics have been studied for i tu r e s . A f rt a . n t h bazus A ge eral o Xerxes . He protec ed t e retreat o f th e t th e t n to h al i roops at Hellespon , and the proceeded C c

’ dice to pu n ish th e cities o f Olynthus and Potidaea for their revolt again st Persian authority . Olynth us was taken an d th e

$ t nt n an nu u o f th e s ea inhabi a s slai , but u s al rise compelled Artab az us to resu me his march to Thessaly in order to join

Mar do n iu . f a o f a 479 R s A ter the defe t Pl taea ( C) , where he 1 0 GREEK HISTORY

a a t tre cherously left the b t leﬁeld, he returned to Thrace an d th ence to Asia .

. L n 1 . Art a hernes a d o f i p Satrap of ydia brother Dar us I . He n t conducted an expedition agai s the Greek islands . He plotted Arista o ra s against g of Miletus, who had organized a campaign in to D u I . against Naxos order win that island for ari s , and

n Ar h thus gain the Persia favor . tap ernes man aged to have Me ab ates g , a Persian noble, made second in command to M Arista o ras . e ab ate g These two men disagreed, and g s secretly sen t word to Naxos of the contemplated attack . When Arista goras arrived he found the inhabitants well prepared, and so A could do nothing . The private interests of rtaph ern e s and Aristago ra s bro ught about a revolt in Ionia an d in many parts

n Ari r o f Greece agai st the Persian dominion . sta go as obtain ed t an d a ﬂee from Athens Eretria, and attacked Sardis , the resi h A den ce of Artaph ernes . T e Greeks drove rtaph ern es into the citadel and burnt the town . To avenge the destruction of

Arta h ernes all f o r Sardis, p assembled his forces an attack

u . t u n t it an d upon Milet s He took the ci y after a siege, b r , reduced the inhabitants to slavery . Several other towns also submitted .

A a h rn s son o f 2 . rt e e a p , the younger the above, was a satr p f o f D I . o 490 arius , and lost the battle Marathon ( Th e n f T s o o . i Art axerxes I . and successor Xerxes hem s t n tocles took refuge at his cour duri g his ostracism . Arta t Callias xerxes treated with the Athenians , who had sen as ambassador (465—425 4 n n . 40 Artaxerxes II . The so a d successor of Darius II ( t t t n His younger bro her Cyrus , a pre ender to the hro e, revolted and asked his Spartan friends f o r troops to march against him .

B n . The two armies met at Cunaxa, not far from abylo Cyrus was defeated and killed (401 It was after this battle that the famous Retreat Of the Ten Thousan d took place . (See a n o f An talc id as Xenoph on. ) Art xerxes sig ed the treaty with n Greece (3 8 7 R C . ) which ended the Corinthian War . His reig ended in 3 59 B . C. GREEK HISTORY 1 1

f n Artemisium . o a o f A tract cou try on the north co st Eubo ea . t n i t 48 0 Here the A he an ﬂeet re reated before Xerxes in B C . f B o . ataea . As opus . A river oeotia (See Pl )

Ath ns Th e n . e . pri cipal city of Attica It was ﬁrst called u Cecropia from its fo nder Cecrops . After the fall o f royalty

n th e n a d establishme t of the archons, came the legislation o f n 594 o f 560 f Solo , ; the tyranny Peisistratus, the expulsion o 4 2—44 51 0 i 9 9 . Hippias , ; wars w th the Medes, Athens rose to the first rank amon g Greek cities under th e administration o f — — 46 1 429 . 43 1 404 Pericles , The Peloponnesian War, , ended n L a n with the submission of Athe s to the cedaemo ians, thus ceding th e supremacy to Sparta . Athens regained some influ ence du ring th e Spartan and Theban conflict (3 78 but f could not supersede Sparta . In spite o all the efforts of e h ad to D mosthenes , Athens submit to Philip of Macedon in ’ t o f 3 3 8 . Af er the death Alexander, Athens periods of pros

erit an d t an u p y adversi y were at end, and the city s bmitted to the Rom ans with the rest o f Greece in 1 46 . Athens tried to shake o ff th e Roman yoke at th e time o f the Mithradatic I n n wars . t was take and destroyed by Sulla i 8 7 R C . ' n A r m n o f A th os . o o to r , Mou t p y at the extremity the penin o f th e a Mard o niu sula Acte, where Persi n ﬂeet under s was destroyed (492 ' A n f f A ttalus . o o ge eral Philip Macedon, whose niece,

a a . H d Cleop tra, the monarch m rried e was murdered by or er of Alexander (3 3 6 ’ . h A ttica A province o f the e astern part of Greece . At ens was the capital .

B on . o f o n h a a aby l A city Asia Minor the Eup r tes , t ken fromKing N arb on adius by Cyrus the Great in 529 At f n o . B the accessio Darius I abylon tried to free itself, but D m arius conﬁrmed his power and founded the Persian E pire . B n a abylo was taken from Darius III . by Alexander the Gre t, who died there (3 23 1 2 GREEK HISTORY

o f Bactria . A province Asia Minor conquered by Alex n a der . n f t n B is . o . at Gover or Gaza, a ci y of Pales ti e He refused to u n an d t s rre der to Alexander , was defeated in the ba tle which followed (3 3 2 t o n Bém a . At ﬁrs the Ecclesia met a hill near the Ac rO po t u th e f - o to . T lis , ho ght to be same as the Pnyx Hill day his

rn spot was called the B e a .

u n u . Bés s us . Co si of Dari s III and s atrap o f B actria . He tried to become kin g o f the East after th e escape o f Darius to

n ut t n u L n b . t t Ecbata a, his a tempt was u s ccessful earni g ha

B e s sus an d h is D u n n followers had killed ari s , Alexa der ave ged th e death of his former en emy and caused B essus to be exe o uted (3 29 f i . o I t Be ét a A Greek province north Attica . was con At n 4 u 56 B C . in 44 B q ered by the he ians ( ) revolted 7 . C . ; was su bj u gated by Xerxes ; j oin ed Sparta in the Peloponn esian War ; was i n vaded by Philip o f Macedon (3 3 8 An f 401 n 3 0 6 16 . o assembly members, orga ized by Draco, u ut which took over from the Areopag s the political d ies , and h I prepared measu res to be pu t before t e Ecclesia . t may be A to th e R n n t . s c o n compared oma Se a e reformed by Solon, it t o f 400 an d t its Cle is sis ed members , af er reorganization by

m o f 500 . the es , n n B ras idas . A Sparta ge eral of the Peloponnesian War ; killed at Amphipolis in Thrace (422 His death was a h great loss to t e Spartans . n t t By zantium . Modern Co s antinople ; an impor ant Persian h e n 5 B C . t t o f T u u 6 8 . for ress hrace , fo nded abo t by Megaria s n n f I t Pau s anius in 478 B . C . o u t o was taken by , but acco his t u to n treachery the ﬂee ref sed obey him , and the comma d n B n u n passed to Aristides a d Cimon . yza ti m ack owledged ’ l n t o f Alexander s ru e . It revolted agai st A hens at the time u n t it Pericles , but was subd ed . Having agai revol ed, was cap tu red by Alcibiades (408 I t was attacked by Philip o f 3 3 9 Macedon, who was repulsed by Phocion (

1 4 GREEK HISTORY

Chios . a An island of the Aegean Sea, near the Asiatic co st, I con qu ered by Cyrus . t j oined the Peloponnesian Allian ce e a a f against Athens, but was reconquer d fter the b ttle o Ere tria (41 1 f ’ o . t Cimon . Son Miltiades He paid his fa her s ﬁne an d dis tin guish ed himself at the siege o f Byzantium with Aristeid es (478 He helped the latter form the Confederation o f n a t o f Delos , becomi g prominent in politics f er the death Aris i in n o n te d es . He was favor of keepi g Athens good terms with ’ im o n s w Sparta . C policy as to rid Greece of the Persian s ; he liberated the Greek cities o f Lycia and Pamphylia from the Persian s ; captured Eio n at th e mouth of the Strymon on T a n d w o n th e o f the hracian shore, battle the River Eury medon (46 6 His admiration for Sparta led him to obtain from th e Athenians the sendin g o f an army to help h e t in t n L t Spar ans heir troubles with Messenia a d aconia . This plan encou ntered great opposition ; the army met with u a i reverses and ret rned , leaving the Sp rtans dissatisf ed . T an d a o f th e t his gave Pericles Ephialtes , the le ders an i n w n Th t e . e w as Spartan par y, weapo s result that Cimon was ostracized (46 1 Fou r years l ater a war broke out n between the Phocians an d B oeotians . The Sparta s helped n u t t th e Boeotians . O their ret rn hey marched hrough Megara n and en coun tered the Athenians . Cimon tried to j oi the ranks u n as a private, but was ref sed ; he the adjured his partisans to Th e do their duty and prove that they were no traitors . b attle fought at Tan agra was lost by the Athenians (457 Cimon t t was pardoned and recalled . He died in an expedi ion agains

A t 449 R . r axerxes at Citium (Cyprus) , C - Th e t - at o f City S tate . primitive ci y st e Greece was made up o f u u n a n mber of comm nities , each comprisi g a group of fami nt o un t . lies , closely b d toge her These were united i o large a grou ps kn own as Phratries o r brotherhoods . Above the Phr w t o r tries ere the Tribes , and above the latter the Ci y Polis , - l th e o n which had its common altar hearth, cal ed Prytaneum , which the sacred ﬁre was kept con stantly burning . GREEK HISTORY 1 5

an o f t Clearchus . Comm der Spar an troops who helped Cyrus t in his revolt against his brother Ar axerxes . He w as massa cred on his return after the defeat of Cunaxa (401 l i h n s . Me e Cleis th enes (Cl st e e ) Son of gac s . He caused th e fall o f the tyrant Hippias at Athens (51 1 He became th e head o f the democratic party o f that city ; his rival was Isago ras wh o a o f Cleo m en es o f a t , sked aid , king Sp rta, to suppor his

and . Cleo m en es n I sa o ras party expel Cleisthenes . took Athe s , g a a a o f 3 00 and dissolved the sen te, repl ced it by body oligarchs, m o f a n l i exiled a large nu ber democr tic families, includi g C e s th en es (508 This order o f things lasted on ly a short time ; Cleisthenes was recalled and affairs reestablished as in

a . a a the p st Cleisthenes m de gre t constitutional reforms . (See m Bou é E cclesia Ostracis . l , , )

Cleitus (Clitus) . A Macedonian officer who saved Alexan ’ der s life at the battle o f the Granicus . He was killed by Alexander at a feast for being too outspoken (3 29 f o a . a o f L Cle6mbrotus . King Spart He lost the b ttle euctra a an d against the Thebans led by Ep minondas, was killed in the conﬂict (3 71

. a I sa o ras Cleémenes . King of Sparta He ided g in expelling

a . B his politic l enemy , Cleisthenes Joined by the oeotians and a leo m enes the Chalcidi ns , C invaded Attica, but he was aban d u to n o ed by his allies when his plot establish a tyra ny, with

I sa o ra at a . t g s the he d, was discovered He retrea ed to Sparta (508 He defeated the Argives who had tried to extend tu their supremacy ; overthrew his colleague Demara s, who

t t D u an d sided wi h the Aeginetans who had submi ted to ari s, L eo t ch id e replaced him by y s ; then he subjugated Aegina . $ to a an Finally he fell into disgrace , went Arc dia, and formed n - t al a ti Spar an league . The Ephors rec led him, as they feared his success . A few months after his return he was found dead (490

Cléo n. o f A coarse demagogue Athens , who rose to notoriety

u n u u to thro gh the i ﬂ ence of the populace, whom he enco raged

- cast aside principle and be guided by self interest alon e . He 1 6 GREEK HISTORY

u o f n ( acc sed Pericles peculatio , and caused an atrocious reso lutio n to be passed authorizin g the wholesale murder o f all th e Mit len aean s t to y , whose ci y had surrendered Paches, the n t n Athen ian general . Fortu a ely the resolution was o t carried o ut n Dio d o tu s n n , bei g strongly opposed by , the chiefs alo e bei g l n 2 executed . O eo was unfavorable to the peace with Sparta (4 5 B t D t t n . C . ) and toge her with emos henes defeated the Spar a s at i H e w a t 42 Pylos an d Sph ac ter a . s killed a Amphipolis ( 2 m h i t . e . Cleruc es . Allot ents of conquered terri ory ; g when the Athenian s took Calc h is in E uboea (508 they divided th e estates o f the rich families and gave them to poor citizens o f

Athen s . h n Cnidus . t o n a t e a A ci y the coast of C ria, where Sp rta t Pe isan d er n n ﬂee , commanded by , was defeated by the Athe ia s and allies led by Con on and assisted by the satrap Ph arn abazus

(3 94 B . C . ) during the Corinthian War . n C6non . An Athenian ge eral . He was blockaded in Mytilene i i h T all c rat d as t e . t by C , Spartan commander his precipita ed

t Ar inu sae n the bat le of g , which the Athenians won, and Cono was released (406 After his defeat by Lysander a t t t an d t Aegospo ami , he ﬂed wi h eight vessels took service wi h f 4 I n E n a o ras n o 05 3 94 B C . g , ki g Salamis, in Cyprus ( he w o n th e battle o f C n idus against the Spartans led by

P eisan d e r . n t On this occasio , Conon had been entrusted wi h o f Ph arn aba z u s t o f part the fleet by , sa rap Persia, who com f n m an de d . n o fifty vessels himself Co on , by the. aid Phar a ’ u t th e o f th e baz s seamen and money, rebuil fortifications

r u a n d L 3 9 1 Pi ae s , the ong Walls ( Through Spartan nt u n t t 3 90 i rig e in Persia, Cono was hrown in o prison ( An ff f f Co c a . o o o r yr island the coast Epirus , with a town

. n to the same name The Corcyraea s , desiring free themselves nt n war t th e tt n from the yoke of Cori h, we t to wi h la er u der

4 B . h n u Cypselus an d Periander . In 3 5 C t e town o f E pidam s D o n n wt (or yrrachium) the Illyrian shore, bei g troubled i h a th e n E id am civil war, asked aid of Corcyraea s , who refused ; p nu s n a the sent ambass dors to Corinth and obtained assistance . GREE K HISTORY 17

n r This brought Corinth and Corcyra i to active war . The Co

aea ns t t n t at t u an d E idam nu s cy r defea ed heir oppo en s Ac i m, p Th e t n t su rre ndered . Corin hia s aroused heir allies, and the

n n d th e n o f t n Corcyraea s asked a obtained allia ce A he s . A

u d b ut t o f ﬂeet was f rnishe , took no active par in the battle

h n t . 42 T b o ta t e 7 B C . y , where Corcyraea s were defea ed In strife broke o u t in Corcyra between th e party favoring peace with Corinth and the o n e which advocated a continuance of

T u . hostilities . hese civil tro bles were often renewed In

t to . 3 73 B . C . Sparta ried in vain take Corcyra f f n in h . o o o an d Cor t A city Greece north Argolis, the gulf T isthmus o f the same name . here was held the congress of the Greek provinces (with the exception o f Argos and Thebes) n for mutu al action agai st the invasion o f Xerxes . Corinth 1 became an ally o f Sparta in order to bring about th e Pelo po n t n u tu t n esian War . Af er ma y ﬂ c a ions of war and peace with t t t n u tt to f Spar a and A hens , Corin h ﬁ ally s bmi ed Philip o

f . R n Macedon after the battle o Chaeronea In 3 3 8 e . a co gress

at t n o f ut o f met Corin h u der the presidency Philip, the o come which was the formation of Greece into a great federal state n un der Macedo ian rule . T Corinth ian W ar . his war was brought about by the em issa o f in to u ries Artaxerxes , who, order vanq ish the Spartans formed a coalition o f th e chief states o f Greece again st L ace f Cnidus . t o Antalc idas demon (see ) It ended wi h the Peace ,

3 8 1 B C .

Coronéa . a L Co ais B A city ne r ake p in oeotia, where the Athen ian s un der To lm id es were defeated by the Boeotians (447 Here also the Spartan s u n der Age silau s defeated the Theban s an d their allies (3 94 f n n Crimisus . A: v o t . ri er sou her Sicily Timoleon , the Cori n n th e n t nn D o n i thia , after freei g Syracusa s from the yra y of y

siu s th e o n in 3 40 B C . , defeated Carthaginians its borders

Critias . o f an d o n e o f th e t t A pupil Socrates , hirty yrants f n T o . Athens He died in the civil co ﬂict against hrasybulus,

4 B . in 03 C (See Th irty Ty rants . ) 1 8 GREEK HISTORY

n f L h Crcfesus . o t e an d A ki g ydia, defeated by Cyrus Great, m th e o f 54 R 6 . ade prisoner at siege Sardis, C It is said that he was bu rnt at the stake . f Cry pteia . A sort o detective force having special charge o f h t e Helots . t n t n f Cunaxa . A ci y o the lef b a k o the Euphrates near Baby lo n t in 401 B C , where Artaxerxes defea ed and killed Cyrus . Th e f h Cy é xares . founder of the Empire o t e Medes after th e fall o f Nineveh . n f C o . o yl n He co spired to become tyrant Athens , and seized h ut t e b t . Acropolis, was defea ed and escaped His followers were put to death by order o f the Archon Me gacles (6 1 2 t Cyps elus . F a her of Periander and tyrant o f Corinth (655 6 25

C s . a ypru A l rge island in the Mediterranean Sea, between I t n h e . t Asia Minor and Syria ﬁrst belo ged to Phoenicians , n th e t t the to Egyp ians , and was af erwards conquered by Cam t t th e by s es . The inhabi an s j oined Ionian rebellion led by

Ari r t stago a s . They were libera ed from the Persian yoke by the u n ited Peloponnesian ﬂeet led by Pausanias (about 477 cyrus th e Great (549—529 Kin g o f Elam (north o f the Persian Gulf) ; he subdued Media and m ade Susa the capital i n f L o f n . o his ki gdom He then vanqu shed Croesus , ki g ydia, an d u th e 546 , it is said, had him b rnt at stake ( He took B n t Babylon in 53 8 C . He died duri g an expedi ion which he n t n Mas sa etae u der ook agai st the g , a tribe which dwelt in

u . south Siberia . His s o n Cambyses s cceeded him

C s th e u o f t . H t yru ( yo nger) , brother Ar axerxes II e revol ed n t o n B n agai st him , procured Spar an aid , and marched abylo .

un t At C axa he met Artaxerxes , by whom he was defea ed and slain (401 This disaster was followed by the Retreat o f th e T en T u ni ho sand, led by Xenophon, the Athe an historian and gen eral . o f a o n th e o f Cyzicus . A town Mysi Propontis (Sea Mar w and th e n mora) , here Alcibiades Athenia s won a great vic to ry over Mind arus an d th e Peloponnesian army (41 0 GREEK HISTORY 1 9

D m l f o f a o s . t o c e A cour ier Dionysius Syracuse, known through the famous story o f th e sword . 2 —4 f H n 5 1 o n o e . Darius I . Ki g of Persia ( 8 6 s y stasp s He possessed himself o f th e Persian thron e after the d eatlf of

h is n t n t an d Cambyses , divided kingdom i o twe ty sa rapies , ex

n n n t n u n h is n t n te ded its bou d aries to I dia . He he t r ed atte io to n th e n o f the west, gai ed possession of isla d Samos , crossed B u an d u m n t n the ospor s, cond cted a ca paign agai s the Scythia s ,

n h receivi g homage from th e Greek town s o f t e coast . He took nt Histiaeu s n t o f tu an d i o his friendship , tyra Mile s, compelled

t u n e z u a . M ab a s t him to reside S sa His ge eral , g , comple ed the

n t o f T n u u n f a d o . co ques hrace, sec red the s bmissio Macedonia

Arista o ra s u u D u a n g , r ler at Miletus, pers aded ari s to form ’ t n n D u expedi io agai st N axos . (See Art aph ernes . ) ari s great to t t n n n w but aim was des roy A he s and Athe ia po er, he died when about to en ter o n a third expedition again st Greece 4 n ( 8 7 leavi g his so n Xerxes as his su ccessor . I f n f r s I . o 4 Da i t I . o 25 u Son Ar axerxes , ki g Persia ( 404

L t n o f — Darius III . as ki g Persia (3 3 6 3 3 0 overthrown th e t B e u by Alexander Grea ; murdered by s s s . (See Alex ander. ) th e Datis . A Mede . He commanded Persian army with

Arta h ern e s an d t at t n . p , was defea ed Mara ho

n n o f en Decarch ies . Oligarchic gover me ts t person s imposed

n h n by Sparta upo t e cities freed from Athe s . h Deceléan W ar . t e n n The third period of Pelopon esia War, so th e n D ec elea t n o f tt called from tow , a s ro ghold A ica, which th e Spartans took durin g this part of their stru ggle with

n Athe s .

o n th e B t n o u n Delium . A city oeo ia shore close t the bo dary n I t an d t h o f Boeotia a d Attica . was seized for iﬁed by t e

t n n t u t th e o f A he ia s , led by Hippocra es , who ilized walls a th u t n f h e n Th e temple o f Apollo in e constr c io o t fortiﬁcatio s . 20 GREEK HISTORY

B to n th e h oeotians resorted to arms ave ge this sacrilege, At e n ians t an d n 424 were defea ed, their ge eral was killed ( h Dé o s Co f d a c of . T e t n n I n n n l , n e er y A he ia s , o ia s , Aeolia s , an d n f ff n an d n a n Chalcidia s ormed an o e sive defe sive llia ce, n h n especially agai st t e Persia s . The funds were kept at Ari eid es o n e o f Delos . st was the promoters o f this con fed A Aris t i s . t e rac y . (See e de ) f er the battle o f th e E u rymedon an d t t o f th e n n n o her vic ories Cimon , Persia domi io in Greece

an d its was over, , object being accomplished, the Confederacy D n of elos seemed to have no reaso for existing . N axos w a s

th e w th . t n t n ﬁrst to i draw A he s objec ed to the secessio , t n d tu T o a t . bl ckaded the por , cap red the ﬂee hasos revolted

‘ t an d at t b ut w a s su bd ued b nex , was ﬁrst vic orious , ﬁnally y Cim on (463 Afterwards the funds were kept in the f Acropolis o Athens .

t o f De h i t . t lp (modern Cas ri) A ci y Phocis , on the sou h t O f un n u th e t o f u wes ern slope Mo t Par ass s , sea the famo s f h n temple o Apollo . T e Delphia oracle played an important t n ff part in the poli ical a d social a airs o f th e Greeks .

n o f t le o m en e — Demaratus . Ki g Sparta wi h C s (51 0 491 Th e tw o n n t nt at n an d th e u n sc ru u ki gs were co s a ly varia ce, p lou s Cleo m en es ﬁnally secured th e deposition o f his rival by h t t t e t u I . b n . o bri i g the oracle Demara us ﬂed cour of Dari s , an d t to t o f la er tha Xerxes , in whose host he was present with the Persian s at Thermopylae (48 0

t n . n 1 D m s th n s . t a . e é e e An A he ian general He conduc ed un s uccessful campaign a gain st th e Aetolian s in order to force

n n t t n n b ut t u them to e ter i o the A he ia alliance , was vic orio s in

Ac a rn an ia at Am b rac ia h e th e nn , where defeated Pelopo esian troops (426 He un dertook an expedition in Sicily with D n t u u n u . E rymedo , his colleag e uri g a storm they ook ref ge

u n at Pylos (Messen ia) a n d fortiﬁed themselves . E rymedo started f o r Sicily an d left Demosthen es in possession o f Pylos .

Th e t n t n B ra sida s Spar a ﬂee , comma ded by , failed to dislodge th e t n n a nd th e t n t S h ac te ria an n A he ia s , Spar a s a tacked p , isla d south o f Pylos ; b ut E urymedon came back w ith reen force

22 GREE K HISTORY

D f ré ana . o n t o as p A city the western coas Sicily, which ,

L il baeum u well as y , was unsuccessfully besieged by Dionysi s, f tyrant o Syracuse .

n . Ecbata a See Alexander th e Great . f n Ecc es ia . o t t l A body Athe ian ci izens , convoked for poli i cal pu rposes at regular i n tervals not less than ten times a u n T year ; they co ld also be called in extra sessio s . his assem f o an d n . bly decided questions war, peace, allia ces t o n th t n f . o B Egesta A ci y e wes er coast Sicily . ecomin g

n in ut t th e n t o f S elinu s i volved disp e wi h neighbori g ci y , which

E e staean s a th e o f was aided by the Syracusans, the g sked aid

t an d t n n n Athen s . After long hesita ion prepara io the Athe ia s

u A i ia s i t . c de N cia s S ici ia complied wi h the req est (See l b , , l n

t u t o f n n e War . ) After the des r c ion the Athe ia ﬂeet befor E estae an s m th e Ca rth a in i Syracuse, the g i plored aid from g n n a o f H t ans , who, led by Ha ibal, grandson amilcar, s ormed an d took S elinu s (409

Cim on . Eic h . See Th e sinia . o f th e n o r o f Eleu festival Eleusi ia, celebration

u t v o f th e the Eleusinian Mysteries , the highest religio s fes i al t u in tt I t Greeks , was observed every ﬁf h y ear at Ele sis A ica .

t th e t t u n was claimed tha Alcibiades profaned mys eries , h s bri g

- th e n n ing ill luck on Athenians duri g the Pelopo nesian War .

m arch . Ené ot A sergeant in the Spartan army , in command

- n o f twen ty ﬁ v e m e .

’

mincmdas . n o f Pelo Epa A Theban general , the bosom frie d p o f n idas . He was poor, a thoughtful dispositio , always ready t - t to u h im to do his du y , never allowing self in erest g ide in his t n actions . Thebes and Spar a bei g involved in war over a dis t Cleo mb ro tus th e t n pute as to a trea y, and Spar ans i vaded t t t at L u 3 71 Boeotia, and the ﬁrs ba tle ook place e ctra ( n u n Epaminondas and the Theba s were victorio s . The ews n n spread all over Greece . Epami o das invaded the Pelo po n

e u u L n n s s, attacked the Achaians, and advanced thro gh aco ia G REEK HISTORY 23

t o f A e silau o a s u t . the g tes Sparta, against g , but without res l n o n He founded Messe e the slope of Mount Ithome, entered T an d o f hessaly, marched against Alexander Pherae to release

Pelo idas p , who had been imprisoned while passing through ’ n n t Alexander s territory o a mission . In a o her invasion of the Peloponnesus (3 62 Sparta was saved by the treachery o f n A e silau s E am i a Theban deserter who warned Ki g g , p n o n d as won the battle of Mantinea again st the Spartan s an d n n n bu t o n t 3 6 2 Ma ti ea s, died the ba tleﬁeld ( ' E h es s . A o f an n n o n p u city Asia Minor, Io ian colo y the h f t e t n n u o . T coast of Medi erra ea , so theast Smyrna here was

t m o f t u n H e ro stratu the beau iful te ple Artemis , par ly b r t by s ’ f n B . . n t (3 56 C ) o the night o Alexa der s birth . It was par ly t u an d th e t rebuil , was pl ndered by Nero by Go hs, and was n n ﬁ ally razed by the order o f Constanti e the Great . h i Th f t T E t s . e t o p al e be rayer the Spar ans at hermopylae . ' Th f c o f . e E ph ors . Five magistrates Sparta of i e was created

n h e n n r u t w duri g t Messe ia Wa . They had exec ive po er over n an d n t the ki g se a e, and replaced the monarch when he was at war . i Corc ra Ep damnus . See y .

N n n m . Epony us ame give to the ﬁrst Archo . t n t s a E recthéum . The temple at A he s which con ained the cred wooden image o f Athen e an d the livin g s n ake which sym b o liz ed the presence o f the goddess .

r i t o n th e o f u Th e n E etr a . A ci y coast E boea . Eretria s j oin ed the rebellion o f Aristago ra s an d in cu rred the en mity o f u n it n d th e an d t t . a Darius, who besieged ook the ci y He b r t , in habitan ts were made slaves (490 I t was there (41 1 B . C . ) that the Spartan ﬂeet led by Age san d ridas defeated the Athen

n t . ia s, who hus lost Euboea

E b n o n B an d t . u é a . A large isla d the coast of oeotia At ica It revolted from Athen s (446 b ut was s ubdued by Pericles . Durin g the Pelopon n esian War th e allied ﬂeet made a descent upon Euboea an d destroyed an Athen ian squadron . All the t t an d n t n 41 1 Euboean ci ies revol ed, Athe s los the isla d ( 24 GREEK HISTORY

Th e n f E atrids . o t n up obles A he s .

E ri ides . t t b u p A celebra ed Greek ragic poet, orn at Salamis , 4 4 0 B . C . 06 B 8 ; died C .

v f Eur6t as . o L n A ri er aco ia which ran through Sparta .

Eury biades . Comman der o f th e con federate ﬂeet at Euboea

at . and Salamis (See Th emistoc les . )

1 . E ur edo . v r ym n A ri er of Pamphylia, whe e Cimon an d th e Athen ian s won a n av al and lan d battle again st th e Persian s (466

2 . . E urymed on An Athenian general who led with S O ph o cles an expedition to Sicily while Demosthenes held Pylos (425 return ed and helped Demosthe nes w in the battle o f

r n n Sph ac te ia . He was co dem ed to pay a ﬁ n e f o r his u n suc c es sf ul in w as campaign Sicily , and killed at Syracuse in

4 1 3 (See 1 . Demosth enes . )

A H d ed . at t Five un r A council hens established by Cleisthenes .

(See B oulé . ) h h Four Hundred . After t e failure of t e expedition led by De m o sth en e s n t c t a t and Nicias agai s Syra use , civil rouble began At n 41 3 I t he s ( was caused by Alcibiades, who desired o A n an d t w n t retu rn to the s ob ain political po er . He se t dele

at to and t n th e o f T is sa h e rn es g es Samos A he s , promising aid p , an d un to t th e n th e f ds ﬁgh Peloponnesia allies , provided n t democrac y w as overthrow and oligarchy established . Wi h su c h O w o n th e and t th e u n at ffers he army , al hough prisi g

w u a t At n P eis an d e r u in as , Samos ~ s ppressed he s s cceeded ta n th e n n t o f th e u es blishi g gover me Fo r Hundred, and Alci i T t t t b ad e s w as recalled . heir adminis ra ion was regarded wi h su spicion by th e Athen ian s an d their downfall w as p rec ipi tate d by th e loss o f E uboea . A u n o H d ed and O . c F ur un r ne co ncil orga ized by Dra o, chosen I n . by lo t from amon g th e citize s t was reorganized by Solon .

(See Areopagus and Boulé . ) GREE K HISTORY 25

2 in B . . n h Gauls . a 79 C t e The Gauls inv ded Greece , crossi g Balkans and forcing the pas s o f Thermopylae ; they attempted to th e t O D b u t u an d pillage emple f elphi , were uns ccessful , were shortly after dr iven from th e penins ula .

i n B tI Gé z a. t o f a S to A ci y Palest ne whose gover or, , refused

B atis . do homage to Alexander . (See ) h a 484 B C . t t e Gelo . Tyrant of Syr cuse in He defea ed Car th aginian s near Himera (490 One o f th e con dition s o f th e peac e was that the Carthagi n ian s should aban don hu man an t a n d At sac riﬁces . Gelo received embassy from Spar a hens to obtain troops from him in order to repulse th e in va sion o f ’ Th e u t . as Xerxes envoys were not successf l , Gelo s condi ions could not be accepted .

r nt s . Ge o e Members of the Gerousia. f Ge ous ia . t o f t o t r The sena e Spar a, composed hirty elders,

o n e n L . n for each tribe, orga ized by ycurgus The ki gs were — ex o fﬁ cio members ; th e others were elected for life and aided th e ki ng in public a ﬁ airs .

Th e o ld h f h e l Gé rdium . ta t e o t capi l of Phrygia, scene we l n n t n n t n w a s i k ow s ory of the Gordia K o , where Alexa der j o ned

n o f h is o n m arc h by Parme io, leading the main body army through Asia Minor .

Granicus . ten n A river miles inland from the Propontis, ear

t D u . 3 3 4 Teleia, where Alexander defea ed ari s III ( f ' t h l h e Gy lippus . A Corin hian commander who e pe d t l Syra c usa ns n t t c a tur ed th e tw o agai s the A henians , defeated them , p f n a and and h ad t t comma ders , Nici s Demosthenes, hem execu ed (41 3

Hali B d in eirtus . A town of oeotia estroyed by Xerxes 4 h i in 80 B C . The Spartan general Lysander lost s life here a battle against the Theban s and their allies (3 95 as Kin g

Pausanias failed to bring reenf orcements . 26 GREEK HISTORY

i s . a t n n Harm6d u At his de th , Peisistratus lef the gover me t o f Athe n s to h is son s Hippias an d Hipparchu s (527 who n ruled peacefully and harmo iously . Hipparchus became in o f volved in an affair honor concerning a noble family . Har modius conceived the plan o f murderin g the two brothers an d organ ized a con spiracy with his frien d Aristo geito n and others ; th e t n d n t n n ime chose was uri g the fes ival of the Pa athe aea . an H u Owing to error, ipparch s was killed before Hippias had

f H rm diu t Ari i . a o sto e to n arrived The o ﬁcers slew s instan ly . g n was tortured and put to death . Hippias began a tyra nical n t governme t, making away with all hose who showed discon

n t n t te t . This led to an uprising, and af er a lo g resis ance u h n . n t e C t a d Hippias was defeated He s rre dered, left i y,

i um 51 1 B retired to S ge ( In 506 C . we ﬁnd him at Sparta ’ ready to accept the Spartans help to restore his ty ranny at to Athens ; but the scheme failed, and Hippias went back i um t S ge . Ano her attempt was made ; this time Hippias u o f counted upon Dari s , king Persia, to help him recover his B u w t . t as lost government Darius defeated at Mara hon , and H a ippias, who had led him gainst the Athenians, gave up all hopes o f eve r reestablishing his tyranny . li f ix H a . o e é A judicial body composed s thousand citizens, six hundred from each tribe . One thousand were held in

’ n d zca steries reserve, and the remainder divided i to ten of ﬁve t hundred each . The dicasteries tried all cases between ci izens, and transacted a large part o f the law business o f the Empire .

Their decision w as ﬁnal .

a . Hellespont . A str it wh ich separates Europe from Asia Xerxes crossed it at the time o f his invasion o f Greece (480

l a . Hé ots . The n me given to the peoples conquered by Sparta a i n a They were m de serfs, the r land was co ﬁsc ted and given to w the Spartans . They could be put to death ithout trial , and t h ad no politic al rights . Their masters formed them in o regi d f o r ten o f . ments in time war They revolted, and struggle

455 R . years at Mount Ithome, but were ﬁnally subdued in C GREEK HISTORY

They were allowed to go on con dition that they were n ever to Th t retu rn to the Peloponnesu s . e Athenians gave hem the town o f Naupaetus o n the Aetolian coast as an outpost for ul o f Athens o n the G f Corinth .

A i ia s . Hérm ae . See lc b de

Hermécrates . A Syracusan commander during the Sicilian

War . Herédotus 484—425 n n at ( A celebrated historia , bor in Halicarnassus, Asia Minor . t Hes io d . A didactic Greek poet who lived in Boeotia abou n n tu the ni th ce ry B C . His work entitled Wo rks a nd D a ys served as a model to Vergil in the composition o f h is G eorgics.

o f . l . Himera . A city Sicily (See Ge o )

h . Hipparc us See Harmodius .

i . H Hipp as See armodius . An Hi é crates . n a a at th e e pp Athe ian gener l , comm nder sieg o f Delium . f His i s . a o u t aeu Tyr nt Miletus . He saved Dari s and his army from destruction at t h e D anube bridge durin g this ’ n Hi i mo arch s campaign against the Scythians . st aeu s per u ed I n s ad the o ians not to destroy the bridge . He was badly D u t rewarded, as arius , s specting his loyalty, ook him to Susa u n der th e pretext o f no t wishin g to be separated from such a f rien df f Hémer . a o tw o lia d The reputed uthor Greek poems, the I and O d sse the y y .

' i I l ad . See Homer. Th e l a I énians . Ionians estab ished colonies in Asi Minor h T and Sided with Darius at the passage o f t e Danube . his was don e at th e in stigation of Histiaeus (51 3 I n cited Ari ta o ras t t t by s g , hey revol ed agains Persia and were subdued Th e Arta h ern es r eestab after the siege of Miletus . satrap p E 4 B . C . n n O l h . 79 is ed . Lade order (See ) In , the Io ia s shook at M l the Persian yoke after the victory o f the Greeks y c a e . 28 GREEK HISTORY

I ia n x nd . See Darius a d Ale ander . ’

A x n r . I ndus . See le a de An A n n I ph icrates . the ian ge eral during the Corinthian War again st Sparta (3 91 He relieved Corcyra in a siege by — th e Spartan s (3 73 3 72 Th e Ecclesia gave him th e com man d of the ﬂeet after the alliance between Athen s an d Sparta again st Thebes (3 70 He fell into disgrace during th e Social War (3 55 l r . I s ago as See C eom enes . ’

I s s . t n Pin aru s r su A ow near the River , where Alexande D u 3 3 3 defeated ari s III . ( Th e n I h Mo nt . t t o f n t . ome, u s ro ges citadel the Messenia s Here Aristodemu s fou ght again st th e Spartans (6 6 8 I n h n 4 4 B C . t e t t t n 6 . t o t , revol ed Helo s e renched hemselves I home, a n d th e t n in n held Spar a s check for te years . On its slope in n d u 3 0 B . Epami on as fo nded Messene 7 C .

o f T h a son . . H J , of Pherae Ruler hessaly e promised to elp

th e T n a t L u b u t to s o . heba s e ctra, failed do He declared his in ten tion o f goi n g to Delphi to Offer sacriﬁces f o r the un ity o f T b ut d t n to t t a n m hessaly , as he had e ermi ed go here wi h ar y n m th e states o f ce tral G reece were much alar ed . He was mu rdered before accomplishin g his plan (3 70

n f o r th e a h Lacedaiemon . The ancie t name pl in in whic Sparta Th e m n th e was situ ated . name is someti es used to desig ate

o f L n whole aco ia . n n f Lacé nia . ut t o A provi ce of so hern Greece, the pri cipal ci y

D n th e nn its which was Sparta . uri g Pelopo esian War shores h n th e t o f n were ravaged by t e Athenia s . At ime the asee

n o f T n n L n 3 62 de ey hebes, Epami o das invaded aco ia ( An n t tu I n c o n Lade . isla d opposi e Mile s ( o ia) where the

L n - n Dio n e federate esbia s , Samia s , and Chians , led by a certain y

3 0 GREEK HISTORY

h etra o r o f is t u T R code of laws Sparta a trib ted to him . his legislation aimed at makin g L acedaemon a military country n Th e always o n war footi g . lands had been divided in equal t par s , the owners were forbidden to increase or diminish their

t th e an d n n real es ate, gold silver coi s were replaced by iro n u coi s , the meals , which were very fr gal , were eaten in com t m en at prescribed hours . Mili ary and athletic exercises were

u . n comp lsory The government was entrusted to two ki gs, who u n presided in the Senate, performed the religio s ceremo ies ,

Th n d . e ma e laws , and commanded the armies Se ate had

n - it twe ty eight members ; chose the ofﬁcials, regulated taxes, and passed or rejected the law s . h L dia . t e t y A district in wes ern part of Asia Minor, gov w u erned by Croesus . It as s bjugated by Cyrus .

n . n Lys ander . A Spartan ge eral He secured the ﬁ ancial t o f th e t n help of Cyrus , bro her Artaxerxes , defeated A henia s at N o tium (407 an d won th e battle o f Aegospotami against n 405 t L n Cono ( He took A hens , and destroyed the o g h is w n Walls ; po er excited uneasi ess at Sparta, and he was n f kept without public employme t o r a time . He was killed at Haliartu s (3 85 ’ f n ne o a . Ly s imachus . O Alex der s best generals After the ’ con queror s death he was given Thrace for his share of terri tory ; added Bithyn ia to his possessions ; un dertook a cam paign against Seleucus an d was killed at Ce pedion (282

f I o . t Macedénia . A kingdom north ancient Greece sub m itted to Darius about 51 3 R e . It became very important un der the government of Philip II . f t o . Magnes ia . A ci y Asia Minor Its government was en trusted to Themistocles while he was at the court o f

Artaxerxes . I G i . so a Magna ré c a Southern taly and Sicily, c lled from T the n umerous Greek settlements . hey were nearly all c on

quered by Dion ysius . GREEK HISTORY 3 1

f in a . o . 41 t 8 B . . Man e C . A town Arcadia In , Agis II , king o f w o n t t Sparta, practically a ba tle at his place against the

A . Athenians and their allies . (See gis II ) Here E pamin o n T w o n t t das, leading the hebans, a grea vic ory over the Spartans b ut 3 62 and Mantineans, lost his life ( o f Marath on. A village Attica near Mount Pentelicus and

4 B . . o n th e o f a . 90 C bay the same n me In , Miltiades and Cal lim ach u s n , leading the Athenians, and aided by the Plataea s,

Ar h rn D . ta e e n defeated the army of arius I led by p s the you ger . f n A o . n Mard6nius . general Xerxes He was se t agai st 2 49 B . C . Athens in , but his ﬂeet was destroyed by a storm o f 4 0 o ff Mount Athos . After the battle Salamis ( 8 ) he was o f left with men to complete the conquest Greece .

H th e » G reek s an d Aristeid es e met , commanded by Pausanias , B a w as a an d w at Plataea in oeoti , where his army defe ted he as killed (479 f Ma s l s . o a u é u King Caria, whose tomb, the famous M uso

u o f o n e o f o f le m Halicarnassus, was the Seven Wonders the World (3 52 f M s . o a to ede A body Ary n tribes related the Persians .

T C axare s w as u heir empire, founded by y , conquered by Cyr s, Th king of Elam . e Persian Empire so founded was generally called Median by the Greeks . o f Megabé zus . A general Darius whom the latter left in n h ' charge of part o f the troops after crossi g t e Danub e .

Me alé olis . t . g p An important ci y of Arcadia, founded by Epaminondas (3 70 His obj ect was to have a stronghold against Sparta . Th e o f M a a . eg r capital Megaris, between Athens and Cor h I t a n int . was invaded in war with Athens for the possessio of Salamis (see My ronides) ; Sparta arbitrated in favor o f

S o on . Athens (see l ) Megara was lost to Athens under Pericles, n a nd joined the Spartans . Megaria s were excluded from all

Attic ports and markets . a a o f u o f Co r Megaris . A small Greci n st te east the Isthm s M rdo nius o f I t w as a . inth . invaded by , the general Xerxes 3 2 GREEK HISTORY

Mé os o f n a l . One the Cyclades isla ds , ravaged by Nici s and

n u n n t th e the Athenia s d ring the Pelopo esian War . Af er peace o f Nicias the islan d was again attacked an d fell a victim to th e

O f th e n 41 6 t th e o f n greed Athenia s ( Af er fall Athe s , the Melian s were restored to th e Old homes (404 Th e n n Mes s éne . t t u Messe ia s , who, for a long ime, had s r g

L n gled to free themselves from the aconian yoke, were fi ally enabled to obtai n their liberty through th e aid o f E pam in o n u t an d o n o f das , who b ilt the ci y citadel of Messene the slopes 3 00 a n w as at t t Mount Ithome ; after ye rs, Messe ia las separa ed from Sparta (3 70 w f L n s nia a s . as o Mes e n W r Messenia a region west aco ia . n f n n Th o etc . e Its populatio was composed Doria s , Achaia s , 4 2 B Th e t n first war lasted from 7 3 to 7 3 C . Spar a s crossed nt Ta etu s t o f Am h ea an d Mou yg , seized the for ress p , ravaged Th e n a t the country . Messe ians assembled all their forces n t t n b ut in t o f th e Mou Ithome, the s ro gest citadel , spi e sac h h rifi c e o f Aristodemus (s ee Aris todemus) t e citadel fell . T e i Th n i . e Messenians became Perioeci . (See Per oec ) seco d war was caused by a revolt o f th e Messenian s un der Aristo m en es a gain st th e Spartans (ab out 6 60 They had for allies the Arcadian s led by Aristocrates an d the Argives under Ph eid o n h n A t n . P eid o . ristocra es aba doned his allies was

in an d u n killed battle , altho gh the Spartans sustai ed a few

n Aristo m en es defeats, they ﬁ ally overpowered , who escaped n t to Rhodes , where he died . The Messenia s were made Helo s

n . th e i (645 Th e third war in 464 B C . is k own as upris ng

H s . o f the Helots . (See elot )

e . Midéa . See Tearl s s B attle

i . f M letus An ancient city o Asia Minor, the most cele I t tu t o n t b rated of the Ionian colon ies . was si a ed the wes At th e h rnes Arist a o ras . o f . Art a e ern coast Caria (See p , g ) n t n i stiga ion of Alcibiades, Miletus revolted agai st Athens (41 2 l o f a Mi tiad s . l e An Athenian genera , who won the battle Mar t n Arta h ern e s th e n o f D o f ho against p you ger, satrap arius Per GREEK HISTORY 3 3 sia (490 Miltiades preven ted th e return o f th e tyrant n m Hippias , as he discovered the sig als made by his acco plices in n Th e n t t u t . e A he s ex year, wishing to avenge a priva e gr dg o nth e n o f t bu isla d Paros , Mil iades obtained a large ﬂeet, t d th e n . a d was defeated He was disgrace , tried before Heliaea,

th e o f n fin ed 50 talents . He died from effects a accidental n 4 n n n wou d ( 8 9 His so Cimo paid his fi e . Th t n f th n Mindarus . e o e Spar an ge eral Pelopon esian fleet, in 4 t at th e t n n 1 1 B . C . an d at C z i defea ed Abydos by A he ia s , y cus by the Athe n ian s un der Alcibiades in 41 0 B C .

M cale . n u y A promo tory not far from Milet s , where the Spar n L eo t c h id e s an d t n n Xanth i u s tan ki g, y , the A he ian ge eral , pp , defeated the army a n d navy o f Xerxes (479

n . u t u My ré nides . An Athenia general He fo gh two s ccess f ul tt n t th e n 458 ba les at Megara, agai s Cori thians ( and con qu ered B oeotia (456 h n n f L I T e o . t My tilene . a cie t capital esbos was conquered

th e n u u a t th e by Persia s nder Cyrus , and revolted against Dari s

f I n Arista ras . I t time o th e o ian insurrection . (See go ) was com elle d u n S an d n p to f r ish hips to Darius Xerxes agai st Greece . A t t an d M c ale L n an d f er Pla aea y , esbos was agai free became an t n but n n t u n ally of A he s, ﬁ di g i self oppressed, t r ed to the

t n u at th e n n o f n n b ut Spar a ca se ope i g the Pelopo nesia War , n u n t t n was soon co q ered agai , and the capi al , My ile e, razed

h t o f C . t e t n . eo n to the grou d (See l ) After bat le Aegospo ami, L tu n esbos re r ed to Sparta, and ﬁnally fell under the dominion o f Alexander .

I n e o f . t Naxo s . O the Cyclades attempted to secede from D n n o f D but t n n the elia league (Co federacy elos) , the A he ia s un h ab ria s N axian s der C defeated the , who paid an increased tribu te (466 An N r h s . a eé c u dmiral of Alexander the Great, was charged t th e o f wi h exploration the Persian Gulf, as Alexander wished B to Open a s ea rou te between India and abylon . 3 4 GREEK HISTORY

Th e o f Nicias . political enemy Cleon at Athens . He con u n n cl ded the peace which bears his ame, thus endi g the ﬁrst n Peloponnesian War . He was se t with Demosthen es again st G li us at a was t ut t y pp Syr cuse, and defea ed and p to dea h

(41 3 B . C .

m . Nétiu . in 407 Opposite Ephesus in Asia Minor There,

' n t th e t n B . C . , A iochus, A he ian admiral , whom Alcibiades had

n t t th e t t e trus ed wi h ﬂee , was comple ely defeated and slain th e a L a by Sp rtans under y s nder .

H m . Ody s s ey . See o er t Olympia . A ci y of Peloponnesus o n th e banks o f the th e t th e n Alpheus , where Greeks celebra ed games in ho or of th e t n n u t . Olympia Ze s , na io al dei y

t o f e h O m ias . t e t ly p Mo her Alexand r Grea , whom Philip

u to t th e o f e rep diated in order marry Cleopa ra, niece his g n

t . eral , A talus f O m s . t t n o tu t in ly pu The highes moun ai Greece, si a ed

Thessaly . n n o f Olynth ian Conf ederacy . This was a u io Macedon ian

n d n t n in . t n u a n d a Grecia ow s Chalcidice Two ci ies , Aca th s A n n an d t o f t t pollo ia, refused to j oi , advised Spar a the s a e of

Th e t n d t t to th e n thin gs . Spar a s ispa ched a ﬂee Chalcidia

a n d th e u n 3 79 Artab a zu s shore, leag e was broke up ( ,

n o f t t u th e n t o f ge eral Xerxes , des royed Olyn h s , pri cipal ci y t t n u it t o ff its n to P e r ha regio , beca se had cas allegia ce the

n o f n n t nt sia s . Philip Macedo co quered it wi h the e ire Chal eidian Con federacy (3 48 L f n h . r s o . O noma c u eader the Phocia s (See S acred W ar . ) He fou ght against Philip of Macedon a n d was defeated an d killed at Pagasa e o n th e Magnesian Penin sula (3 52 i i I I D s s . O rtygia . See ony u ' o f n Os tracis m . A form banishme t established by Cleis t th e th e ne s . If any poli ical crisis arose, people were assem GREEK HISTORY 3 5 bled an d could declare by their vote that the presence o f a ny n u to th e I f in dividu al in Athe s was prej dicial state . 6 000 t o n e i i votes were cas against any , he went nto ex le for ten year s .

f al o n f s . o a o . Pé ga a A town Thess y , the co st Magnesia

(See O nom arch us . )

im . Pamph ylia . See C on A n nnu n f t n . o I n Panat h ené a a al festival in ho or A he a . a n t t tu it more sple did form , es ablished by Peisis ra s , was cele b ra ted u t a n d l th e t n t n every fo r h year, ca led Grea Pa a he aea, while th e older festival was still kept up under th e n am e o f

L ess Pan athen aea . t l arme io . n P n A favori e general of A exander, who disti

I n n guish ed himself at ssus a d at Arbela . His s o Philotas

m an o f ut n t n an d n u to was a o spoke disposi io , became ob oxio s f n n n u o t . Alexander, who acc sed him co spiri g agai s him He

t tu an d t u nn n t n u t c o n was or red, ho gh i oce co fessed his g il as

ir r w a s ato s . T p , implicating his father, who also blameless hey were both executed . in Parnas sus . The most central peak Greece . In o ne o f its f D recesses lay the Site o f the oracle o elphi .

u nt n t n . Parnes . A mo ai near A he s

in h A n . An n t e Mi i . Paros . isla d egea (See lt ades ) Th e t t u t u o f th Parth enon . larges and mos bea if l e temples

h A u h o f i o f t e t at t e t . cropolis , b il ime Per cles

. n t h n n a s ias R t o f t . t e t w o 1 . P u an ege Spar a Wi h A henia s he the b attle o f Plataea against the army o f Xerxes led by Mar I m n d n u n Ar z u . t T . o i s a d tab a s n 479 B C . he arched agai s hebes Th e next year he offered Xerxes to subd ue all Greece if he th e n n u gave him mea s a d his da ghter in marriage . Xerxes ’ n n t b ut u n n an d he co se ed, Pa sa ias pla s were discovered was Th n recalled by th e Ephors . e ﬂeet refused to be comma ded by him and placed itself at the disposition o f Ariste id es an d

n th e a . o f Cimo , Atheni n leaders Pausanias was deprived his 3 6 GREEK HISTORY

w a n d to b ut t po er summoned appear for trial , was acquit ed, t u n o n nt u n al ho gh comma d was ever e r sted to him . He we t to ’ u t n t t a n d u n to n Xerxes co r , i rigued here , was s mmo ed a seco d t ut n o u n b t . u n rial , acc ser appeared agai s him Pa sa ias con tin ued his in trigu es u n til he w a s detected throu gh a message n t h he had se to t e satrap Artab az us . He took refuge in th e temple o f Athen a ; th e Ephors ordered the doors to be closed and left him to die from hu n ger (46 9 — 2 a s nia s . n o f t 4 . P u a Ki g Spar a ( 08 3 94 He p ut an e n d to th e oligarchy which reigned a t Athe n s d urin g th e admin

h e istratio n o f t thirty tyran ts . Pau san ias was th e cau se o f ’ Lysan der s defeat a n d d eath at H a lia rtus (3 95 as he

v n arri ed to o late with his ree forcements . He was impeached

n u n n o his ret r a d ﬂed from trial .

ia s . Th e u o f o f n 3 . n Pausa m rderer Philip Macedo .

’ h f A n c ei ae s i m s . T e o t th e P r u (P r u ) port he s , whi h replaced I n older harbor o f Ph ale r um . ts lo g walls were destroyed by

L ysan der an d rebu ilt by Conon . A i r is an . An t n Pe s ande (P der) henian politicia . He was se nt a t th e head o f a comm ission to i nterview Alcibiades at ’ u t o f th e t Tis sa h e rn e s an d Ob t n th e tt the co r sa rap p , ai la er s n 41 1 s u pport agai n st Sparta . The missio failed ( Pisand er h 4 H . established th e govern me nt o f t e 00 . (See Four undred )

WVa S exiled a n d took refuge at Sparta . ’ D n n n Peis is t ratus (Pisis tratus) . uri g Solo s abse ce his c o n stitutio n dissatisﬁed many Athen ian s ; Peisistratu s placed him $ $ self at th e head o f the party o f the Uplan d an d declared n t himself tyran t o f Athe s . He was a modera e and able $ $ Th e $ an d n Me ac le s a n d ruler . Shore the Plai led by g L t n t tu b ut th e tw o ycurgus de hro ed Peisis ra s , leaders disa

n Me ac le s n t t t u a n d n t greei g, g rei s a ed Peisis rat s gover ed wi h

T w a n d th e n t Peis is him . hey disagreed , ho ever, for seco d ime l T tratu a n d . t to t s was deposed expe led He re ired hrace, ga h A n ered an army a n d marched against the s . He defeated h is n 5 an d t n n oppon ents a t Maratho (53 was yra t o ce more . ’ He conducted carefully home an d foreign affairs ; kept Solon s

3 8 GREEK HISTORY

also distinguished as a general . He recovered Euboea s ubdued th e revolted Samian s an d was prominen t in th e

t . Peloponnesian War, which he had advoca ed He fell into di at th e n n o f th e b ut temporary sfavor begi ni g war, was soon n th e n restored . He died duri g plague at Athe s (429

2 . n h e ic es S o t e t t . P r l . of s a esman Pericles He was exe c uted after th e battle o f Arginusae for having failed to rescu e

n n Th r ll n some Athe ia vessels caught in a gale . asy us a d Aris to c rates shared his fate (406

’ Th e n P erioeci. conquered inhabita ts who dwelt aroun d th e

t o f a n d n communi y Sparta. They paid tribute fur ished troops .

i f r i ‘ . t t o Pe a it l f h e e se o s s c a a o t . P r p l A grea ci y , p empire t an d n th e t 3 3 R It was aken burned by Alexa der Grea in 0 C .

i i . r s s e s an Em e C ce u C s Ca s es Da i s . P r p r See , y ru , mby , r u

h l r ld o f t n h P m . o t e a é u . The port A he s , replaced by Piraeus n t n n Ph arnabazus . S atrap of or her Asia Mi or . He helped the L acedaemonian s agains t the Athenians in the battles o n n the Hellespont . He was expelled from his lands by Ki g ’ A e il t and t g s aus o f Sparta . He j oined Conon s ﬂee defea ed t -in -law o f n A esilau s Pisander, bro her Ki g g , and the Spartans at C n idus (3 94 Th n Ph eidias hidias . e (P ) most famous Greek sculptor, bor n B in o f th e at Athe s about 488 C . He was placed charge works o f art with which Pericles b eau tiﬁ e d Athen s . His u w u u o f t n n most famo s orks are the sc lpt res the Par he o , the o f t n an d th e gold and silver statue A he e, celebrated colossal tu sta e of Zeus at Olympia .

An n f . i Ph eidon . early ki g o Argos He s said to have in augurated the coining o f mon ey an d the establishmen t o f th e n n th e weights and meas ures . He helped Messenia s agai st Spartans in the Second Messenian War (6 60 — 2 n Am n tas . Ph ilip I I . o f Macedon (3 8 3 3 6 Third s o of y T n He was brought up at hebes , where he had bee taken as a Pelo id as an d o f hostage by p , where he gained the idea the o e famous Macedonian Phalanx . He was n t th real heir to the GREEK HISTORY 3 9

ﬁ t nt th e so n o f throne , but acted at rs as rege for orphan Per

ic c a s n . to set d , his seco d brother He managed aside the

n an d to in 3 59 pri ce, began reign himself He reformed in d h . an t e army He seized succession Amphipolis, Pydna,

u n T n Olyn th s ; co quered the hracian tribes , gai ed possession ’ n u nd Pa ae s a . of gold mines at Mount g , built Philippi He took part in th e S acred War ; was repulsed durin g his cam p aign in Thessaly by the Phocians under O n o m arch us ; b ut a

l ' n t t 3 52 B . C . a an d s eW O n o few mo hs la er, in , Philip defe ted m arch u s at Pagasae and became master o f the situation in n t th e n o f Thessaly . He marched agai s Helle ic cities Pro

n an d B n t b ut d an d po tis yza ium , was several times defeate , Phocion compelled him to abandon Byzantium (3 3 9 Th e ’ Athenian s and Theban s j oin ed together to oppose Philip s

n n b ut n i vasio of Greece, were co quered in the famous battle ’ of Chaeronea an d all Greece was su bjugated to Philip s

t . I n 3 B th e o f u . a thori y 3 8 C he convened Congress Corinth . l (See Co rinth . ) Philip divorced Olympias and married C e o pa th e tra . He was murdered by Pausanias during a festival at marriage of h is daughter (3 3 6

2 . D m s h n . Philippics . See e o t e es h r t e a a . Ph ilomélus . A Phocian leader in S cred W

A h L a . Ph ilopdemen . See c ae an e gue

a m ni . Ph ilotas . See P r e o Ph i n t a 6c o . An Athenian s atesm n who opposed Demosthenes in regard to the war with Philip . He forced Philip to aban d o n the siege o f Byzan tium (3 3 9

m i . Ph ciebidas . See Cad e a d v o r in i . T Pl a n here were three local i isions, factions , Th e t n n . A tica, know as the Plai , the Shore, and the Upland Plai n denoted the rich lan downers who occupied th e fertile th e o r plains of Attica ; Shore, the commercial middle class ;

th e o f . Upland, the poorest class , the shepherds the hills ’ A I t t n o f B o n th e . Plataea . An a cient city oeotia sopus lef th e B L u o n u n o f t oeotian eag e acco t trouble wi h Thebes, and placed itself under the protection o f Athens (51 9 The 40 GREEK HISTORY

Platae ans fought with the Athenians at Marathon against the Persians (490 Th e town resisted th e in vasion o f Xerxes h B t t e i . in oeotia, and was des royed by Pers an army At t ’ Pla aea was fought the great battle between Xerxes army, led

Mardo n iu s Artab az u s an d n by and , and the Spartans Athe ians

n Ari ei Mardo nius led by Pausanias a d st des . was defeated and an d o f 479 killed, the independence Greece was secured ( Plataea was attacked by the Spartans at the instigation of the

' o f n i W ar an d Thebans at the beginning the Pelopon es an , was to taken after a siege o f two years in 428 R C . It was razed

u o f Antalc id as the ground , but was reb ilt after the Peace (3 8 7 It was destroyed the third time by the Thebans in t nt 3 74 B . C . n . , and its i habi a s were exiled f ato . di o Pl A celebrated Greek philosopher, sciple Socrates (427—3 47

Pélemarch . The military leader o f the Athenian forces . h h n This name was given to t e t ird archo .

s . An n n P6ru India mo arch defeated by Alexander .

Potidé a . t n o f An important ow Chalcidice, founded by

Corin th . (See Artab azus . ) It h ad be come a member o f the t n n L but t th e e n n A he ia eague , revolted from A hens at b gin i g f h n I th e Pelo o n o t e Peloponnesia War . ts forces and allied p n ian in 4 P r i es s were defeated near the city 3 2 R C . (See e d ccas n I u n d n n e an d a d Aristeus . t ) s rre ered to Athe s u d r Pericles , was ﬁnally captured by Philip o f Macedon (3 58 who gave h n t e city to the Oly nthia s . f o aea . t a o f o h Pr py l The en rance h lls the citadel At ens, bu ilt by Pericles .

Ptélem . o f y A general Alexander the Great, to whom Egypt ’ n n w as give at the div ision of Alexan der s Empire . His desce d in ants ruled Egypt f o r nearly three centuries .

dna . t o f n o n Py A ci y Macedo ia, originally a Greek colony T u n I I . 3 58 the hermaic G lf, take by Philip (

D m h n s an d m n . Pylos . See e o st e e Eury edo

th oras . o Py ag A Greek philosopher, born at Samos ab ut

582 R C . GREEK HISTORY 41

n f L R h tra . o u o f e The laws and i stitutions ycurg s Sparta . An u t o f n R h od es . I sland so hwest Asia Mi or, settled by I ts t u t n n . S 3 05 B . C . Doria s chief ci y , Rhodes, s s ai ed a iege in , n R but w a s n o t take . hodes was the ally of R ome in her wars

. n n m n again st Philip V a d A tiochus . Her i porta ce vanished

’ when th e Romans made Delos the commercial port o f the

Aegean .

D u f B . R oxana . a ghter o a actrian nobleman One o f the f n wives o Alexa der the Great .

h r n a . S acred B and . See C ae o e t a r W ar . B S c ed The ﬁrs war took place about 595 C . The n to n n Phocia s molested the pilgrims the shri e of Apollo . Solo

t u nt in u u u was ins r me al the s ppression of this religio s o trage .

‘ n in The seco d began 3 56 B C . with a qu arrel between Thebes ' h ad lo n n Th e T n and Phocis , who g been secret e emies . heba s accused th e Phocian s o f sacrilege in havin g plowed lan d Am h sacred to Apollo . The p y c tio nic Council con demned th e n to in o f u Phocia s pay a ﬁne, and, case ref sal , their lands were Th e n h to be seized . Phocians k ew that t e Delph ians were L ed Ph ilo m l their accu sers . by e us they seized Delphi and T . T an d T the temple his brought war with hebes hessaly, but

n n th e t u o f D to the Phocia s, havi g rich reas res elphi, were able

u n t . T u n th e n sec re merce ary roops h s bega Seco d Sacred War, merely a war o f jealou sy between Phocis an d th e Theban s

T n . Ph ilo m elus b ut su c allied to the hessalia s was killed, his

O n o m arc h u s u Th e o f cessor, , was very s ccessful . enemies

th e o f no m arc h us Phocis implored aid Philip o f Macedon . O defeated him twice at Pherae ; but a little later Philip defeated an d O n o m a rc h u s Pa a sae u n t o f killed at g , th s becomi g mas er Thessaly (3 52 This alarmed th e Greek states wh ich did

to th e T n n a n d t O not belong heba allia ce, hey pposed and re pu lsed Philip at Thermopylae (3 52 The Secon d Sacred 42 GREEK HISTO RY

4 n d n th e u u n t 3 6 B . C . a War contin ed il , e ded with submission Th e t 3 o f Phocis to Philip . hird ended at Chaeronea (3 8 f h S a amis . n o t e t l An isla d Aegean Sea opposite A hens , taken by th e Megarians (6 1 0 Th e islan d was later re gained by Athen ian s led by Solon . Salamis was the scen e o f ’ the defeat o f Xerxes ﬂeet (480 n h f S amos . o t e o set An island western coast Asia Minor, tled n n at o n e t n t n t by Io ia s , ime gover ed by the yra Polycrates .

th e o f u 1 B I t re I t was ravaged by army Darius abo t 5 3 C . l ed t 440 ut u u v o t against A hens ( b was s bd ed by Pericles . The Athenians granted in dependence to Samos o n accou nt o f its loyalty at the time o f the Conspiracy o f the Fo ur Hundred (41 1

is . Sé rd Crmsus Arist a oras Art a h ernes . See , g , p f S c th ia s . t t nt o th e o f y n An Asia ic people, inhabi a s steppes u n southern Russia . They were defeated by Dari s i 51 3 R C . L i i a . S ed t on w See S olon . n S eleiicidae . A dynasty o f kings who reig ed over Asia

Th u u ic r i n . e N ato ts Minor and Syria fo nder was Sele cus , pri c ipal members being the branch o f An tiochus (3 1 2- 6 5

This empire became a Roman province under Pompey .

S elinus . See S icilian W ar .

S h ore . See Plain . — S icilian W ar (4 1 5 41 3 A dispute having arisen b e n th e o f S elin u s t in S elinu twee towns and Seges a Sicily , the

n a u th e S e e stan s tia s sought help from Syr c se, and g asked and

n w th e n u received aid from Athe s , who kne that Sparta s wo ld tt o u help Syrac u se . A ﬂeet was ﬁ ed t and commanded by in N ic ias an d L am ac h u s . n o t o f , Alcibiades , Nicias was favor h bu t u n t o f . u t e the war, his arg me s were no avail J st before

t t u t n o f th e w as and ﬂee lef , the m tila io Hermae discovered ,

A u o f th e ut an d o f n lcibiades was acc sed o rage , also havi g pro f E an ed th e u n n . le si ia Mysteries However, Alcibiades was

to t . n u allowed sail wi h the ﬂeet His pla was to attack q ickly , b ut n th e n o f Nicias Opposed this . Mea while e emies Alci bia d e s at t t w as A hens pressed the charges agains him, and he GREEK HISTORY 43

b ut recalled, escaped to Sparta, and there turned his ability N m h n n n t t n . L a ac u s t l agai s A he s icias and bei g lef a o e , ordered th e tt t an d n t a ack as hey chose, bega the siege of Syracuse wi h But th e u th e n su ccess . Syrac sans received aid from Cori li u D th ian s G s . t , who sent y pp with a ﬂeet isas ers commenced n n for the Athe ians . Demosthenes was se t from Athens to but t assist them ; in spi e of their desperate valor, they were n n D defeated a d made priso ers . emosthenes and Nicias were executed by order o f G y lippu s (41 3 4 B th 7 C . e i . 3 S ic ly An island south o f Italy . As early as t n t u A ri entum Greeks es ablished colo ies here, Syrac se, g g ,

i i i i I . n i . r D n s a d . N etc . S c an W a o s Ge o axos , (See l , y u II , and l )

i Cam s s . Smérd s . See by e Th ocia W ar . e S l allies of Athens , such as Rhodes , Chios, n d B nt u t t an d a yza i m , became dissa isﬁed wi h her dominion,

n n n th e n t t n revolted whe Philip of Macedo i vaded cou ry . A he s

to t t n n o t had give her a ten io to her revolted allies , and could n take active part in repu lsi g Philip . So the Athenians were to o f a compelled accept the terms their allies, and decl red them free (3 57—3 55 Th e t n S é crates . celebra ed Athe ian philosopher . After the i 4 B o f Ar n usae 06 . C . t t t battle g ( ) he protes ed, wi hout effec , n t n o f agai s the condem ation the generals , among whom was

h o f th e t f t e . o Pericles , son grea Pericles He was accused not believin g in the Athenian gods and w as condemned to die by p o isOn (3 99 Th e o f . S élon . famous orator and lawgiver Athens He led th e n n in t n o f Athe ia s the s ruggle for the possessio Salamis, an d u th e t a t o f u th e bro ght about arbi r ion Sparta, th s ending

t n in 4 B . . Megarian War . He was elec ed Archo 59 C ; gave t n n ew u n n th e o f A he s a constit tio , pri cipally for relief poor t n th e o f At n n nt h n deb ors ; cha ged coinage he s , maki g it i erc a ge able with that o f her neighbors ; divided the people i nto four t u n B u é th e classes for poli ical p rposes ; orga ized the o l , Eccle

an d m th e n L aw n o f i sia, ade Seditio , deprivi g cit zenship a man

to u u . H a who ref sed vote e traveled to Cypr s, Egypt, and Asi 44 GREEK HISTORY

Minor . He gradually disappeared from public life with the

o f t a n d in 558 B C . rise Pisistra us, died An o f 1 S h l s . t . 6p oc e A henian general the Peloponnesian

War . (See Eury medon . ) 2 — h l . at t 4 . S ép oc es A celebr ed Greek ragic poet ( 98 4 05 h n in th e f S acteria . o p An isla d bay Pylos, opposite the n t th e t n t Messe ian coas , where Spar a s were blockaded af er

1 . u o f . D m h n 2 the s rrender Pylos (See e ost e es and . Eury m edo n . ) Th n f L o S a ta . e o f n p r pri cipal city aconia, the rival Athe s, sh e t n whose power des royed during the Peloponnesia War . I n her turn sh e lost her domin ion through the repeated efforts th e n n of Thebans and Epami o das .

Str mo . T n a o f y n A river of hrace orthe st Chalcidice, bridged n n n f n by Xerxes at the begi i g o his invasio .

’

S s a . t a a o f ii A ci y of Persia, made the c pit l of the empire Darius ; taken by Alexander (3 3 0

syb ota . An island o n th e coast o f Epirus . Corcyra became n t t n an d i volved in a quarrel wi h her mother ci y, Cori th, asked o f n n nt : I n aid the Athe ia s , who se a ﬂeet to their assistance h t t e indecisive battle o f Sy b o ta (43 2 B . C . ) the Corin hians were T o n e o f o f compelled to withdraw . his conﬂict was the causes

‘ the Peloponnesian War .

f . s racus e . o . Ge o Dion sius Sicilian War y A city Sicily (See l , y , )

f n h e Tana ra . o B o t g A city oeotia the Asopus , where Spar tans defeated the Athen ian s commanded by Pericles (457

Taygetus . A mountain ran ge runn i n g north and south in L n o f 8 000 t . aconia, the highest peak havi g an altitude fee i in n Tearles s B attle. A battle at M d e a Argolis betwee the

L . Th e n Spartans and Arcadians , led by ycomedes Sparta s, u s o n o f A e silaus who were commanded by Archidam s, g , de

n D n u t n o f u feated the Arcadia s . io ysi s , yra t Syrac se, helped n t an did the Sparta s wi h a body of Celts . As the Spart s not

6 GREEK HISTORY

a an . met Paus nias, but never took part in y intrigue After the ’ t u latter s dea h, when the Ephors seized his papers, they fo nd ’ n n some of Themistocles correspo dence . There was othing to

t b ut b . implica e him , e, was called up for trial He escaped to

' c o urt o f t . H o f the Ar axerxes e was made tyrant Magnesia,

4 B . an d died in 60 C . L m l . Th er Opy ae A narrow pass in Thessaly, where eonidas

n 00 n t t an d a d 3 Sparta s were be rayed by Ephial es, killed by the army o f Xerxes (480 I n 3 52 B C . Philip o f Macedon n was repulsed at the same place by the Greek co federates . t her t L n Th irty Ty rant s . When A hens opened ga es to y s a o f th e t n t u w u der, one condi io s was hat she m st allo the ret rn u n o f her exiles . On their ret r the democracy was overthrown and an oligarchical government o f thirty persons was set u p

ri i n under the leadership of C t a s . This admi istration was des th e po tic an d gave dissatisfaction . The democratic party and

T u th e a t . exiles , led by hrasybul s , wanted to abolish Tyr n s Cri t t at ias was killed in a bat le the Piraeus, the oligarchs were

o ut a nd t 403 driven , the democracy was res ored ( ’ t t Th irty Y ears Peace. A truce between Spar a and A hens brought about by Pericles an d Callia s in 445 B C . This rup ture practically caused the Peloponnesian War .

A ci iades Th irt T rants . Th ras y bulus . See l b and the y y

A ci iades . Th rasyllus . See l b

f M le i . i s . o e s as Thucyd de Son , and a relative of Cimon He w as a 443 opposed the policy of Pericles , and ostr cized ( 471 —400 Th ucydides . A celebrated Greek historian ( n n . Timeleon . A Cori thian He led a Corinthia expedition

I . against Dion ysiu s I . and liberated Syracuse He gained a Crim isu s great victory over th e Carthaginians at the River , thu s savin g Sicily from Carthaginian d ominion f o r the time bein g (3 40 Timoleon ﬁxed his residence at Syracu se and

u t n 3 3 6 B C . lived peacef lly, al hough bli d, until He deserved th e surn ame of L iberator . n t n e o tia n a . Tis saph ernes . A Persia s trap He entered i o g tions with Sparta to help her in her wars again st Athens ; b ut GREEK HISTORY 47

Alcibiades c aused the failure o f the plans and tried to make t Tissaph ernes turn his goodwill oward Athens . Alcibiades to A hoped, through this, to be recalled thens from his exile ,

Tis sa h e rne but was not successful . p s pursued the Greeks d ur

' o f Th o u an d a fter u in g the retreat the Ten s C naxa . He sub t o f T dued the Greek owns the Ionian and Aeolian coast. his

w ar t o f t Ph arn caused wi h Sparta, and a defeat the sa rap a b a Ti a h rne zus brought ss p e s to terms . He was beheaded by order o f Artaxerxes for his unsuccessful campaign s again st Agesilaus (3 95 et o n e u b u T rant . a n t y The me ning was who r led harshly, o f th t one wh o had supreme power . The age e yrants lasted

B . n but t n 650 to 500 . C from , properly speaki g, here were ma y

' tyran ts during the Peloponnesian War . Nearly all were over thrown before the Persian invasion . f n T re . o o . y A city Phoenicia, an island It was taken by Alexander after a long siege (3 3 2

Upland . See Plain. X

Xanth i us . a wh o w L eo t ch id e s pp An Athenian gener l , , ith y , won th e battle o f My c ale against Xerxes (479 u Xenoph on . An Athenian general who cond cted the retreat o f th e Ten Thousan d Greeks after the battle o f C un axa (401 —4 f . 48 Xerxes . Son and succ essor o Darius I ( 6 65 He L n at bridged the Hellespont, invaded Greece, defeated eo idas Thermopylae and the Greek ﬂeet at Artemisium (480 n B t He i vaded oeotia, marched into Attica, and ook Athens

480 A . ( Defeated at Salamis, Xerxes returned to sia

His Mard o niu s e A . general , , re ntered ttica Xerxes came back , and he and Mard o nius lost the battle of Plataea again st ’ Pausanias (479 Xerxes power in Greece e n ded in t as a at M c ale L eo t c hid es an d hat year, he was defe ted y by y Xan h i t ppus .

HANDBO O K O F RO MAN HISTO RY

h L a a o f f Ac é an e gue. A le gue nearly all the people o the n u n th e n t Pelopo nes s, who joi ed Roma s agains Philip V . (See t th e tt o f n h Macedonian Wars . ) Af er ba le Pyd a and t e conver n n n t n n o ut sio of Macedo ia i o a Roma provi ce , a war broke

R an d th e t o n un t o f between the omans Achaean ci ies , acco an in su lt offered to Roman ambassadors (1 46 Corinth d t an d t o f was estroyed, the s ates ci ies Greece were compelled to u t an d un th e n t pay a yearly trib e, were placed der admi is ra tion o f th e govern or o f Macedonia .

n u n n Ach aia . A G reek provi ce Sit ated betwee th e Cori thian

u an d n t n o f n t n I ts n t nt G lf the mou ai s or her Arcadia . i habi a s h L I n h f t e . t e t o tu formed Achaean eague ime Augus s , Greece was separated from Macedon ia an d organ ized as an in d e pen d n n n n e t provi ce u der the ame of Achaia . ' h n A cti m . t n t an d o n t e u A ci y, promo ory , bay wester coast o f n o f th e tt t n t v a n d Greece, the sce e naval ba le be wee Oc a ian Mark An tony (3 1 T L n u Adriané le. t O n p A ci y f ce tral hrace, where ici i s de feated Maximin (3 1 1 an d where th e emperor Valen s was defeated an d killed du rin g his campaign again st th e Goths an d Visigoths (3 78 '

u B . IE duans . A tribe of Ga l who occupied urgundy They became allies o f Caesar in his campaign again st th e Helvetian s (58 Du rin g th e revolt o f Vercin getorix th e Ae d uan s u Ar ernian n t s pported the v s agai s Caesar . 49 50 ROMAN HISTORY

f ZE t s . o gé e Islands west Sicily, where the Roman ﬂeet c o m m an d e d by Gaius L utatiu s Catulus defeated th e Carthagini ans

n 241 ir and Syracusa s ( (See F s t Punic W ar . )

JEgidius (Count) . Military governor o f Gaul un der Maj o t r a . . o ne o f h i n He resided at the capi al , Paris He was t e u n t last who str ggled agai s the Germanic nations .

milius Pa lus L cius . o f 1 . IE ﬁ u . , Consul ; colleague Varro He w as killed at the battle o f Cannae (21 6 l i o n 1 A i m li s Pa s L s . S . e m liu 2 . E i u d u uc u s n d , of Paulus a f Aemili nu u father o Scipio a s . He defeated Perse s at the battle o f Pydn a (1 6 8 ' n IE quians . A ation whose territory was situated in the moun ta in o u s o f T n f h region east Rome . hey were bitter e emies o t e R n T c u Al idu oma s . hey o c pied Mount g s and commanded th e L t n b u t t n t . n a i Way, were defea ed by Ci cinna us They regai ed

h 4 . t e 58 B C . b ut n u nt pass in , were obliged to surre der Mo Al h T l gidu s to t e dictator Po stumius . ogether with the V o scians and Etru scan s they assailed Rome after the invasion of th e ﬁ u u 3 86 Gauls , and were nally rep lsed by Camill s ( n d n Aétius . A general a statesman under emperor Vale ti u nian III . He occ pied an important post in Italy . He was B n n o f n of jealous of o iface, gover or the Roma province Africa an d t o f th e m o f th e an d favori e Placidia, other emperor, led t u h B su m . n t e him to mis r st Placidia Feari g empress, oniface m o ne d an d th e n n n t Gaiseric Va dals from Spai , promisi g hem n 429 an d la d in Africa ( He soon dis covered his error, u b ut u an d th e V an tried to rep lse Gaiseric, was unsuccessf l ,

n A tiu B n n t dals remai ed in Africa . e s killed o iface in a co ﬂic , an d t f th e m for nearly wenty years managed the a fairs of e pire,

u n th e n o f th e B n nk a n d rep lsi g i vasions urgundia s , Fra s , n Alama n ian s . The Huns under command o f Attila crossed th e n nt an d d B Rhi e, e ered Gaul , were efeated at the attle of th e Aetiu s o f T o f th e Peoples by , with the help heodoric, king u n th e t 452 t Visigoths , who was killed d ri g ﬁgh ( At ila c n th e t n u n ame agai same year, this ime crossi g the J lia Alps, but Th e en at th e L eo B o f . e retired request of , ishop Rome ROMAN HISTORY 51

o f Aetius f o r o f mies held him responsible the invasions Attila, and induced Valentinian to have him assassin ated (454 o f E télian League . The Aetolians were a nation northern th e . Th e Greece, allies of Rome in war against Philip V league, freed from Macedonian rule and having acquired large t a and n terri ory, bec me dissatisﬁed j oined A tiochus against

Rome . '

A f ri . I t ca a . The territory occupied by C rthage became, after u t t t t the destr c ion of tha city, a Roman province, wi h U ica as

un its capital . Gaius Gracchus fo ded there a colony called

ni . un o a Caesar Bonif ace andals . J (See , , V ) ' t o f R at th A ger R omanus . The original terri ory ome ; e end n h e o f the Social War it exte ded over t whole of Italy .

A r rian Law s . S . Cassius G . aminius T . G acch us g a See p , Fl , r ,

r h s . and C. G acc u ' t n u A gri Decumétes . The emperor Domi ian co str cted a o f t R th e n t u number for s from the hine to Da ube, h s lessen Th e u ing the territory o f the Germans . lands th s acquired became a Roman province under the name o f Agri Dec um ates T ( ithe L ands) . ’ D A ricola Gn us lius . n g , ae Jﬁ A Roman ge eral sent by omitian to complete the conquest o f B ritain (77 He gov ern ed b ut the subdued people successfully, inspired Domitian with

an d . jealousy , was recalled A i f u n r éntum . o t g g A seaport so her Sicily , captured by the n Roma s at the begin nin g o f the Punic Wars .

A t t o f h o f A ri a M s Vi s nius . t e g pp , arcu p é s a esman reign A tu to t t ugus s , who, show him his es eem, gave him his daugh er

Julia in marriage . 1 A i n . n . r i a u o f g pp Grandda ghter Augustus, wife of Germa i m h in o f u 2 . . S e cus , and other Calig la and Agrippina died

3 3 A . D .

2 . A D m u . . grippina . aughter of Ger anic s and 1 Agrippina She poison ed her hu sban d Clau diu s to assu re the th rone to

so n . Nero, her by a previous marriage She was put to death

o f A . by order Nero in 59 D . 52 ROMAN HISTORY

’ A h ri i m n Maz de s . ma . See A m n i B la a n ans . arbarians occupying territory between the ’ th e n n Do m itian Rhine and Da ube . They adva ced beyond s see A ri Decum ates fortiﬁed posts ( g ) , were defeated by Cara calla (21 3 but later o n succeeded in takin g possession o f h e . t e the upp r Rhine The Franks j oined them , crossed fron t ier, and entered modern Alsace . The emperor Julian de feated them at Strassburg (3 57 They advanced again th e B an d with urgundians and Franks, were repulsed by Actins (443 They took an active part at th e Battle o f e 451 the Pe ples ( During the last years of the empire ,

4 A D . f 80 . a o towards , the Al mannians settled east Gaul and t f the Franks nor h o Gaul . ’ B o f n A ans . l arbarians Hunnic origi , who j oined the Van h 4 A D t e a d 06 . . dals , crossed Rhine , and inv de Gaul in , during

o f the reign Honorius . ' f h A i . o t e a c . l r King Visigoths He invaded Greece , then

$ 2 A t t 40 . D Italy . He was defea ed by Stilicho, at Polen a in 4 A . D t and at Verona in 03 . He cap ured Rome by famine in 4 —4 A in D in 1 0 . D . 408 A . . t 09 , and again sacked the ci y He died southern Italy and was buried in th e bed of the B u sento River

41 0 lf -in - to Ath au t . ( He left the command , his bro her law ' n h n n o f th e A lba Lé ga (t e L o g White City) . The pri cipal city L atin Con federacy ; conquered by Rome under T ullus Hosti lius (66 6

s ia f B n A e A is e . o l (modern l ) A city modern urgu dy, where t an d n n t th e Caesar defea ed made priso er Verci ge orix, Arver nian chief (52 h f n A exand ia . t e o b l r A city at mouth the Nile , fou ded y n at n Alexa der the Great . Caesar landed Alexa dria when he u was p rsuing Pompey . '

A l i M n ian A s P st m i s . dus ou t . ZE u s u o u u g , See q and lu ' h e i . T t A ll a . A river eleven miles from Rome here Gauls n in 3 80 B C defeated the Roma s . n f Th t o t n t . e Alps . Mountai s nor her I aly Mari ime Alps separate Italy from Gau l an d Germany ; th e Julian Alps lead

54 ROMAN HISTORY

A f n uileia . t o t o n q A ci y nor heaster Italy, the Adriatic, attacked by the Marcomanni during the reign o f Marcu s t in h Aurelius, who kep them check . They were t e ﬁrst tribe o f those Germans who later o n caused the destruction o f the Roman Empire . Aquileia was destroyed by Attila in 4 2 5 A . D .

Aquitania . One o f the three divisions o f Gaul made by Caesar : B elgica in the north ; L ugd u nens is in the cen ter ; i Aqu ta nia in th e southwest . The divisions were kn own as

Tres G allia e.

Arénsio O an e . o f l o n th e (modern r g ) A city southern Gau , a t th e Rhone, where the Romans sust ined a crushing defea by Cimbri and Teutons (1 05 Arcadius 3 95—408 o f u o f ( Son Theodosi s , emperor t R ﬁ nu n n u o t t . th e East wi h s . His reign was importa t t n Arch imedes . A grea ma hematician who defe ded Syra u b ut o f th e t c se, was himself killed during the pillage ci y

uni ars . by the Romans . (See P c W ) th e a n d Ariovistus . A German king who crossed Rhine

n u b ut 58 e tered Ga l , was defeated by Caesar ( ’ ri 280—3 3 6 o f n A us ( A learned ecclesiastic Alexa dria, th e head of one of th e two parties at the Council o f N ic aea (3 25

T eutobur orest . Arminius (Herm ann) . See g F ' f n t s Arno . o A run (modern ) A river or hern Etruria, ﬂowing Th e t o f o f th e in to th e Tuscan o r Tyrrhen ian Sea . sea some conﬂicts between Hannibal a n d the Romans in th e Second

Punic War . L Arpinum . A city of atium , the birthplace of Marius and

Cicero .

r in eto ix Ca s ar . Arvernians . See Ve c g r and ' o f A eonlum . A city Umbria, near the Adriatic coast, where Pyrrhu s defeated the Roman s (279 t t As iatic W ar . The Aetolians , dissatisﬁed wi h heir share n a n u o f the treaty after the Macedo ian W rs , j oi ed Antioch s, f n an d kin g o Syria, agai st the Rhodians Eumenes, king of ROMAN HISTORY 55

a Pergamus . The Rhodians and Eumenes were the llies of the u n Romans, who nat rally espoused their cause . The Roma s o f Pru i o . s a s f were helped by Philip V Macedon, by , king n d B a a . a a ithynia, and by the Ach e ns Antiochus his llies were ﬁrst defeated at Thermopylae (1 91 and then at Magnesia (1 90 Notwithstandi ng th e fact that Antio o f chus was guided by the advice Hannibal , the Romans, led L Asiaticu s o f th e o f w o n by ucius Scipio , brother victor Zama, u th e t . a w as grea la rels at Magnesia Pe ce signed , dominions o f Eumenes were enlarged, and Rhodes gained valuable terri tory . — Ath anas ius (296 3 73 A celebrated ecclesiastic of Alex n o f o n e o f t a t o f a dria, the head the two par ies the Council N ic a ea (3 25 ’ l B -in- o f A rh auli At a f . a suc ( wu ) rother law Al ric, whom he o f h w c eed ed as king t e Visigoths . His policy a s to be at peace with the Romans ; therefore he treated with Honorius a n a t ul t at R ven , took the Visigo hs back to Ga , and set led there just at the time of the overthrow of Co nstantine th e 41 2 Ath aulf in a a Usurper ( was love with Gall Pl cidia,

H . n i o f sister of onorius This pri cess was a pr soner the Goths . H i onorius forbade the marriage , as he had dest ned his sister f o r v t w Constantius , the ofﬁcer who had o er hro n the usurper Constantine ; but th e lovers married in disregard of the em ’ pero r s order . Constantius soon obliged Ath aulf to leave ul at B Ga and go to Spain, where he was murdered arcelona 41 5 ( Constantius then married Placidia . ' h n A ttal s I I . T e u last ki g of Pergamus . He bequeathed h is territory , western Asia Minor, to the Romans . ' A ttila . See Huns .

Aliﬁdus . o f A river southern Italy, emptying into the Adria h n . t e tic Sea On its border is town of Can ae, where Hannibal annihilated the Roman army commanded by Varro (21 6 A o f t . ligurs . A body priests who in erpreted the auspices l Augustus (Gaius Jii ius Caes ar O ct av ianus Augiistus ) . Grand nephew of Julius Caesar, who adopted him and m ade him his 56 ROMAN HISTORY

th e n T heir . He formed Seco d riumvirate with Antony an d B n d L . a u tw o m epidus They defeated rutus Cassi s, of the ur d erer s o f u n Caesar, at Philippi , and th s co ﬁrmed the power t m of the Triumvirate . Oc avian arched against Antony an d 3 1 Cleopatra, and defeated his colleague at Actium ( (See t Antonius . o ) Octavian annexed Egypt the empire, and R 2 B returned to ome, and celebrated a triumph . In 7 C . o f v as n the name triumvir was gi en up, Anto y was dead and h d S L epidus a retired from the political ﬁeld . The enate con

o f u u ferred upon Octavian the title August s Imperator . Th s

th e an n commenced empire . He nexed the territory o th e n lower Da ube, calling it Moesia ; then he occupied Raetia an d o ric u m o f t N , the lands north I aly as far as the Danube . n an d D u h ad o f His stepso s , Tiberius rus s, charge this cam

i n n th e n p a g . The Roma dominion was extended from Rhi e L th e . u n to Elbe The Germans revolting, ucius Var s was se t

t b u t t Teuto ur b . T agains them , was defea ed at the g Forest his t t 1 A 4 . D . disaster caused bi ter grief to Augus us , who died in a t u His reign, c lled the Golden Age, was made illus rio s by d L Vergil, Horace, Ovi , Propertius, ivy, Nepos, and Maecenas, the protector o f literary men . 2 —2 A D 5 . . Au e ian . 70 7 r l Emperor, Although by birth a peas

ant o f t . u , Aurelian was a man abili y He succeeded Claudi s h icu wh o o f I G o t s . n , reigned two years and died the plague th e t west the Tyran s had formed an empire, comprising Gaul ,

B n n t t T r u a d a et ic s . ritai , part of Spain, this ime occupied by ’ Aurelian saw the impossibility o f keeping Trajan s conquests o n th e o f n n other side the Danube, and he aba do ed them to Th e n th o f th e th e . e Goths Alamannians i vaded valley Po, to b u t Aurelian defeated them . He was forced march against n n n Ze obia, Quee of Palmyra, for breaki g the alliance with o f Rome, in extending her boundaries to Egypt and part u Asia Minor . A relian defeated and took her prisoner, and destroyed Palmyra (273 He un dertook to restore order t a Tetricu s in the wes , and defe ted ; but he died before com l in p et g his task . ROMAN HISTORY

1 1 —1 A D 80 . . A relius Marcus . 6 H u , Emperor, e was the

so n o f . adopted Antonius Pius, whom he succeeded The plague, brought back by the army returning from a campaign n o u Th e t . against the Parthia s, broke blame for this pest was attributed to the Christians , and a terriﬁc persecution took place (1 77 The greater part o f the reign o f Aure lius was employed in keeping in check the Marcoman ni and

- . H a other small tribes is death was sudden, and occurred t in d n V ab o a (Vienna) . A i o f usp ces . A system divination performed by noting the n f t ﬂight a d cries o birds . The auspices were aken by the t o f augurs, whose interpre ation the signs determined the con m l te p a te d course o f action . ' ’ A v entine . A high hill added to Rome s territory under Tar

Th h ee T r i quin iu s . e hill was assigned to t e plebeians (s e ent li i o f an Law s and Quinct us K a s o) . On it was built a temple D n an d o f was on a ia a, a temple Juno erected it fter the cam ai n a e ii n p g ag inst the V a s .

B r . r a ca See Hamilca . B attle of th e Peoples (452 Th e scene o f this battle

o f a e -sur- seems to have been south Ch lons , near M ry Seine, in I A iu D t o f . n et s the epar ment Aube (France) this battle , aided

A a H . by Theodoric , gained the victory over ttil and the uns

B i A i ni . élg ca . See qu ta a

B t t o f . n v nt m . e e é u A city of southern I aly, northeas Naples iu . Cur s Here the Romans , led by M Dentatus, gained a victory over Pyrrhus (275 f Bith nia . o y A province in the north Asia Minor, which became an ally of Rome under King Pru sia s during the Asiatic

. To War, and was made a Roman province it was added the ’ greater part o f Mith rad ates dominions after h is defeat by o f Pompey . Nicomedia, its chief city, was the capital the t Eas ern Empire under Diocletian .

B nif a . i 6 ce See Aet us . 58 ROMAN HISTORY

t Bri in. B a a 54 ta ritain was visi ed by Julius C es r in B C . I t w as con quered an d became a Roman province under Clau Th D . e n d ius in 43 A . country fell under the gover ment o f

$ h o f T t Tetric u s at t e time the hirty Tyrants . I was r e o rgan iz e d t under Diocletian, and ruled by the usurper Cons antine 408 R ( The oman troops were gradually withdrawn, and t B . T the ritons, lef alone , were attacked by the Scots hey T implored the help o f the Saxons . his marks the beginning o f th e Anglo-Saxon race (450

i s . B ritann cu Son of Claudius and Messalina . He should t t o f have reigned af er the dea h Claudius, but Agrippina, o f n second wife Claudius, persuaded him to give the thro e to so n B n Nero, her by a ﬁrst marriage . ritan icus was poisoned by order o f Nero .

1 . B t s D im s ni f n rii u ec d us . o t , u J One the co spirators agains ’ i l . a Caesar After Caesar s death , he assumed command in C s

n u t n . pine Gaul , but was va q ished by An o y 2 . B utus Lﬁcius iinius . r , J A Roman patrician, who brought about the expu lsion of the Tarquins and was the ﬁrst consul u nder the Republic . ’

. B s ni . f 3 rut Ma c s ii us o a . u , r u J One C esar s murderers After the murder he j oin ed Cassius and fou ght against Antony an d w as Octavian at Philippi . He defeated, and killed himself (42 B r n i u gﬁ d ans . A barbarian people whose territory was along n the Oder . They adva ced o n the Rhin e during th e reign o f n f L i a d o a . Honorius, made the city Worms their c pital ke the Alamannians and Franks, they advanced further west 443 A ( and were defeated by etiu s .

Bdrrhus . Praetorian praefect under Nero ; supplanted by

Tigellinu s .

B . usento o f . A river southern Italy, where Alaric was buried

By zantium . A Greek colony between the Golden Horn and n n n the Propontis (Sea o f Marmora) . Co sta ti e the Great made t o f th e R a it the new capi al, om n Empire, and called it Con stantinO ple (3 28 ROMAN HISTORY 59

u a Tar u in n o n Cé re . An Etr sc n city near q the western o f T u n coast Italy , where the tomb of the arq i s was discovered .

to B Cac re was added the Roman territory in 3 53 C .

C s ar Gaius u ius . un t n t ae , J l A yo g pa ricia suspec ed of having h e taken part in t conspiracy of Catiline . He formed the First T a nd riumvirate with Pompey Crassus , and he was elected con sul in 59 As proconsu l he received th e government o f n : T three provi ces Cisalpine Gaul , Illyricum , and ransal t lo diu f n pine Gaul . He assis ed C s in e fecting the ba ishment

f 55 B C . n n o Cicero . In the se ate prolo ged his command in

f o r an d n o f n Gaul ﬁve years , gave Pompey the comma d Spai , and Crassus that o f Syria . Caesar was victorious in his campaigns again st the Helvetian s (58 B . C . ) and the Germans n t comman ded by Ariovistu s . He made a expedi ion to Britain

t . 2 b ut t 5 B . in 54 B . C . C , wi h no important resul s In he had to face a formidable insurrection o f the Gauls un der o f n Vercingetorix . He defeated them at the siege Alesia a d u f completed the conq est o Gaul . Caesar wished to become 4 Th e t consul for the year 8 . law required candida es to be

n n o t s o present in perso , and he could do unless he gave up n his proconsulship . The law had several times been suspe ded, ’ and in Caesar s case the triu mvirs had agreed to allow him ff to o er himself f o r the office without leaving his command . ’ But o f u to Pompey was jealous Caesar s s ccesses, and failed but procure for Caesar the legal privilege, took the leadership

n 4 B . C . of his oppone ts . Caesar crossed the Rubicon ( 9 ) and a compelled Pompey to take to ﬂight . He escaped to Thess

a n an d t h lonica, ccompanied by many se ators, there es ablis ed n a ut a rival governme t . Caesar brought Sp in under his a hority, t o f captured the importan city Massilia, was made dictator, t 4 R a and hen consul in 8 C . He regulated the ﬁn nces and gave special attention to th e treatmen t of debtors . He marched D w o n against Pompey, and was defeated at yrrachium, but a decisive victory at Phars alus in Thessaly (48 Pompey 6 0 ROMAN HISTORY ,

ﬂed to Egypt, Caesar followed him ; when he arrived at Alex andria he foun d that his an tagon ist had been beheaded by t order of P olemy . Caesar replaced Cleopatra o n th e throne o f t u 48 Ph arn ac es Egyp , which Ptolemy had surped ( , o f n n an d s o n o f Mith rad ate s O king Po tus in Asia Mi or, , pposed u 47 Th e Caesar, but was q ickly defeated ( famous words , n n u u Ve i , Vidi, Vici (I came , I saw, I co q ered) , sed by Caesar, t u Ph rn e pic ure his q ick campaign against a ac s . Caesar was made dictator a secon d time ; he qu elled a mu tiny o f th e troops w ith remarkable ability an d marched again st Metellus

th e t o f t n t n d Scipio, who led roops his poli ical oppone s , a defeated him at Thapsus (46 He returned to Rome and

t . m t t celebrated a riumph He was ade dic ator a hird time . t o f o r th e n t The par y Pompey , republica par y, was dissolved ;

n n an d tu n n his so s , G aeus Sex s, established an i depende t n n b u t t t gover ment in Spai , Caesar defea ed hem at Munda 45 th e t t o f t u t ( He received i le Impera or, th s es ablish in o f n t t n n an d n n u g a sort co s itu io al mo archy, e di g the Rep blic (44 Such a power enge n dered j ealou sy an d diss atis f ac n u an d t tio . A conspiracy was formed to m rder Caesar es ablish n i 5th 44 u o R . a rep blic ; he was assassinated March , C (See

S econd Civil W ar . ) —4 i 3 7 1 A . D . Cali a Ga s . gul ( u ) Emperor, Son of Germanicus f Hi n u o . s n to and Agrippi a, and s ccessor Tiberius accessio

t th e o f b u t n . the throne was welcomed, j oy was short dura io n n t H a . e was whimsical , tyra ical , and blood hirsty monarch He was assassin ated by an officer of th e Praetorian Guard in n t u n t . 4 A D . 1 . Wi h him e ded the lis of J lia Caesars An Calpiirnius Pis o . ofﬁcer of Germanicus who is suspected o f havin g poisoned him .

mi s Ma c s Fﬁrius . u Ca llu , r u The Roman dictator who capt red th e Etruscan city of Veii (3 9 6 To him are due th e with o d raw al o f the Gauls after their capture o f R ome (3 90 th e an d th e u t n o f reform in military tactics , s bjuga io the neighbor

/ n m ie o f th e V eian s - a in g e e s Rome, , the Volscians, the Aequi ns,

$ and th e Etrusc ans .

6 2 ROMAN HISTORY

o f th e n siege three years, by Roman ge eral Scipio Aemilia nu s (1 46 R C s s i s S rius . u 1 . m a u ii . , p oman cons l The treaties ade by him brou ght abou t the Triple Alliance (48 6 with th e L atin Confederacy (a dozen i n depen dent cities) an d th e H e rn ic a n n f o r n t th e n Co federacy, protectio agains Sabi es ,

n u . u s u t o f Volscia s , and Aeq ians Cassi was s spec ed aimin g to n an d ut to th e make himself ki g, was p death by people 485 t o f n L ( He was a promo er the Agraria aws , by which he advocated the idea of distribu ting the public lands t u n n n (lands aken d ri g wars) amo g the plebeia s .

2 i . T un C s s s in s t n . . a t t u , Qu u rib e wi h Mark An o y f h C s s i s Lo in s i s . n e o t e 3 . a Ga O u ng u , u murderers of Julius o f u n h Caesar . He became governor Syria d ri g t e ﬁrst part o f ’ n t n n o n th e t A o y s admi istration . He killed himself bat leﬁeld o f Philippi (42 n Catiline (Liicius S ergius Catilina) . A young patricia who co n spired again st the sen ate (63 Th e plot was d isc o v th e n u t t in t u ered by Cicero, i s rgen army was defea ed E r ria, a n d t n Ca ili e was killed .

M P r i t 2 2—1 4 F o r 1 . Cato a s 6 c us 3 7 , rcu (Ca o the Censor, n h n f ma y years Cato was t e leadi g politician o Rome . He was m an o f n t t an d t an d t n n o f a great i egri y abili y, a s er oppo ent th e n u n u o f n G . reek i ﬂ e ce He composed a n mber works , amo g t o n u tu an d ri ines t t o n hem a treatise agric l re the O g , a rea ise D n n t t Roman history . uri g his ce sorship he erec ed a cour u th e B n th e n t u ho se called asilica Porcia, betwee se a e ho se a n d h e n t o f t Capitoli e . He was an uncompromising advoca e th e t u t n des r c io o f Carthage . 2 h e . n f t Cat o Ma c s P6rcius . O e o , r u of the leaders republi

' c a n a rt in t t . p y Africa . He held U ica while his associa e Metel lu T n s Scipio comman ded th e army in the field . hey were fi ally defeated by Caesar at Thapsu s (46 an d Cato o n hearin g n e the ws killed him self. ll n f th e t L t n C at us intus al i s . O e o fi , Qu V er u grea est a i lyric

8 R . poets, born 7 C ROMAN HISTORY 6 3

1 Catulus Gaius Lutatius . . , The consul who commanded the R oman ﬂeet in th e battle o f the Aegates (241

2 C tulus Gaius Lutatius . t t . a , Consul wi h Marius, wi h whom

c ut to th e th e R aud ian he pieces Cimbri at Fields, near Ver h 1 1 in t e 0 Marius . cellae , valley of the Po ( (See ) A in th e n n Caudine orks . u F narrow pass Apen i es, near Cap a, o n T n S t th e tu the usca eacoas , where Roman army was cap red d uri n g th e Secon d Samnite War (3 21 h fi f n T T e o . Cens ors h ip . of ce ce sor his magistrate was t elected for ﬁve years . His duties were o classify th e citi n n to t t th e ze s accordi g heir proper y, as a guide for polls , h e th e t an d t . T t axes , the mili ary service work ook one y ear a n d n a c t o f u t a half, when the ce sor performed an p riﬁca ion

s h called lu trum . The ofﬁce remained vacant for the rest o f t e term . i Centur es . Servius Tullius reformed the military service a n d u n an d n imposed it pon all land owners , patricia s plebeia s ,

nt an d nt n u m who were divided i o ﬁve classes, each class i o a

o f n u — zm io res ber ce turies, with two equal gro ps, the j , below

-S ix O an d s enio res m en th e forty years ld, the , who were above age of active service .

Th e m o f Cice o Ma cus Tﬁllius . o ra r , r ost celebrated Roman

’ Ar in m 1 06 t n n t n u R . tw o ors , bor near p in C Af er spe di g years

n in to u at Athe s , order perfect his eloq ence , he was made n d w o n n u B C . a t . quaestor in Sicily (75 . ) ma y laws i s He held d C . an the con sulship in 6 3 B . ; the same year discovered and

u th e n o f t n . d s ppressed co spiracy Ca ili e For this great dee , o f u n Cicero received the title Father of his Country . D ri g the t T u th e u Clo diu s n Firs ri mvirate, demagog e Publius , an e emy o f n u to Cicero, used his i ﬂ ence carry a law which banished an n u to R t n t y perso who had p t death a oman ci ize wi hout trial . Clo diu s an d his partisans accused Cicero of havi n g executed ’ t Catiline s n hose involved in co spiracy without a regular trial , n in and Cicero was ba ished 58 R C . He retired to Thessalon ica an d afterwards to Dy rrachium . About sixteen months after v wards he was recalled . During the Second Ci il War he became 54 ROMAN HISTORY

t n o f m b ut t t o f a par isa Po pey, af er the ba tle Pharsalus , in

t n o h e th e t which he ook part, retired from poli ical ﬁeld . m u O When Caesar was rdered, Cicero declared himself pposed $ $ to An ton y ; he attacked him in his Philippics (not to be ’ con foun ded with Demosthenes Philippics) an d ten dered a frien dly han d to th e young Octavian ; bu t when th e Second T u t m n n u n t ri mvira e was for ed , A to y sed all his power agai s at F o rmiae n L t Cicero, and had him killed , in souther a ium

in 43 B C .

Cimbri. German hordes who defeated the Roman s at Aran s io (1 05 Th e Cimbri a n d Teutons invaded Tran salpin e Th e ut an d atulu at th e Gaul . Cimbri were ro ed by Marius C s

R au dian V e rc ella e 1 01 Th e T t n Fields , near ( eu o s were defeated at Aqu ae S e xtia e by Mariu s (1 02

n n n f t t o f Ciminian o est . u t o F r A mo ai ra ge E ruria, nor h th e u u ntu t Veii , where cons l Q i s Fabius defeated the E ruscans (3 10 f Ci i n t s L ci s uinctius . t o nc n a u , u u Q A venerable Roman , fa her

K ae so uin c tiu s f o r a n Q , whom he was compelled to forfeit T n tu n u . e ormo s bail his impoverished Ci cinna s , and he was

in 458 B . C . to t to tt . t t obliged re ire a li le farm Shor ly af er, , he was made dictator in order to quell the troubles c aused by the T e ren tilian laws .

h . Gineas . See Py rr us

Ci a Liicius Co e ius . Ma i s . nn , rn l See r u

Cisalpine Gaul (Gau l this side o f the Alps) . The territory o f th e w u embraced in the valley Po, from hich the Ga ls to n th e expelled the Etru rians . Caesar gave its i habitants

T ans a in a . rights of citizenship . (See r lp e G ul ) 1 I t wa th e n 8 8 i i ar. s . C v l W caused by Sulpicia laws ( u u u n proposed by P . Sulpici s R f s , removi g the command from

u n n u u n S lla a d givi g it t o Marius . S lla marched po Rome wa s t u . u d and was vic orio s Mari s escape . This followed by th e s t n t u t u Fir and Seco d Mi hradatic wars , cond c ed by S lla (8 8 Du rin g his absen ce Cinn a revolted an d called Marius n a o f n a d h t . back , t ey mass cred many heir oppo ents Marius ROMAN HISTORY 55

n f o r th e n t t b ut d t was named co sul seve h ime, he ied soon af er 8 6 tu n a n d n u ( Sulla re r ed, was joi ed by Metell s Pius, Th n o u an d . e t f u Marc u s Crass s, Pompey former par isa s Mari s,

i o n n t u led by h s s ; co inued the Civil War, and S lla defeated T n u t th e m la t th e Collin e G ate . he S lla star ed his pro sc ri tio n s o f t t p , by means which he made way wi h his poli ical en emies .

. nt 2 . Ci i ar. n v l W This war is , in fact, the co est betwee ’ Th e u n d . Pompey a Caesar former had married J lia , Caesar s

t but sh e an d nmt n n th e tw o daugh er, died, e i y spra g up betwee At t n t n n m e n . the ime whe Caesar was es ablishi g the domi a t n o f R u 52 n n i a n io ome in Ga l ( Pompey , ﬁ di g h mself lo e o n un o f t o f u t to tt th e n acco t the dea h Crass s , ried a ain asce d

n Th e t u Clo diu s t u e cy . revol ca sed by the death of , a no orio s n b t u politicia , was quelled y Pompey, who, al ho gh illegally ,

- T n had been r e elected con su l . his placed him in allia ce with th e n t n t t se a orial party , who u ders ood very well hat Caesar t u an d u was heir nat ral enemy, relied pon Pompey, whose comman d in Spain was continu ed for ﬁve years (50 n u t Th Caesar desired th e co s lship for the nex year . e law h required t e can didate to appear in person . As Caesar would have been obliged to give up his procon sular comman d to

th e o n u present himself, triumvirs had agreed previo s occa sion s that he cou ld offer himself as candidate without leavin g v n n t t his pro i ce . O this occasion Pompey asser ed hat such a h 4 B C . t e privilege was illegal . In 9 senate ordered Caesar to give up his command ; he declared himself the c hampion of th e n t t n u t n an d th e co sti u io , p his army in motio , crossed R u . t an t bicon Pompey , aken by surprise, without army, ook u T t th e t o f ref ge in hessalonica, where he es ablished sea a n ew n n th e gover ment . Caesar obtained the co sulship and

t u to . dic atorship, and then t rned his attention Pompey He n ﬁ ally defeated him at Pharsalu s . Pompey escaped to Egypt, and was beheaded (48 (See Julius Caes ar . ) — 1 . Cla i u u t r 41 4 A . D . dd us . 5 Empe or, Cla di s was a bro her O a an d a t f Germ nicus, was proclaimed emperor f er the death 6 6 ROMAN HISTORY

o f . H b ut h is Caligula is character was weak, reign was bene l t r h ﬁc ia to the coun ry . He built a new harbo at t e mouth of th e u u e th e ut the Tiber, repaired aq educts , and conq er d so hern f n u o . was b d part England U fort nately, he led y two wicke

n - n a a nd n A wome , his ﬁrst wife , Messali , his iece, grippina, ’ M lin t essa a s . d whom he married af er death Clau ius died, n n poiso ed by Agrippina, who wanted the thro e for Nero, her s o n by a previous marriage . ’

A i . 4 2 . C a di s us 50 l u u , pp A member of the Decemvirate ( n n h By his tyra y he caused the downfall o f t e decem virs . '

1 . l i s A i s . 3 0 R 3 . C add u us Caecu , pp ( ) Censor, C Under his th e n administration Appian Aqueduct was co structed , and th e W t to Appian ay , a mili ary road from Rome Capua, was opened . 26 —2 0 4 Cla i s G th i us . 8 7 . dd u 6 c The ﬁrst Illyrian emperor (

succeeded by Aurelian ; his reign was unimportant. He died of th e plague . i th l i s s . e t 5 . C a d u u d , Publ Roman consul , defeated by Gar ha

in ian a t o f Dre ana u g s the naval battle p , in the First P nic War (243

i s . 6 . Cla dius Ne o Ga u d r , A Roman consul who won the vic at u w a s 20 tory the Metaurus , where Hasdr bal killed ( 7 t C o t a . le pa r Queen of Egyp , restored to her throne by Julius Caesar (47 who would un doubtedly have married her h ad th e n n la w i senate sa ctio ed the passage of a permitting t. n n n n Whe Mark A to y received the governme t of the East, he h joined Cleopatra . She killed herself shortly after t e defeat o f Antony at Actium (3 1

i nts . o r t Cl e Serfs of the gens ; free, but without legal poli ical rights . Each client was represented by a patrician head of a family , called his patron . f C oaca Maxima . o l The great sewer Rome , constructed under the T arquins .

ran s . Clovis . See F k Th m . e Cl s iu . ii chief city of Etruria Its king, Porsena , attacked Rome f o r the purpose o f establishing the Tarquin s ROMAN HISTORY 57

th e t an d on hrone, was at ﬁrst victorious, but was defeated at illu Lake R eg s . n f o f u C lian Hi . O e o cé ll the hills Rome, pon which Tullus iliu th e n t f Ho st s settled co quered inhabi ants o Alba L onga .

Célline Gate. See S ulla .

Co o s s e m . r u l u The immense amphitheate of Rome, beg n n T tu in A un 8 0 . D der Vespasia , ﬁnished by i s , and dedicated .

Comitia Centuriata . o f n An assembly composed all citize s, n d o f patricians a plebeians, for voting upon questions public

n i terest . o f n Comitia Curiata . An as se mbly composed the citize s bear

in . g arms, who voted by curies Each curia voted by itself, u and the maj ority o f the curies decided the q estion . f m tia Trib ta . o Co i ti An assembly composed patricians, who elected the consuls .

Comitium . An inclosed space near the Forum , used for public assemblies .

m i m . n n Com erc u The right give to plebeia s to hold property . r —1 h i 1 80 93 A D . u s C mm s . O odu Empe or, He s cceeded father A t n an d Marcus urelius . He was en irely unﬁt to reig was n ﬁ ally mu rdered .

C n n o f . é sta s . Son Constantine the Great He had a share ’ in a the g overnment fter his father s death, but died within a few years (3 50

1 . C6nstan in h G o n t e t e reat . He was proclaimed emperor the death o f his father Constantiu s Ch lo ru s (3 06 but was M xim x n i Th e w a s opposed by a ian and Ma e t u s . former put t M xentiu 3 1 0 A . D . a s to dea h by Constantine in , was defeated

o f Mulv ian B n n at the battle the ridge, and Co stanti e became f h L n m n t n o t e . sole emperor West ici ius , who arried Co s a ’ n h e . ti e s sister, governed t East War broke out between them , L u n an d n n icini s was defeated and killed in his priso , Co stanti e remain ed sole emperor (3 23 He adopted Christianity as the state religion an d took th e title o f Pontifex Maxi mus. I n 3 2 A D . n f . 5 . he presided at the Cou cil o Nicaea Shortly u after, he put his own son Crisp s to death, prompted to do so, 53 ROMAN HISTORY

t it is supposed, by Faus a, his second wife, who wanted to be n n sure o f the throne for her two so s . Co stantine divided the

raef ec ture s : I t empire into four p Gaul , aly, Illyricum , and the t t East ; these were governed by prae orian praefec s, directly o f th e n u nder the command emperor . Consta tin e tran sferred th e to B u n capital from Rome yzanti m, which he amed Con in l 28 A 3 3 3 . D n stan t o e 7 . p ( He died in , leavi g his empire t n n n t an d n t u to his hree so s, Co sta s , Constan ine, Consta i s, j oining with them in th e govern ment their cousins Dalm atiu s

Han nib alianu s u and , who were soon m rdered . f n n . o h e 2 . C nstantine t é Son Co stanti e Great .

3 . C6nstantine th e Us r e . n u p r A commo soldier, made em ero r B n t t p by the troops of ritai , who were dissa isﬁed wi h Honoriu s (407 F o r fou r years he r uled Britain an d n n n t n Gaul , and i duced the Va dals to pass i o Spai . He was t n n w Ath aulf u over hrown by Co sta tius, hen settled in G a l (3 1 2

Constantius Chlorus . t u t n 1 . Wes ern Caesar nder Diocle ia , f t nt n whom he su cceeded ; father o Cons a i e the Great . — A . D f n n 3 3 7 3 6 0 . o t 2 nstantius . . Co Emperor, Son Consta i e th e t o f t wo the Great . He reigned alone after dea h his brothers an d the murder o f his two cou sin s . He divided the

n n t . gover me t wi h Julian, who was the real ruler

A f av o rite f o f u nst ntius . 3 . Co a o ﬁcer Honori s, who overthrew

n n 41 2 t Consta ti e the Usurper ( He married Placidia, sis er

u t n n n n t o f t o f Honori s , af er havi g bee the i strume her ﬁrs hus ’ th e Ath aulf . band s death . (See ) Constantine was father of

Valen tinian III .

Th e o f . Cé nsul. chief magistrate Rome He was elected for n t to th e o n e year an d had the power of a ki g, subj ec right of n t o f appeal to the people in crimin al cases . Duri g his erm ofﬁce the consu l wore th e pu rple robe an d used the curule chair ; he was preceded by the lictors with their axes and

bundles o f rods (f a sces) . n to n to n t Comibium . The right give the plebeia s i ermarry

with the patricians .

70 ROMAN HISTORY

ﬁrst year, a second decemvirate was formed, three members T being plebeians . heir work was known as the L aws of th e T welve Tables . The decemvirs had control o f the govern

an d u o ment, when the year was over they ref sed t resign their ff o ice . They w ere compelled to abdicate a n d were pu t to death (451 —448 1 — D i . 4 2 A D . ec us 2 9 51 . . Emperor, He persecuted the Chris t n th e tians and was killed in ba tle agai st Goths .

2 . D i n n ec us Mus P blius . , ﬁ A Roma co sul who sacriﬁced his r to as o f at S entinum life in orde sure the victory his troops , in the Third Sam n ite War (295 D l e ators . These informers were specially active under the

e d ela tio o f emperor Tib rius, and the became a way pursuing private enmities . The system was at its height under Domi tian .

D n s . e tatu See Curius .

Dictator . A patrician magistrate, appointed for six months n by the consul i case o f public danger .

n ff th e t n Didius Julianus . A se ator who o ered to buy hro e n o f n n to n left vaca t by the murder Perti ax, promisi g re ew the a n licentiousn ess o f the reign of Commodus . He w s condem ed to death by the senate when S eptim iu s Severus was recognized as emperor (1 93 — 2 4 5 A . D . Dioc tian . 8 3 0 le Emperor, The impracticability o f governing alon e the exten sive empire composed o f mixed nationalities was very apparent, and Diocletian divided the $ n u $ admi istration with a colleag e called Augustus , reserving an d for himself the East, with his capital at Nicomedia, giving

Maxim ian t n . his associate the West, with his capi al at Mila $ After a time each $ Au g ustus had an associate called $ D n Caesar, who succeeded him . iocletian reorga ized the army and removed th e military comman d from th e govern ors f n o it . n the provinces , givi g to ofﬁcers U der his administra

n th e I n tion the land tax, heretofore paid o ly by talian provi ces , I Dio c le but not by taly proper, was enforced on all . Under n o f n t tia a persecution the Christia s, ordered by him, ook ROMAN HISTORY 71

3 03 H h Maxim inian 3 05 a n place ( e abdicated wit in , n n o f G aleriu s an d leavi g the empire in the ha ds in the East,

Constantius Ch lo ru s in the West. 1 — 8 A . D . Th D mitian . 96 e o Emperor, sixth Flavian emperor,

T u . t w a and brother of itus, whom he s cceeded His charac er s f n . n o T u cruel a d tyrannical He renewed the delatio s iberi s . u n o f (See Delators . ) He reg lated the questio the German fron tier by building fortiﬁed posts . t f na . o n o Drépa A city the wes ern coast Sicily, where the R oman s lost a naval battle against the Carthagin ian s in th e First Pun ic War (249 f u u t B Dr sus . O . o n 1 . ﬁ Stepson A g s us y his campaigns the Danube he con tributed to the exten sion o f th e R o man

n in n n n it th e n o f dominio s that sectio , orga izi g as provi ces

in B . n R aetia a n d Noricu m . He died 9 C while e gaged in n f extendi g the empire east o the Rhine . f 2 s . S o n o u n D s . . r u ii Tiberius , m rdered by order of Seja us ’ i i I ta an s t n . Dr s s M cus Li i s . e o 3 . u a tr , r v u See l Qu n in h Duilius Gaius . t e tt , The Roman comma der ba le of My la e (26 0 He was rewarded for his victory by th e in n n e t o f erection of a column his ho or, ador d wi h the beaks capt ured vessels (co lum na r o stra ta ) . f I D rr h ium . t o n o y ac A ci y the coast llyricum , where Caesar ’ sustain ed a defeat from the hands o f Pompey s adherents j u st before Pharsalus .

h oth s . E ast Got s . See G f E t . n u o gy p U der the r le the Ptolemies , Egypt was an ally f R n n u u tu o . Rome It became a oman provi ce u der A g s s , after

th e t o f an d o f . n ba tle Actium the death Cleopatra Ze obia, u o f n in n Q een Palmyra, attempted to i clude it her domi ions, u u n b t was defeated by A relia . —222 A 21 . D . o f E a a us . 8 l gab l Emperor, A cousin Caracalla,

- m an d priest of the sun god Elagabalus in Syria . His other

n u n i f called him An to in s a d passed h m for a so n o Caracalla . 72 ROMAN HISTORY

Mac rin u s k a n d He defeated , illed him, was recognized as emperor . He w as o n e of th e m ost corr upt an d viciou s o f th e

t n o f Roman emperors , and was murdered af er a reig four years . '

E ni s intus . t n t n u , Qu A dis i guished poe who lived about 2 h e f 2 B . t t o t n 0 . C a d , au hor sa ires , dramas , epic poems . ' r n in n n E ct e. t A mountai near Panormos or her Sicily, where th e R omans were defeated by Hamilcar (247 ' f f i in . E s qu l e The highest o the hills o Rome .

’ r ri Th e tw n Et il a (modern Tus cany ) . territory be ee the Arno h i h an d t e T n . t t e iber, in northwester Italy From came n n I n t t o f R . ts dy as y of the Tarqui s , the las ki gs ome chief n u u V o lsinii tt n o f tow s were Cl si m, Veii, and , all bi er e emies n t th e t R an d Rome . Their power decli ed wi h grow h of ome

t o f . C s i m R e illus especially af er the capture Veii (See lu u , g ,

ii mi imi h i am i r e Ca s C nian o st T d S te Wa S entinum . V , llu , F re , r n , ) u n n in 21 B Etr ria was invaded by Ha ibal 7 . C .

o f en t n . u h n Eudéxia . Widow Val i ian III She ref sed t e ha d ’ u u u to of Maxim s, her h sband s m rderer, called Gaiseric aid an d t u o f 455 her , hus ca sed the sack Rome ( f u h n o . e n in Edmenes . Ki g Pergam s He helped t Roma s the Asiatic War (1 90 In the Macedon ian campaign he rem ained neutral . n f E h tes . nt o up ra A river of Asia Mi or, the fro ier Mithra ’ dates empire .

i im r n t t R c e . E ri . O u c King f the Visigo hs , af er He e larged i n tw n th e R n a n d th e L h s territory over the regio be ee ho e oire, then took from Odovacar th e lan ds between th e R hon e a n d th e th e t o f i c a ital at . Alps . H s p was Arles On o her side the — Pyrenees he conquered nearly all Spai n (475 480

n t ian G ns . n t n n n u u Fab e An importa patricia ge s , mberi g abo

u n n t t t o w n u three h dred, who u der ook wi h heir reso rces , a war

u 4 8 . n t 7 B C . agai s Veii, abo t ROMAN HISTORY 73

Th F i s M xim s int s . e u 1 . a a u b u u , Q u Roman cons l who defeated th e Etru scan s at th e Cim in ian Forest (3 1 0 an d th e S a m nites a t S entin u m (295

2 i M im s ax intus . t . a s n F b u u , Qu A Roman dic ator, grandso u u n D o f 1 . Cuncta to r Fabi s, s r amed (the elayer) , as he always tt n n b ut t avoided pitched ba les with Ha ibal , harassed him wi h his system o f ambu scades and sh ort en gagemen ts (21 7 n d n a ici s Gai s . a F br u , u A statesman diplomatist, a co tem

r r ri n n p o a y of Cu u s De tatus . He disti guished himself in the n u wars agai st Pyrrh s . Th un f Fas ces e b dle o rods Carried by the lictor . n t nt th e G t: Fads ta . Wife of Co s a ine rea

Fetiales . Heralds who performed the ceremonies connected with th e declaration o f war .

An n t f ii Fid na . u o o n é Etr sca town , the outpos Ve , the left h n 42 b n o f th e T tu t e 6 B C . a k iber, cap red by Roma s in Th n u w o n ami in s Tit s uinctius . e Fl n u , u Q co s l who the battle o f Cynoscephalae again st Philip V . of Macedon . n ut n amini s Gai s . u Fl u , u A trib e who p i to effect an Agrarian L aw by which the lan ds o f th e Gauls were distributed amon g n n o f L T Roma citize s . He was killed at the battle ake rasi m en u s (21 7 n th e e de ati. F r Allies of Rome, who were give lands within un o f r n n t bo daries the empire, but we e recognized as indepe de t n n n t . na io s, u der cer ain treaty provisio s

$ r Th e F6 um . market place in the valley between the Pala t n an n I n i e d Quiri al Hills . it the praetors held court until Cato urged the bu ildin g o f the Basilica Porcia (1 84 I n t u an d m th e ime the For m ceased to be a market place, beca e

o f th e an d o f R m Th e o s tra center commercial social life o e . R , ’ o r n u to th e speaker s sta d, was moved from the Comiti m u For m .

an Fr ks . An association o f Germanic tribes who made their

’ appearan ce at about th e same time as th e Alaman nian s 220—240 A D . an d Du n th e ( ) settled on the lower R hin e . ri g n f o nu t . reig Gallie s, hey crossed Gaul and entered Spain 74 ROMAN HISTORY

They j oined the Alamann ian s an d were defeated by Julius at t u 3 5 T o f th e S rassb rg ( 7 hey settled in the west empire . B tt o f th e u n n th e At the a le Peoples, the Rip aria Fra ks (from n n b ut th e n n t Rhi e) j oi ed Attila, Salia Fra ks (from the Ne her n n o f th la ds) sided with the Roma s . The power e Franks was ﬁn ally established under Clovis (48 1 who ended the u th e o f S a riu o f Roman power in Ga l by overthrow y g s, son Ae id iu g s .

i Camill s . Fdr us . See u

i Gab i. A city belonging to the Volscian territory on the

u n to Tar u iniu T sca Sea, added the Ager Romanus under q s . Gais e ic o r Ge s ic 428—477 n o f n r n er ( Ki g the Va dals , n t n summo ed from Spain into Africa by Boniface . He was he u n u an d un th e s mmo ed to Rome by E doxia, took and pl dered

in t o ff f city . He was defeated a naval bat le the coas t o

R ic im e r Ma o rian th e s uc Corsica by , and held in check by j , t o f th e n cessor of Maximu s . Gaiseric became mas er wester

t o f h par t e Mediterran ean an d th e islands o f northern Africa .

4 A m t . D . After his death ( 77 . ) his empire lost its i por ance

Gaius . The ofﬁcial title o f the emperor Caligula . (See i Cal gula . )

o f n . Galba . Governor Spai under Nero He proclaimed ’ o n un o f n o f th e m himself emperor acco t Nero s eglect e pire,

u t in u an d especially th e ins rrec ion Of Vindex Ga l . Galba u h 6 8 A . D . t e succeeded Nero in , but was soon m rdered by praetorians . ’ 3 05—3 06 G alerius . Diocletian s successor in the East ( — u t 2 2 A . D . Ga ien s . 60 68 ll u Emperor, He s cceeded his fa her, the emperor Valerian, at a critical period . His empire was

t o n n n an d a tacked all sides , by the Germa s , Franks , Persia s , n O d en atus n o f . n Goths Gallie us formed an allia ce with , ki g

n a o f . Palmyra, who defe ded the frontier against S por Persia

O d o n atus 23 7 an d was murdered ( his widow, Zenobia,

268 A . D . succeeded him . Gallienus was murdered in ROMAN HISTORY 75

G n o f s . aul An intruding natio Celtic race, crossed the Alps

n B t o f n u t . C . duri g the fo rth ce ury , ook possession the valley T th e u n . of Po, and expelled the Etr sca s heir territory was I n u . 3 90 B . C . called Cisalpine Ga l they attacked Clusium, an

o f R n at th e tt th e ally ome, defeated the Roma s ba le of Allia,

an d tu . a n cap red Rome They helped the Etrusc ns, Umbria s, n T and Samnites in their wars against the Roma s . hey were u 52- 50 Cis al ine Gau ﬁnally subd ed by Caesar ( (See p l,

Trans alpine Gaul . )

Gens . a r . The name given to f mily g oups , or clans Each clan w as composed o f several families under th e au thority o f th e a ter a milia s wh o n u p f , was i vested with f ll power over his

n n Th e t n . wife a d childre . members were called pa ricia s n f h u Germanicus . The adopted so o t e emperor Tiberi s . D u o f u t u u t . His fa her was rus s, the general A g s s He married n th e n t Au u Agrippi a, gra ddaugh er of g stus, became governor o f u an d n an d n th e n o f Ga l Germa y, was give governme t the E t . n . fﬁ as He died sudde ly Piso, his ﬁrst o cer, was suspected o f having poisoned him (1 9

Ge m ans . n an d T n n r Germa tribes , the Cimbri euto s , i vaded t an d b ut I aly, were at ﬁrst victorious , they were repulsed by Mari u s an d Catulu s at Aquae S extiae and at the R au dian ll V e rc e ae . n t o f Fields , near An unsuccessful i surrec ion Mar

n o r n in 1 8 0 A . D . n coma i, German frontiersme , took place U der n u e th e n an d Gallie s they traversed Gaul , cross d Pyre ees,

n n . u n t o r entered Spai , pillaging the cou try A relia buil walls n t adva ced for s to keep them in check . Julian defeated them $ at Strassburg (3 57 $ Germans is a general term for n n n Fra ks , Alama nia s , Vandals, Goths, and Visigoths . They u in tt n A h a lf . Alaric t u s cceeded se li g all over the empire (See , , is i Ga e c R h ada ais Sti ich o . r , g , and l ) 2 —2 h o G a . 1 w et 1 1 2 A D . B f . o a Emperor, rother Caracall ,

n u o n e . reig ed with him, but was m rdered by him after year f Goth s . Hordes o barbarians who invaded Dacia under

u T m a n n : A relian . hey y be divided i to two bra ches Ostro

t a nd r t o . go hs or East Goths, Visigo hs West Goths Forced by 75 ROMAN HISTORY

H n t the uns to leave their provi ce, hey asked the Romans f o r

B n u shelter, and Valens gave them the alkan pe ins la . The o f R t t treachery the oman praefects caused a revol of the Go hs , who defeated an d killed Valen s at Adrianople (3 78 T u th e t u heodosi s paciﬁed them ; he gave Visigo hs Dacia, so th o f th e Danube ; Phrygia in Asia Min er was assigned to the

t . n o r o ed era i I n Os rogoths They were co sidered allies f t . n f th e 3 95 A . D . o , Alaric was ki g Visigoths ; he invaded Greece an d u n grad ally made his way i to Italy, where he was defeated

ll n i n d n t A h - - Po e t a a b . t aulf t in at Vero a y S ilicho , bro her law o f Alaric, succeeded him ; he treated with Honorius , brought t u but back the Go hs to Ga l , was forced to go to Spain by

n o f u order of Consta tius (ﬁrst ofﬁcer Honori s) , and was mur A h S . t aulf . dered hortly afterward (See ) Wallia, his brother,

to u o ed era ti brought the Visigoths back Ga l ; they became f , ut o f l were given land in the so h Gau , and soon extended their n n n t domi io i o Spain .

1 h s Ti e i s S em ré nius . . G acc h r u , b r u p Tribune o f t e Plebs

1 8 7 t n d n ( While ribu e, he efended the Scipios agai st t an d u t o f heir assailants, afterwards married Cornelia, da gh er

u . n o f n Scipio African s He became praetor, gover or Spai ,

u a nd n . cons l , ce sor

2 h i ri m r T s S ni s . 1 n . G s d acc bé u e é u . a r u , p Son of Gracchus n in an d Cor elia . Gracchus served the army showed great

n n n u courage at the siege of Numa tia in Spai . Upo his ret rn R L L to ome he wished to revive the icinian aws , which were n o n an d u lo ger enforced, th s relieve the poor classes . He t s an d sligh ly altered the law , , as tribune, forced the passage h T er d o f t e . ea ate bill his p the patricians, and he was killed ( 1 3 3

i . B f 2 . 3 . G acch s Ga s o a . r u , u rother Gr cchus His aim was n to overthrow the nobility a d reform the senate . He also ’

t n t . at empted to e force his brother s laws , and ampliﬁed hem in O f As the public lands Italy were almost all occupied, he f ered t n in n o n e o n th e to es ablish colo ies the provinces, and fou ded

‘ f un i f o r u o on a . r ins Carthage, called J At the next election

73 ROMAN HISTORY

n d n a . H H Hiero, and recaptured Capua Tare tum asdrubal, an ’ n ib al s t t an d in the t o f th e bro her, was defea ed killed bat le Metau r u s against the Roman con su ls Gaius Nero an d Marcus L ivius (207 Han nibal himself was ﬁ n ally defeated at a u 202 n t n Zama by Scipio Afric n s ( Han ibal re ur ed home, n ﬁ o f t an d n t atte ded to the nancial affairs Car hage, , feari g tha he might be taken by the Romans, retired to Syria, where he staid at the court of Antiochus until the defeat o f his host by the Roman s at Magnesia . Then he took refuge a t th e cou rt

o f Pru sias o f B . , king ithynia He poisoned himself to avoid fallin g into th e han ds o f the Rom ans (1 83 f B t o . h n Has drubal. ro her Hannibal He fought t e Roma s in

n u u s o n o f th e n Spai and was defeated by P bli s Scipio, co sul un Ti inu u wh o was wo ded at the river c s . Hasdr bal crossed the Pyren ees to help Hannibal in Italy . He was defeated and killed in th e battle o f th e Metaurus (207 t o f n : H tians . n elve The i habitan s Helvetia, moder Switzer t t m n t 58 B . C . la d, whom Caesar defea ed in , hus hindering he from settling in southwestern Gaul . f th e a . o n o Heracle A city the Gulf of Tarentum, the site ﬁrst victory o f Pyrrhu s over the Roman s (280 f d t n m . o Hercula eu A city southern Italy, estroyed , wi h

o f u 79 A . D . n Pompeii, by an eruption Mo nt Vesuvius in Amo g h n t t. T e u n the victims was Pli y the Elder, the na uralis r i s were foun d in 1 755 . ' h o n f r ni s A ius . w t o He dé u , pp A Sabine nobleman , wi h a ba d t o f t o f 460 followers, ook possession the ci adel Rome ( This act was occasioned by the dissatisfaction caused by th e

H e rd o n iu t t . Terentilian L aws . s perished wi h his par y

n o f at th e o f th e Hiero . Ki g of Syracuse , and ally Rome time

in 21 B . u 5 C . revolt o f the Mamertin es . He died ; his s ccessor

Mam rtin s Hanni a . t t . e e sided wi h the Car haginians (See , b l )

n to . Hon6res . The right give the plebeians hold magistracies

(See Licinian Law s . ) o f T th e 3 95 Hon6rius . Son heodosius and emperor of West ( 423 During his reign great barbarian i n vasion s took ROMAN HISTORY 79

th e t o f u place . Alaric, leading Visigo hs the Dan be, invaded

R u ﬁ nus t to th e t o f Greece . was hos ile Stilicho, minis er

n I t Ho orius, and advised Alaric to march into aly, where P o llen tia n 402—4 03 Stilicho defeated him . at and Vero a ( an d compelled him to leave Italy . The Vandal invasion o f u t o f th e o f B t n Gaul was ca sed by the dissa isfaction army ri ai , t n t n th e who chose as emperor Cons a i e Usurper, and he received h n t e govern men t o f Britain and Ga ul . He i duced th e Van dals to go to Spain and Portugal . The enemies o f Stilicho prevailed u n i 4 I n pon Ho orius to have him beheaded n 08 at Ravenna .

408 A . D . i n m v a d ed t an d at th e Alaric aga I aly, appeared gates o f it n Th e t Rome and captured by fami e . nex year Alaric — again took the city an d pillaged it (409 4 1 0 Con stantin e ’ n t t u n t was overthrown by Co s an i s, who married Ho orius sis er

. A h l Placidia (See t au f . ) H a in H i l L t o f or ce (Qu tus o rat us F é ccus) . A famous atin poe th e Au gu stan age (64—7 H n i L Th e tu ort e s an aw s . dictator Quin s Hortensius proposed t th e n th e to hese laws , giving plebeia assembly power pass laws T t t n th e valid for all citizen s . his was a s ep oward relievi g n t n th e n ff t n co di io of peasa ts, who su ered grea ly from prolo ged wars . B t ’ Huns . arbarians of the Tartar race who invaded the Go hs

n n in A h s an d 3 76 . D . se e Got domi io s ( ) , forced them to ask t o n R n to t shel er oman territory . Valens assig ed hem a part o f th e B n u Th e n o f t n alka penins la . gover ors hat provi ce were n n t disho est, the supplies promised were not give , and the Go hs Th e n an d . revolted killed Valens at Adrianople Hu s, led by 4 A t tt i n n 4 4 . D . A ila, reappeared large umbers about ; hey

n n u L an d crossed the Rhi e, e tered Ga l as far as the oire,

tt n but Aetius n o f th e a acked Orlea s ; and Theodoric, ki g

t t to t t Visigo hs , forced hem retrea , and they were comple ely defeated at th e B attle o f the Peoples (451 Th e H un s t n o f th e n re ur ed the next year by way Julia Alps, invaded

t . Italy, and des royed Aquileia Attila established his residence n d A a 4 3 . D . at Milan, died there in 5 ROMAN HISTORY

f I ians . o ber A people ancient Spain . They j oined th e T Carthagin ian armies . hey occupied Aquitan ia o r southern u n d th e n t o f th e B u Ga l a were a ces ors asq es . n n I llyricum (moder I lly ria) . The regio o n the eastern coast

o f th e t . o n it D u n Adria ic Sea Rome made war s pirates . ri g

h e n it n t Macedonia Wars was made a Roman provi ce . Caesar n gover ed it together with Cisalpine Gaul . Th e t Ita lian Ques tion . I alian allies claimed the right o f n n d a n u t n h b ut a . T e citize ship, were refused , ins rrec ion e sued tribun e Dru s u s an d th e orator Crassus supported th e cause o f

I t n b u t u u n an d D u u as sassi the alia s , Crass s died s dde ly r s s was

n Th e n t n o n . t n a ted . i surrec ion we t The I alian allies, wishi g to u n n e w t n t o f t o rﬁ n ium fo d a capi al i s ead Rome, selec ed C in th e cen ter o f th e pe ninsula ; this was th e beginni n g o f the th e . t u Social War Of course , Roman armies , led by Me ell s an d n to o Pius other experie ced chiefs, were well drilled for

n t t t u o f two the Co federacy, which was defea ed af er a s r ggle u n at th e n n years . What sho ld have been do e begi ni g was

Th e u th e n n . u do e at the end J lian law, proposed by co s l

L u t to n cius Caesar, gave ci izenship all who had remai ed loyal (90 an d th e Papiria n law gave th e same privi lege to those who promised allegian ce . The emperor Cara

in 21 2 A . D calla granted th e right demanded .

’ t Janiculum . A hill belonging to Rome s erritory and a I t protection again st Etruscan invasions . was j oined to R ome by th e S ublic ian B ridge .

m . u n in e s a e 6 4 B . C . J ru l Jer salem was co quered by Pompey ,

T u in A D . Th an d was destroyed by it s 70 . e Jews revolted again durin g th e reign o f Hadrian (1 3 2 an d a R oman colon y called Aelia Capitolin a was established o n th e ruin s o f

Jerusalem . ROMAN HISTORY 3 1

— 64 A . D . vian. 3 63 3 . H J6 Emperor, , successor of Julian is reign o f o n e year was un eventful . n um idia n n n rth a . . Jugﬁ Ki g of N , gra dso of Masi issa Jugur h n n tha Obtained t e thro e by murdering his cousi s. Th e Romans wished to punish him and war w as declared in o n u f 1 1 2 R e . For three years nothing was done acco nt o

' n 1 9 B th m 0 C . e c o corruption amo g the Roman chiefs, but in to s Caeciliu s u mand was given Quintu Metell s , and some fﬁ o f t progress was made . A young o cer Me ellus, Gaius Marius, was made consul and received the command instead of M etellu s (1 07 The next year J u gurtha was made prisoner by ’ u ff o f a a an d a S lla, an o icer M rius rmy, was t ken to Rome and executed . — 3 A . D . o f lian . 60 3 63 H o n Jii Emperor, e was the cousin C $ $ tantiu s I I . . s , who chose him for his Caesar He was able 1 11 th e and energetic, and restored order Western provinces n f which he gover ed . He repulsed an invasion o the Alaman n ian s an d defeated them at Strassburg (3 57 He is known as Julian the Apostate because he reestablished pagan

. t u ism He ordered no persecu ion , but simply did all he co ld u th e n n to disco rage Christia religio among his subj ects . He

u . o f ndertook a campaign against Sapor II Persia, crossed the ’ O n th e T an d Euphrates , pened a ca al to igris , routed Sapor s

3 63 o n n army ( Julian was killed the retur , and Jovian, his ﬁrst ofﬁcer, succeeded him .

ian La Jul w . This law gave the citizenship to the Italian allies who remained loyal during the Social War . (See Italian

Question . ) li s C ar. Jii u é s See Caes ar .

un nia . J 6 A city founded by C . Gracchus o n the ruins o f t 1 22 Car hage ( It became a Roman colony .

Jus auxilia . The power given to the tribunes to protect debtors and citizens against the undue severity o f the con su l

r th e u o q aestor . x l Th e L Jus c i i. right given to the atin colonies to coin an d money give shelter to Roman exiles . 3 2 ROMAN HISTORY

act Jus iméginum . An which allowed a consul to place in u o f his ho se waxen masks his ancestors as tokens of nobility . n f v nal. a a o o r Jﬁ e A Rom s tirist the Silver Age, reign o f

Latin Colonies . a as th e n Milit ry posts , such posts o the

r Volscian frontier, established by the allied powers for p o tec wh o tion . A Roman took up his residence in a colony lost h is

Roman citizenship .

in r . La i m Lat Conf ede acy See t u .

Latium . Latin War . See o f a f Latins . One two princip l races o Italy occupying the f o . L territory south the Tiber Rome was a atin city . u h L tium . t e a The plain so th of Tiber, between Apennines and the sea, now known as Campagna . It became the strong o f L a t L hold the atin Confeder cy , and its chief ci y, Alba onga, B n was taken by Rome . etween the First a d Second Samnite

Wars , the Confederacy became j ealous of Rome and rebelled . n w L I t This uprising is k o n as the atin War . ended with the ’ o f dissolution the Confederacy, and the enlargement of Rome s territory in 3 3 8 R C . ’ f Le id s Ma cus IEmilius . o p u , r Caesar s master the horse f (secon d in comman d to the dictator) . He was a member o n d the Seco d Triumvirate, but being incompetent he gra ually disappeared from the political scene . T Licinian Law s . hey were enacted by the tribune G aius

L B . u 3 67 . C a icini s Stolo ( ) to protect the plebei ns, and were formulated as follows :

th e . 1 st. One of two consuls must be a plebeian 2 o f n o f d . The board magistrates havi g charge the Sibylline

Books must be composed of patricians an d plebeians . Th e 3 d . interest paid by debtors was to be deducted from

in . the principal , the balance to be paid three years 4 u th . th e It gave th e plebeians the use of p blic lands, but they were n o t allowed to occupy more than 250 acres: ROMAN HISTORY 3

h 1 00 o f 5t . The public pasture was restricted to heads large f l 500 o a S . cattle, and heads sm l cattle, such as heep h t o f in 6 t . A limi ed number slaves was allowed the work in o f a w as g of large estates, but the rest the l bor to be done by free artisans .

Licinius . a t a o f A Dacian peas n , procl imed governor the l ri A . D West by the emperor G a e us in 3 07 . He became emperor o f th e a n n East with M ximin, while Co sta tine governed the West (3 1 1 Maximin was defeated by L icim us at 1 D . L m Adrianople and died in 3 3 A . icinius urdered the fami f f lies o all his opponents and became sole emperor o the East . ’ m t w r He arried Constan ine s sister . A a with Constantine fol a t o f b ut lowed, which was ended by trea y peace ; in a second

L u o f -in-law wh o war icini s fell into the hands his brother , had him strangled in prison (3 1 4 i i L in r s s . c us C as u See Crassus . Li i in s L . c u ucullus See Lucullus .

Li t r . a f c o A Rom n o ﬁcer who preceded the consul . His badge of ofﬁce was the f a sces . I t Lily bé um . A Carthaginian town o f western Sicily . was attacked by the Romans during the First Punic War (249 Li L a o f a vy (Titus Livius) . A atin histori n the August n age —1 (59 B . C . 9 L ucania . A region o f southern Italy between the Tuscan L uc an ian n Sea and the Gulf o f Tarentum . The s remai ed faithful to Rome during the Third Samnite War .

L . iiceres One o f the three original Roman tribes . (See

R am n es and Tities . ) L f L a ucretius Ca us Titus . o r , One the greatest tin poets — (about 99 55 L R m n a uc ll s L i s Li ni . a d u , iic u ci us A typic l o a noblem n, rich an d u an d b ut to o lux rious . He was brave skillful in war, ’ m a arrogant to gain his soldiers conﬁdence . He com nded against Mith radates (74

L t ti Catulus . u a us Catulus . See ROMAN HISTORY

2 1 B . . Macedonian Wars . The First War ( 3 C ) was brief and I t without importance . arose because Hannibal made a treaty f R . o t with Philip V Macedon , and the omans had to pro ect their rights . The Second War was simply a renewal o f th e t n to t t n ﬁrs , as the Romans were a xious ex end heir domi ions in f . o o f the East . Philip V was the ally Antiochus the Great n Syria, and the Achaea s and Aetolians sided with Rome . B efore the conﬂict, Antiochus deserted Philip, who was defeated by Flamininu s at Cynoscephalae (1 97 Greece and u was declared independent free from Macedonian r le . n 1 S a . 79 R . n Philip ig ed the pe ce In C Philip died, leavi g the

so n u . throne to his Perse s , who declared himself against Rome f o o ut . The Rhodians, former allies R me, remained ne ral f o t. Eumenes, also a friend the Romans , gave no suppor Hostilities were renewed in th e Third War (1 72 Th e n Aem ilius at Roma s , led by Paulus, defeated Perseus Pydna, and took h im prisoner (1 68 Macedon was divided i nto ’ n 1 4 fou r provi ces under R ome s protectorate . In 6 it became a Roman provin ce after an i n surrection led by an n f impostor who passed himself for a so o Perseus . f Ma rinus . o m ur c Commander the praetorian guard, who

21 n . D . t n dered Caracalla ( 7 A . ) and took the hro e He reig ed n o ne an d an d u less tha year, was defeated killed by Elagabal s, cousin of Caracalla .

nas G i s Cilnius . o f u . Maece , a u A counselor August s He took b ut t t an d t no active part in politics, pro ec ed arts let ers, and

A . D . became the patron of Horace and Vergil . He died 9 n in t Mé gna Gré cia . Th e Greeks established colo ies the sou h Th e an d west o f Italy as early as the eighth centu ry B C . colonies were rich and prosperous and the region was called

t u . Great Greece . The chief ci y was Tarent m n th e R Magnes ia . A city in western Asia Mi or where omans , L Asiatic us a u commanded by ucius Scipio , defe ted Antioch s in

A ia i ar . 1 90 R C . (See s t c W )

3 5 ROMAN HISTORY

The nobility took arms and defeated the reformers at a battle

Saturn in us and r an in the Forum ; Glaucia we e murdered , d

ce . o ut Marius fell into disgra The Mithradatic war broke , and th u u the chief command was given to e cons l S lla . The attempt o f Sulpicius and the popular pa rty to give Marius th e u i u u n command brought abo t civ l war . S lla marched po R ome n an d defeated his Oppone ts . Marius escaped and took refuge

o f Min turn ae o n o f L t o f in the marshes the coast atium, sou h Rome ; from there he went to the ruin s o f Carthage (8 8

I n 8 B C . 7 a rupture took place between the two consuls , t u n w o f t an d n n Oc avi s and Ci na, who ere opposite par ies , Ci a was defeated in a battle in the Forum . He rallied his forces , u R called Mari s to his aid, and they entered ome as victors . u u t They then ina g rated a massacre which las ed ﬁve days , during which time the enemies o f Marius perished in large m n Catulu s o ld o f th e nu bers , amo g them , his colleague Cimbric h t B . l . u t e war The nex year (8 6 C . ) Marius was made cons for

s . eventh time, and died shortly after

f . 2 Mé rius G i s . S o n o . S a . é u , the above (See ull ) i r i s M i i L Mart a l (Ma cus Valer u art al s) . A brilliant atin writer o f epigram (40—1 02 o f u n Mas inis s a . King N midia . He helped the Roma s again st the Carthaginian s at Zama (202 He caused th e Third P un ic War by picking a quarrel with Carthage (1 52 an d died three years after .

a s i s t o f ut n Mas s ilia (modern M r e lle ) . A Greek ci y so her f th Gau l at the mouth o e Rhone . It was captured by Caesar 4 B . C . in 9 , but remained a free republic, nominally under the

n f jurisdictio o Rome .

C nstantin . Maxentius . See o e o f th e t Maximian . Emperor Wes while Diocletian governed t b u t t an d the East . He abdica ed, appeared in poli ics again was murdered by Constan tin e (3 1 0 — 23 5 23 8 A . D . ximin . 1 . Ma Emperor, He succeeded Alex

v h ad u . an der Se erus , whom he m rdered He killed himself in

23 8 A . D . ROMAN HISTORY 3 7

L M imi . o f 1 1 2 . ax n Emperor the East with icinius (3 L H a 3 1 3 A . D . e was defe ted by icinius at Adrianople in , and died the same year . f u M ximus . o . s c a The murderer Valentinian III , whom he 4 A c ee d ed as e 55 . D . mperor in He wished to marry Eudoxia, ’ n n sh e f an d u n Valenti ia s widow ; re used, s mmo ed Gaiseric ,

‘ h n xi n o f w o to o k a d . ki g the Vandals, plundered Rome Ma m u s was deposed the following year and was succeeded by n Majo ria . Th f o f Maz deis m . e o religion Zoroaster, the early faith t in n Persia . It recognized a continual con est the gover ment o f d an d the world between Ormuz , the good god, Ahriman, the wicked . o f n I an d Medio lanum (modern Milan) . A city orthern taly capital o f the Western Empire under D iocletian . When n n th e Rave a was made the capital , Milan was chosen as mili n o n e tary ce ter . Attila occupied it as his residence about year h B f after t e attle o the Peoples . Th e M s s alina . a e ﬁrst wife of the emperor Claudius, wicked 4 A n . D . an d dissolute woma She was killed in 8 . f M s s na . o e a A city northeastern Sicily, seized by the Mamertines (264 f r s . o Metaﬁ u A river southern Cisalpine Gaul , empty ing into th e Adriatic Sea . There the Roman consuls Nero and L iviu s defeated and killed Hasdrubal (206

n li m h . i t s Cae i s N u idic u s . rt a 1 . Mete us u c u u ll , Qu ( ) See J gu

int s C ili s u . . 2 . Mete us u u mc u ll , Q (Pi s) Son of the above He t n ook part in the Social War, j oined Sulla duri g the Civil

a n d w a s . War, sent against Sertorius L M t us uintus Cae ci ia s . o f R 3 . e e ll , Q l (Scipio) eader the epub lican party with Cato ; defeated by Caesar at Thapsus (46 f Min rnae . o n u o tii A town the Tuscan Sea, so th Rome, where Marius took refuge . D Mith radates VI . King of Pontus in Asia Minor . esiring n n to take the Roma territory adj oining his ki gdom, which had f n . o bee left to the Romans by Attalus III , king Pergamus, 3 3 ROMAN HISTORY

M ith radates put to death the R oman governor and massacred n R n a large number o f Roma s . ome declared war a d gave th e

m n to Mith rad ates com a d Sulla, who defeated , and compelled him to give up his con qu est and to pay an in demnity (8 8

Mi h r This en ded the First Mithradatic War . t ad ate s renewed o f th e hostilities with Murena, the successor Sulla in Roman w as t province , but this campaign without resul , although it is called th e Second Mithradatic War (8 3 A treaty was 4 n d n t n S Mith ra dates 7 B C . a igned, but broke it in agai threa e ed L n t th e th e R oman power in Asia . ucullus was i trus ed with an d n n command, gained several victories , but othi g decisive

n Mi h rad te n 7 B C . t a s was do e . In 6 Pompey marched agai st Th e o f an d defeated him . maj or part his dominions became a

o w n s on . R oman province . He was killed by his f i n s . o a a Muc a u A governor Syria, who was sent by Vesp si n

t u 6 6 A . D . to over hrow Vitelli s ,

S v la . Miicius S cé vola . See cé o T Mulvian Bridge . A bridge over the river iber where Con stantin e the Great defeated his rival Maxentiu s an d had his body thrown into the river (3 1 2 This victory allowed

Constan tin e to become sole emperor o f th e West .

f . M mmi s L cius . o d u , ii The destroyer Corinth

t n in 45 B . C . n . n t Mu da An a cient ci y of sou hern Spai , where , ,

o f . Julius Caesar defeated Gnaeus and Sextus, the sons Pompey

D i s M s . Mus . See ec u u o f Mﬁtina (modern Modena) . A city northwest Rome where Decimus Brutus defeated Antony just before the formation o f th e Second Triumvirate (43 f n t n o f th e t M a . o yl A city or heaster Sicily, the scene ﬁrs f n a o . important battle the First Pu ic War The Rom ns , com m an ded Duilius 260 by , were victorious (

1 i . . Nero . See Cl aud us 2 l u . Néro C addius Ti e ius . , b r Second and last of the Cla dian 54- 68 u emperors ( He succeeded Claudi s , although he ROMAN HISTORY 8 9

i n B n so n o f a had no r ght to the thro e, as ritan icus, Cl udius and n th e t u b u t n Messali a, was righ f l heir ; Agrippi a, second wife o f u u to s o n Cla di s , forced him recognize Nero, her by a pre Th t o f n u . e vio s marriage, as his s ccessor ﬁrs four years his u u th e reign were f ll of promise, as he was g ided by philosopher B u t i n an d B u th e t n t . t Se eca, also by urrh s , prae oria praefec

n n n w as o t lo g before his wicked ess showed itself . He fell in t n t an d love wi h Poppaea Sabi a, neglected his wife Oc avia put n n her to death . Brita icus died by his order . Seneca was u t T n s pplan ed by igellinus, a freedma , and murdered ; and ’ n Nero s own mother Agrippin a was put to death . U der the ’ n u n o f T n n i ﬂ e ce igelli us , Nero s vices developed wo derfully .

w t R 4 A . D as e o d 6 . He b lieved have cause the ﬁre of ome in , b ut he accu sed the Christians of being the incendiaries an d

n t . I n 8 A . D . comme ced a persecution . Rome was rebuil 6 an n u t n o ut in i s rrec ion, led by Vi dex, broke Gaul , and Galba, n in i O . V er u s gover or f Spain, proclaimed himself emperor g , n h O f t n u th e n u n . T e gover or Nor h Germa y, s pported i s rrectio senate declared Nero to be an enemy of his cou ntry an d c o n d em n ed him to death ; he escaped a n d took refuge in a freed ’ n u b ut th e ma s ho se , when he heard the soldiers he ordered freedman to kill him (68 m — Nerv a . 9 6 98 A . D . u E peror, Nerva was chosen as s ccessor to D t th e n t o f w as . omi ian by se a e , which he a member He selected Traj an to s ucceed him .

Nicaea . o f n d t o f A city Asia Mi or near Nicome ia, wes B t n th e t n o f N i hy ia, where grea cou cil icaea was held in A I D . n t n 3 25 . t was presided over by Consta i e as Pontifex

u to th e n n t : IVa s Maxim s, decide followi g religious co roversy

t th e n u t o r n o t $ n a u Chris of same at re as the Fa her, Atha si s fi n d u n h was for the af rmative a Ari s for the egative . T e

t th e t n u emperor sided wi h par y of Atha asius, whose views th s

h n f h became t e orthodox doctri e o t e church .

t o f B t n D Nicomedia . A ci y i hy ia which iocletian made the o f th e an d t t n I t capital East , here es ablished his reside ce . . h n n n ceased to be t e capital u der Co sta tin e . 9 9 ROMAN HISTORY

wh o a Kiima Pompilius . A man of Sabine origin bec me king

u o f a after Romul s . He has the reputation h ving organized religiou s institutions . o f Numidia . A province northern Africa (modern Algeria) . n n 202 Its ki g, Masi issa, helped the Romans at Zama ( His gran dson Jugurtha was made prisoner by Sulla and put to

um idia a a . death, and N bec me a Rom n province

f 1 i . o . Octa a a a . v Sister Oct vi n She married Antony , who t divorced her on account of his infatua ion for Cleopatra . f 2 . Octa ia . o ut to v Wife the emperor Nero, who had her p death .

Octavian . See Augustus . f n t s . o w f O de a u King Palmyra . He as an ally o Rome f n again st Sapor o Persia . He was assassinated a d left th e t n 2 G hro e to his wife Zenobia ( 6 7 (See allienus . )

va ar . f f I O dé c (Odoacer) Chief o the barbarian soldiers o taly . He headed a revolt to secure a division o f lands amon g th e t w u Au u stulu s an d n I soldiery, over hre Romul s g , gover ed taly un h e \H e b e a t . der the uthority of Zeno, Eastern emperor

o f t n L b ut came possessor lands be ween the Rho e and the oire,

to E uric o f was forced to abandon them , king the Visigoths (480 He was overthrown and murdered by Theodoric (493 m f O ti at s . o p e The party the nobility, formed during the t o f u o r administra ion Gracch s, and opposed to the Populares, f n party o the commo people . '

i . O rmuz d . See Ma z de sm

n o f t . Or6des . Ki g Par hia He led the revolution which

i h r t u u o f t M t a date s . caused the death his bro her III , h s sec ring h n Th e t u u nt t e thro e for himself. ri mvir Crass s i erfered with

n n d a rrh O ro d es a d was defeated a killed at C a e . ' O An t ut o f th e s tia . importan seaport at the mo h Tiber d founded by An c us Marcius . The emperor Clau ius con ROMAN HISTORY 9 1

a o ld o n e e a o n structed new harbor, as the had becom v lueless un t th e u t n o f t acco of acc mula io s ear h and sand . '

th s . O strogoth s . See Go ' t f O h o . o t A dissolu e companion Nero, made emperor by h the praetorians after the assassination o f Galba . T e army o f an d lower Germany revolted proclaimed Vitellius , who t attacked Otho a Placentia and defeated him . Otho slew himself . ’ li i f O id d us Ov id us Né s o . o v ( ) A poet the Golden Age, f 42 B —1 . 8 author o the Metamo rp hoses ( C .

adus Po . o f a a P (modern ) A river northe stern It ly, ﬂowing t th e in the basin be ween Alps and the northern Apennines, n n h e and emptyi g i to t Adriatic . f f f atine. o o o Pal One the hills Rome, the site the original city . f o a . Palmyra . A city Ar bia destroyed by Aurelian (See

Z enobia . ) L i i m o f a is utet a Paris cru . a P r ( ) The chief town the P risii, on n I t a o f th e o f th e Sei e . was the capit l emperor Julian and riu Aegidiu s and Sy ag s . e Parth ia . Th Parthian Empire in eastern Asia Minor was a t f part o f th e grea empire o the Seleucidae . After the death o f n u Mith rad ates t A tioch s, the Great conquered as far wes th e a a as Euphrates, which sep rated P rthia from the Roman

I n 4 . n . 5 B e dominio s a revolution broke out in Parthia, and

Mi h r d te a . t a s III was dethroned and murdered . His brother Th u u O ro d es . e u succeeded him tri mvir Crass s, anxio s to rival t a Caesar, star ed for the E st with an army, but lost his life at th e battle of Carrh ae (53 Trajan invaded Parthia and t n n but n conquered the par k ow as Mesopotamia, Hadria aban

I n 226 A . D . n doued it . the Parthia Empire was completely overturned and replaced by the Persian Empire .

Pater Familias . See Gens . 9 2 ROMAN HISTORY

o f h e Patricians . The patricians were the members t first o f R at th e t th e t n o f th e families ome ime of forma io gentes . At t t th e t see C mi i firs hey had all poli ical power ( o t a Cent uriata) . Th e t t t o f th e opposi e social party was ha the plebeians , people L T u o f th e con quered atin towns . hey had b t f e w rights at t bu t t n t firs , heir co di ion was gradually modified by the Com m e rc ium th e Canuleian L aw and , Conubium, the , the Agrarian

L aws .

IEmili . Padlus . See us

m . Perga us See As iatic War and Attalus III .

f n . . o th Pers eus Son of Philip V . Macedo He lost e b attle o f Pydn a and was made prison er by th e Romans (1 68 L t f Pérs ius (A1ilus Pers ius Flacons) . A atin sa irist o the reign — o f Nero (3 4 6 2 f o r A D inax . f t o 1 3 . Per Emperor the ﬁrst three months 9 . u He w as then m rdered .

Ph rna s . n o f o f Mith rad ates . a ce Ki g Pontus, and son He

but t 47 B . 0 . opposed Caesar, was defea ed in f T Ph ars alus . A city o hessaly where Caesar defeated

B C . Pompey in 48 .

Philip V . A powerful king o f Macedonia (221 to 1 79

n i r n o f and so of Demetr us . He ruled ove a large portio 21 . 3 R . a Greece In C he made a tre ty with Hannibal , which caused the First Macedonian War . Philip was defeated by

th e n u at a 1 97 B C . Roma s , led by Flaminin s , Cynosceph lae in M i (See acedon an and Asiatic Wars . ) h i t P lippi. A ci y o f Macedon ia where Octavian and Antony defeated Brutus an d Crassus (42

h i . P P lo See ublilius Ph ilo .

Picénum . t o n ea A large terri ory the Adriatic S , annexed by Rome after the battle o f S en tinum (295

is . l P o See Ca purnius .

i . w s ace t a a o n Po . a Pl n A city of Cisalpine G ul , the It the ’ base o f Hannibal s Operations in the Second Pun ic War . T u d n A . D here Vitelli s efeated Otho i 6 9 .

lf . a i ia . Ath au Pl c d Mother o f Valentinian III . (See )

94 ROMAN HISTORY

w as f ’ to Egypt, where he beheaded by order o Ptolemy s Hi n n n t . s a d u mi is ers so s, G aeus n Sext s, were defeated by Caesar at Munda (45 2 B . Pom éius S ext s . p , u rother of Pompey the Great . He perished d uring th e Second Triumvirate (3 5 l o s S ub icius . n P n A bridge over the Tiber, connecti g Mount anic ulum J with Rome . i i Th e f P6nt f ex Max m s . o u head the Roman religion . The title was bestowed upon Caesar, was held by Constantine an d an d n his followers, was reli quished by Gratian .

P6ntius Gai s . t R o m , u A Samnite general who cap ured the ans at the Caudin e Forks during the Second Samnite War (3 21 t t o f h P6ntus . A s a e northern Asia Minor o n t e Pontus

E uxinu B . u Mith r s ad ates . ( lack Sea) One of its r lers was VI ,

; t the famous enemy of the Romans, who was defea ed by Pom pey in 65 R C . f o ares . o n th e P pul The party the people, formed duri g t n o f an d O to t administra io Gracchus pposed the Op imates .

P rs na La s . C i m . 6 e , r See lus u

mi s A lus . O n e a O H P s u . o td , ii of the e rly dictators f Rome e gained a signal victory over the Aequians and Volscians at

u t Al id us a n d 43 1 Mo n g , recovered this important position ( It is said o f him that he had his own son put to death f o r disobeyin g orders o n th e battleﬁeld .

’ t t o f Praef ect s . Three magistra es crea ed at the beginning ’ o f u o f Octavian s reign . One had charge the s pplies corn . h Th e second was a municipal ofﬁcer who had charge of t e city . ’ Th e third commanded the emperor s bodyguard, the praetorian

and t . cohort, was called praetorian praefec

r Th e ﬁ L Praeto . of ce of praetor was created by the icinian L aws (3 6 7 when the administration of civil justice was th e u to transferred from cons l the new magistrate, who must ’ Th e u o f n u be a patrician . n mber praetors u der S lla s laws was increased to eight . f ro rtius S xtus Au e ius . o P pe , e r l An elegiac poet the reign of Augustus ROMAN HISTORY 9 5

u n Prescription. A system instit ted by Sulla, u der which T lists of his en emies were posted each m ornin g . hose whose n am es appeared o n these lists might be put to death with

o n e a . impunity by any , and their property was conﬁsc ted ’ r ri i n Abou t 5000 perished in Sulla s p e sc pt o s .

Hanni a . Prfisias . See b l o f Pt élemies . A royal family who occupied the throne o f t S t . Egyp One its members was over hrown by his ister, u n n a Cleopatra, d ri g whose reig Pompey, pursued by Caes r, fled to Alexandria an d was beheaded (47 t o f Publilian Law s . These were hree laws the passage which was procured by the plebeian dictator Quintu s Publiliu s Philo (3 3 9 The first increased the power o f the plebeian assembly ; the second removed from the patrician s the right o f declarin g laws un constitutional ; the third m ade it c o mpul~ sory that o n e o f th e tw o censors should be a plebeian .

u i ian Law s . Publilius Ph ilo . See P bl l r Punic Wars . Three wars between the Romans and the Ca 2 4—24 B . h Th e 6 1 C . t th agin ian s . First War ( ) was caused by e o f t n t o f revolt the Mamer i es , the mercenary roops King Hiero o f n o f. se Syracuse, who rebelled , seized the city Messa a, and

t o f n t o f n cured the suppor the Roma s , in spi e the remonstra ces

T o n h a . t e of Syracuse and Carth ge his brought war . The R n an d Duilius wo n a oma s built a navy, under Gaius the b ttle M lae 260 Th e Atilius of y ( consul , Marcus Regulus, n t u carried the war i o Africa, and was at ﬁrst victorio s, but was t t Th e af erwards defeated and captured by the Car haginians . Roman s were also defeated at L ily b aeum and at Mount E rcte h e n t B . T by Carthaginian ge eral , Hamilcar arca hey built a t Catulu s th e new navy and in rusted it to , who defeated Gartha gin ian s at the Aegates Islands (241 and thus ended the

ﬁrst war . The Second War was caused by the seizure o f Sardinia and th e t u Corsica by Rome, while Car haginians were s ppressing o f H n son o f B the mutiny their troops . a nibal , Hamilcar arca, t an d th e t un u a a tacked took ci y of Sag t m in Sp in, an ally of 95 ROMAN HISTORY

21 9 H n u Rome ( e e tered Ga l by the Pyrenees , and th e A o f crossed lps, making the tribes Cisalpine Gaul his

allies . The Roman army was defeated in the valley o f th e an d Tic inu s an d Po at Placentia at the , its leader, the consul m Publius Scipio, was seriously wounded ; his colleague, Se pre

n u u Tr i . i s, took the command and s stained a defeat at the eb a

n th e n th e n Han ibal deceived co sul Flaminius, crossed Apenni es , u placed his army so as to separate Gaius Flamini s from Rome, an d defeated him at L ake Trasimenus (21 7 Flaminius h Th e h R perished in t e ﬁght . next year t e omans suffered Th e their greatest defeat at Can nae . army commanded by the n t u co sul Varro was comple ely ro ted and nearly annihilated . 214 I n 2 n t u 1 2 B C . R n Ha nibal re ired to Cap a ( the oma s , u n u led by Marcell s, reco q ered Syracuse, which had gone back ’ to the Carthaginians after King Hiero s death . It was durin g n this siege that Archimedes perished . The ext year Capua d an T t . o f arentum were re aken Hasdrubal , brother Han n t th e ibal , was defea ed in Spain by Publius Scipio, and con sul Nero defeated an d killed him at the battle o f th e Metauru s (206 Scipio Africanu s succeeded in su bduin g o f th e Spain, and aided by Masinissa, king Numidia, ﬁnished ’ war by the complete routin g o f Hann ibal s army at Zama h n (202 The peace gave to Rome Spain and t e isla ds . Carthage surrendered nearly all her war vessels and paid a

heavy indemnity .

o f . Third War . Rome was still jealous Carthage Cato the n th e o f R n . Ce sor advocated its destruction Masi issa, ally ome,

n f an d su c ma aged to have some di ﬁculty with Carthage, was h n c es sf ul in the war which resulted . T e Romans seized upo this breach o f th e treaty o f peace as a pretext for destroyin g n t their rival . The Carthaginians were willi g to se tle the mat o f th e R to ter amicably , but the bad faith omans forced them Aem ilianu s w t o f ﬁght . Scipio was intrusted i h the siege Car n 1 46 h . Th e n t age city was take , pillaged, and bur ed (

o f n Pydna . A city Macedo ia where Perseus was defeated by Aem ilius u u 1 68 the Roman commander, Pa l s (

9 3 ROMAN HISTORY

R e ulus M r us Atilius . a l g , a c The Rom n consu who took the Roman troops to Carthage durin g the First Punic War ; he was at t m et ﬁrst victorious , but af erwards he with a defeat and was captured (250

R e etiinde Cou t of . a p , r This court was est blished by the Gracchi for the trial o f provincial govern ors ; b ut it was de ﬁ c ien t n u n , i asmuch as the j dges and gover ors were alike mem f th o e . wh o bers Senate The system was changed under Sulla, u gave j dicial matters to the praetors .

Rh ada aisus Rh ada ais . g ( g ) An Ostrogoth, who gathered an arm y of Germans and invaded I taly by the Alps and reached t t 405 Florence, where S ilicho rou ed him ( R h i A anni s Ari i s . ne. am an o st a ks See l , v u , and Fr n h R h odes . A large island near t e southwestern coast of Asia

Minor . The Rhodians supported Rome against Antiochus in h e the Second Macedonian War . Rhodes became t chief mari time power of the eastern Mediterranean . im n f f h l A u f . Ric er. o o t a A Goth , gra dson Wallia, brother He was invested with th e power at Rome from abou t 460 to

4 2 A M rian o n ut 7 . D . a o b It was he who placed j the throne, 461 t o f th e had him murdered ( He fough Gaiseric , king a o ff a Vandals , in a n val battle the coast of Corsic , and held Hi the barbarian invasion in check for some time . s death

r 4 2 A D . occu red in 7 . o n R ome. Ancient Rome was situated on low hills the left bank of the Tiber and about ﬁfteen miles from its m outh . It f B . was built in the neighborhood o 750 C .

m l t o f . R e u us . The my hical founder and ﬁrst king Rome

R m l s l Th e o f o f é u u Augiistu us . last the emperors the West ’ ern Empire after R ic im er s death (472 Durin g his reign o f an uprising of the barbarian troops Italy, commanded by n n n a nd their ki g, Odovacar, took place . They wa ted la ds, refused to live in camps . Romulus was removed, and Italy fell into the hands o f Odovacar (477 ’

Th n R . R estra . e speaker s sta d at ome It was thus named because wh en the port o f Antium was converted into a maris ROMAN HISTORY 99 t o f ime colony Rome, its ships were destroyed and their beaks ’ (restra ) were sen t to Rome to orn ament the speaker s stand

a th e n situ ted between Comitium and the Forum . U der Augus tu s it o f m was moved near the upper end the Foru . i n n R tib co . A small river in ortheastern Italy emptying into the Adriatic Sea . Its crossing by Caesar began the Civil War (49

R ufinus . o f A Governor the Eastern Empire with rcadius,

so n iu . n of th e of Theodos s He induced Alaric, ki g Visigoths, see tili h H to invade the Western Empire ( S c o) . e was mur

D . dered in 3 95 A .

in a o f - Sab es . A br nch the Umbro Sabellians whose territory T was between L atium and Umbria . hey early became enemies R n of ome . It is said that u der Romulus they were invited by to t t t u the Romans the harvest fes ival , and ha d ring the cele bration the Roman s seized the Sabi n e m aide n s an d made them th e u n their wives . The Sabines aided Aeq ia s and the V o l n scia s in their war against Rome . It was to repulse th em that

Cincinn atus was made dictator . i S a r M . s s n f h c ed ount See S ece o o t e Plebs . n t f S a t m . o o a gun u A city the eas ern coast Sp in, taken by Hann ibal at the beginn ing o f the Second P un ic War (21 9

~ S eillust (Gaius S alliistius Crispus) . A celebrated L atin h is torian (83 —3 5

- n h m i o f . S a n tes . A branch the Umbro Sabellia s They ad t th e n hree wars with Romans . The ﬁrst war e ded with the

o f e 3 43 fall Capua, which becam a Roman possession ( The secon d war en ded with the captu re o f the Rom an army at o f n the Caudine Forks, and a great victory the Sam ites led by Pontiu s (3 21 Th e third war w as an uprising Of the n t a Sam ites , E ruscans, and Umbrians , supported by the G uls, n against Rome . The Roma armies were led by Fabius u Th e u t Maximus an d Deciu s M s . principal battle was fo gh mni ’ Dec iu s at S entinum in 295 B C . Fabius defeated the Sa tes ; 1 00 ROMAN HISTORY

Mus battled against the Gauls and sacriﬁced his life to assu re the victory . f 1 . S é or . so n o p A of Artaxerxes, king Persia, by whom

u h i . Valerian was capt red . (See Part a ) f 2 . S or . o ép II King Persia, defeated by Julian the Ape s tate (3 63 d n i . n D . S as sa da A Persian y asty which began in 226 A . Ars ac id ae n 42 I t succeeded the and reig ed 6 years .

S cae o a uint s Mdcius . v l , Q u A celebrated j urist and lawyer, and a victim o f th e massacres at the Colline Gate (82

L i s C rn i s . f 1 . i io B a at s ﬁc u o e o S c p rb u , l u One the commanders n the - a - in the Seco d Samnite War, great gre t grandfather of the n conqueror o f Ha nibal .

i i C i s . f 2 . i o s o e o S c u . p , P bl u rn l u Father Scipio Africanus

21 . H u in 8 B . C t n h e was cons l , wi h Sempro ius , with w om he n n w as defeated by Ha nibal in Cisalpi e Gaul . i Af i i M o s C n . 3 . S ci o ca s a u u o e ius o f th e p r nu j r, P bl r l One greatest R oman s . He was o n e o f th e few Roman ofﬁcers wh o

- survived the battle of Cannae . At twenty seven he was sent

u t th e arth as procons l to Spain, and in hree years drove C a h I n n o ut t e t . gi ia s entirely of coun ry n 205 B C . he gained an d a brilliant decisive victory over Hannibal at Zama . He died about 1 83 B C .

As i i L i . B 4 . S ci io at cus ﬁc us Co i s p , rnel u rother of Scipio

n u a t 1 Africanu s . He defeated A tioch s Magnesia ( 90 l A i i ZEmi i n s f r li i . Th e n f 5 . S ci o é u ca s PIib us Co e s so o p nu , rn l u

Aemiliu s u th e t O f n . n u t Pa lus , vic or Pyd a He co d c ed the

’ siege an d destruction o f Carthage (1 46 thus ending the third and last Punic war . n d S eces sion of th e Pleb s . The misery o f the poor classes a th e terrible con dition o f the debtors gave serious cau se for complaint ; the plebeian s left the city and established them o n M t t n selves the Sacred oun , a hill hree miles from Rome, ear

n f o r t the Ar o, and refused to ﬁght any longer the pa ricians unless their claims were righted . A compromise was effected

in 494 R e .

1 02 ROMAN HISTORY

b th e uh anu w s ze : s to a . a recogni d y senate, and J was put de th ' ' ‘ I B n a t Y Severus died n ri tai Eboracum ( ork) . Sibylline Books Greek books containing prophecies bought ‘ by Tarquinius Superbus . These books were in the charge o f ﬁfteen magistrates wh o consulted them in times o f danger o r embarrassment .

S ici . a a t . ly A l rge isl nd sou h of Italy The principal city, w as b ut Syracuse, an ally of Rome under King Hiero, his I 2 2 n 1 B . . d h . C t e successor favored Carthage , uring Second un W ar a t o f n t P ic , M rcellus captured Syracuse in spi e a galla defen se conducted by the celebrated mathematician Arch im e

d es th e . was a t , who perished during siege It t ken with par of Sicily by Gaiseric (46 1

I ta ia stion. S ocial W ar . See l n Que f i . a o S pa n Anciently called Iberia, from the n me its ﬁrst

a . i i inhabitants , the Iberi ns It was occupied by the Phoen c ans a t th e and the Carthaginians , but surrendered to Rome f er victory o f Z ama (202 The Romans retained possession t t of Spain wi h great trouble, as they were constantly at war wi h I 6 0 B . t the Gauls (see S ert orius) . Caesar governed it until C

2 A . D n 56 . see a da s was ravaged by the Fra ks in ( V n l ) , and

D . i . ﬁnally occupied by the Visigoths in 48 0 A . (See E ur c ) n o f t Spart acus . A Thracia , leader the insurgen gladiators at a 71 Capu , defeated by Crassus (

Stilich o . A Vandal , governor of the Western Empire under H H Po llentia 402 onoriu s . e defeated Alaric at and Verona ( a 403 During his dministration, the Vandals invaded a th e and ravaged Gaul . This caused dissatisf ction with gov

m n o f B o f ern e t, and the army ritain elected an emperor its h ad B choice, Constantine, the usurper, who soon ritain and Th e a to Gaul under his command . Vand ls moved Spain and u t o f all Portugal . Stilicho was unj s ly accused the disorders

R 408 A . D . an d was beheaded at avenna,

Licinius . S télo . See o f a a Stras sburg . A city Alsace, where Juli n defe ted the am n an d a 3 57 Al annia s Fr nks $ ( ROMAN HISTORY 1 03

f lla L ius Corneius . u urth a Sfr , uc l A Roman o ficer who took J g u t c o m prisoner . He was elected cons l by the Optima es, and Mith r d m and ed the Roman armies against King a ates VI . The ul Pop ares, led by Publius Sulpicius Rufus , were against Sulla, e to an d Sulpicius proposed to giv the command Marius . This c aused a rebellion ; Sulla m arched upon Rome and put his l . aw enemies to death, but Marius escaped The Sulpician was a Mith rad ates repealed . Sulla defe ted and made him pay an 8 an d all indemnity (8 Metellus Pius, Crassus, Pompey, n a w you g nobles, j oined Sull and overthre the revolutionary an d s on o f party of Cinna, Carbo, the Marius at the Colline a re scri tio n s G ate . Sulla st ined his victories by his p p and his order to break open the grave o f Marius and to th rew his ashes into the river . He was made perpetual dictator . He revised the constitution and reformed the government . He back o f a gave to the senate the control the assembly, bolished o flic e n o f a the of ce sor, and increased the number pr etors from i s x to eight . The consuls were made civil officers with no t o f a mili ary command, except in case c lamity, and the court f R e etu nd ae o p was definitely established (see R epetundae) . a a an d Sulla remained dict tor three ye rs ; he then retired, died in 78 B C . l icius R f s P li S u b s . a o f Ii p u , fi u A young le der the popular o f party at the beginning the Civil Wars . He proposed the L o n e o f l a o f Sulpician aws , clause which egalized the remov l all senators who were deeply in debt . The measures were car o f a ried ; but his proposal new law, transferring the command

u w r . from Sulla to Mari s, brought about civil a r i A i S a s . f i u o e d us . H y g Son g is overthrow by Clovis, king o f th e a Salian Franks , ended the Roman power in G ul .

S ra s . i i y cﬁ e See S c ly .

s ria . a a y A p rt of the v st empire of the Seleucidae, situated

. o f th e in Asia Minor After the defeat Antiochus at Magnesia,

t o f Mith rad ate s empire, with the excep ion Syria, was taken by A m the Great . fter th e victory o f Po pey over Mith radates

(65 Syria was made a Rom an province . 1 04 ROMAN HISTORY

Tacitus Gé ius Corne ius . h , l A Roman istorian o f th e Silver Age (54—1 3 0

Tarentum (modern Taranto) . The principal Greek city of ul o f n southern Italy, on the g f the same name . The Roma s violated an existing treaty and appeared with a ﬂeet near th e n th e n harbor o f Tare tum . In ensuing war the Tare tin es chose n n t t f Pyrrhus as a ally . The war e ded wi h the defea o Pyrrhu s at B en e v entum (275 Tarentum an d all th e other Greek th e t o f an d cities fell under jurisdic ion Rome, were obliged to th e n t . T supply troops in ime of war During Pu ic Wars , aren

w a s wo n a tum over by the treachery of the Carth ginians, but 21 5 was soon retaken, as well as Syracuse (

i s Pr i . 1 . Tar uin u iscus Luc q , us An Etruscan, the ﬁfth king n h t o f Rome . Duri g his reign t e Roman erritory was extended

n o u t — o f and importa t works were carried , the great sewers th e th e an d th e Rome , Circus Maximus , Forum , Capitoline n d t . o f o a emple He was murdered by the sons An us Marcius, u s cceeded by Servius Tullius .

2 T r i . in r s L a u us S u é b u cius . q p , ﬁ The seventh and last king f n n h o 1 . d t e Rome . He was ba ished in 5 0 R C a Republic was established . ' Terence Pﬁblius Teréntius A f er . ( ) A celebrated comic poet,

u 1 B . born at Carthage abo t 90 C .

Ter ntilian La s o r e w R ogations . The tribune Gaius Terentil ius proposed that the laws should be codiﬁed ; until then they tt an d n had not been wri en down, the patricians had i terpreted

‘

th e . them as they chose, to disadvantage of the plebeians This proposition m et with great opposition o n th e part of the t an d pa ricians, it was nearly ten years before the plan of

D m irat Tw e Ta es . . e e e codiﬁcation was adopted (See ec v , lv bl )

Tetricus . o f th e T u One hirty Tyrants, defeated by A relian (275

Teiitobur r t n g Fo est . A district midway be ween the Rhi e th e R n b and the Weser, where oman legio s commanded y

1 06 ROMAN HISTORY

s o n f Germanicus, his adopted , was governor o Germany, and for three years he tried in vain to regain the territory lost by

h Teuto u r Th Varus at t e b g Forest . e u ndertaking w as aban d o ned by order o f Tiberiu s ; German icu s w as given the govern n t o f t s t f me Par hia, but he di agreed wi h Piso, his ﬁrst o ﬁcer, u n t and died s dde ly . Agrippina, his wife, suspec ed foul play th e o f o n on part Piso, who , probably acted the order of

T . n o f t u iberius Followi g the advice his ﬁrst minis er, Sej an s,

u n o f th e Tiberi s retired to the isla d Capri, leaving Sejanus at head of the government ; b ut discovering the schemes o f his

n t ut t A . D o t 3 1 . see S e anus . mi is er, he had him p dea h in ( j ) T 3 7 A . D . u iberius himself died in , leaving the throne to Gai s f n s o n o . Caligula, Germa icus ’ ’ L — Tibtillus A in . t 44 1 8 , lb s a in poet ( f Ticinus . v o w H A ri er Cisalpine Gaul , here annibal defeated the cons ul P ublius Scipio in th e Second P unic War (21 8 ’

n . n d Tigelli us Emperor Nero s freedman a adviser . f n e o . Tities . O the three original Roman tribes (See Luceres an d R am nes . ) i a in V i n a Titus Flav us S b us espas é us . The ﬁfth Fl vian em

ero r 1 9—8 1 n p ( He succeeded his father, Vespasian , duri g whose reign he took and destroyed Jerusalem (70 Th e t u t n o f u u t grea er p io Mo nt Vesuvi s , which des royed the cities

o f an d u u a n . Pompeii Herc lane m, took pl ce duri g his reign ' —1 1 A T a an Ma c s U l ius Tra é nus . 8 9 7 . D . r j ( r u p j ) Emperor, , u i n s uccessor o f Nerva . He undertook a s ccessful campa g t th e n an d n n agains Dacia s, fou ded the Roman provi ce of m n . a n Dacia He lso placed Arabia u der his do i ion, thus giving direct communication with Egypt an d Syria . His u a to reign bro ght the Rom n Empire its height, and was h called t e Silver Age . I t Trans alpine Gaul (Gaul th e other side o f the Alps) . n in u u th e n th e e xte ded so thern Ga l from Pyre ees to Alps, I t but did n o t comprehend Massilia an d its territory . was in vaded by the Cimbri an d Teuton s before their victory over

n Aran s io n n th e the Roma s at , gover ed by Caesar, i vaded by ROMAN HISTORY 9 7

4 A D 06 . . 256 A . D . a a Franks in , and ravaged by the V nd ls in I t became the seat o f the struggles of Aetiu s against the

u n . B urg ndians, the Franks, and the Alaman ians The Visi n goths, led by Wallia, settled there . Clovis, ki g of the Salian

n S a riu s th e Fra ks , overthrew y g , who was last representative

in 4 4 A D . o f th e R 6 . . Cis a ine Gau oman power in Gaul , (See lp l ) n Tra simenus . A lake of Etruria where Han ibal defeated the Roman general Flamin ius (21 7 o f a Trébia . A river Cisalpine G ul where Hannibal defeated

Sempron ius L on gu s in 21 8 B C .

Tribune. An ofﬁcer chosen from the plebeians to protect n them against the i justice of the patricians . The power given i to the tribune was called jus a uxil . At ﬁrst there were two t u to b u . tribunes, this n mber was gradually increased ten They had the authority to call meetin gs o f the plebeians

Comitia T i uta Comitia Centu iata Co mitia Curiata . (see r b , r , ) ’ They soon overstepped their power and during Sulla s a d ministration they were deprived o f their right to initiate Th legislation except with the au thority o f th e senate . e trib u t o e a d ﬁ na nes recovered heir full p wer under Pomp y, n lly lost un it der Augustus .

TriIimv irate. A political association of three men (triumvirs) f n n Trium formed for the purpose o gover i g Rome . The First

6 0 B . C . an d virate came to power in , was composed of Pompey, Th u an d . e T Caesar, Crassus members of the Second ri mvirate,

4 B . . t n n t n d L 5 C a . created in , were Oc avia , A ony, epidus

Trillius . See S erv ius .

Trillus Ho stilius . Th e patrician kin g of Rome who su cceeded

u L n B u . n u C . N ma Pompili s He co q ered Alba o ga (6 66 . ) and th e t o f th e L t made Rome chief ci y a in Confederacy .

n Tw elve Tables . An arrangeme t an d codiﬁcation of th e laws

e th e T er n ili n n Th e as pr posed by e t a rogatio s . work was per th I t n n e d . t u formed by ecemvirs was adva ageo s to the plebeia s , as it regulated th e rights o f creditors and those of th e p ater

. t n to th e anuleian L aw th e familias In addi io this , C gave

t n n C n i m . plebeians the righ of marryi g patricia s . (See o ub u ) 1 08 ROMAN HISTORY

l ian. a a a U p A pr etori n pr efect under Alexander Severus . ' f th e — m i s . o U br an A people Umbro Sabellians . Their terri t th e ory was on the northeastern coast of Adriatic . ' — f U m o S a e ians . o two o f br b ll One the principal races Italy . L Th e other was th e atin . ’ a n U tica . The Roman he dquarters a d military depot near

Carthage .

— f a 3 8 A . o 64 3 7 . D V l ns . é e Emperor the E st, He was the I o f . m brother Valentinian , by whom he was ade emperor . He was defeated an d killed at Adrianople in a campaign against the Goths and Visigoths (3 78 — 4 3 A . D . i . 3 75 1 . ntin an 6 o f a . V le I Emperor, , successor Jovian

to o . He was an able ruler, but severe He gave his brother

Valens the government of the East . His reign was nu eventful . — 3 75 3 92 A . D . o o f 2 . ni n . S n Va lenti a II Emperor, Valen

I . tinian . He was murdered at the age of twenty 42 — A D 3 455 . . nti ian . o f o n 3 . Vale n III Emperor, Son C D h is stantiu s and Placidia . uring reign Gaiseric and the n an d th e a Vandals invaded Italy, and the Alama nians Fr nks 2 A n d 45 . D . a crossed the Rhine . In Attila the Huns invaded

an d Aetiu s Gaul were defeated by , aided by Theodoric king

o f th e B t o f e . tt n the Visigoths, in at le the Pe ples A ila i vaded 4 u B 4 A D . l t Th e 9 . a Italy . Saxons occ pied ritain V en inian

A D . was assassinated in 455 . —2 0 A D w a 253 6 . . s rian . Vale Emperor, He captured by

o f a . Sapor Persia, and died in c ptivity

o f . a vandals . A tribe eastern Germans Const ntine gave n n n th e f them a settlement in Pa no ia o borders o the Danube .

n n an d f o r They crossed the Rhi e, e tered Gaul , ravaged it three 406 T n years ( heir ki g, Gaiseric, settled with them in

n t to se e B onif ace Eudoxia . Spai , and la er was called Africa ( and )

1 1 0 ROMAN HISTORY

Muc ian us n , the general of Vespasia , who secured the throne for the latter (6 9

V l i . T t e sc ans Neighboring tribes o f Rome . ogether wi h h d a t eir allies, the Aequians and Etruscans , they rebelle ag inst 3 86 Rome, but were defeated by Camillus (

f h lf B At au . Waillia . rother o He brought the Visigoths back to t an d t in u n u Gaul ; they became foedera i se tled so ther Ga l . T 41 9 A . D . Wallia died in , leaving heodoric, grandson of Alaric, as his successor .

f A Z ma . o é A city North frica, near Carthage, where Scipio African us routed th e army o f Han n ibal (202

f o f d en atu s . Z n ia . u n o O e eb Q ee Palmyra, widow She E n wished to exten d her domin ion s to gypt an d Asia Mi or . m Aurelian defeated her an d destroyed Pal yra .

M i . Z oroé ster . See azde sm

M C U S HI NG 8: Co N O R WO O D AS S . R A HY s v . S TY PO G P J . M y t h o lo g y

’ G ue rb e r s My th s o f G r e e c e a n d R o m e

I 2 m o 2 8 a e s I lus t a te d C o th . l , , 4 p g l r

’ G ue rb e r s My th s Of N o rth e rn L a n d s d C o th I 2 m o 1 a e s . I us t a te l , , 3 9 p g ll r

’ G ue rb e r s L e g e nd s o f th e M id dle Ag e s

lu s t a te d C o th I Z m O 0 a es . I l , , 3 4 p g l r

H A U E R BE R L e tu e o n M th o o G . By . . , c r r y l g y

T h e s e c o mpa n io n v o lum e s p re s e n t a c o mple te o u tli n e o f A n ci e n t

a n Me d ae va M th o o n a a te d w th s e a e e e n e to L te a tu e d i l y l g y , rr i p ci l r f r c i r r

r T h e a re u n o b o u n d in o th a n d a re h us t a t d a A t . e nd y if rmly cl , ric ly ill r

w ith b e a u tiful re pro d u c tio n s o f m a s te rp i e c e s o f a n cie n t a n d m o d e rn

p a i n ti ng a n d s c ulptu re .

W h ile p rim a rily d e s ig n e d a s m a nuals fo r th e u s e o f cla s s e s in s ch o o ls

w h e re Myth o lo g y is m a d e a re g ula r su bje c t O f s tud y a nd fo r c o lla te ra l a n d su le e n ta e a d n in a s s e s s tud n te a tu e o r t s pp m ry r i g cl yi g li r r cri ici m ,

th e a re e u a w e s u te d fo r v a te s tud e n ts a n d fo r h o e e a d n y q lly ll i pri m r i g .

Fo r th i s pu rp o s e th e myth s a re to ld in a cle a r a n d ch a rmi n g s tyle a n d in

n n te d n a a t v e w th o u t u n n e e s s a d i e s s o n s T o s h o w a c o e c rr i i c ry g r i . th e w o n d e ul n ﬂue n e o f th e s e a n e n t th s in te a tu e n u e o u s a n d rf i c ci my li r r , m r a o a te uo ta t o n s o th e o e t a w t n s o f a ll a e s o ppr pri q i fr m p ic l ri i g g , fr m

’ ’ H e s o d s W o s a nd D a s to T e n n so n s ( E n o n e h a v e b e e n in i rk y y , clud e d in th e te xt in c o n n e c tio n w i th th e d e s criptio n o f th e d iffe re n t

n n myth s a d le g e d s .

Ma s o e te o s s a e s a n d n d e e s a d a t th e a nu a s fo r c o n p , c mpl gl ri i x p m l v e n

in h o s b a e s o r a r t a lle e s ie n t u s e s o . c l . li r ri g ri

Co ies o th e a bo v e bo o ks w ill é e se izt r e a id to a n a dd r ess o n r ec ei t o p f p p y , p f

tb e r ic e é t/ze P u blis h er s : p , y

Am e ric a n B o o k C o m p a ny

C inc i nn a ti C h ic a g o G e n e ra l Hist o ry

’ Apple to ns S c hool Histo ry o f t he Wo rld B O HN D U AC KE NB O S A M . . . C o th I z e 2 a es y J Q , l , m . 49 p g , A c o mp re h en s i ve h i s to ry o f th e wo rld fro m th e e a rli es t a g e s to th e e s e nt t e w tten in a e a o n s e a n d n te e s t n s t e a nd o pr im , ri cl r , c ci i r i g yl , c pi o us l us t a te d w th nu e o us a s a nd e n a v n s y ill r i m r m p g r i g .

’ Ba rne s s Brief G e ne ral Histo ry o f the Wo rld

D O R AN S T EE L E a n d E ST H E R ST E E LE By J. M B . .

C o th I z m o 6 2 a e s l , . 4 p g ,

A o e te h s to o f a n e n t e d aev a a n d o d e n e o e s a s c mpl i ry ci , m i l m r p pl , n e s t n to th e e n e a e a d e a s it is v a ua b e a s a te t-b o W h e th i te r i g g r l r r l l x o k . e r o ns d e e d fo r its h o e o f a te a its tea h n ua t its h a o f c i r c ic m ri l , c i g q li y , c rm s t e o r its h n e s s O f u s t a t o n th s b o o s ta n d s e e n e n t a s a yl ric ill r i , i k p r mi a fo r th a s s o o o r fo r th e e n e a ea e I t is o n m a n u l e cl r m g r l r d r . e o f th e b e st no w n a n d o s t w d e u s e d te t-b o o s o n th e s ub e t k m i ly x k j c .

' Fis he r s Brief Histo ry o f the Natio ns

E O R G E PAR K F I S H E R L L D G . . By ,

C o th I z m o . 6 1 a e s w th I u s t at o ns e tc l , 3 p g , i ll r i ,

T h s is a n e n t e n e w w o s e a e a e d to ee t th e n e e d s o f i ir ly rk , p ci lly pr p r m H o ud e n ts a n d e n e a e a d e s I t e s e n ts in o a t o ig h Sc h o l s t g r l r r . pr c mp c f rm ' a g ra ph ic a nd impre s s i ve d e li nea tio n o f the w o rld s pro g re s s in ci v ili z a m h e e a e s t h s to a e o d d o w n to th e e s e nt t e I t is ti o n fro t rli i ric l p ri pr im . b fa r th e o s t a tt a t v e a t a a nd t us tw o th te t-b o o o n th e y m r c i , imp r i l , r r y x k e n s ub je ct e ve r w ri tt .

' ’ Swi nto n s O utli ne s o f the Wo rld s Histo ry

W I N T O N R ev s e d E d t o n C o th I zm o 1 0 a e W M S . . s By . . i i i l , 5 p g ,

T h s is a w o o n a n e nt e d ae va a n d o d e n h s to w th s e a i rk ci , m i l m r i ry , i p ci l o o f v z a t o n a nd th e o e s s o f a n n I t re fe re n c e to th e h i s t ry ci ili i p r g r m ki d . is i nsp iri ng to th e s tud e nt a nd its use w ill s timula te him to w id e r re a d i ng a h a n d re s e rc .

’ Tha lhe im e r s G e ne ral Histo ry

M E T H AL H EI ME R By . . . h I 2 m o 8 a e s Ed t o n C o t . R ev s ed . i i i l , 44 p g , T h e se o u tli n e s o f G e ne ral H i s to ry a im to c o mb i ne b re v ity w i th a c le a r a v T h e a e n u b e o f s e t h a n d o o e d a s a n d s imple n a rr ti e . l rg m r k c c l r m p a nd a o s te us t a t o n s o n s t tu te a n m o ta nt e a tu e o f th e b o o pp i ill r i c i i p r f r k , - r e e n e g re a tly a dd i ng to its va lue a s a te x t b o o k o r f o re f r c .

o ies o a n o t/zese bo o bs w ill be s en t r e a id to a n a dd r ess o n r eeez ﬁt C p f y f , p p , y lz of t/ze p r ice by ﬁ re P u blis h er s

Ame ric a n Bo o k Co mpa ny Cmc innati 0 Chic ag o

Fo r th e S tu dy o f Lit e r a t u r e

’ M a tth ew s I ntr o d uc tio n t o th e S tud o f Am e c a n L t e ra ture y ri i .

a nd e Ma tth e w s P o e sso o f L te a tu e in C o u b a Co l By Br r , r f r i r r l m i e e C o th 1 2 m o 2 6 a es l g . l , , 5 p g ,

A te t-b o o o f te a tu e o n a n o na a n a d ab d e s ne d to x k li r r rig i l pl , mir ly ig ’ u d e to s u e e n t a nd to s t u a te th e s tud e nt s e a d n o f A e a n g i , ppl m im l r i g m ric a u th o s r .

’ W a tk in s s Am e ric a n L it e ra ture L te atu e P e Se e s B Mil ( i r r rim r ri ) . y

d e d a b W a n F e b e o th 1 8m o 2 2 a C e t s . e s c e nt s . r ll ki l xi l cl , , 4 p g , 3 5 A te xt-b o o k o f Am e rica n L i te ra tu re a d a pted to th e co mpre h ens io n o f

u s in o o n a nd a d ed s ho o s p pil c mm g r c l .

S e v e n Am e c a n a s s ic s o n ta n n h o e te a s e le n ri C l , c i i g c ic li r ry ctio s fro m

I v n C o o e a n t H a w th o ne L o n e o w W h tt e H o e s r i g , p r , Bry , r , g f ll , i i r , lm .

C o th 1 2 m o 2 1 8 a e s 0 c e n t s l , , p g , 5

’ B ro k e s E n is h L it e ra ture L te a tu e P e e th e R v e . o g l ( i r r rim r S rie s) . By

fo rd o o e M A N e w e d t o n ev s ed a nd o e S to . te d p Br k , . i i , r i c rr c .

F e b e o th 1 8m o 2 0 a e s c e nt s l xi l cl . , 4 p g , 3 5 Equally v a lua b le a s a class -b o o k fo r s ch o o ls o r a s a b o o k o f re fe re nce f a ea d e o r g e ne r l r rs .

n t h a s s ic s o n ta n n h o e te a s e e t o ns o S e v e B ri i s C l , c i i g c ic li r ry l c i fr m

A L a b Ca b e Ma a u e T e nn so n T h a e a dd so n S o tt . i , c , m , mp ll , c l y , y , ck r y

C o th 1 2 m o 2 1 a e s 0 c e nt s l , , 7 p g , 5

’ s in E n is h L it e ra ture o n ta n n o e te s e e S m ith s S tud i e g l , c i i g c mpl l c

t o ns o C h a u e S e n s e S ha e s e a e a o n a nd M to n w th i fr m c r , p r , k p r , B c il , i a H i s to ry o f E ngli s h L i te ra ture fro m th e ea rliest tim e s to th e d ea th

1 W th M n in 0 0 B M A . . o f D d e . . . S ry 7 y mi ,

C o th 1 2 m o 2 a e s l , , 4 7 p g ,

’ R a r a nua o f E n sh L te a tu e c o n C a th c a rt s L i t e ra ry e d e . A m l gli i r r ta i n i ng typica l s ele ctio n s fro m th e b e s t Bri ti sh a n d A m e rica n

a uth o s w th b o a h a a n d t a s e t h es o t a ts a n d fa c r , i i g r p ic l cri ic l k c , p r r i

h a h R C at t . u o a s G e o e . s imile a t g r p . By rg c r

C o th ea th e b a 1 2 m o 1 a es l , l r ck , , 54 p g ,

Co ies o a n o th e a bo ve boo hs w ill be s en t re a id to a n a ddress o n p f y f , p p , y r eceipt of th e p r ice by th e P u blis h er s :

Am e rica n B o o k C o m p a ny

C inc inna ti C hic a g o A n I n t ro d u c t io n to t h e

Stu dy o f Am e ric a n L ite ra tu re

B Y B R A N D E R MAT T H E W S

P r of es s o r of L ite r a t u r e in Co lu m bia Co lleg e

C o th 1 2 m m 2 6 a e s Pr c e l , , 5 p g i ,

A te t-b o o o f te atu e o n an o na a n a n d o n o n w th x k li r r rig i l pl , c f rmi g i

h d s o f te a h n th e b e s t m et o c i g .

Ad a b d e s n e d to u d e to s u e en t a n d to s t u a te th e mir ly ig g i , ppl m , im l ’ e a d n o f e a n a u th o s s tud e n t s r i g Am ric r .

I ust a te d w th a ﬁ n e o e t o n o f fa s e a nu s ts o t a ts ll r i c ll c i c imil m crip , p r r i

s a n d v e w s o f th e h o e s a nd b th a e o f a uth o s . r , i ir m ir pl c

h t ea a n d a s na t n it is tse a te a wo o f h h a n Brig , cl r , f ci i g , i lf li r ry rk ig r k . T h e b o o k c o n s is ts m o s tly o f d eligh tfully re a d a b le a n d y e t c o mp re h e ns ive little b io g ra ph ie s o f th e ﬁ fte e n g re a te s t a n d m o s t repre s e n ta ti v e

a h o f th e s e t h e s o n ta n s a t a s Am e rica n w rite rs . E c k c c i cri ic l e tim a te o f th e a uth o a nd h is w o s w h h is th e o e v a ua b e o n a s it d o e s r rk , ic m r l l c mi g , ,

o o n e w h o is h s e a a ste T h e w o is o und ed o ut b o u fr m im lf m r . rk r y f r g e n e ra l ch a pte rs w h ich ta k e up o th e r pro mi ne n t au th o rs a n d d i s cus s th e h i s to ry a nd c o n d itio n s o f o u r lite ra ture a s a w h o le a nd th e re is a t th e e n d o f th e b o o k a c o mplete ch ro no lo gy o f th e b es t Am e rica n lite ra tu re

o th e b e n n n d o w n to 1 8 6 fr m g i i g 9 . E a ch o f th e ﬁ fte e n b io gra ph ica l s k etch es is illus tra te d by a ﬁ n e po rtra i t o f its s u bje ct a n d v i e w s o f h is b irth pla c e o r re s iden c e a n d in ’ f b o h h e a re a s o a o a n ed b e a h a uth o s so m e c a s e s o t . T y l cc mp i y c r

a s le a nus t o v e n o n e o r two a e s T h e b o o o n ta ns f c imi m crip c ri g p g . k c i e xc e lle nt po rtra its o f m a ny o th e r auth o rs fa m o u s in Am e rica n lite ra tu re .

’ Copies of B r a n d er M a tth e w s I n tr o d u c tion to th e S tu dy of A m er ica n

L ite r a tu r e w ill be s en t r e a id to a n a dd r es s o n r ecei t o th e r ice p p y , p f p , by th e P u blis h er s

Am e ric a n B o o k C o mp a ny

C i n c i nn a t i 0 C h i c a g o E cle c tic E n lis h C la s s ic s fo r S ch g o o ls .

d T h is se ries is i n te n e d to p ro v id e s e le c te d g e m s o f E ng lis h L i te ra tu re u s e a t th e e a s t o ss b e e T h fo r s ch o o l l p i l pric . e te x ts h a v e b e e n ca re f ully ed te d a n d a re a o a n ed b a d e ua te e a na to n o te s T i , cc mp i y q xpl ry . h e y a re w e l n te d o n ew ea t e a nd a re un o b o u n d in b o a d s l p ri fr m , cl r yp , if rmly r . T h e s e ries n o w i n clud es th e fo llo w i ng w o rk s

’ Arno ld s (Ma tth e w ) S o h ra b a n d R ustu m ’ B urke s Co n cilia tio n w ith th e Am e rica n Co lo n i e s ’ C o le ridg e s R im e o f th e A n ci e nt Ma ri n e r

’ D e fo e s H is to ry o f th e Pla g ue in L o n d o n ’ D e Q uin c ey s R e vo lt o f th e T a rta rs ’ E m e rs o n s A e a n S h o a S e -R e l a n e a n d C o e n s a t o n m ric c l r , lf i c , m p i ’ F ra n kli n s Au to b io g ra ph y ’ G e o rg e E lio t s S ila s Ma rn e r ’ G o ld s m ith s V ica r o f \Va ke ﬁ e ld ’ —~ I rv i n g s S ketch B o o k S ele ctio n s T a les o f a T ra ve le r

’ M a c a ula y s S e c o n d E s s ay o n Ch a th a m E s sa y o n Milto n E s s a y o n Add iso n L ife o f S a m ue l Jo h n so n ’ ’ M to n s L Alle ro I l Pe n s e o so Co us a nd L d a s il g , r , m y ci — Pa a d se L o s t o o s I a n d I I r i B k . . ’ ’ s H o e s a d o o s I V I XX a n d XX V o e I . I I I P . p m r li , B k , . ’ S c o t t s I v a nh o e Ma rmi o n L a d y o f th e L a k e T h e Ab b o t

\Vo o d s to c k

’ S h a k e s p e a r e s Julius C aesa r T w e lf th N ig h t Me rch a n t o f Ve n ic e ’ Mid s u mm e r-N igh t s D rea m As Y o u L ik e I t Ma cb e th H a mlet S ir R o g e r d e C o v e rl e y Pa pe rs (T h e Spe cta to r) ’ S o uth e y s L ife o f N elso n ’ T e n ny s o n s Pri n c e s s ' W e b s t e r s B un k e r H ill O ra tio n s

i s o a n o e E c lec tic E n lis h Cla s s cs w ill be s e n t r e a id to a n a d d r es s Cop e f y f th g i , p p , y

o n r ec ei t o th e r ic e p f p .

Am e ric a n B o o k C o m p a ny

' N ew Y o rk C in c i nn a ti C h i c a g o