H AN D B O O K GREEK AND ROMAN HISTORY G E O RG E CASTE G N I B S E R , . S . , B . L . NE W Y O RK CINCINNATI CHICAGO A M E R I C A N B O O K C O M P A N Y PR E F A C E . THE purpose o f this H an db ook o f Greek and Roman Hist r a w rk o f th r u h o y is to facilit te the o the student, and, o g o f a system of condensation, to make the facts history clear to n o t f th n his mind . It is o fered as a substitute for e excelle t t- an d r tex books of Greek Roman histo y now in use, but as an accessory and a w ork o f reference . It is also intended to be used as an aid in reviewing th e subj ects already studied in the an d l u larger works , will be found usefu for st dents preparing f o r the college examinations who wish to refresh their minds f in regard to the salient persons and facts o ancient history . The author desires his colleagues to point o ut any serious errors o r omissions which m ay detract from the value o f this work . 5 4 3 6 6 0 HANDB O O K O F GREEK HISTO RY f T Abdéra . o at An ancient city hrace , the mouth of the N e stu s un th e I n t n , fo ded by onia s af er the defeat inflicted upo t u 4 hem by Cyr s (54 B C ) . f n A dos . A t o o by ci y Asia, the Hellespont, opposite Sestos , where the Spartan fleet comman ded by Min d aru s w a s defeated by th e Athenian s un der Thrasybu l u s an d Th ra sy llu s (41 1 t o n n f n u f u n Acanth us . A ci y the eck o the pe ins la o Mo t I ts n t nt e Athos . i habi a s were reward d by Xerxes for preparing h Th e A n h i n a can al for t e passage of his troops . c a t a s joined th e Pelopon nesian alliance again st th e Athenian s (423 n h Ac arnania . A t n t e provi ce of northwes er Greece, scene of some of the victories of th e Athen ian gen eral Demosthenes h n n n u u A rn n i v t e . c a a a o er Pelopo esia s , led by E ryloch s was t n A e ilau 1 B forced to submi to Sparta u der g s s (3 9 C ) . A u n i n n lo o n Aché an League . o of the pri cipal states of Pe p n e su s (28 1 —1 46 formed for th e pu rpose of freein g them n Th t o f th e selves from th e Macedo ian yoke . e chief promo ers tu n h m n movemen t were Ara s a d P ilo p o e e . o n o f u an d n t n . Ach é us . S Xuth s proge i or of the Achaea s A o f u t o f nt A h ia . c a district Peloponnesus , so h the Cori hian Gulf . Th e t n n . Ach elous . larges river of orthwester Greece It A rn n i divided Aetolia from c a a a . ’ A ri ntum . A cragas . See g ge 2 GREEK HISTORY Th e Acr o is . o f op l citadel , built on the highest part a city ; a r th e c i d o f A t p rticula ly ta el thens, des royed by the Persians under Xerxes (480 B 4 } ' h e ter o f T a . A ete. e s n peninsula Chalcidice Xerxes opened h u th e u n a canal t ro gh isthm s when he i vaded Greece . An in n n E n . d gi a island the Saronic Gulf, betwee Attica a o f Argolis . Aegina, its chief city , was the commercial rival t t n th e Ae in e A hens and became its poli ical e emy, because g tans offered to help Darius . The Athenians asked aid of m n see Cleo enes . Sparta ( ) Under Pericles, Aegina fell i to the han ds o f the Athenians (456 It w as liberated by Ly san der (404 E os otami. A an d a g p barren uninhabited be ch of Thrace, n t w as t where Conon , commanding the Athe ian flee , comple ely defe ated by the Spartan general Lysander (405 ’ An t n an d E echines . A henia orator rival of Demosthenes ; he was sent with th e latter and Ph ilo c rates as ambassador to f n Philip o Macedo ia (3 47 B C ) . ' — IE s ch lus 525 456 B C . A a y ( ) famous Greek tr gic poet, who distinguished himself at Marathon and Salamis . f E télia . A o province central Greece, north of the Corin thian Gulf . 2 B JE li L 80 . C . to an a . A a e gue league est blished about , com n I t posed of mountai ous tribes of Aetolia . never attained the i t L mpor ance of the Achaean eague, with which it engaged in n co flict . A Ath e es é ndri as . A a a g d Spartan admir l , who defe ted the mians at Eretria (41 1 A f o f esilaus . o g King Sparta, brother and successor Agis, L eo t ch id es w as 3 99 B C . whose son, y , barred from the throne ( ) He conducted successfu l campaigns in Asia against the satrap Tissaph ern es ; defeated the Athenians and Theban s at Co ro n ea 3 94 th e T n but t u t ( invaded heba territory, wi ho t resul s — (3 78 3 77 fought Epamin ondas at the very walls of Sparta 2 . L 3 0 B . in 3 B C 7 C . 6 ( ) and again repulsed him He died in ibya, 4 8 t u di in 3 61 B C . aged , while re rning from an expe tion Egypt ( ) GREEK HISTORY 3 f n f li . o o . Agesipo s Son and successor Pausa ias , King Sparta ' t A gis II . King of Sparta . He conduc ed an unlucky cam i n wo n o f pa g against Argos, and practically the battle Man tinea (41 8 in which the Athenians and Mantineans sided Do o f with Argos . ( not confound this battle Mantinea with that 2 B . n 3 6 . C . of , in which Epamino das was killed ) Agis besieged t L PeIO o nne A hens with ysander, subdued her, and ended the p 404 sian War ( He died in 3 99 B C . ' I n A is I I . t o f g Ki g of Spar a, defeated by Philip Macedon 3 3 8 3 3 0 B . C. ( He died in , after having failed in some a a n unimport nt camp ig s against Alexander . ' r . o f n A go a The assembly commo freemen . It took part in to no debate and did not vote, but was called upon to listen matters discussed by the king and his chiefs . This body h e came later the powerful popular assembly . f u A ri éntum Acra as . o g g ( g ) A city so thern Sicily, modern — Girgenti ; governed by th e tyran t Phalaris (560 540 sacked by the Carthaginians (406 B C ) ; recovered by Dio ny T f u 3 91 B C sius I . o , yrant Syrac se ( ) ; captured by the Romans at the beginning o f the Punic Wars (264 f a . o Alcibiades . Son of O lini s He came an ancient and u wealthy family and was very pop lar with the masses . He became promin en t as commander of the fleet with N ic ias an d o n t L am ac h u s again st Sicily (41 5 B C ) . As he was the poin of n n Of th e starti g, his e emies accused him before the Ecclesia o f o d a o f mutilation of the statues the g Hermes, and lso pro n b ut fani g the Eleusinian Mysteries . He denied the charges , u n a trial was ref sed, as his e emies preferred to accuse him Th e t during his absence . expedi ion started ; Alcibiades was n an d n n soo recalled for trial , but escaped j oi ed the Sparta s n th e against Athe s . After Sicilian War, he fell into disgrace ' t n I $ I . wi h Ki g Agis , to whose court he had retired, left Sparta n d T a went to th e court of th e satrap Tis saph ern es . here he u n to n Tissa h ern e s n used his infl e ce preve t p from helpi g Sparta, but also advised him no t to help Athen s an d to let her fight t ~ wi h Sparta, thus isolating the allies of the two cities, whom 4 GREEK HISTORY Ti h ’ ssa ernes a n u .